This work was funded by the DFG (SFB 779 TPB8, Kr1879/3-1 MRK), DIP grant (MRK), EU FP7 MC-ITN NPlast (MRK), Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS, Sahsen-Anhalt), (AK and SB), MM is a recipient of European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) Long-Term Fellowship (EMBO ALTF 884-2011) and Marie-Curie IEF.

1 Preparación de aguda hipocampo rebanadas de cerebro de rata adulta <ol><li> Anestesiar las ratas con isoflurano. PRECAUCIÓN: Realice el procedimiento utilizando un desecador cerrado, no inhale el isoflurano. Asegúrese de que el animal está completamente anestesiado. </li><li> Decapitar a la rata, aislar rápidamente el cerebro, y sumergirlo en precarbonated (95% de O2 / 5% de CO mezcla de gas 2) solución de Gey (composición en mM en frío de hielo: 130 NaCl, 4,9 KCl, 1,5 CaCl 2 · 2H 2 O , 0.3 MgSO 4 · 2H 2 O, 11 MgCl2 · 6H 2 O, 0,23 KH 2 PO 4, 0,8 Na 2 HPO 4 · 7H 2 O, 5 Glucosa · H 2 O, 25 HEPES, 22 de NaHCO3, pH 7,32) durante 30 min 1,2,10,16. </li><li> Retire el cerebelo y parte de la corteza entorrinal. Separar los hemisferios corticales con un corte sagital medio, a continuación, coloque cada hemisferio abajo en su superficie medial. A partir de entonces hacerun 50-70 ° corte (50-70 ° transversal) a lo largo del borde dorsal de cada hemisferio 13,14. </li><li> Pegar cada hemisferio con la superficie recién cortada en la plataforma de corte del sistema de corte. La plataforma debe estar cubierto por la solución de Gey helada precarbogenated. </li><li> Cortar 350 micras 50-70 ° cortes transversales de anterior a posterior lado usando un vibratome ajustarse para minimizar la oscilación del eje z. La formación del hipocampo, las cortezas subicular y entorrinal, así como las cortezas que se encuentran dorsolateral al hipocampo serán parte de las rodajas utilizadas para los experimentos de 13,14. </li><li> Transferencia de cortes de hipocampo a una forma de U y el tipo sumergido incubadora y se incuba durante al menos 2 horas a 32 ° C con líquido cefalorraquídeo artificial carbogenated (ACSF que contiene en mM: 110 NaCl, 2,5 KCl, 2,5 CaCl 2 · 2H 2 O, 1,5 MgSO 4 · 2H 2 O, 1,24 KH 2 PO 4, 10 Glucosa · H 2O, 27.4 NaHCO3, pH 7,3) 1,2,10,16. </li></ol> 2. Posicionamiento de Electrodos, grabación de línea de base, y la inducción de la LTP <ol><li> Transferir el corte de hipocampo a una cámara de grabación de tipo sumergido montado bajo un microscopio. Perfusión (6-7 ml / min) con ACSF carbogenated por lo menos durante 30 minutos a 32 ° C. </li><li> Preparar microelectrodos capilares de vidrio llenas de ACSF (resistencia punta es de 3-5 mW). </li><li> Coloque unas microelectrodos de vidrio llenas de ACSF en las fibras CA1 Schaffer-garantía para la estimulación y en el estrato radiado CA1 para fEPSP grabación 1,2,10 (Figura 2). La distancia entre los electrodos debe ser de aproximadamente 300 micras. </li><li> Evocar campo excitatorios postsinápticos potenciales (fEPSPs) por la estimulación de fibras Schaffer-colaterales con impulsos de corriente rectangulares bifásicos (200 mseg / polaridad) en un rango de 3-4 V. </li><li> Realice la prueba de estimulación máxima midiendo el inprelación ut-producto y definir la intensidad de estimulación como el 40% de los valores máximos fEPSP-pendiente obtenidos y mantenerla constante durante todo el experimento. </li><li> Comienza la grabación de la línea de base durante al menos 15 minutos después de la prueba de estimulación máxima. Medir las respuestas a estímulos probar cada minuto durante todo el experimento. Realizar grabaciones de línea de base con la estimulación de baja frecuencia. </li><li> Anote la línea de base durante al menos 30 min. </li><li> Para Late-LTP inducción aplicar de alta frecuencia 100 Hz tetanización que consta de tres trenes de estímulo 1 seg a 100 Hz con un intervalo intertrain 5 min. Para aumentar el campo de la estimulación dentro CA1 región 5 M bicuculina se pueden lavar en 2 min antes de tetanización y se deben lavar inmediatamente después de la última tetanización. </li></ol> 3. Colección de rebanadas después de la inducción de LTP y Snap Congelación <ol><li> Detener grabación LTP 2 min o 30 min después de tres trenes de estimulación tetánica inducen Late-LTP. </li><li&gt; Retire los electrodos y rápidamente transferir la rebanada en una plataforma de metal precold colocado en hielo seco. Repita el procedimiento con una rodaja de control mantenidos en incubadora en forma de U. PRECAUCIÓN: Utilice guantes cuando se trabaja con hielo seco. </li><li> Recoge cada rebanada en un tubo de 1,5 ml y almacenar a -80 ° C. </li></ol> 4. Aislamiento de fracciones nucleares enriquecidos de la región CA1 del hipocampo <ol><li> Tomar 1,5 ml tubos Eppendorf con las rodajas congeladas de -80 ° C y mantenerlos en hielo. </li><li> Añadir 0,5 ml de solución tampón que contiene proteasa fresca fría TBS (PI) y los inhibidores de la fosfatasa (PS), en el tubo. Incubar durante 2-3 min y transferir a un microscopio estereoscópico. PRECAUCIÓN: Use guantes de protección y una bata de laboratorio mientras trabajaba con PI y PS. </li><li> Diseccionar la región estrato piramidal CA1 del hipocampo utilizando dos agujas. Utilice una aguja para sujetar la rebanada bajo el microscopio estereoscópico y la segunda aguja para el corte de la zona CA1. </li><li> Recoger el CA diseccionado1 regiones de 5 rebanadas (para cada grupo) en un nuevo tubo de 1,5 ml contiene 50 l de tampón de lisis (1x tampón de lisis hipotónica que contiene en mM: 10 HEPES, 1,5 MgCl 2, 10 KCl, pH 7,9, con PI y PS). Tenga en cuenta que esta cantidad de material será suficiente para ejecutar 2-3 inmunotransferencias. </li><li> Homogeneizar los tejidos recogidos por cuidado de pipeteo hacia arriba y abajo. Utilice una pipeta de 200 l. Incubar el lisado en hielo durante 5-7 minutos para permitir que las células se hinchen. </li><li> Tomar 2 l de lisado, caer en un portaobjetos de microscopio, y visualizar la inflamación de las células bajo un microscopio de campo claro. Con hinchazón adecuada de las células de los núcleos aparecen como estructuras intactas ronda. </li><li> Recoger 20 l de muestra en un tubo de 1,5 ml fresco como &#39;fracción homogeneizado&#39;. Agregue 8 l de desnaturalización SDS muestra de amortiguación 4x. </li><li> Centrifugar los lisados ​​restantes a 11.000 rpm durante 1 min. </li><li> Recoger cuidadosamente el sobrenadante de la parte superior (&#39;fracción citosólica&#39;), transfer en un nuevo tubo y añadir 20 l de tampón de muestra 4x. </li><li> Resuspender el precipitado en 60 l de tampón hipotónico y añadir 20 l de tampón de muestra 4x. Esta fracción se conoce como una &quot;fracción nuclear enriquecido &#39;. </li><li> Homogenado, citosólicas y nucleares fracciones enriquecidas pueden ser almacenadas a -20 ° C o -80 ° C durante inmunotransferencia más tarde. </li></ol> 5. Inmunoblotting Semicuantitativo para Proteínas Synapto nucleares <ol><li> Descongelar las muestras y hervir durante 5 minutos a 95 ° C. </li><li> Tome 5 l de cada fracción y determinar la concentración de proteínas por amido negro de prueba o prueba BCA. </li><li> Carga igual cantidad de muestras de proteínas de homogeneizado, fracciones enriquecidas citoplasmáticas y nucleares en SDS-PAGE. Las muestras de control y LTP rebanadas deben ser colocados en el mismo gel para la comparación directa. </li><li> Realice un procedimiento de Western Blot estándar (se recomienda la transferencia húmeda). </li><li> Sondear las membranas con tél anticuerpo de elección. Posteriormente los mismos blots (o mismas muestras se ejecutan en paralelo) se pueden probaron con un marcador citoplásmico - enolase2 neuronal específica (NSE2) y el marcador nuclear - NeuN y un anticuerpo actina como control de carga. </li></ol> Análisis 6. Datos <ol><li> La eficiencia de la inducción de LTP puede ser analizado por el software Clampfit. La pendiente media de grabaciones de referencia se comparó con las pistas después de tetanización usando ANOVA de dos vías, p &lt;0,05 fue considerado significativamente diferentes. Los valores de pendiente fEPSP fueron representados en los diagramas como la media ± SEM </li><li> Para la cuantificación de inmunotransferencias, escanear la película de autorradiografía y analizar la densidad integrada de las bandas de proteínas por ImageJ o bandas de fluorescencia con un sistema Licor. Los valores de las bandas inmunorreactivas deben ser normalizados para el control de carga y secante. Para la comparación de los grupos control y LTP podría utilizarse un Mann-Whitney U-prueba no paramétrica. </li></ol><table border="0"cellpadding = &quot;0&quot; cellspacing = &quot;0&quot;&gt; <tbody><tr><td> Nombre del buffer </td><td> Reactivo </td><td> Concentración (mM) </td><td> Importe </td><td> Comentarios / Descripción </td></tr><tr><td> La solución de Gey (pH: 7,3 ~ 7,4) </td><td> NaCl </td><td> 130 </td><td> 7,6 g </td><td> filtración estéril </td></tr><tr><td> 1000 ml </td><td> KCl </td><td> 4.9 </td><td> 0,37 g </td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td> CaCl 2 · 2H 2 O </td><td> 1.5 </td><td> 0,22 g </td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td> MgSO 4 · 2H 2 O </td><td> 0.3 </td><td> 0.0739 g </td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td> MgCl2 · 6H 2 O </td><td> 11 </td><td> 2,24 g </td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td> KH 2 PO 4 </td><td> 0.23 </td><td> 0,0313 g </td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Na 2 HPO 4 · 7H 2 O </td><td> 0.8 </td><td> 0.2145 g </td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Glucosa · H 2 O </td><td> 5 </td><td> 0.9909 g </td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td> HEPES </td><td> 25 </td><td> 5,96 g </td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td> NaHCO3 </td><td> 22 </td><td> 1,85 g </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> ACSF (pH: 7,3 ~ 7,4) </td><td> NaCl </td><td> 110 </td><td> 6.428 g </td><td> filtración estéril </td></tr><tr><td> 1000 ml </td><td> KCl </td><td> 2.5 </td><td> 0.1865 g </td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td> CaCl 2 · 2H 2 O </td><td> 2.5 </td><td> 0,368 g </td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td> MgSO 4 · 2H 2 O </td><td> 1.5 </td><td> 0.370 g </td&gt; <td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td> KH 2 PO 4 </td><td> 1.24 </td><td> 0,169 g </td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Glucosa · H 2 O </td><td> 10 </td><td> 1,9817 g </td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td> NaHCO3 </td><td> 27.4 </td><td> 2,3 g </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 1x hipotónica (pH: 7,9) </td><td> HEPES </td><td> 10 </td><td> 0,23 g </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 100 ml </td><td> MgCl2 · 6H 2 O </td><td> 1.5 </td><td> 0,0304 g </td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td> KCl </td><td> 10 </td><td> 0,07455 g </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> Tabla 1. Tampones.

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Los pasos descritos en el protocolo anterior proporcionan una guía de cómo preparar aguda hipocampo rodajas de ratas jóvenes o adultos, inducir y registro LTP, diseccionar rápidamente área estimulada de la rebanada, y preparar fracción enriquecida nuclear para el estudio de la actividad dinámica de las proteínas dependientes. Este enfoque se deriva de la combinación de varios métodos diferentes usados ​​independientemente uno de otro. Hemos optimizado el flujo de trabajo y proporcionar suficientes detalles...

Sináptica N-metil-D-aspartato-receptores (NMDAR) juegan un papel crucial en la plasticidad sináptica y la supervivencia celular de señalización mientras que la activación de los NMDAR extrasinápticos puede desencadenar la neurodegeneración y la muerte celular. Estos cambios dependen de / actividad regulada la expresión génica dependiente fuertemente controlada y por lo tanto requieren una comunicación constante entre las sinapsis o dendritas activados y el núcleo 7. El MAP quinasas ERK1 / 2 son los efectores de NMDAR sinápticos de señalización y están involucrados en la expresión génica inducida por NMDAR activación, mientras que la señalización a través de NMDAR extrasynaptic no tiene o tiene un efecto inhibitorio sobre la ERK1 / 2 Actividad 8,11. Hay una serie de proteínas que han demostrado lanzadera entre dendritas distales y el núcleo. Muchas de estas proteínas contienen una señal de localización nuclear y son transportados activamente a lo largo de los microtúbulos en un dineína y forma importina dependiente al núcleo 6,9. Interestingly, algunos de estos mensajeros sólo de tránsito al núcleo en respuesta a estímulos sinápticos específicos. Por ejemplo, el transporte retrógrado de AMP cíclico elemento de respuesta a la proteína de unión 2 (CREB2) es inducida por LTD química pero no LTP 12. Localizada estimulación sináptica dependiente de NMDAR impulsa coactivador transcripcional CREB reguladas (CRTC1) en el núcleo, un proceso de translocación, que está implicado en la plasticidad del hipocampo a largo plazo 4. Se ha demostrado recientemente que el mensajero de proteínas Jacob se transloca al núcleo después de tanto, la activación NMDAR sinápticos y extrasynaptic y regula la transcripción génica dependiente de CREB 5. El origen sináptica o extrasynaptic de la señal se codifica en una modificación postraduccional de Jacob. La actividad sináptica induce ERK1 / 2 fosforilación dependiente de Jacob en una serina en la posición 180 fundamental (pJacobS 180), que es un requisito para la posterior translocación al núcleo del hipocampo en cultivo primario. Por otra parte, in neuronas CA1 del hipocampo rebanadas agudas pJacobS 180 transloca al núcleo después de Schaffer garantía LTP pero no LTD 1,10. PS180 Jacob lleva a un aumento de la expresión de genes relacionados con la plasticidad y la expresión de los genes se alimenta de nuevo a la función sináptica. En agudo contraste, Jacob que se transloca al núcleo después de la activación NMDAR extrasinápticos no está fosforilada en Ser180 y podría estar asociado con diferente complejo de proteínas en el núcleo causando &#39;CREB apagado&#39; y una retracción de los contactos sinápticos 10. Mayoría de los estudios publicados sobre la importación nuclear de synapto-nuclear proteína mensajera se han realizado en cultivos primarios neuronales disociadas. Por lo tanto, sería interesante ver si estos hallazgos pueden ser reproducidos en fisiológicamente más relevante condiciones utilizando rebanadas de hipocampo donde la conectividad neuronal y la función son mucho mejor conservado. Aquí presentamos un protocolo optimizado para la evaluación de LTP-deColgante translocación nuclear de los mensajeros de proteínas por inmunotransferencia. Este método también es adecuado para el análisis de la actividad de fosforilación dependiente de proteínas en una fracción nuclear crudo. En concreto, el actual protocolo implica la preparación de rodajas de hipocampo CA1 agudas, la inducción y la grabación de la LTP. A continuación, la región CA1 se diseccionó microscópicamente para aislar la región estimulada. Hemos combinado y modificado el protocolo para el aislamiento nuclear proporcionada por CellLytic NuCLEAR Extraction Kit con los cambios introducidos por Zhao y sus colegas 17. El procedimiento optimizado incluye la lisis de las regiones CA1 disecados en tampón hipotónico que permite hinchazón celular y liberación de núcleos. La lisis celular y la morfología de los núcleos pueden ser determinadas por examen microscópico. De enriquecimiento nuclear se logra mediante una etapa de centrifugación corta. Análisis de inmunotransferencia con anticuerpos contra NeuN y NSE2, marcadores específicos de fracciones citosólicas o nucleares, indica que este enfoque puede ser utilizado como un rápidoy el protocolo reproducible para aislar estas fracciones subcelulares y estudiar las modificaciones posteriores a la traducción muy lábiles como la fosforilación de proteínas. Además, este método es ventajoso para las pequeñas muestras de tejido que se derivan de regiones CA1 de cortes de hipocampo disecados y se puede utilizar en combinación para inmunohistoquímica de cortes de hipocampo.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Table 1. Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CED 1401 AD/DA converter</td>
			<td>Cambridge Electronics Design, UK</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Axopatch 200B amplifier</td>
			<td>Axon&#65292;USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td><a href="http://www.iciba.com/data_acquisition_system">Axon Digidata acquisition system</a></td>
			<td>Axon&#65292;USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clampex 10.0 Data acquisition and analysis software</td>
			<td>Axon&#65292;USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leica microscope</td>
			<td>Leica TCS SP2&#65292;Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>P-97 Standard microelectrode puller</td>
			<td>Sutter&#65292;USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td><a href="http://www.iciba.com/stereomicroscope">Stereomicroscope</a></td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>Leica S4E, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vibrotome</td>
			<td>Leica VT1000S, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isolated pulse stimulator</td>
			<td>Model2100, A-M systmes, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific, HERAEUS, FRSCO17</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SDS-PAGE system</td>
			<td>BIORAD</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cooler</td>
			<td>JULABO</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bright field Microscope</td>
			<td>NIKON ECLIPSE TS100</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture incubator</td>
			<td>Thermo Electron Corporation, HERAEUS</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Luigs &#38; Neumann, SM-5, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blotting chamber and electric power supplier</td>
			<td>Hoefer Scientific Instruments, San Francisco</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cooler</td>
			<td>Julabo, F12</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific, Heraeus, FRESCO 17</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Submerged type Recording Chamber</td>
			<td>custom made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>U-shape and submerged type incubator&#160;</td>
			<td>custom made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small surgical scissors</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thin spatula</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic Pasteur pipette</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic culture dish&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bunsen beaker</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Table 2. Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of Reagent</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>ROTH</td>
			<td>Art.-Nr.3957.1</td>
			<td>&#8805;99.5%, p.a.,ACS,ISO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>ROTH</td>
			<td>Art.-Nr.6781.1</td>
			<td>&#8805;99.5%, p.a.,ACS,ISO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2&#183;2H2O</td>
			<td>MERCK</td>
			<td>1.02382.0500</td>
			<td>pro analysi</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgSO4&#183;2H2O</td>
			<td>MERCK</td>
			<td>5886.05</td>
			<td>pro analysi</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl2&#183;6H2O</td>
			<td>AppliChem</td>
			<td>CAS-NO: 7791-18-6; EC-NO:2320946</td>
			<td>for Molecularbiology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KH2PO4</td>
			<td>MERCK</td>
			<td>12034.025</td>
			<td>for Molecularbiology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na2HPO4&#183;2H2O</td>
			<td>MERCK</td>
			<td>1.06574.1000</td>
			<td>extra pure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose&#183;H2O</td>
			<td>ROTH</td>
			<td>Art.-Nr.6887.1</td>
			<td>for Molecularbiology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hepes</td>
			<td>ROTH</td>
			<td>Art.-Nr.9105.4</td>
			<td>PUFFERAN, &#8805;99.5%, p.a.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaHCO3</td>
			<td>MERCK</td>
			<td>1.06329.1000</td>
			<td>pro analysi</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protease inhibitor Coctail</td>
			<td>ROCHE</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphostop</td>
			<td>ROCHE</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bicuculline</td>
			<td>Tocris bioscience</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;Isofluran</td>
			<td>Baxter</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Table 4. Antibodies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primary antibodies</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Species</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pJac-s180</td>
			<td>Biogenes/ purified</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>rabbit (dil. 1:100)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NeuN</td>
			<td>Milipore</td>
			<td>MAB377</td>
			<td>mouse (dil. 1:1,000)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NSE</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>D20H2</td>
			<td>rabbit (dil. 1:1,000)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>beta-actin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A-5441</td>
			<td>mouse (dil. 1:5,000)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Secondary antibodies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Species</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IgG HRP Conjugated</td>
			<td>DAKO</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>goat anti - mouse (1:5,000)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IgG HRP Conjugated</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>goat anti - rabbit (1:5,000)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation of ca1 nuclear enriched fractions from hippocampal slices to study activity-dependent nuclear import of synapto-nuclear messenger proteins

El estudio de la actividad de la expresión de proteínas dependientes, translocación subcelular, o fosforilación es esencial para entender los mecanismos celulares subyacentes de la plasticidad sináptica. La potenciación a largo plazo (LTP) y depresión a largo plazo (LTD) inducida en cortes de hipocampo agudos son ampliamente aceptados como modelos celulares de aprendizaje y la memoria. Existen numerosos estudios que usan imágenes de células o de inmunohistoquímica enfoques en vivo para visualizar la actividad dinámica de las proteínas dependientes. Sin embargo, estos métodos se basan en la idoneidad de los anticuerpos para inmunocitoquímica o sobreexpresión de proteínas de fluorescencia de etiquetado en las neuronas individuales. La inmunotransferencia de proteínas es un método alternativo que proporciona una confirmación independiente de los resultados. El primer factor limitante en la preparación de fracciones subcelulares de cortes de hipocampo tetanized individuales es la baja cantidad de material. En segundo lugar, el procedimiento de manejo es crucial porque las manipulaciones incluso muy cortos y menores de living rebanadas podría inducir la activación de ciertas cascadas de señalización. Aquí se describe un flujo de trabajo optimizado con el fin de obtener una cantidad suficiente de la fracción nuclear enriquecido de suficiente pureza a partir de la región CA1 de cortes de hipocampo agudos de cerebro de rata. Como ejemplo representativo se muestra que la ERK1 / 2 forma fosforilada de la proteína nuclear mensajero synapto-Jacob activamente transloca al núcleo después de la inducción de la LTP y se puede detectar en una fracción enriquecida nuclear de las neuronas CA1.

Hemos demostrado previamente que la proteína nuclear synapto-mensajero Jacob acumula en el núcleo después de la inducción de la LTP pero no LTD 1. Por otra parte, la translocación de Jacob después de la estimulación sináptica requiere la activación de la MAPK ERK1 / 2 y la fosforilación de Ser180 a Jacob (Figura 1). Jacob fosforilado se transloca al núcleo de una manera importin-dependiente y el estado fosforilado se puede conservar durante períodos prolongados de tiempo por la as...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of CA1 Nuclear Enriched Fractions from Hippocampal Slices to Study Activity-dependent Nuclear Import of Synapto-nuclear Messenger Proteins at JoVE.c

Isolation of CA1 Nuclear Enriched Fractions from Hippocampal Slices to Study Activity-dependent Nuclear Import of Synapto-nuclear Messenger Proteins

Proporcionamos un protocolo detallado para la inducción de la potenciación a largo plazo en la región CA1 del hipocampo y el posterior aislamiento de fracciones enriquecidas nucleares de la zona de tetanized de la rodaja. Este enfoque puede ser utilizado para determinar la actividad de importación nuclear dependiente de proteína en modelos celulares de aprendizaje y memoria.

Aislamiento de CA1 nucleares enriquecidos fracciones de hipocampo rebanadas para estudiar la actividad dependiente Nuclear importación de proteínas mensajeras Synapto nucleares

Studying activity dependent protein expression, subcellular translocation, or phosphorylation is essential to understand the underlying cellular ...

isolation-ca1-nuclear-enriched-fractions-from-hippocampal-slices-to

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

12.0K vistas.  Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology.  Proporcionamos un protocolo detallado para la inducción de la potenciación a largo plazo en la región CA1 del hipocampo y el posterior aislamiento de fracciones enriquecidas nucleares de la zona de tetanized de la rodaja. Este enfoque puede ser utilizado para determinar la actividad de importación nuclear dependiente de proteína en modelos celulares de aprendizaje y memoria. 

Video: Isolation of CA1 Nuclear Enriched Fractions from Hippocampal Slices to Study Activity-dependent Nuclear Import of Synapto-nuclear Messenger Proteins

Preparation of Acute Hippocampal Slices from Rats and Transgenic Mice for the Study of Synaptic Alterations during Aging and Amyloid Pathology

The rodent hippocampal slice preparation is perhaps the most broadly used tool for investigating mammalian synaptic function and plasticity. The hippocampus can be extracted quickly and easily from rats and mice and slices remain viable for hours in oxygenated artificial cerebrospinal fluid. Moreover, basic electrophysisologic techniques are easily applied to the investigation of synaptic function in hippocampal slices and have provided some of the best biomarkers for cognitive impairments. The hippocampal slice is especially popular for the study of synaptic plasticity mechanisms involved in learning and memory. Changes in the induction of long-term potentiation and depression (LTP and LTD) of synaptic efficacy in hippocampal slices (or lack thereof) are frequently used to describe the neurologic phenotype of cognitively-impaired animals and/or to evaluate the mechanism of action of nootropic compounds. This article outlines the procedures we use for preparing hippocampal slices from rats and transgenic mice for the study of synaptic alterations associated with brain aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD)1-3. Use of aged rats and AD model mice can present a unique set of challenges to researchers accustomed to using younger rats and/or mice in their research. Aged rats have thicker skulls and tougher connective tissue than younger rats and mice, which can delay brain extraction and/or dissection and consequently negate or exaggerate real age-differences in synaptic function and plasticity. Aging and amyloid pathology may also exacerbate hippocampal damage sustained during the dissection procedure, again complicating any inferences drawn from physiologic assessment. Here, we discuss the steps taken during the dissection procedure to minimize these problems. Examples of synaptic responses acquired in "healthy" and "unhealthy" slices from rats and mice are provided, as well as representative synaptic plasticity experiments. The possible impact of other methodological factors on synaptic function in these animal models (e.g. recording solution components, stimulation parameters) are also discussed. While the focus of this article is on the use of aged rats and transgenic mice, novices to slice physiology should find enough detail here to get started on their own studies, using a variety of rodent models.

This article outlines procedures for preparing hippocampal slices from rats and transgenic mice for the study of synaptic alterations associated with brain aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer&#x2019;s disease.

Preparación de la aguda rodajas de hipocampo de ratas y ratones transgénicos para el estudio de las alteraciones sinápticas durante el envejecimiento y la patología amiloide

The rodent hippocampal slice preparation is perhaps the most broadly used tool for investigating mammalian synaptic function and plasticity. The ...

Investigación

Neurociencias

Vibrodissociation of Neurons from Rodent Brain Slices to Study Synaptic Transmission and Image Presynaptic Terminals

Mechanical dissociation of neurons from the central nervous system has the advantage that presynaptic boutons remain attached to the isolated neuron of interest. This allows for examination of synaptic transmission under conditions where the extracellular and postsynaptic intracellular environments can be well controlled. A vibration-based technique without the use of proteases, known as vibrodissociation, is the most popular technique for mechanical isolation. A micropipette, with the tip fire-polished to the shape of a small ball, is placed into a brain slice made from a P1-P21 rodent. The micropipette is vibrated parallel to the slice surface and lowered through the slice thickness resulting in the liberation of isolated neurons. The isolated neurons are ready for study within a few minutes of vibrodissociation. This technique has advantages over the use of primary neuronal cultures, brain slices and enzymatically isolated neurons including: rapid production of viable, relatively mature neurons suitable for electrophysiological and imaging studies; superior control of the extracellular environment free from the influence of neighboring cells; suitability for well-controlled pharmacological experiments using rapid drug application and total cell superfusion; and improved space-clamp in whole-cell recordings relative to neurons in slice or cell culture preparations. This preparation can be used to examine synaptic physiology, pharmacology, modulation and plasticity. Real-time imaging of both pre- and postsynaptic elements in the living cells and boutons is also possible using vibrodissociated neurons. Characterization of the molecular constituents of pre- and postsynaptic elements can also be achieved with immunological and imaging-based approaches.

This report demonstrates a technique for mechanical isolation of individual viable neurons retaining attached presynaptic boutons. Vibrodissociated neurons have the advantages of rapid production, excellent pharmacological control and improved space-clamp without influence from neighboring cells. This method can be used for imaging of synaptic elements and patch-clamp recording.

Vibrodissociation de las neuronas del cerebro de roedores Rodajas para el Estudio de la transmisión sináptica y la imagen terminales presinápticos

Mechanical dissociation of neurons from the central nervous system has the advantage that presynaptic boutons remain attached to the isolated neuron of ...

Isolation and Culture of Hippocampal Neurons from Prenatal Mice

Primary cultures of rat and murine hippocampal neurons are widely used to reveal cellular mechanisms in neurobiology. By isolating and growing individual neurons, researchers are able to analyze properties related to cellular trafficking, cellular structure and individual protein localization using a variety of biochemical techniques. Results from such experiments are critical for testing theories addressing the neural basis of memory and learning. However, unambiguous results from these forms of experiments are predicated on the ability to grow neuronal cultures with minimum contamination by other brain cell types. In this protocol, we use specific media designed for neuron growth and careful dissection of embryonic hippocampal tissue to optimize growth of healthy neurons while minimizing contaminating cell types (i.e. astrocytes). Embryonic mouse hippocampal tissue can be more difficult to isolate than similar rodent tissue due to the size of the sample for dissection. We show detailed dissection techniques of hippocampus from embryonic day 19 (E19) mouse pups. Once hippocampal tissue is isolated, gentle dissociation of neuronal cells is achieved with a dilute concentration of trypsin and mechanical disruption designed to separate cells from connective tissue while providing minimum damage to individual cells. A detailed description of how to prepare pipettes to be used in the disruption is included. Optimal plating densities are provided for immuno-fluorescence protocols to maximize successful cell culture. The protocol provides a fast (approximately 2 hr) and efficient technique for the culture of neuronal cells from mouse hippocampal tissue.

We provide a protocol for the culture of highly purified hippocampal neurons from prenatal mouse brains without the use of a feeder glial cell layer.

Aislamiento y cultivo de neuronas del hipocampo de ratones prenatales

Primary cultures of rat and murine hippocampal neurons are widely used to reveal cellular mechanisms in neurobiology. By isolating and growing individual ...

Mitochondria-associated ER Membranes (MAMs) and Glycosphingolipid Enriched Microdomains (GEMs): Isolation from Mouse Brain

Intracellular organelles are highly dynamic structures with varying shape and composition, which are subjected to cell-specific intrinsic and extrinsic cues. Their membranes are often juxtaposed at defined contact sites, which become hubs for the exchange of signaling molecules and membrane components1,2,3,4. The inter-organellar membrane microdomains that are formed between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the mitochondria at the opening of the IP3-sensitive Ca2+ channel are known as the mitochondria associated-ER membranes or MAMs4,5,6. The protein/lipid composition and biochemical properties of these membrane contact sites have been extensively studied particularly in relation to their role in regulating intracellular Ca2+ 4,5,6. The ER serves as the primary store of intracellular Ca2+, and in this capacity regulates a myriad of cellular processes downstream of Ca2+ signaling, including post-translational protein folding and protein maturation7. Mitochondria, on the other hand, maintain Ca2+ homeostasis, by buffering cytosolic Ca2+ concentration thereby preventing the initiation of apoptotic pathways downstream of Ca2+ unbalance4,8. The dynamic nature of the MAMs makes them ideal sites to dissect basic cellular mechanisms, including Ca2+ signaling and regulation of mitochondrial Ca2+ concentration, lipid biosynthesis and transport, energy metabolism and cell survival 4,9,10,11,12. Several protocols have been described for the purification of these microdomains from liver tissue and cultured cells13,14. 
	Taking previously published methods into account, we have adapted a protocol for the isolation of mitochondria and MAMs from the adult mouse brain. To this procedure we have added an extra purification step, namely a Triton X100 extraction, which enables the isolation of the glycosphingolipid enriched microdomain (GEM) fraction of the MAMs. These GEM preparations share several protein components with caveolae and lipid rafts, derived from the plasma membrane or other intracellular membranes, and are proposed to function as gathering points for the clustering of receptor proteins and for protein&#x2013;protein interactions4,15.

Mitochondria-associated ER Membranes MAMs and Glycosphingolipid Enriched Microdomains GEMs: Isolation from Mouse Brain

This procedure illustrates how to isolate from the adult mouse brain the mitochondria-associated ER membranes or MAMs and the glycosphingolipid-enriched microdomain fractions from MAMs and mitochondrial preparations.

Las mitocondrias asociadas ER membranas (MAM) y glicoesfingolípidos microdominios enriquecidos (GEMS): Aislamiento de cerebro de ratón

Intracellular organelles are highly dynamic structures with varying shape and composition, which are subjected to cell-specific intrinsic and extrinsic ...

Paired Whole Cell Recordings in Organotypic Hippocampal Slices

Pair recordings involve simultaneous whole cell patch clamp recordings from two synaptically connected neurons, enabling not only direct electrophysiological characterization of the synaptic connections between individual neurons, but also pharmacological manipulation of either the presynaptic or the postsynaptic neuron. When carried out in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures, the probability that two neurons are synaptically connected is significantly increased. This preparation readily enables identification of cell types, and the neurons maintain their morphology and properties of synaptic function similar to that in native brain tissue. A major advantage of paired whole cell recordings is the highly precise information it can provide on the properties of synaptic transmission and plasticity that are not possible with other more crude techniques utilizing extracellular axonal stimulation. Paired whole cell recordings are often perceived as too challenging to perform. While there are challenging aspects to this technique, paired recordings can be performed by anyone trained in whole cell patch clamping provided specific hardware and methodological criteria are followed. The probability of attaining synaptically connected paired recordings significantly increases with healthy organotypic slices and stable micromanipulation allowing independent attainment of pre- and postsynaptic whole cell recordings. While CA3-CA3 pyramidal cell pairs are most widely used in the organotypic slice hippocampal preparation, this technique has also been successful in CA3-CA1 pairs and can be adapted to any neurons that are synaptically connected in the same slice preparation. In this manuscript we provide the detailed methodology and requirements for establishing this technique in any laboratory equipped for electrophysiology.

Pair recordings are simultaneous whole cell patch clamp recordings from two synaptically connected neurons, enabling precise electrophysiological and pharmacological characterization of the synapses between individual neurons. Here we describe the detailed methodology and requirements for establishing this technique in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures in any laboratory equipped for electrophysiology.

Pareadas Grabaciones de células enteras en organotípicos de hipocampo rebanadas

Pair recordings involve simultaneous whole cell patch clamp recordings from two synaptically connected neurons, enabling not only direct ...

Investigation of Synaptic Tagging/Capture and Cross-capture using Acute Hippocampal Slices from Rodents

Synaptic tagging and capture (STC) and cross-tagging are two important mechanisms at cellular level that explain how synapse-specificity and associativity is achieved in neurons within a specific time frame. These long-term plasticity-related processes are the leading candidate models to study the basis of memory formation and persistence at the cellular level. Both STC and cross-tagging involve two serial processes: (1) setting of the synaptic tag as triggered by a specific pattern of stimulation, and (2) synaptic capture, whereby the synaptic tag interacts with newly synthesized plasticity-related proteins (PRPs). Much of the understanding about the concepts of STC and cross-tagging arises from the studies done in CA1 region of the hippocampus and because of the technical complexity many of the laboratories are still unable to study these processes. Experimental conditions for the preparation of hippocampal slices and the recording of stable late-LTP/LTD are extremely important to study synaptic tagging/cross-tagging. This video article describes the experimental procedures to study long-term plasticity processes such as STC and cross-tagging in the CA1 pyramidal neurons using stable, long-term field-potential recordings from acute hippocampal slices of rats.

This video article describes experimental procedures to study long-term plasticity and its associative processes such as synaptic tagging, capture and cross-tagging in the CA1 pyramidal neurons using acute hippocampal slices from rodents.

Investigación de sináptica Tagging / Captura y Cruz de captura utilizando aguda hipocampo rebanadas de Roedores

Synaptic tagging and capture (STC) and cross-tagging are two important mechanisms at cellular level that explain how synapse-specificity and associativity ...

Evaluation of Synapse Density in Hippocampal Rodent Brain Slices

In the brain, synapses are specialized junctions between neurons, determining the strength and spread of neuronal signaling. The number of synapses is tightly regulated during development and neuronal maturation. Importantly, deficits in synapse number can lead to cognitive dysfunction. Therefore, the evaluation of synapse number is an integral part of neurobiology. However, as synapses are small and highly compact in the intact brain, the assessment of absolute number is challenging. This protocol describes a method to easily identify and evaluate synapses in hippocampal rodent slices using immunofluorescence microscopy. It includes a three-step procedure to evaluate synapses in high-quality confocal microscopy images by analyzing the co-localization of pre- and postsynaptic proteins in hippocampal slices. It also explains how the analysis is performed and gives representative examples from both excitatory and inhibitory synapses. This protocol provides a solid foundation for the analysis of synapses and can be applied to any research investigating the structure and function of the brain.

A protocol for accurately identifying and analyzing synapses in hippocampal slices using immunofluorescence is outlined in this article.

Evaluación de la densidad de sinapsis en rebanadas de hipocampo cerebral de roedor

In the brain, synapses are specialized junctions between neurons, determining the strength and spread of neuronal signaling. The number of synapses is ...

Implantation of Chronic Silicon Probes and Recording of Hippocampal Place Cells in an Enriched Treadmill Apparatus

An important requisite for understanding brain function is the identification of behavior and cell activity correlates. Silicon probes are advanced electrodes for large-scale electrophysiological recording of neuronal activity, but the procedures for their chronic implantation are still underdeveloped. The activity of hippocampal place cells is known to correlate with an animal&#39;s position in the environment, but the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. To investigate place cells, here we describe a set of techniques which range from the fabrication of devices for chronic silicon probe implants to the monitoring of place field activity in a cue-enriched treadmill apparatus. A micro-drive and a hat are built by fitting and fastening together 3D-printed plastic parts. A silicon probe is mounted on the micro-drive, cleaned, and coated with dye. A first surgery is performed to fix the hat on the skull of a mouse. Small landmarks are fabricated and attached to the belt of a treadmill. The mouse is trained to run head-fixed on the treadmill. A second surgery is performed to implant the silicon probe in the hippocampus, following which broadband electrophysiological signals are recorded. Finally, the silicon probe is recovered and cleaned for reuse. The analysis of place cell activity in the treadmill reveals a diversity of place field mechanisms, outlining the benefit of the approach.

We describe the diverse steps to implant chronic silicon probes and to record place cells in mice that are running head-fixed on a cue-enriched treadmill apparatus.

Implantación de sondas de silicio crónica y grabación de las células Hippocampal del lugar en un aparato de cinta enriquecido

An important requisite for understanding brain function is the identification of behavior and cell activity correlates. Silicon probes are advanced ...

An Improved Method for Collection of Cerebrospinal Fluid from Anesthetized Mice

The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a valuable body fluid for analysis in neuroscience research. It is one of the fluids in closest contact with the central nervous system and thus, can be used to analyze the diseased state of the brain or spinal cord without directly accessing these tissues. However, in mice it is difficult to obtain from the cisterna magna due to its closeness to blood vessels, which often contaminate samples. The area for CSF collection in mice is also difficult to dissect to and often only small samples are obtained (maximum of 5-7 &#181;L or less). This protocol describes in detail a technique that improves on current methods of collection to minimize contamination from blood and allow for the abundant collection of CSF (on average 10-15 &#181;L can be collected). This technique can be used with other dissection methods for tissue collection from mice, as it does not impact any tissues during CSF extraction. Thus, the brain and spinal cord are not affected with this technique and remain intact. With greater CSF sample collection and purity, more analyses can be used with this fluid to further aid neuroscience research and better understand diseases affecting the brain and spinal cord.

This protocol describes an improved technique for the abundant collection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with no contamination from blood. With greater sample collection and purity, more analyses can be performed using CSF to further our understanding of diseases that affect the brain and spinal cord.

Un método mejorado para la recolección de líquido cefalorraquídeo de los ratones anestesiados

The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a valuable body fluid for analysis in neuroscience research. It is one of the fluids in closest contact with the central ...

Preparation of Acute Human Hippocampal Slices for Electrophysiological Recordings

Epilepsy affects about 1% of the world population and leads to a severe decrease in quality of life due to ongoing seizures as well as high risk for sudden death. Despite an abundance of available treatment options, about 30% of patients are drug-resistant. Several novel therapeutics have been developed using animal models, though the rate of drug-resistant patients remains unaltered. One of probable reasons is the lack of translation between rodent models and humans, such as a weak representation of human pharmacoresistance in animal models. Resected human brain tissue as a preclinical evaluation tool has the advantage to bridge this translational gap. Described here is a method for high quality preparation of human hippocampal brain slices and subsequent stable induction of epileptiform activity. The protocol describes the induction of burst activity during application of 8 mM KCl and 4-aminopyridin. This activity is sensitive to established AED lacosamide or novel antiepileptic candidates, such as dimethylethanolamine (DMEA). In addition, the method describes induction of seizure-like events in CA1 of human hippocampal brain slices by reduction of extracellular Mg2+ and application of bicuculline, a GABAA receptor blocker. The experimental set-up can be used to screen potential antiepileptic substances for their effects on epileptiform activity. Furthermore, mechanisms of action postulated for specific compounds can be validated using this approach in human tissue (e.g., using patch-clamp recordings). To conclude, investigation of vital human brain tissue ex vivo (here, resected hippocampus from patients suffering from temporal lobe epilepsy) will improve the current knowledge of physiological and pathological mechanisms in the human brain.

The presented protocol describes the transport and preparation of resected human hippocampal tissue with the ultimate goal to use vital brain slices as a preclinical evaluation tool for potential antiepileptic substances.

Preparación de rebanadas agudas de hipocampo humano para grabaciones electrofisiológicas

Epilepsy affects about 1% of the world population and leads to a severe decrease in quality of life due to ongoing seizures as well as high risk for ...