APS es apoyado por la Fundación Debra Piel británica e internacional. YZN es apoyado por A * STAR - Universidad de Programa de Doctorado Dundee Partnership.

Este estudio se realizó de acuerdo a la Declaración de Principios de Helsinki y fue aprobado por los Comités de Ética apropiados. 1. Preparación de Medios y Reactivos <ol><li> Preparación de 200x de ácido L-ascórbico 2-fosfato de stock <ol><li> Disolver 29 mg de ácido L-ascórbico 2-fosfato por 5 ml de medio de Eagle modificado (DMEM) solución de Dulbecco y filtrar a través de 0,22 micras filtro de membrana. Tienda como 0,25 ml alícuotas estériles en -20 ° C. </li><li> Añadir 0,25 ml de alícuota de ácido L-ascórbico de stock 200x 2-fosfato a cada 50 ml de medio de fibroblastos (DMEM con 1% de L-glutamina y suero bovino fetal al 10%) en el día requerido, para una concentración final de 0,1 mM de L ácido ascórbico-2-fosfato. </li></ol></li><li> Preparación de medio de crecimiento de queratinocitos <ol><li> Aislamiento y cultivo de queratinocitos primarios SCC se han descrito previamente 21. Preparación de medio de crecimiento de queratinocitos se describeen él también. </li><li> En pocas palabras, la preparación de los medios de comunicación de la siguiente manera: 300 ml de DMEM y 100 ml de medio de Ham F-12 suplementado con 10% de FBS 0,4 mg / ml de hidrocortisona 5 mg / ml de insulina 10 ng / ml de EGF 5 mg / ml de transferrina 8,4 ng / ml de toxina del cólera 13 ng / ml liothyronine Solución de penicilina-estreptomicina 1x </li></ol></li></ol> 2. In Vitro La construcción de la Matriz Nativo derivados de fibroblastos en ácido L-ascórbico 2-fosfato suplementado Medios <ol><li> Seed 200.000 fibroblastos por pocillo en placas de 6 pocillos (20.000 células / cm 2) en medios suplementados con fibroblastos de ácido L-ascórbico 2-fosfato. Vuelva a introducir cada 2-3 días con 2-5 ml de medio. (Nota: Realimentación frecuencia y el volumen se pueden ajustar para adaptarse a las necesidades individuales de las diferentes células Ver &quot;discusiones&quot;.). </li><li> Una gruesa capa de células embebidas en la matriz extracelular se forma al final de las 6 semanas, visibles a simple vista ( <strong&gt; Figura 1). Para liberar esta capa de la placa de cultivo de tejidos, raspar suavemente la circunferencia de la matriz con una punta de micropipeta 1 ml y luego tire de los bordes de la matriz hacia el centro del pozo. Esta capa de células y la matriz (matriz nativa) debe ser fácilmente separable de la superficie de la placa, y ahora ser flotante en los medios de comunicación. Extienda la matriz nativa en los medios de comunicación para evitar que plegar sobre sí misma. </li><li> Deje que el flotador matriz nativa y remodelar por 5 días, el cambio de los medios de comunicación cada 2-3 días. Debido a la resistencia a la tracción y la remodelación intrínseca dentro de la matriz, la matriz se contraerá drásticamente reducida y se convierten a una matriz nativa más pequeño, pero más grueso, y está listo para ser utilizado para el ensayo de invasión. </li></ol> 3. Ensayo de invasión tumoral SCC con queratinocitos <ol><li> Recoge la matriz nativa suavemente con unas pinzas romas y traslado al Nylon red. Una vez en la red de nylon, se extendió la matriz suavemente para estar lo más plana posible utilizando una micropipeta 1 mlpunta y fórceps romos. </li><li> Preparar los cilindros clonales estériles untando una pequeña cantidad de vaselina estéril en un extremo. </li><li> Coloque los cilindros clonales en la matriz nativa, con la cara hacia abajo vaselina. Esto es para asegurar un sello hermético entre la matriz nativa y los anillos clonales. </li><li> Añadir células CSCC a los cilindros clonales (250.000 células en 100 l de medio de crecimiento de queratinocitos). </li><li> Retire los cilindros clonales después de 6 horas cuando las células CSCC se han establecido en la matriz materna. </li><li> Levante la red de nylon con la matriz nativa y células CSCC para interfase aire-líquido sobre soporte de malla de alambre de acero inoxidable doblado. </li><li> Añadir medio de crecimiento de queratinocitos suplementado con ácido ascórbico hasta que el nivel de los medios de comunicación toca la parte inferior de la matriz nativa. </li><li> Cambie medios cada 2-3 días y la cosecha a las 7 y 14 días después de la siembra de células CSCC. </li></ol> 4. La recolección de las Culturas en 3D y Preparación para Histología <ol><li> Fijar en el 4% nominaldurante la noche aformaldehyde a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Biseccionar las muestras y de inserción en la cera de parafina para fijado en formol e incrustados bloques, con la superficie cortada hacia el exterior. </li><li> Alternativamente, incrustar las muestras bisectados en octubre y snap-congelado inmediatamente en nitrógeno líquido para bloques frescas de tejido congelado. </li><li> Cortar 4 micras secciones de microtomo y desparafinado (si es necesario). Teñir utilizando hematoxilina y eosina estándar. Para visualizar las células CSCC, anticuerpo monoclonal de ratón contra la queratina 14 (LL001, en-casa) se puede utilizar en la tinción inmunohistología. </li></ol>

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Los autores no tienen nada que revelar.

Debido a la naturaleza de este experimento, el tiempo total requerido para la terminación puede ser de hasta dos meses. A lo largo de este tiempo, se deben emplear las prácticas de cuidado de cultivo y del tejido estéril todo lo posible para evitar la contaminación microbiana. Aparte de su papel como un cofactor en la síntesis de hidroxiprolina e hidroxilisina de colágenos, ácido ascórbico estimula el colágeno específica la expresión del ARNm en los fib...

El uso de biomaterial en cultivo de tejido 3D ha permitido a los investigadores a estudiar el comportamiento de células en el laboratorio bajo condiciones fisiológicas más similares a un entorno in vivo que el de uno recapitulado con la adhesión 2D y un sustrato de plástico. En particular, los grandes avances se han hecho en el modelado de epitelio estratificado con la adopción de métodos de cultivo en 3D en la interfase aire-líquido 1-4. Dichas técnicas fielmente imitan la diferenciación de los queratinocitos y la invasión de las células tumorales que permite una mayor flexibilidad y fidelidad para los investigadores que estudian estos procesos. La elección de sustrato biomaterial para imitar el entorno del estroma ha implicado principalmente el uso de colágeno de tipo I, de Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm matriz de sarcoma de ratón y la dermis-epidermized DE. Por ejemplo, se ha demostrado que los fibroblastos asociados con el cáncer de contribuir hacia la invasión del cáncer 5, la iniciación y la progresión a través de interacciones estroma epitelial 6,7 wheN crecido en tales sustratos. El estándar de oro para imitar el entorno del estroma en la piel, las mayores y más ampliamente estudiados epitelios estratificados utilizando estas técnicas, se considera que se des-epidermized dermis humana (DED). Preparación de la DED implica la eliminación de la epidermis a través de tripsinización o disociación física a partir de 3,4 piel de cadáver humano. Sin embargo, el acceso a dicha piel puede ser muy difícil para los laboratorios no asociados con instituciones clínicas y dermis enfermas es casi imposible de obtener. Como alternativa, los laboratorios utilizan con frecuencia una combinación de colágeno de tipo I (aislado de colas de rata) y / o matriz de sarcoma de Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm ratón. Después de que el descubrimiento en 1927 por Nageotte 8 que el colágeno puede ser fácilmente aislado utilizando ácido acético y la precipitación de sales, su aplicación al cultivo de tejidos fue posteriormente iniciado por Huzella y colegas 9. Recubrimiento de colágeno resultó ser superior al vidrio para cultivo de células de 29 cepas y explantes de tejido como interrogados por Ehrmann y Gey 9. En la actualidad, el principal tipo de colágeno utilizado en el cultivo de tejidos se aísla de los tendones de cola de rata, y por lo general se compra a partir de fuentes comerciales. Sin embargo, el inconveniente de recapitulación sustrato fieles es que el colágeno de cola de rata no es idéntico al colágeno humano o la dermis humana, en los que están presentes como constituyentes principales de tipo I y III colágeno, y aislado de colágeno de cola de rata es invariablemente fragmentado. Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm matriz de sarcoma de ratón es una mezcla de proteína gelatinosa secretada por cultivos de células de sarcoma de ratón Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm 10. Los principales constituyentes son laminina, colágeno tipo IV, proteoglicanos de sulfato de heparina, entactina y nidogen y las proporciones exactas de estas proteínas pueden variar de lote a lote. Aparte de pro estructuralproteínas, esta matriz también contiene niveles significativos de factores de crecimiento tales como la transformación de β factor de crecimiento, factor de crecimiento epidérmico, factor de crecimiento similar a la insulina 1, factor de crecimiento de fibroblastos bovino, y factor de crecimiento derivado de plaquetas que pudieran alterar el comportamiento celular 11,12. Apuntando hacia la gran complejidad de Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm matriz de sarcoma de ratón, se identificaron un total de 1.851 proteínas en un estudio proteómico reciente 13. A la luz de la naturaleza rica y compleja de esta matriz, la precaución ha sido advertido en la interpretación y comparación de diferentes experimentos con el uso de la misma 11. Nuestros laboratorios tienen un gran interés en enfermedades de la piel genéticos, particularmente aquellos con una predisposición a desarrollar cutánea de carcinoma de células escamosas (CSCC) 14. En el caso de epidermolisis bullosa distrófica recesiva (RDEB), una enfermedad grave con ampollas germinal mutaciones en el gen COL7A1 <shasta&gt; 15 a 17, se ha determinado que el microambiente dérmica en estos pacientes es la promoción del tumor 18. Durante el transcurso de este estudio no fue posible evaluar el tumor propiedades promotoras de fibroblastos dérmicos incrustados en colágeno I / Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm matriz de sarcoma de ratón e investigados formas de evaluar propia matriz de células, nativo. Para lograr esto, hemos modificado la técnica anterior del laboratorio de Lucie Germain de trabajo en la piel humana equivalentes 19,20. La técnica de Germain fue capaz de reconstruir la piel humana con la membrana basal bien organizado usando cultivos de queratinocitos humanos y de fibroblastos primarios en ausencia de un andamio sintético o de cadáver. En este trabajo los pasos utilizados para recapitular el microambiente del estroma del tumor cutáneo (matriz nativa) derivan directamente de los fibroblastos del estroma primarias in vitro se describen 18. Matrices nativos produced por cultivo a largo plazo de los fibroblastos fueron utilizados como un equivalente dérmico a ensayo para la invasión de células CSCC. Se presentan los datos utilizando la matriz nativa derivada ya sea de la matriz extracelular secretada por los fibroblastos RDEB (deficiencia de colágeno tipo VII (C7)) o de los fibroblastos RDEB retroviralmente transducidas con un colágeno tipo VII expresando construir y demostrar el profundo efecto de una sola colágeno de tumor la invasión de células.

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			<td class="xl63" height="64" style="height:48.0pt;width:66pt" width="88">L-Ascorbic acid 2-phosphate</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:66pt" width="88">Sigma</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:66pt" width="88">A8960</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:66pt" width="88"></td>
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		<tr height="42" style="height:31.5pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="42" style="height:31.5pt;width:66pt" width="88">DMEM with l-glutamine,</td>
			<td class="xl67" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;
 border-top:none;width:66pt" width="88">Life Technologies</td>
			<td class="xl67" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;
 border-top:none;width:66pt" width="88">11995-073</td>
			<td class="xl67" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1.0pt solid black;
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		<tr height="106" style="height:79.5pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="106" style="height:79.5pt;width:66pt" width="88">4,500 mg/L d-glucose, 110 mg/L sodium pyruvate</td>
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		<tr height="85" style="height:63.75pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="85" style="height:63.75pt;width:66pt" width="88">100x Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:66pt" width="88">Life Technologies</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:66pt" width="88">15070</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:66pt" width="88"></td>
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			<td class="xl63" height="43" style="height:32.25pt;width:66pt" width="88">Vaseline</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:66pt" width="88">VWR</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:66pt" width="88">PROL28908.290</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:66pt" width="88"></td>
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		<tr height="43" style="height:32.25pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="43" style="height:32.25pt;width:66pt" width="88">Clonal cylinders</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:66pt" width="88">Sigma</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:66pt" width="88">Z370789</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:66pt" width="88"></td>
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			<td class="xl63" height="148" style="height:111.0pt;width:66pt" width="88">Nylon Net Filter Disc Hydrophilic 100um 25um diameter 100/pk</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:66pt" width="88">Millipore</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:66pt" width="88">NY1H02500</td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:66pt" width="88"></td>
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		<tr height="127" style="height:95.25pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="127" style="height:95.25pt;width:66pt" width="88">Bent stainless steel wire mesh support</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:66pt" width="88">Made in house</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:66pt" width="88"></td>
			<td class="xl66" style="width:66pt" width="88">Dimensions were made so that the mesh would fit into 6-well plates</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

tissue engineering of tumor stromal microenvironment with application to cancer cell invasion

Cultivos organotípicos 3D de células epiteliales en una matriz incrustada con células mesenquimales son ampliamente utilizados para estudiar la diferenciación de las células epiteliales y la invasión. Tipo de cola de rata colágeno I y / o una matriz derivada de Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm células de sarcoma de ratón han sido empleado tradicionalmente como los sustratos para modelar la matriz o estroma microambiente en el que se llenan las células mesenquimales (generalmente fibroblastos). Aunque los experimentos utilizando tales matrices son muy informativo, se puede argumentar que, debido a una presencia dominante de una sola proteína (como en el colágeno tipo I) o un alto contenido de componentes de la membrana basal y factores de crecimiento (tales como en la matriz derivada de ratón Las células del sarcoma), estos sustratos no reflejan mejor la contribución a la composición de la matriz de las propias células del estroma. Para estudiar las matrices nativas producidas por los fibroblastos dérmicos primarios aislados de pacientes con un tumor propensos, trastorno de formación de ampollas genética (distrófica recesivaepidermolisis bullosa), hemos adaptado un protocolo de matriz nativa existente para estudiar la invasión de las células tumorales. Los fibroblastos son inducidas a producir su propia matriz durante un período prolongado en cultivo. Esta matriz nativa se separa entonces de la placa de cultivo y las células epiteliales se siembran en que antes de todo el cocultivo se eleva a la interfaz aire-líquido. Diferenciación y / o la invasión celular se puede evaluar en el tiempo. Esta técnica proporciona la capacidad para evaluar la interacción de células epiteliales mesenquimales en un entorno 3D sin la necesidad de una matriz sintética o extranjera con la única desventaja es el período de tiempo prolongado requerido para producir la matriz nativa. Aquí se describe la aplicación de esta técnica para evaluar la capacidad de una sola molécula expresada por los fibroblastos, colágeno de tipo VII, para inhibir la invasión de células tumorales.

<html> Esta técnica abre la posibilidad de examinar y comparar el comportamiento invasivo de las células tumorales (en este caso CSCC) bajo diferentes ambientes estromales 3D. Usando esta técnica, no sólo las matrices nativas C7-deficientes que recapitulados el medio ambiente dérmica EADR se pueden generar, sino también matrices adicionales que han sido modificados genéticamente para sobreexpresar C7 18. Como se ve en la Figura 2, la invasión de los queratinocitos EADR CSCC fue signifi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Tissue Engineering of Tumor Stromal Microenvironment with Application to Cancer Cell Invasion at JoVE.com

Tissue Engineering of Tumor Stromal Microenvironment with Application to Cancer Cell Invasion

De ingeniería tisular matriz nativa derivado de fibroblastos es un nuevo instrumento para generar un sustrato del estroma que apoya la proliferación de células epiteliales y la diferenciación. Aquí se presenta un protocolo de aplicación de esta metodología para evaluar el impacto de los diferentes tipos de células del estroma en la biología de las células tumorales.

Ingeniería de tejidos de tumor del estroma Microambiente con Aplicación a la invasión de células cancerosas

3D organotypic cultures of epithelial cells on a matrix embedded with mesenchymal cells are widely used to study epithelial cell differentiation and ...

tissue-engineering-tumor-stromal-microenvironment-with-application-to

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

9.7K vistas.  University of Dundee.  De ingeniería tisular matriz nativa derivado de fibroblastos es un nuevo instrumento para generar un sustrato del estroma que apoya la proliferación de células epiteliales y la diferenciación. Aquí se presenta un protocolo de aplicación de esta metodología para evaluar el impacto de los diferentes tipos de células del estroma en la biología de las células tumorales. 

Video: Tissue Engineering of Tumor Stromal Microenvironment with Application to Cancer Cell Invasion

Microfluidic Device for Recreating a Tumor Microenvironment in Vitro

We have developed a microfluidic device that mimics the delivery and systemic clearance of drugs to heterogeneous three-dimensional tumor tissues in vitro. Nutrients delivered by vasculature fail to reach all parts of tumors, giving rise to heterogeneous microenvironments consisting of viable, quiescent and necrotic cell types. Many cancer drugs fail to effectively penetrate and treat all types of cells because of this heterogeneity. Monolayers of cancer cells do not mimic this heterogeneity, making it difficult to test cancer drugs with a suitable in vitro model. Our microfluidic devices were fabricated out of PDMS using soft lithography. Multicellular tumor spheroids, formed by the hanging drop method, were inserted and constrained into rectangular chambers on the device and maintained with continuous medium perfusion on one side. The rectangular shape of chambers on the device created linear gradients within tissue. Fluorescent stains were used to quantify the variability in apoptosis within tissue. Tumors on the device were treated with the fluorescent chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin, time-lapse microscopy was used to monitor its diffusion into tissue, and the effective diffusion coefficient was estimated. The hanging drop method allowed quick formation of uniform spheroids from several cancer cell lines. The device enabled growth of spheroids for up to 3 days. Cells in proximity of flowing medium were minimally apoptotic and those far from the channel were more apoptotic, thereby accurately mimicking regions in tumors adjacent to blood vessels. The estimated value of the doxorubicin diffusion coefficient agreed with a previously reported value in human breast cancer. Because the penetration and retention of drugs in solid tumors affects their efficacy, we believe that this device is an important tool in understanding the behavior of drugs, and developing new cancer therapeutics.

Microfluidic Device for Recreating a Tumor Microenvironment in Vitro

We present the procedure for fabrication and operation of a microfluidic device that recreates heterogeneous tumor microenvironments in vitro. The variability in apoptosis within tumor tissue was quantified using fluorescent stains and the effective diffusion coefficient of the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin into tumor tissue was evaluated.

Dispositivo de microfluidos para volver a crear un microambiente tumoral<em&gt; In Vitro</em

We have developed a microfluidic device that mimics the delivery and systemic clearance of drugs to heterogeneous three-dimensional tumor tissues in ...

Investigación

Bioingeniería

Directed Cellular Self-Assembly to Fabricate Cell-Derived Tissue Rings for Biomechanical Analysis and Tissue Engineering

Each year, hundreds of thousands of patients undergo coronary artery bypass surgery in the United States.1 Approximately one third of these patients do not have suitable autologous donor vessels due to disease progression or previous harvest. The aim of vascular tissue engineering is to develop a suitable alternative source for these bypass grafts. In addition, engineered vascular tissue may prove valuable as living vascular models to study cardiovascular diseases. Several promising approaches to engineering blood vessels have been explored, with many recent studies focusing on development and analysis of cell-based methods.2-5 Herein, we present a method to rapidly self-assemble cells into 3D tissue rings that can be used in vitro to model vascular tissues.
To do this, suspensions of smooth muscle cells are seeded into round-bottomed annular agarose wells. The non-adhesive properties of the agarose allow the cells to settle, aggregate and contract around a post at the center of the well to form a cohesive tissue ring.6,7 These rings can be cultured for several days prior to harvesting for mechanical, physiological, biochemical, or histological analysis. We have shown that these cell-derived tissue rings yield at 100-500 kPa ultimate tensile strength8 which exceeds the value reported for other tissue engineered vascular constructs cultured for similar durations (&lt;30 kPa).9,10 Our results demonstrate that robust cell-derived vascular tissue ring generation can be achieved within a short time period, and offers the opportunity for direct and quantitative assessment of the contributions of cells and cell-derived matrix (CDM) to vascular tissue structure and function.

This article outlines a versatile method to create cell-derived tissue rings by cellular self-assembly. Smooth muscle cells seeded into ring-shaped agarose wells aggregate and contract to form robust three-dimensional (3D) tissues within 7 days. Millimeter-scale tissue rings are conducive to mechanical testing and serve as building blocks for tissue assembly.

Dirigida celular de auto-ensamblaje para fabricar células derivadas de tejido para el análisis de anillos de Biomecánica e Ingeniería de Tejidos

Each year, hundreds of thousands of patients undergo coronary artery bypass surgery in the United States.1 Approximately one third of these patients do ...

Three-dimensional Cell Culture Model for Measuring the Effects of Interstitial Fluid Flow on Tumor Cell Invasion

The growth and progression of most solid tumors depend on the initial transformation of the cancer cells and their response to stroma-associated signaling in the tumor microenvironment 1. Previously, research on the tumor microenvironment has focused primarily on tumor-stromal interactions 1-2. However, the tumor microenvironment also includes a variety of biophysical forces, whose effects remain poorly understood. These forces are biomechanical consequences of tumor growth that lead to changes in gene expression, cell division, differentiation and invasion3. Matrix density 4, stiffness 5-6, and structure 6-7, interstitial fluid pressure 8, and interstitial fluid flow 8 are all altered during cancer progression.
Interstitial fluid flow in particular is higher in tumors compared to normal tissues 8-10. The estimated interstitial fluid flow velocities were measured and found to be in the range of 0.1-3 &mu;m s-1, depending on tumor size and differentiation 9, 11. This is due to elevated interstitial fluid pressure caused by tumor-induced angiogenesis and increased vascular permeability 12. Interstitial fluid flow has been shown to increase invasion of cancer cells 13-14, vascular fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells 15. This invasion may be due to autologous chemotactic gradients created around cells in 3-D 16 or increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression 15, chemokine secretion and cell adhesion molecule expression 17. However, the mechanism by which cells sense fluid flow is not well understood. In addition to altering tumor cell behavior, interstitial fluid flow modulates the activity of other cells in the tumor microenvironment. It is associated with (a) driving differentiation of fibroblasts into tumor-promoting myofibroblasts 18, (b) transporting of antigens and other soluble factors to lymph nodes 19, and (c) modulating lymphatic endothelial cell morphogenesis 20.
The technique presented here imposes interstitial fluid flow on cells in vitro and quantifies its effects on invasion (Figure 1). This method has been published in multiple studies to measure the effects of fluid flow on stromal and cancer cell invasion 13-15, 17. By changing the matrix composition, cell type, and cell concentration, this method can be applied to other diseases and physiological systems to study the effects of interstitial flow on cellular processes such as invasion, differentiation, proliferation, and gene expression.

Interstitial fluid flow is elevated in solid tumors and can modulate tumor cell invasion. Here we describe a technique to apply interstitial fluid flow to cells embedded in a matrix and then measure its effects on cell invasion. This technique can be easily adapted to study other systems.

Tridimensional de la célula modelo de cultivo para medir los efectos del flujo del fluido intersticial en la invasión de células tumorales

The growth and progression of most solid tumors depend on the initial transformation of the cancer cells and their response to stroma-associated signaling ...

Engineering Skeletal Muscle Tissues from Murine Myoblast Progenitor Cells and Application of Electrical Stimulation

Engineered muscle tissues can be used for several different purposes, which include the production of tissues for use as a disease model in vitro, e.g. to study pressure ulcers, for regenerative medicine and as a meat alternative 1. The first reported 3D muscle constructs have been made many years ago and pioneers in the field are Vandenburgh and colleagues 2,3. Advances made in muscle tissue engineering are not only the result from the vast gain in knowledge of biochemical factors, stem cells and progenitor cells, but are in particular based on insights gained by researchers that physical factors play essential roles in the control of cell behavior and tissue development. State-of-the-art engineered muscle constructs currently consist of cell-populated hydrogel constructs. In our lab these generally consist of murine myoblast progenitor cells, isolated from murine hind limb muscles or a murine myoblast cell line C2C12, mixed with a mixture of collagen/Matrigel and plated between two anchoring points, mimicking the muscle ligaments. Other cells may be considered as well, e.g. alternative cell lines such as L6 rat myoblasts 4, neonatal muscle derived progenitor cells 5, cells derived from adult muscle tissues from other species such as human 6 or even induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) 7. Cell contractility causes alignment of the cells along the long axis of the construct 8,9 and differentiation of the muscle progenitor cells after approximately one week of culture. Moreover, the application of electrical stimulation can enhance the process of differentiation to some extent 8. Because of its limited size (8 x 2 x 0.5 mm) the complete tissue can be analyzed using confocal microscopy to monitor e.g. viability, differentiation and cell alignment. Depending on the specific application the requirements for the engineered muscle tissue will vary; e.g. use for regenerative medicine requires the up scaling of tissue size and vascularization, while to serve as a meat alternative translation to other species is necessary.

Engineered muscle tissue has great potential in regenerative medicine, as disease model and also as an alternative source for meat. Here we describe the engineering of a muscle construct, in this case from mouse myoblast progenitor cells, and the stimulation by electrical pulses.

Los tejidos de ingeniería músculo esquelético de células mioblastos murinos progenitoras y aplicación de estimulación eléctrica

Engineered muscle tissues can be used for several different purposes, which include the production of tissues for use as a disease model in vitro, e.g. to ...

Tissue Engineering of a Human 3D in vitro Tumor Test System

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Current therapeutic strategies are predominantly developed in 2D culture systems, which inadequately reflect physiological conditions in vivo. Biological 3D matrices provide cells an environment in which cells can self-organize, allowing the study of tissue organization and cell differentiation. Such scaffolds can be seeded with a mixture of different cell types to study direct 3D cell-cell-interactions. To mimic the 3D complexity of cancer tumors, our group has developed a 3D in vitro tumor test system.	
	Our 3D tissue test system models the in vivo situation of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs), which we established with our decellularized porcine jejunal segment derived biological vascularized scaffold (BioVaSc). In our model, we reseeded a modified BioVaSc matrix with primary fibroblasts, microvascular endothelial cells (mvECs) and the S462 tumor cell line. For static culture, the vascular structure of the BioVaSc is removed and the remaining scaffold is cut open on one side (Small Intestinal Submucosa SIS-Muc). The resulting matrix is then fixed between two metal rings (cell crowns).	
	Another option is to culture the cell-seeded SIS-Muc in a flow bioreactor system that exposes the cells to shear stress. Here, the bioreactor is connected to a peristaltic pump in a self-constructed incubator. A computer regulates the arterial oxygen and nutrient supply via parameters such as blood pressure, temperature, and flow rate. This setup allows for a dynamic culture with either pressure-regulated pulsatile or constant flow.	
	In this study, we could successfully establish both a static and dynamic 3D culture system for MPNSTs. The ability to model cancer tumors in a more natural 3D environment will enable the discovery, testing, and validation of future pharmaceuticals in a human-like model.

Tissue Engineering of a Human 3D in vitro Tumor Test System

Methods to create human 3D tumor tissues as test systems are described. These technologies are based on a decellularized Biological Vascularized Scaffold (BioVaSc), primary human cells and a tumor cell line, which can be cultured under static as well as under dynamic conditions in a flow bioreactor.

Ingeniería de tejidos de un humano 3D<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Sistema de Prueba de Tumores

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide.  Current therapeutic strategies are predominantly developed in 2D culture  systems, which ...

Engineering Fibrin-based Tissue Constructs from Myofibroblasts and Application of Constraints and Strain to Induce Cell and Collagen Reorganization

Collagen content and organization in developing collagenous tissues can be influenced by local tissue strains and tissue constraint. Tissue engineers aim to use these principles to create tissues with predefined collagen architectures. A full understanding of the exact underlying processes of collagen remodeling to control the final tissue architecture, however, is lacking. In particular, little is known about the (re)orientation of collagen fibers in response to changes in tissue mechanical loading conditions. We developed an in&#160;vitro model system, consisting of biaxially-constrained myofibroblast-seeded fibrin constructs, to further elucidate collagen (re)orientation in response to i) reverting biaxial to uniaxial static loading conditions and ii) cyclic uniaxial loading of the biaxially-constrained constructs before and after a change in loading direction, with use of the Flexcell FX4000T loading device. Time-lapse confocal imaging is used to visualize collagen (re)orientation in a nondestructive manner.
Cell and collagen organization in the constructs can be visualized in real-time, and an internal reference system allows us to relocate cells and collagen structures for time-lapse analysis. Various aspects of the model system can be adjusted, like cell source or use of healthy and diseased cells. Additives can be used to further elucidate mechanisms underlying collagen remodeling, by for example adding MMPs or blocking integrins. Shape and size of the construct can be easily adapted to specific needs, resulting in a highly tunable model system to study cell and collagen (re)organization.

This model system starts from a myofibroblast-populated fibrin gel that can be used to study endogenous collagen (re)organization real-time in a nondestructive manner. The model system is very tunable, as it can be used with different cell sources, medium additives, and can be adapted easily to specific needs.

Ingeniería fibrina basado en construcciones de tejido de miofibroblastos y de aplicación de las restricciones y la tensión para inducir la organización de células y colágeno (Re)

Collagen content and organization in developing collagenous tissues can be influenced by local tissue strains and tissue constraint. Tissue engineers aim ...

Long-term Intravital Immunofluorescence Imaging of Tissue Matrix Components with Epifluorescence and Two-photon Microscopy

Besides being a physical scaffold to maintain tissue morphology, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is actively involved in regulating cell and tissue function during development and organ homeostasis. It does so by acting via biochemical, biomechanical, and biophysical signaling pathways, such as through the release of bioactive ECM protein fragments, regulating tissue tension, and providing pathways for cell migration. The extracellular matrix of the tumor microenvironment undergoes substantial remodeling, characterized by the degradation, deposition and organization of fibrillar and non-fibrillar matrix proteins. Stromal stiffening of the tumor microenvironment can promote tumor growth and invasion, and cause remodeling of blood and lymphatic vessels. Live imaging of matrix proteins, however, to this point is limited to fibrillar collagens that can be detected by second harmonic generation using multi-photon microscopy, leaving the majority of matrix components largely invisible. Here we describe procedures for tumor inoculation in the thin dorsal ear skin, immunolabeling of extracellular matrix proteins and intravital imaging of the exposed tissue in live mice using epifluorescence and two-photon microscopy. Our intravital imaging method allows for the direct detection of both fibrillar and non-fibrillar matrix proteins in the context of a growing dermal tumor. We show examples of vessel remodeling caused by local matrix contraction. We also found that fibrillar matrix of the tumor detected with the second harmonic generation is spatially distinct from newly deposited matrix components such as tenascin C. We also showed long-term (12 hours) imaging of T-cell interaction with tumor cells and tumor cells migration along the collagen IV of basement membrane. Taken together, this method uniquely allows for the simultaneous detection of tumor cells, their physical microenvironment and the endogenous tissue immune response over time, which may provide important insights into the mechanisms underlying tumor progression and ultimate success or resistance to therapy.

The extracellular matrix undergoes substantial remodeling during wound healing, inflammation and tumorigenesis. We present a novel intravital immunofluorescence microscopy approach to visualize the dynamics of fibrillar as well as mesh-like matrix components with high spatial and temporal resolution using epifluorescence or two-photon microscopy.

A largo plazo intravital Inmunofluorescencia imágenes de tejido Componentes de Matriz con epifluorescencia y microscopía de dos fotones

Besides being a physical scaffold to maintain tissue morphology, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is actively involved in regulating cell and tissue ...

Sandwich-like Microenvironments to Harness Cell/Material Interactions

Cell culture has been traditionally carried out on bi-dimensional (2D) substrates where cells adhere using ventral receptors to the biomaterial surface. However in vivo, most of the cells are completely surrounded by the extracellular matrix (ECM), resulting in a three-dimensional (3D) distribution of receptors. This may trigger differences in the outside-in signaling pathways and thus in cell behavior.
This article shows that stimulating the dorsal receptors of cells already adhered to a 2D substrate by overlaying a film of a new material (a sandwich-like culture) triggers important changes with respect to standard 2D cultures. Furthermore, the simultaneous excitation of ventral and dorsal receptors shifts cell behavior closer to that found in 3D environments. Additionally, due to the nature of the system, a sandwich-like culture is a versatile tool that allows the study of different parameters in cell/material interactions, e.g., topography, stiffness and different protein coatings at both the ventral and dorsal sides. Finally, since sandwich-like cultures are based on 2D substrates, several analysis procedures already developed for standard 2D cultures can be used normally, overcoming more complex procedures needed for 3D systems.

The following protocol describes the procedure to assemble sandwich-like cultures to be used as an intermediate stage between bi-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cellular environments. The engineered systems can have applications in microscopy, biomechanics, biochemistry and cell biology assays.

Microentornos-Sandwich como para aprovechar Celulares / Materiales Interacciones

Cell culture has been traditionally carried out on bi-dimensional (2D) substrates where cells adhere using ventral receptors to the biomaterial surface. ...

In Vitro Model of Physiological and Pathological Blood Flow with Application to Investigations of Vascular Cell Remodeling

Vascular disease is a common cause of death within the United States. Herein, we present a method to examine the contribution of flow dynamics towards vascular disease pathologies. Unhealthy arteries often present with wall stiffening, scarring, or partial stenosis which may all affect fluid flow rates, and the magnitude of pulsatile flow, or pulsatility index. Replication of various flow conditions is the result of tuning a flow pressure damping chamber downstream of a blood pump. Introduction of air within a closed flow system allows for a compressible medium to absorb pulsatile pressure from the pump, and therefore vary the pulsatility index. The method described herein is simply reproduced, with highly controllable input, and easily measurable results. Some limitations are recreation of the complex physiological pulse waveform, which is only approximated by the system. Endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts are affected by the blood flow through the artery. The dynamic component of blood flow is determined by the cardiac output and arterial wall compliance. Vascular cell mechano-transduction of flow dynamics may trigger cytokine release and cross-talk between cell types within the artery. Co-culture of vascular cells is a more accurate picture reflecting cell-cell interaction on the blood vessel wall and vascular response to mechanical signaling. Contribution of flow dynamics, including the cell response to the dynamic and mean (or steady) components of flow, is therefore an important metric in determining disease pathology and treatment efficacy. Through introducing an in vitro co-culture model and pressure damping downstream of blood pump which produces simulated cardiac output, various arterial disease pathologies may be investigated.

In Vitro Model of Physiological and Pathological Blood Flow with Application to Investigations of Vascular Cell Remodeling

This protocol replicates physiological or pathological blood flow in vitro to aid in determining cell response in disease pathologies. By introducing a pressure damping chamber downstream of a blood pump, blood flow across the vasculature can be recapitulated and imposed on a monolayer of vascular endothelium or a mimetic co-culture.

En Vitro Modelo de fisiológicos y patológicos de flujo de sangre con aplicación a las investigaciones de remodelado vascular celular

Vascular disease is a common cause of death within the United States. Herein, we present a method to examine the contribution of flow dynamics towards ...

Tissue Engineering by Intrinsic Vascularization in an In Vivo Tissue Engineering Chamber

In reconstructive surgery, there is a clinical need for an alternative to the current methods of autologous reconstruction which are complex, costly and trade one defect for another. Tissue engineering holds the promise to address this increasing demand. However, most tissue engineering strategies fail to generate stable and functional tissue substitutes because of poor vascularization. This paper focuses on an in vivo tissue engineering chamber model of intrinsic vascularization where a perfused artery and a vein either as an arteriovenous loop or a flow-through pedicle configuration is directed inside a protected hollow chamber. In this chamber-based system angiogenic sprouting occurs from the arteriovenous vessels and this system attracts ischemic and inflammatory driven endogenous cell migration which gradually fills the chamber space with fibro-vascular tissue. Exogenous cell/matrix implantation at the time of chamber construction enhances cell survival and determines specificity of the engineered tissues which develop. Our studies have shown that this chamber model can successfully generate different tissues such as fat, cardiac muscle, liver and others. However, modifications and refinements are required to ensure target tissue formation is consistent and reproducible. This article describes a standardized protocol for the fabrication of two different vascularized tissue engineering chamber models in vivo.

Tissue Engineering by Intrinsic Vascularization in an In Vivo Tissue Engineering Chamber

This is a guideline for constructing in vivo vascularized tissue using a microsurgical arteriovenous loop or a flow-through pedicle configuration inside a tissue engineering chamber. The vascularized tissues generated can be employed for organ regeneration and replacement of tissue defects, as well as for drug testing and disease modeling.

Ingeniería de tejidos por intrínseca Vascularización en una<em&gt; En Vivo</em&gt; Cámara Ingeniería de Tejidos

In reconstructive surgery, there is a clinical need for an alternative to the current methods of autologous reconstruction which are complex, costly and ...