La investigación en el laboratorio de Ghanim fue apoyado por una beca de investigación no. 908-42.12/2006 de la Fundación alemana-israelí (GIF), concesión no. IS-4062-07 de la-Unidos Israel Fund Estados Binacional de Investigación Agrícola y Desarrollo (BARD), y la beca de investigación no. 884/07 de la Israel Science Foundation (ISF) de MG

1. General de la Mosca Blanca, planta y virus Preparativos para el análisis FISH <ol><li> B y Q trasero mosca blanca biotipo sobre plántulas de algodón (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. Acala) y mantener el interior de las jaulas a prueba de insectos y cámaras de crecimiento en condiciones estándar de 25 ± 2 ° C, humedad relativa del 60%, y una luz de 14 horas / 10-hr fotoperíodo oscuro. </li><li> Realizar PCR para probar la infección con endosimbiontes utilizando primers específicos endosimbiontes como se describió previamente 15-19. </li><li> Compra plántulas de tomate (Solanum esculentum cv. Beefsteak) de un vivero comercial o semillas de tomate de la planta. </li><li> Mantener en las mismas condiciones de cría descritas anteriormente hasta que las plantas alcanzan la etapa de cuatro hoja verdadera, la edad más adecuada para la inoculación mosca blanca-mediada de TYLCV 15 (véase la sección 4.1 más adelante). </li></ol> 2. Manejo de Insectos, Fijación, Sonda Diseño, hibridación y visualización de EndoFISH simbionte <ol><li> Recoge 10 moscas blancas adultas mediante aspiración de plantas de algodón, o recoger 10 3 ª o 4 ª ninfas de las hojas de algodón. </li><li> Sumerja inmediatamente en fijador de Carnoy (ácido cloroformo-etanol-acético glacial, 06:03:01, vol / vol) en el interior de tubos de Eppendorf. Fijar durante 2 horas a toda la noche (preferiblemente durante la noche). </li><li> Eliminar completamente el fijador y decolorar en 6% de H 2 O 2 en etanol durante 2 horas. </li><li> Conservar las muestras en etanol absoluto durante varios días a varias semanas a temperatura ambiente, o proceder con el siguiente paso. </li><li> Sondas diseñar cebadores de ADN inversa como complementarios basados ​​en los 16s genes de ARN ribosomal de cada bacteria. Para el diseño de las sondas, tener en cuenta las mismas consideraciones para el diseño de cebadores de PCR. Utilice las sondas de oligonucleótidos BTP1 5&#39;-Cy5-TGTCAGTGTCAGCCCAGAAG-3 &#39;, 5&#39;-Rb1 Cy3-TCCACGTCGCCGTCTTGC-3&#39;, 5&#39;-BTH-Cy3 CCAGATTCCCAGACTTTACTCA-3 &#39;y 5&#39;-ARS2 cy3-TCATGACCACAACCTCCAAA-3 &#39;para la orientación específica de Portiera, Rickettsia, Hamilonella y Arsenophonus, respectivamente. </li><li> Hibridar muestras durante la noche en la oscuridad en tampón de hibridación (20 mM de Tris-HCl, pH 8,0, NaCl 0,9 M, 0,01% [/ vol en peso] de sodio dodecil sulfato, 30% [vol / vol] formamida) que contiene 10 pmol de sonda fluorescente por ml . Combinar más de una sonda con diferentes colorantes fluorescentes si es necesario. Utilice la mosca blanca no infectados con la bacteria específica y muestras sin sonda como controles negativos. </li><li> Montar las muestras de conjunto, en un portaobjetos, en tampón de hibridación que figura con un bloqueador de líquido, cúbralo con una hoja de cubierta, sellar con esmalte de uñas, y la vista bajo una fluorescencia o un microscopio confocal. </li></ol> 3. Mosca Blanca Organ Disección, fijación, hibridación y visualización para FISH TYLCV <ol><li> Recoger las moscas blancas adultas han criado permanentemente en plantas de tomate infectadas con virus de la cuchara por aspiración y anesthetize por la exposición a una toalla de papel impregnada con acetona. Exponga las moscas blancas sólo durante 1-2 minutos como mucho tiempo de exposición a la acetona puede arreglar tejidos moscas blancas. Utilice la mosca blanca nonviruliferous criados en plantas de tomate infectadas y no hay muestras de la sonda para los controles para confirmar la hibridación específica. </li><li> Mount moscas blancas en microscopio diapositivas de la depresión para la disección de órganos utilizando un microscopio estereoscópico. </li><li> Extraiga la cabeza del insecto del protórax y diseccionar las glándulas salivales en 1x PBS suplementado con 1% de azul de toluidina mancha para una mejor visualización, debido a su pequeño tamaño. Permitir la absorción de la mancha durante 2-3 min. </li><li> Tire del insecto aparte en la unión entre el tórax y el abdomen para observar y expulsar el intestino medio. Expulsar a los contenidos del abdomen, empujando con pinzas en la punta del abdomen. </li><li> Retire suavemente el PBS y el azul de toluidina de disecciones de éxito y agregar suavemente 300 l de fijador de Carnoy para fijar los órganos durante 5 min. </li><li> Ladd fijador de un lado del pozo depresivo y no de arriba para evitar el movimiento incontrolado de los órganos diseccionados. Una vez tocar el fijador, los órganos se adhieren al vidrio, y durante todo el proceso que no se muevan. </li><li> Eliminar fijador y añadir 500 l de tampón de hibridación suplementado con 10 pmol de la sonda de ADN fluorescente Cy5-5&#39;-GGAACATCAGGGCTTCGATA-3 &#39;, que es complementaria a una secuencia en el gen de TYLCV proteína de la cubierta. </li><li> Hibridar durante la noche a temperatura ambiente en la oscuridad incubando el portaobjetos con la muestra en el interior una pequeña cámara húmeda compuesta de pequeña caja de plástico con papel toalla mojada en la parte inferior. </li><li> Después de la hibridación, recoger a los órganos con una herramienta de disección fina y rápidamente moverlos a un portaobjetos de microscopio fresco que contiene 30 l de tampón de hibridación nueva suplementadas con DAPI (0,1 mg / ml en PBS 1x) y contenidos con bloqueador de líquido. </li><li> Cubra las muestras con una hoja de cubierta, sellar el ingenioesmalte de uñas y la vista h bajo una fluorescencia o un microscopio confocal. </li></ol> 4. Manejo de Plantas, Mano-seccionamiento, Fijación, e hibridación para FISH TYLCV <ol><li> Se inoculan las plántulas de tomate con TYLCV usando viruliferous inoculación mosca blanca mediada. El virus puede ser detectado utilizando este método FISH en plantas asintomáticas una semana después de la inoculación. Los síntomas típicos de la enfermedad son visibles tres semanas después de la inoculación. Utilice plantas de tomate no infectados y no hay muestras de la sonda para los controles para confirmar la hibridación específica. </li><li> Utilice una hoja de afeitar afilada histológico para preparar 2-4 secciones largas cm cortadas a mano longitudinales o transversales de tomate tallos y hojas. </li><li> En tubos Eppendorf, fijar las secciones en fijador de Carnoy durante 2 horas a toda la noche a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Quite el fijador y preservar las secciones en etanol absoluto durante varios días a varias semanas a temperatura ambiente, o proceder con el siguiente paso. </li><li> Lavar las seccionestres veces, 1 min cada uno, en tampón de hibridación. </li><li> Hibridar las secciones con 500 l de tampón de hibridación suplementado con 10 pmol de la sonda de oligonucleótido fluorescente Cy3-5&#39;-GGAACATCAGGGCTTCGATA-3 &#39;que es complementaria a una secuencia en el gen de TYLCV proteína de la cubierta. </li><li> Lávese las secciones tres veces, 1 min cada uno, en tampón de hibridación. </li><li> Mount secciones enteras en tampón de hibridación suplementadas con DAPI (0,1 mg / ml en PBS 1x) y contenidos con bloqueador de líquido, cubrir con un cubreobjetos, sellar con esmalte de uñas y la vista bajo una fluorescencia o un microscopio confocal. </li></ol>

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Los autores no tienen nada que revelar.

El protocolo descrito aquí para la localización de un virus de planta en su huésped de la planta y los insectos vectores, y las bacterias endosymbiotic en su huésped de la mosca blanca específica, se puede adaptar para la localización de otros virus en plantas e incluso en los tejidos animales. Además, el protocolo se puede utilizar para localizar bacterias endosymbiotic y patógenos y otros microorganismos en sistemas de plantas y animales. Los métodos descritos se basan en el concepto simple de la hibridación...

Cuando el estudio de las interacciones entre los virus de plantas y otros patógenos con sus huéspedes vegetales infectados, es importante visualizar los patógenos y sus respectivos ácidos nucleicos in situ, sin tener en cuenta si causan efectos negativos en sus anfitriones. Esto es más importante cuando se estudia el movimiento del patógeno dentro y entre las células de la planta. En localización in situ de productos de los genes del patógeno es un paso esencial que complementa otros enfoques para estudiar el proceso de patogenicidad. Muchos patógenos de las plantas, especialmente virus, son transmitidas por insectos, tener interacciones complejas e íntimas con sus vectores. La localización de estos virus en sus vectores es importante para el estudio de la ruta de acceso para la transmisión, y los posibles sitios de interacción dentro del vector. La transmisión de algunos virus de plantas por insectos es ayudado por las bacterias endosimbiontes que residen dentro de estos insectos. Para estudiar mejor la transmisión de estos virus de plantas by sus vectores, sino que también es esencial para visualizar las bacterias endosimbiontes en general, y los que participan en la transmisión del virus, en particular. Colocalización de los virus bacterias y endosymbiotic este modo deseado para investigar las posibles relaciones entre estos organismos dentro de su insecto hospedador. Aparte de la transmisión del virus, bacterias endosymbiotic influyen varios aspectos de la biología de los vectores de insectos, por lo tanto la localización espacial de estas bacterias dentro de insectos es de gran interés e importancia. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) (Begomovirus, Geminiviridae) es el complejo de la enfermedad viral más importante del tomate cultivado en todo el mundo 1-4. TYLCV es un virus floema limitado y recibe guía vectorial exclusivamente por la mosca blanca Bemisia tabaci 5,6. Un modelo que describe la translocación de begomovirus en sus vectores de mosca blanca se ha propuesto 6-9. Dos barreras específicas se cruzan de forma activa duranteing esta transmisión circulativa: el intestino medio / hemolinfa y las barreras de la glándula hemolinfa / salivales. Este proceso de transmisión se planteó la hipótesis de que es mediado por los receptores desconocidos que reconocen la cápside del virus. TYLCV se piensa para cruzar B. tabaci intestino medio de 6,10, y se absorbe a través de la glándula salival primaria 6 antes de que se inyecta en la planta. En la hemolinfa de la mosca blanca, TYLCV interactúa con una proteína GroEL producida por la bacteria endosimbiótica secundaria insecto Hamiltonella. Esta interacción garantiza un transporte seguro del TYLCV en la hemolinfa, y lo protege del ataque por el sistema inmune de insectos 11. Hamiltonella y Portiera, la endosymbiont primaria de la mosca blanca, se alojan en bacteriocytes, células de insectos que se encuentran en la hemolinfa y la casa endosymbiotic bacterias 11. B. tabaci alberga bacterias endosimbiontes adicionales como Rickettsia, Arsenophonus, Wolbachia, y Fritschea, que pueden ser localizados dentro o fuera de los bacteriocytes, y tienen diversos efectos sobre la biología del insecto 12. Varios informes han intentado estudiar la localización del TYLCV en plantas y moscas blancas mediante el uso de protocolos consumen mucho tiempo y costosos tales como Microscopía Electrónica de Transmisión (TEM), anticuerpos y ARN in situ sobre la sección de espesor microscópico 10,13, un estudio reciente describió la localización de virus de plantas dentro de sus plantas hospederas y vectoriales usando un simple protocolo 14. Aquí se describe un protocolo sencillo para la localización de TYLCV en B. tabaci diseccionó midguts y las glándulas salivales, y en las secciones prepara a partir de plantas infectadas por el virus de la cuchara. Se describe además la localización de Portiera, el endosymbiont principal de B. tabaci, y sus endosimbiontes secundarios Hamitonella, Rickettsia y Arsenophonus. Este protocolo se basa en el uso de sondas de ADN cortos, quese etiqueta fluorescente en su extremo 5 &#39;, y hibridarse específicamente a secuencias complementarias en las secuencias de genes virales o bacterianas. El procesamiento de la muestra es relativamente fácil y la señal obtenida es altamente específico. El protocolo descrito se puede utilizar para localizar virus, bacterias y otros patógenos en sus huéspedes vegetales, animales y de insectos, y se puede usar además para localizar ARNm en cualquier tejido dado.

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:219px;">Fluorescently labeled&#160; Probes</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Metabion</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">20 bp HPLC purified</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Sequence designed by customer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:219px;">Toluidine blue</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">89640</td>
			<td style="width:212px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:219px;">sodium dodecyl sulfate</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">L3771</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Molecular Biology Grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:219px;">Formamide</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">F9037</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Molecular Biology Grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:219px;">Tris-HCl</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">T5941</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Molecular Biology Grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:219px;">Glacial Acetic Acid</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">320099</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Molecular Biology Grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Liquid Blocker</td>
			<td>Ted Pella Inc.</td>
			<td>22309</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

fluorescence in situ hybridizations (fish) for the localization of viruses and endosymbiotic bacteria in plant and insect tissues

Fluorescencia de hibridación in situ (FISH) es un nombre dado a una variedad de técnicas comúnmente usadas para la visualización de las transcripciones de genes en células eucarióticas y se pueden modificar adicionalmente para visualizar otros componentes en la célula tales como la infección por virus y bacterias. Localización espacial y la visualización de los virus y bacterias durante el proceso de infección es un paso esencial que se complementa con los experimentos de perfiles de expresión como los microarrays y RNAseq en respuesta a diferentes estímulos. La comprensión de las infecciones espacio-temporales con estos agentes complementa experimentos biológicos destinados a la comprensión de su interacción con los componentes celulares. Varias técnicas para la visualización de virus y bacterias tales como sistemas de genes informadores o métodos inmunohistoquímicos son mucho tiempo, y algunos se limitan a trabajar con organismos modelo e implicar metodologías complejas. FISH que se dirige a especies de ARN o de ADN en la célula es una me relativamente fácil y rápidoDTO para el estudio de la localización espacio-temporal de los genes y para fines de diagnóstico. Este método puede ser robusto y relativamente fácil de implementar cuando los protocolos de hibridación emplean corto, sondas comercialmente comprados-, que no son caros. Esto es particularmente robusta cuando preparación de la muestra, la fijación, la hibridación, y la visualización microscópica no implican pasos complejos. Aquí se describe un protocolo para la localización de las bacterias y los virus en los tejidos de insectos y plantas. El método se basa en una preparación simple, la fijación, y la hibridación de montajes completos de insectos y órganos diseccionados o secciones de plantas hechas a mano, con 20 pares de bases de las sondas de ADN cortos conjugados con tintes fluorescentes en sus 5 &#39;o 3&#39;. Este protocolo se ha aplicado con éxito a un número de tejidos de insectos y plantas, y puede ser utilizado para analizar la expresión de ARNm o de otras especies de ARN o ADN en la célula.

El sistema estudiado en este manuscrito se muestra en la Figura 1 e incluye una planta infectada con virus de la cuchara, un adulto y una ninfa de la mosca blanca B. tabaci, y la anatomía interna de la mosca blanca que muestra la trayectoria de la translocación TYLCV en el insecto. Figura 2 muestra dos peces en un mosca blanca adulta para el simbionte primario Portiera y el simbionte secundaria. Arsenophonus Figura 3 muestra doble FISH para ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fluorescence in situ Hybridizations FISH for the Localization of Viruses and Endosymbiotic Bacteria in Plant and Insect Tissues at JoVE.com

Fluorescence in situ Hybridizations FISH for the Localization of Viruses and Endosymbiotic Bacteria in Plant and Insect Tissues | Immunology and Infection | Video

Fluorescence in situ Hybridizations FISH for the Localization of Viruses and Endosymbiotic Bacteria in Plant and Insect Tissues

Se describe aquí un fluorescencia simple en la hibridación in situ (FISH) método para la localización de virus y bacterias en los tejidos de insectos y plantas. Este protocolo se puede ampliar para la visualización de mRNA en todo el montaje y secciones microscópicas.

Fluorescencia<em&gt; In situ</em&gt; Las hibridaciones (FISH) para la localización de los virus y las bacterias endosimbióticas en plantas e insectos tejidos

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a name given to a variety of techniques commonly used for visualizing gene transcripts in eukaryotic cells ...

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Fluorescence in situ Hybridizations (FISH) for the Localization of Viruses and Endosymbiotic Bacteria in Plant and Insect Tissues

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Viruses

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23.2K vistas.  Volcani Center.  Se describe aquí un fluorescencia simple en la hibridación in situ (FISH) método para la localización de virus y bacterias en los tejidos de insectos y plantas. Este protocolo se puede ampliar para la visualización de mRNA en todo el montaje y secciones microscópicas. 

Video: Fluorescence in situ Hybridizations FISH for the Localization of Viruses and Endosymbiotic Bacteria in Plant and Insect Tissues

Locked Nucleic Acid Flow Cytometry-fluorescence in situ Hybridization (LNA flow-FISH): a Method for Bacterial Small RNA Detection

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a powerful technique that is used to detect and localize specific nucleic acid sequences in the cellular environment. In order to increase throughput, FISH can be combined with flow cytometry (flow-FISH) to enable the detection of targeted nucleic acid sequences in thousands of individual cells. As a result, flow-FISH offers a distinct advantage over lysate/ensemble-based nucleic acid detection methods because each cell is treated as an independent observation, thereby permitting stronger statistical and variance analyses. These attributes have prompted the use of FISH and flow-FISH methods in a number of different applications and the utility of these methods has been successfully demonstrated in telomere length determination1,2, cellular identification and gene expression3,4, monitoring viral multiplication in infected cells5, and bacterial community analysis and enumeration6.
Traditionally, the specificity of FISH and flow-FISH methods has been imparted by DNA oligonucleotide probes. Recently however, the replacement of DNA oligonucleotide probes with nucleic acid analogs as FISH and flow-FISH probes has increased both the sensitivity and specificity of each technique due to the higher melting temperatures (Tm) of these analogs for natural nucleic acids7,8. Locked nucleic acid (LNA) probes are a type of nucleic acid analog that contain LNA nucleotides spiked throughout a DNA or RNA sequence9,10. When coupled with flow-FISH, LNA probes have previously been shown to outperform conventional DNA probes7,11 and have been successfully used to detect eukaryotic mRNA12 and viral RNA in mammalian cells5.
Here we expand this capability and describe a LNA flow-FISH method which permits the specific detection of RNA in bacterial cells (Figure 1). Specifically, we are interested in the detection of small non-coding regulatory RNA (sRNA) which have garnered considerable interest in the past few years as they have been found to serve as key regulatory elements in many critical cellular processes13. However, there are limited tools to study sRNAs and the challenges of detecting sRNA in bacterial cells is due in part to the relatively small size (typically 50-300 nucleotides in length) and low abundance of sRNA molecules as well as the general difficulty in working with smaller biological cells with varying cellular membranes. In this method, we describe fixation and permeabilzation conditions that preserve the structure of bacterial cells and permit the penetration of LNA probes as well as signal amplification steps which enable the specific detection of low abundance sRNA (Figure 2).

Locked Nucleic Acid Flow Cytometry-fluorescence in situ Hybridization LNA flow-FISH: a Method for Bacterial Small RNA Detection

A novel high-throughput method is described that enables the detection and relative quantitation of small RNA and mRNA expression from single bacterial cells using locked nucleic acid probes and flow cytometry-fluorescence in situ hybridization.

Flujo de ácido nucleico cerrado Citometría de fluorescencia In situ</emHibridación> (LNA flujo-FISH): un método para la detección de bacterias pequeñas de ARN

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a powerful technique that is used to detect and localize specific nucleic acid sequences in the cellular ...

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Inmunología e Infección

Fluorescence Microscopy Methods for Determining the Viability of Bacteria in Association with Mammalian Cells

Central to the field of bacterial pathogenesis is the ability to define if and how microbes survive after exposure to eukaryotic cells. Current protocols to address these questions include colony count assays, gentamicin protection assays, and electron microscopy. Colony count and gentamicin protection assays only assess the viability of the entire bacterial population and are unable to determine individual bacterial viability. Electron microscopy can be used to determine the viability of individual bacteria and provide information regarding their localization in host cells. However, bacteria often display a range of electron densities, making assessment of viability difficult. This article outlines protocols for the use of fluorescent dyes that reveal the viability of individual bacteria inside and associated with host cells. These assays were developed originally to assess survival of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in primary human neutrophils, but should be applicable to any bacterium-host cell interaction. These protocols combine membrane-permeable fluorescent dyes (SYTO9 and 4&#39;,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole [DAPI]), which stain all bacteria, with membrane-impermeable fluorescent dyes (propidium iodide and SYTOX Green), which are only accessible to nonviable bacteria. Prior to eukaryotic cell permeabilization, an antibody or fluorescent reagent is added to identify extracellular bacteria. Thus these assays discriminate the viability of bacteria adherent to and inside eukaryotic cells. A protocol is also provided for using the viability dyes in combination with fluorescent antibodies to eukaryotic cell markers, in order to determine the subcellular localization of individual bacteria. The bacterial viability dyes discussed in this article are a sensitive complement and/or alternative to traditional microbiology techniques to evaluate the viability of individual bacteria and provide information regarding where bacteria survive in host cells.

Central to the field of bacterial pathogenesis is the ability to define if and how microbes survive after exposure to eukaryotic cells. This article outlines protocols for the use of fluorescent dyes that reveal the viability of individual bacteria inside and associated with host cells.

Fluorescencia métodos de microscopía para determinar la viabilidad de las bacterias en asociación con las células de mamíferos

Central to the field of bacterial pathogenesis is the ability to define if and how microbes survive after exposure to eukaryotic cells. Current protocols ...

Intranasal Administration of Recombinant Influenza Vaccines in Chimeric Mouse Models to Study Mucosal Immunity

Vaccines are one of the greatest achievements of mankind, and have saved millions of lives over the last century. Paradoxically, little is known about the physiological mechanisms that mediate immune responses to vaccines perhaps due to the overall success of vaccination, which has reduced interest into the molecular and physiological mechanisms of vaccine immunity. However, several important human pathogens including influenza virus still pose a challenge for vaccination, and may benefit from immune-based strategies. 
Although influenza reverse genetics has been successfully applied to the generation of live-attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs), the addition of molecular tools in vaccine preparations such as tracer components to follow up the kinetics of vaccination in vivo, has not been addressed. In addition, the recent generation of mouse models that allow specific depletion of leukocytes during kinetic studies has opened a window of opportunity to understand the basic immune mechanisms underlying vaccine-elicited protection. Here, we describe how the combination of reverse genetics and chimeric mouse models may help to provide new insights into how vaccines work at physiological and molecular levels, using as example a recombinant, cold-adapted, live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV). We utilized laboratory-generated LAIVs harboring cell tracers as well as competitive bone marrow chimeras (BMCs) to determine the early kinetics of vaccine immunity and the main physiological mechanisms responsible for the initiation of vaccine-specific adaptive immunity. In addition, we show how this technique may facilitate gene function studies in single animals during immune responses to vaccines. We propose that this technique can be applied to improve current prophylactic strategies against pathogens for which urgent medical countermeasures are needed, for example influenza, HIV, Plasmodium, and hemorrhagic fever viruses such as Ebola virus.

There is an overall lack of knowledge about how vaccines work. Here we propose the combined use of reverse genetics and bone marrow chimeric mice to gain insight into the early host immune responses to vaccines with a special focus on dendritic cells and T cell immunity.

Administración intranasal de vacunas contra la influenza recombinante en modelos de ratón quimérico para el Estudio de la mucosa Inmunidad

Vaccines are one of the greatest achievements of mankind, and have saved millions of lives over the last century. Paradoxically, little is known about the ...

In Situ Detection of Bacteria within Paraffin-embedded Tissues Using a Digoxin-labeled DNA Probe Targeting 16S rRNA

The presence of bacteria within the pocket epithelium and underlying connective tissue in gingival biopsies from patients with periodontitis has been reported using various methods, including electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence using bacteria-specific antibodies, and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) using a fluorescence-labeled oligonucleotide probe. Nevertheless, these methods are not widely used due to technical limitation or difficulties. Here a method to localize bacteria within paraffin-embedded tissues using DIG-labeled DNA probes has been introduced. The paraffin-embedded tissues are the most common form of biopsy tissues available from pathology banks. Bacteria can be detected either in a species-specific or universal manner. Bacterial signals are detected as either discrete forms (coccus, rod, fusiform, and hairy form) of bacteria or dispersed forms. The technique allows other histological information to be obtained: the epithelia, connective tissue, inflammatory infiltrates, and blood vessels are well distinguished. This method can be used to study the role of bacteria in various diseases, such as periodontitis, cancers, and inflammatory immune diseases.

In Situ Detection of Bacteria within Paraffin-embedded Tissues Using a Digoxin-labeled DNA Probe Targeting 16S rRNA

Here a method to localize bacteria within paraffin-embedded tissues using DIG-labeled 16S rRNA-targeting DNA probes has been described. This protocol can be applied to study the role of bacteria in various diseases such as periodontitis, cancers, and inflammatory immune diseases.

La detección in situ de las bacterias dentro de los tejidos embebidos en parafina utilizando un ADN sonda digoxina marcada focalización 16S rRNA

The presence of bacteria within the pocket epithelium and underlying connective tissue in gingival biopsies from patients with periodontitis has been ...

Identification of Plasmodesmal Localization Sequences in Proteins In Planta

Plasmodesmata (Pd) are cell-to-cell connections that function as gateways through which small and large molecules are transported between plant cells. Whereas Pd transport of small molecules, such as ions and water, is presumed to occur passively, cell-to-cell transport of biological macromolecules, such proteins, most likely occurs via an active mechanism that involves specific targeting signals on the transported molecule. The scarcity of identified plasmodesmata (Pd) localization signals (PLSs) has severely restricted the understanding of protein-sorting pathways involved in plant cell-to-cell macromolecular transport and communication. From a wealth of plant endogenous and viral proteins known to traffic through Pd, only three PLSs have been reported to date, all of them from endogenous plant proteins. Thus, it is important to develop a reliable and systematic experimental strategy to identify a functional PLS sequence, that is both necessary and sufficient for Pd targeting, directly in the living plant cells. Here, we describe one such strategy using as a paradigm the cell-to-cell movement protein (MP) of the Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). These experiments, that identified and characterized the first plant viral PLS, can be adapted for discovery of PLS sequences in most Pd-targeted proteins.

Identification of Plasmodesmal Localization Sequences in Proteins In Planta

Plant intercellular connections, the plasmodesmata (Pd), play central roles in plant physiology and plant-virus interactions. Critical to Pd transport are sorting signals that direct proteins to Pd. However, our knowledge about these sequences is still in its infancy. We describe a strategy to identify Pd localization signals in Pd-targeted proteins.

Identificación de secuencias de localización Plasmodesmal en proteínas en Planta

Plasmodesmata (Pd) are cell-to-cell connections that function as gateways through which small and large molecules are transported between plant cells. ...

Protocols for Investigating the Host-tissue Distribution, Transmission-mode, and Effect on the Host Fitness of a Densovirus in the Cotton Bollworm

Many novel viruses have been discovered in animal hosts using next-generation sequencing technologies. Previously, we reported a mutualistic virus, Helicoverpa armigera densovirus (HaDV2), in a lepidopteran species, the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner). Here, we describe the protocols that are currently used to study the effect of HaDV2 on its host. First, we establish a HaDV2-free cotton bollworm colony from a single breeding pair. Then, we orally inoculate some neonate larval offspring with HaDV2-containing filtered liquid to produce two colonies with the same genetic background: one HaDV2-infected, the other uninfected. A protocol to compare life table parameters (e.g., larval, pupal, and adult periods and fecundity) between the HaDV2-infected and -uninfected individuals is also presented, as are the protocols for determining the host-tissue distribution and transmission efficiency of HaDV2. These protocols would also be suitable for investigating the effects of other orally transmitted viruses on their insect hosts, lepidopteran hosts in particular.

Here, we present a protocol to investigate the host-tissue distribution, transmission mode, and effect on the host fitness of a densovirus within a lepidopteran species, the cotton bollworm. This protocol can also be used for studying the interaction between other orally-transmitted viruses and their insect hosts.

Los protocolos para la investigación de la distribución original de los tejidos, modo de transmisión, y el efecto sobre la aptitud de un anfitrión Densovirus en el gusano de la cápsula del algodón

Many novel viruses have been discovered in animal hosts using next-generation sequencing technologies. Previously, we reported a mutualistic virus, ...

Fluorescence-based Neuraminidase Inhibition Assay to Assess the Susceptibility of Influenza Viruses to The Neuraminidase Inhibitor Class of Antivirals

The neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors are the only class of antivirals approved for the treatment and prophylaxis of influenza that are effective against currently circulating strains. In addition to their use in treating seasonal influenza, the NA inhibitors have been stockpiled by a number of countries for use in the event of a pandemic. It is therefore important to monitor the susceptibility of circulating influenza viruses to this class of antivirals. There are different types of assays that can be used to assess the susceptibility of influenza viruses to the NA inhibitors, but the enzyme inhibition assays using either a fluorescent substrate or a chemiluminescent substrate are the most widely used and recommended. This protocol describes the use of a fluorescence-based assay to assess influenza virus susceptibility to NA inhibitors. The assay is based on the NA enzyme cleaving the 2&#8242;-(4-Methylumbelliferyl)-&#945;-D-N-acetylneuraminic acid (MUNANA) substrate to release the fluorescent product 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU). Therefore, the inhibitory effect of an NA inhibitor on the influenza virus NA is determined based on the concentration of the NA inhibitor that is required to reduce 50% of the NA activity, given as an IC50 value.

We describe the use of a phenotypic fluorescence-based neuraminidase inhibition assay to assess the susceptibility of influenza A and B viruses to the neuraminidase inhibitor class of antivirals.

La neuraminidasa Ensayo de inhibición basado en la fluorescencia para evaluar la susceptibilidad de los virus de la influenza a El Inhibidor de la neuraminidasa clase de antivirales

The neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors are the only class of antivirals approved for the treatment and prophylaxis of influenza that are effective against ...

Quantitative Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) and Immunofluorescence (IF) of Specific Gene Products in KSHV-Infected Cells

Mechanistic insight arrives from careful study and quantification of specific RNAs and proteins. The relative locations of these biomolecules throughout the cell at specific times can be captured with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunofluorescence (IF). During lytic herpesvirus infection, the virus hijacks the host cell to preferentially express viral genes, causing changes in cell morphology and behavior of biomolecules. Lytic activities are centered in nuclear factories, termed viral replication compartments, which are discernable only with FISH and IF. Here we describe an adaptable protocol of RNA FISH and IF techniques for Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)-infected cells, both adherent and in suspension. The method includes steps for the development of specific anti-sense oligonucleotides, double RNA FISH, RNA FISH with IF, and quantitative calculations of fluorescence intensities. This protocol has been successfully applied to multiple cell types, uninfected cells, latent cells, lytic cells, time-courses, and cells treated with inhibitors to analyze the spatiotemporal activities of specific RNAs and proteins from both the human host and KSHV.

Quantitative Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization FISH and Immunofluorescence IF of Specific Gene Products in KSHV-Infected Cells

We describe a protocol utilizing fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to visualize multiple herpesviral RNAs within lytically infected human cells, either in suspension or adherent. This protocol includes quantification of fluorescence producing a nucleocytoplasmic ratio and can be extended for simultaneous visualization of host and viral proteins with immunofluorescence (IF).

Fluorescencia cuantitativa en hibridación situ (FISH) e inmunofluorescencia (IF) de productos genéticos específicos en células infectadas por KSHV

Mechanistic insight arrives from careful study and quantification of specific RNAs and proteins. The relative locations of these biomolecules throughout ...

Live-Cell Fluorescence Microscopy to Investigate Subcellular Protein Localization and Cell Morphology Changes in Bacteria

Investigations of factors influencing cell division and cell shape in bacteria are commonly performed in conjunction with high-resolution fluorescence microscopy as observations made at a population level may not truly reflect what occurs at a single cell level. Live-cell timelapse microscopy allows investigators to monitor the changes in cell division or cell morphology which provide valuable insights regarding subcellular localization of proteins and timing of gene expression, as it happens, to potentially aid in answering important biological questions. Here, we describe our protocol to monitor phenotypic changes in Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus using a high-resolution deconvolution microscope. The objective of this report is to provide a simple and clear protocol that can be adopted by other investigators interested in conducting fluorescence microscopy experiments to study different biological processes in bacteria as well as other organisms.

This article provides a step-by-step guide to investigate protein subcellular localization dynamics and to monitor morphological changes using high-resolution fluorescence microscopy in Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus.

Microscopía de Fluorescencia de Células Vivas para Investigar la Localización de Proteínas Subcelulares y Cambios de Morfología Celular en Bacterias

Investigations of factors influencing cell division and cell shape in bacteria are commonly performed in conjunction with high-resolution fluorescence ...

Localization and Quantification of Begomoviruses in Whitefly Tissues by Immunofluorescence and Quantitative PCR

Begomoviruses (genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae) are transmitted by whiteflies of the Bemisia tabaci complex in a persistent, circulative manner. Considering the extensive damage caused by begomoviruses to crop production worldwide, it is imperative to understand the interaction between begomoviruses and their whitefly vector. To do so, localization and quantification of the virus in the vector tissues is crucial. Here, using tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) as an example, we describe a detailed protocol to localize begomoviruses in whitefly midguts, primary salivary glands, and ovaries by immunofluorescence. The method is based on the use of specific antibodies against a virus coat protein, dye-labeled secondary antibodies, and a confocal microscope. The protocol can also be used to colocalize begomoviral and whitefly proteins. We further describe a protocol for the quantification of TYLCV in whitefly midguts, primary salivary glands, hemolymph, and ovaries by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Using primers specifically designed for TYLCV, the protocols for quantification allow the comparison of the amount of TYLCV in different tissues of the whitefly. The described protocol is potentially useful for the quantification of begomoviruses in the body of a whitefly and a virus-infected plant. These protocols can be used to analyze the circulation pathway of begomoviruses in the whitefly or as a complement to other methods to study whitefly-begomovirus interactions.

We describe an immunofluorescence and quantitative PCR method for the localization and quantification of begomoviruses in insect tissues. The immunofluorescence protocol can be used to colocalize viral and vector proteins. The quantitative PCR protocol can be extended to quantify viruses in whole whitefly bodies and virus-infected plants.

Localización y cuantificación de begomovirus en tejidos de mosca blanca por inmunofluorescencia y PCR cuantitativa

Begomoviruses (genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae) are transmitted by whiteflies of the Bemisia tabaci complex in a persistent, circulative manner. ...