This work was supported by SNF grants PPOOA-_119204 and PPOOP3_144918 to S.W.R. We thank E. Palmer and B.T.H. Hausmann for mice and technical expertise.

En esta publicación, el vídeo y el protocolo, se llevaron a cabo todos los procedimientos con animales de acuerdo con el protocolo de los animales aprobado por la autoridad cantonal de Basilea-Ciudad, Suiza. Realice todos los procedimientos en condiciones de esterilidad, cuando sea posible. 1. Preparación de Cirugía <ol><li> Autoclave todos los instrumentos quirúrgicos y gasas antes de su uso. </li><li> Calentar la almohadilla caliente y organizar los instrumentos quirúrgicos en la tabla (Tabla de Materiales / Métodos). </li><li> Abra las vendas de la tira dedo. Aplique vaselina en la plataforma de la herida con un algodón (asegúrese de que la gasa se cubre totalmente). </li><li> Pesar los ratones y administrar analgesia buprenorfina 0,05 mg / kg de peso corporal. Nota: esto proporcionará analgesia inmediatamente después del trasplante. </li></ol> 2. Preparación de la cola de la piel para el Trasplante <ol><li> La eutanasia a los ratones donantes (por ejemplo, IA) BM12, los cuales por asfixia de CO 2 y disinfect las colas con solución de desinfección antes de la escisión. </li><li> Coloque la cola con la franja negro sobre una placa de plástico limpio y cortado longitudinalmente a lo largo de la línea media, haciendo una incisión superficial que afecta sólo la capa de piel. </li><li> Retirar la piel de la cola utilizando pinzas de agarre. </li><li> Ponga la cola de la piel en una placa de cultivo de 10 cm celda llena con 10 ml de HBSS. </li></ol> 3. Procedimiento Quirúrgico <ol><li> Anestesie ratones receptores (por ejemplo, ratones C57BL / 6) por inhalación de una solución de isofluorano 3% en una caja de inducción transparente. Nota: Se necesita 3-5 minutos para el ratón para llegar a la anestesia plano quirúrgico. Use ungüento veterinario en los ojos para evitar la sequedad, mientras que bajo anestesia. </li><li> Coloca el ratón sobre la almohadilla tibia y aplicar el 1,5% isofluorane través de una mascarilla boca y el culo cada reflejo animal toe pellizcos. </li><li> Afeitar el sitio dorsal de los ratones receptores (por ejemplo, C57BL / 6) y quitar los pelos contaminantes utilizando un sw gasa secaab. </li><li> Desinfectar sitio trasplante afeitado con solución aséptica. </li><li> Apriete la piel con unas pinzas en el sitio central / derecha del dorso y el uso de tijeras curvas para hacer una incisión alrededor de alrededor de 1 x 0,6 cm. </li><li> Si se produce una hemorragia, luego limpiar la herida con un hisopo de algodón estéril. </li><li> Evaluar el tamaño de la incisión y cortar un trasplante de el tamaño estimado de la cola-piel utilizando el bisturí. </li><li> Recorte esquinas para redondear el trasplante. </li><li> Cargue el trasplante en el bisturí, el exceso seca de HBSS en un hisopo de algodón estéril y lo coloca en el lecho del injerto del ratón receptor. </li><li> Evitar la superposición de los donantes y de la piel de acogida y aplicar adhesivo tisular en la zona de contacto de forma exclusiva. </li><li> Aplicar un yeso sin arrugas alrededor de la cintura del ratón. </li><li> Aplicar el adhesivo vendaje no elástico para fijar el yeso para el ratón (3 mm desplazado). </li><li> Una incisión con las tijeras alrededor de 3 mm en el sitio ventral superior del vendaje. Nota: Esto es para evitar trapping de los dientes del ratón durante la fase de recuperación. </li><li> Retire la anestesia boca máscara y mantener a los ratones trasplantados en la almohadilla caliente hasta que despierto. </li><li> Volver ratones trasplantados a sus jaulas sólo cuando esté completamente recuperado y evaluar su movilidad para asegurarse de que el vendaje no está demasiado ajustado. </li><li> Esterilizar todos los instrumentos quirúrgicos con etanol al 70% antes de proceder con la cirugía siguiente. </li></ol> 4. Cuidado post-operatorio <ol><li> Añadir jarabe que contiene paracetamol al agua de bebida (4 mg / ml) y administrarlo durante 7 días. </li><li> Ratón Regresar a la sala de los animales una vez que se haya recuperado. </li><li> Seguir de cerca los ratones en busca de signos clínicos como la depresión u otros cambios de comportamiento (comer o inmovilidad), aspecto anormal (falta de aseo personal) o la postura (pilo-erección o postura encorvada) durante el tiempo que el vendaje está en su lugar (1 semana). </li></ol> 5. Eliminación del vendaje (6-7 días post-trasplante) <ol><li> Anesthetize los ratones por inhalación de una solución de isofluorano 3% en una caja de inducción transparente (véase más arriba). </li><li> Cortar el vendaje y el yeso con unas tijeras de la arteria y cuidadosamente eliminarlos. Nota: evitar el estiramiento del sitio de trasplante. </li><li> Monitorear los ratones trasplantados en busca de signos clínicos (ver 4.3) y la puntuación para el rechazo de los injertos de piel (Tabla 1). Nota: El sistema de puntuación de injerto se aprovecha de las diferentes texturas de pelo en la cola de la piel en comparación con el dorsal de la piel. La aparición del trasplante y su rechazo se clasifica en 3 grados. Piel alogénico (MHC II no coinciden, por ejemplo, IA BM12) injertos de C57BL / 6 ratones inmunocompetentes son generalmente rechazados dentro de 12 a 15 días después del trasplante (datos propios y 15-20). </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Trasplante de la piel es un método ampliamente utilizado para el estudio de rechazo y dependiente de las células T de la tolerancia. Desde que se estableció el modelo de trasplante de piel, se han aplicado varias adaptaciones y cambios. En el procedimiento descrito, IA BM12 trasplante de cola de piel se realiza con gas anestésico (isofluorano). El uso de la anestesia con gas reduce el tiempo de ejecución y la recuperación de los ratones, lo que disminuye la presión sobre los ratones trasplantados. El p...

El trasplante de órganos sólidos, como la piel, el corazón y los riñones es ahora un procedimiento estándar en la práctica médica en todo el mundo 1. Órganos trasplantados con éxito pueden ser rechazadas por la activación del sistema inmune receptor, que reconoce los antígenos principales de histocompatibilidad del donante. Por lo tanto los pacientes transplantados necesitan tratamiento con medicamentos inmunosupresores 2. El trasplante alogénico de piel en ratones fue establecido por Medawar y sus colegas en 1955 y ha sido útil para la identificación de las moléculas específicas que se describen más adelante como complejo mayor de histocompatibilidad (MHC) de clase I y II. Desde entonces, el modelo de trasplante de piel ha sido modificado y adaptado para estudiar el papel de los subconjuntos de células T y la relevancia de la química y la intervención biológica en la supresión de rechazo de injertos 2-4 continuamente. La piel de la oreja y el tronco son más difíciles de preparar y son más susceptibles a la hipoxia y la necrosis de la piel de la cola-5; Sin embargo,el procedimiento de trasplante es similar. Además, el seguimiento de trasplantes de cola de la piel es fácil debido a la textura del cabello característico de la piel. Este artículo proporciona un procedimiento detallado de MHC de clase II desajuste trasplante de cola de la piel que permite el estudio de los diferentes aspectos de la T CD4 + rechazo de aloinjertos mediada por células y la tolerancia en ratones. La mutación natural de tres puntos en la molécula de MHC clase II IA B (llamado IA BM12) 6-9 es suficiente para inducir el rechazo de aloinjertos de piel en ratones C57BL / 6 8. La molécula de BM12 IA activa las células T CD4 + con diferentes receptor de células αβ-T (TCR) cadenas de ratones C57BL / 6, entre las que se identificaron las células T Vα2Vβ8-TCR-específicas con el fin de generar un ratón transgénico TCR-10. La transferencia adoptiva de células-TCR-específicos Vα2Vβ8 T se ha usado para establecer un modelo de rechazo en C57B inmunodeficienteL / 6 Rag2 - / - ratones transplantados con la piel IA BM12. Las diferencias genéticas entre el donante y el receptor afectan el resultado de la aceptación y el rechazo de trasplante. Hay diferentes tipos de trasplantes: autoinjertos son los trasplantes de la persona beneficiaria misma; syngrafts y aloinjertos son los trasplantes de individuos genéticamente idénticos y no relacionados genéticamente, respectivamente. Aceptación de diferentes trasplantes de órganos alogénicos se ha demostrado por la intervención química y biológica en pacientes y modelos de ratón 11,3,4. En un enfoque básico, anti-CD3 tratados C57BL / 6 ratones mostraron una supervivencia prolongada de IA BM12 cola-piel (datos no publicados). El agotamiento de los CD4 + y CD8 + T las células antes del trasplante en ratones receptores resultó en la aceptación de MHC de clase I y II injertos no coincidentes (Apocalipsis en el 12). Curiosamente, el rechazo de injertos de piel depende de la presencia de células CD4 + </sup&gt; Células T (rev. en 12). En este modelo, la orientación interacciones específicas entre diferentes células inmunes mediante el bloqueo de las moléculas coestimuladoras con anticuerpos o supresión con células T reguladoras podría inducir tolerancia (datos no publicados). De hecho, el bloqueo de ambos CD40 y CD28 dio lugar a la tolerancia 13,14 aloinjerto de piel a largo plazo. Trasplante de Cola-piel es fácil de realizar y fácil de controlar en comparación con el trasplante de otros órganos. Además, los trasplantes de cola de la piel son fáciles de preparar y son menos susceptibles a la isquemia de otros tejidos de la piel. En contraste a los anestésicos inyectados, el uso de gas anestésico (isofluorano) durante el trasplante acorta tanto el procedimiento y el tiempo de recuperación destinatario. Curling del trasplante de cola de la piel, que puede conducir a la cicatrización de heridas incompleta y el rechazo del injerto, se evita mediante la aplicación de adhesivo de tejido. Además, el modelo de trasplante de piel de la cola-IA BM12 activa exclusivamente CD4 <sup&gt; + Células T, tanto inmunocompetentes como ratones inmunodeficientes (de los mismos antecedentes genéticos) facilitar la interpretación de los resultados. Este protocolo describe un modelo de ratón fiable, reproducible y fácilmente controlables que permite la intervención química y biológica. El modelo está diseñado para investigar el rechazo y la tolerancia a la inducción de los trasplantes de cola de la piel.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="831">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Betadine Standard solution</td>
			<td>Mundipharma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cotton swab</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Carl Roth GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">31025060</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Dafalgan , UPSA</td>
			<td>Bristol Myers Squibb SA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hansaplast Finger Strips</td>
			<td>Beierdorf AG</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">REF.76861</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Histoacryl Tissue adhesive</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Braun</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">REF.1050052</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Leukotape classic , 2cm x 10 m</td>
			<td>BSN Medical SAS</td>
			<td>REF.02204-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PBS, Phosphate-Buffered Saline, pH 7.4</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10010015</td>
			<td>GIBCO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sterile gauze, 5 x 5cm, 8ply</td>
			<td>MaiMed GmbH</td>
			<td>21010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Surgical instruments&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">FST</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11003-12</td>
			<td>Narrow pattern forceps,&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;"></td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14095-11</td>
			<td>Fine iris scissor curved,</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;"></td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14094-11</td>
			<td>Fine iris scissor&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;"></td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14010-15</td>
			<td>Mayo scissors,</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;"></td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14080-11</td>
			<td>Artery scissors ball tip 11.5 cm&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;"></td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11021-14</td>
			<td>Tissue forceps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Surgical Blade No.20</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Swann-Morton LTD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3006</td>
			<td>Carbon Steel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Surgical blade Handles</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Swann-Morton LTD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Syringe, 1ml</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">ARTSANA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>disposable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Temgesic , Buprenorphine</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">ESSEX Chemie AG</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>0.3mg/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Tissue Culture dishes 10 cm, 60.1 cm2</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">TPP</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Vaseline</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Vifor SA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Warm pad</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Solis</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Type 223</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

transplantation of tail skin to study allogeneic cd4 t cell responses in mice

The study of T cell responses and their consequences during allo-antigen recognition requires a model that enables one to distinguish between donor and host T cells, to easily monitor the graft, and to adapt the system in order to answer different immunological questions. Medawar and colleagues established allogeneic tail-skin transplantation in mice in 1955. Since then, the skin transplantation model has been continuously modified and adapted to answer specific questions. The use of tail-skin renders this model easy to score for graft rejection, requires neither extensive preparation nor deep anesthesia, is applicable to animals of all genetic background, discourages ischemic necrosis, and permits chemical and biological intervention. 
In general, both CD4+ and CD8+ allogeneic T cells are responsible for the rejection of allografts since they recognize mismatched major histocompatibility antigens from different mouse strains. Several models have been described for activating allogeneic T cells in skin-transplanted mice. The identification of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II molecules in different mouse strains including C57BL/6 mice was an important step toward understanding and studying T cell-mediated alloresponses. In the tail-skin transplantation model described here, a three-point mutation (I-Abm12) in the antigen-presenting groove of the MHC-class II (I-Ab) molecule is sufficient to induce strong allogeneic CD4+ T cell activation in C57BL/6 mice. Skin grafts from I-Abm12 mice on C57BL/6 mice are rejected within 12-15 days, while syngeneic grafts are accepted for up to 100 days. The absence of T cells (CD3-/- and Rag2-/- mice) allows skin graft acceptance up to 100 days, which can be overcome by transferring 2 x 104 wild type or transgenic T cells. Adoptively transferred T cells proliferate and produce IFN-&#947; in I-Abm12-transplanted Rag2-/- mice.

En una primera aproximación C57BL / 6 ratones fueron trasplantados con aloinjertos BM12, los cuales IA y b syngrafts IA. Después de retirar el vendaje, injertos signos manifiestos de la cicatrización de heridas y sin cierre de la zona de contacto en C57BL / 6 ratones (Figura 1A). Después de la retirada del vendaje, CD4 + T inflamación mediada por células condujo a la aparición de áreas necróticas (manchas rojas) y el rechazo de aloinjertos BM12, los cuales<...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transplantation of Tail Skin to Study Allogeneic CD4 T Cell Responses in Mice at JoVE.com

Transplantation of Tail Skin to Study Allogeneic CD4 T Cell Responses in Mice

Tail-skin transplantation is a powerful model for studying T cell-dependent rejection and tolerance induction during allogeneic immune responses in mice. The advantages of this protocol are minor invasive surgery, and ease of monitoring with no need to sacrifice the recipient mouse.

El trasplante de la cola de la piel para el Estudio alogénico de células T CD4 respuestas en ratones

The study of T cell responses and their consequences during allo-antigen recognition requires a model that enables one to distinguish between donor and ...

transplantation-tail-skin-to-study-allogeneic-cd4-t-cell-responses

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

12.2K vistas.  University of Basel and University Hospital Basel. Tail-skin transplantation is a powerful model for studying T cell-dependent rejection and tolerance induction during allogeneic immune responses in mice. The advantages of this protocol are minor invasive surgery, and ease of monitoring with no need to sacrifice the recipient mouse.

Video: Transplantation of Tail Skin to Study Allogeneic CD4 T Cell Responses in Mice

Generation of Multivirus-specific T Cells to Prevent/treat Viral Infections after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant

Viral infections cause morbidity and mortality in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. We and others have successfully generated and infused T-cells specific for Epstein Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Adenovirus (Adv) using monocytes and EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell (EBV-LCL) gene-modified with an adenovirus vector as antigen presenting cells (APCs). As few as 2x105/kg trivirus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) proliferated by several logs after infusion and appeared to prevent and treat even severe viral disease resistant to other available therapies. The broader implementation of this encouraging approach is limited by high production costs, complexity of manufacture and the prolonged time (4-6 weeks for EBV-LCL generation, and 4-8 weeks for CTL manufacture &#x2013; total 10-14 weeks) for preparation. To overcome these limitations we have developed a new, GMP-compliant CTL production protocol. First, in place of adenovectors to stimulate T-cells we use dendritic cells (DCs) nucleofected with DNA plasmids encoding LMP2, EBNA1 and BZLF1 (EBV), Hexon and Penton (Adv), and pp65 and IE1 (CMV) as antigen-presenting cells. These APCs reactivate T cells specific for all the stimulating antigens. Second, culture of activated T-cells in the presence of IL-4 (1,000U/ml) and IL-7 (10ng/ml) increases and sustains the repertoire and frequency of specific T cells in our lines. Third, we have used a new, gas permeable culture device (G-Rex) that promotes the expansion and survival of large cell numbers after a single stimulation, thus removing the requirement for EBV-LCLs and reducing technician intervention. By implementing these changes we can now produce multispecific CTL targeting EBV, CMV, and Adv at a cost per 106 cells that is reduced by &gt;90%, and in just 10 days rather than 10 weeks using an approach that may be extended to additional protective viral antigens. Our FDA-approved approach should be of value for prophylactic and treatment applications for high risk allogeneic HSCT recipients.

A rapid, simple and cost-effective protocol for the generation of donor-derived multivirus-specific CTLs (rCTL) for infusion to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients at risk of developing CMV, Adv or EBV infections. This manufacturing process is GMP-compliant and should ensure the broader implementation of T-cell immunotherapy beyond specialized centers.

Generación de células T Multivirus específicos para prevenir / tratar las infecciones virales después de trasplante alogénico de células madre hematopoyéticas

Viral infections cause morbidity and mortality in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. We and others have successfully ...

Investigación

Inmunología e Infección

Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells

The nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse spontaneously develops autoimmune diabetes after 12 weeks of age and is the most extensively studied animal model of human Type 1 diabetes (T1D). Cell transfer studies in irradiated recipient mice have established that T cells are pivotal in T1D pathogenesis in this model. We describe herein a simple method to rapidly induce T1D by adoptive transfer of purified, primary CD4+ T cells from pre-diabetic NOD mice transgenic for the islet-specific T cell receptor (TCR) BDC2.5 into NOD.SCID recipient mice. The major advantages of this technique are that isolation and adoptive transfer of diabetogenic T cells can be completed within the same day, irradiation of the recipients is not required, and a high incidence of T1D is elicited within 2 weeks after T cell transfer. Thus, studies of pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions in T1D can proceed at a faster rate than with methods that rely on heterogenous T cell populations or clones derived from diabetic NOD mice.

We provide a reproducible method to induce type 1 diabetes (T1D) in mice within two weeks by the adoptive transfer of islet antigen-specific, primary CD4+ T cells.

Tipo 1 Diabetes inducción acelerada en ratones por transferencia adoptiva de células CD4 + células T diabetogénico

The nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse spontaneously develops autoimmune diabetes after 12 weeks of age and is the most extensively studied animal model of ...

Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential to provide immune tolerance to self as well as to certain foreign antigens. Tregs can be generated from naive CD4 T cells in vitro with TCR- and co-stimulation in the presence of TGF&beta; and IL-2. This bears enormous potential for future therapies, however, the molecules and signaling pathways that control differentiation are largely unknown.
Primary T cells can be manipulated through ectopic gene expression, but common methods fail to target the most important naive state of the T cell prior to primary antigen recognition. Here, we provide a protocol to express ectopic genes in naive CD4 T cells in vitro before inducing Treg differentiation. It applies transduction with the replication-deficient adenovirus and explains its generation and production. The adenovirus can take up large inserts (up to 7 kb) and can be equipped with promoters to achieve high and transient overexpression in T cells. It effectively transduces naive mouse T cells if they express a transgenic Coxsackie adenovirus receptor (CAR). Importantly, after infection the T cells remain naive (CD44low, CD62Lhigh) and resting (CD25-, CD69-) and can be activated and differentiated into Tregs similar to non-infected cells. Thus, this method enables manipulation of CD4 T cell differentiation from its very beginning. It ensures that ectopic gene expression is already in place when early signaling events of the initial TCR stimulation induces cellular changes that eventually lead into Treg differentiation.

Adenoviral gene transfer into naive CD4 T cells with transgenic expression of the Coxsackie adenovirus receptor enables the molecular analysis of regulatory T cell differentiation in vitro.

La transducción adenoviral de células T CD4 + naïve a estudiar la diferenciación Treg

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential to provide immune tolerance to self as well as to certain foreign antigens. Tregs can be generated from naive CD4 ...

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Na&iuml;ve CD4 T Lymphocytes

Th17 cells are a distinct subset of T cells that have been found to produce interleukin 17 (IL-17), and differ in function from the other T cell subsets including Th1, Th2, and regulatory T cells. Th17 cells have emerged as a central culprit in overzealous inflammatory immune responses associated with many autoimmune disorders. In this method we purify T lymphocytes from the spleen and lymph nodes of C57BL/6 mice, and stimulate purified CD4+ T cells under control and Th17-inducing environments. The Th17-inducing environment includes stimulation in the presence of anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies, IL-6, and TGF-&#946;. After incubation for at least 72 hours and for up to five days at 37 &#176;C, cells are subsequently analyzed for the capability to produce IL-17 through flow cytometry, qPCR, and ELISAs. Th17 differentiated CD4+CD25- T cells can be utilized to further elucidate the role that Th17 cells play in the onset and progression of autoimmunity and host defense. Moreover, Th17 differentiation of CD4+CD25- lymphocytes from distinct murine knockout/disease models can contribute to our understanding of cell fate plasticity.

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Na&amp;#239;ve CD4 T Lymphocytes

With effector functions distinct from other T cell subsets, Th17 cells have been centrally implicated in inflammatory autoimmunity. This in vitro Th17 differentiation protocol provides a means to determine whether na&#239;ve CD4+ T lymphocytes can differentiate into Th17 cells, and to further examine their role in autoimmunity and host response.

Aislamiento y diferenciación de Th17 Naïve linfocitos T CD4

Th17 cells are a distinct subset of T cells that have been found to produce interleukin 17 (IL-17), and differ in function from the other T cell subsets ...

Induction of Murine Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of Effector CD4+CD45RBhigh T Cells into Immunodeficient Mice

There are many different animal models available for studying the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), each with its own advantages and disadvantages. We describe here an experimental colitis model that is initiated by adoptive transfer of syngeneic splenic CD4+CD45RBhigh T cells into T and B cell deficient recipient mice. The CD4+CD45RBhigh T cell population that largely consists of na&#239;ve effector cells is capable of inducing chronic intestinal inflammation, closely resembling key aspects of human IBD. This method can be manipulated to study aspects of disease onset and progression. Additionally it can be used to study the function of innate, adaptive, and regulatory immune cell populations, and the role of environmental exposures, i.e., the microbiota, in intestinal inflammation. In this article we illustrate the methodology for inducing colitis with a step-by-step protocol. This includes a video demonstration of key technical aspects required to successfully develop this murine model of experimental colitis for research purposes.

Induction of Murine Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of Effector CD4+CD45RBhigh T Cells into Immunodeficient Mice

Here, we present a protocol to induce colonic inflammation in mice by adoptive transfer of syngeneic CD4+CD45RBhigh T cells into T and B cell deficient recipients. Clinical and histopathological features mimic human inflammatory bowel diseases. This method allows the study of the initiation of colonic inflammation and progression of disease.

La inducción de la inflamación intestinal murino por transferencia adoptiva de Efector CD4<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; CD45RB<sup&gt; Alta</sup&gt; T células en ratones inmunodeficientes

There are many different animal models available for studying the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), each with its own advantages ...

Mouse Na&#239;ve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Antigen inexperienced (na&#239;ve) CD4+ T cells undergo expansion and differentiation to effector subsets at the time of T cell receptor (TCR) recognition of cognate antigen presented on MHC class II. The cytokine signals present in the environment at the time of TCR activation are a major factor in determining the effector fate of a na&#239;ve CD4+ T cell. Although the cytokine environment during na&#239;ve T cell activation may be complex and involve both redundant and opposing signals in vivo, the addition of various cytokine combinations during naive CD4+ T cell activation in vitro can readily promote the establishment of effector T helper lineages with hallmark cytokine and transcription factor expression. Such differentiation experiments are commonly used as a first step for the evaluation of targets believed to promote or inhibit the development of certain CD4+ T helper subsets. The addition of mediators, such as signaling agonists, antagonists, or other cytokines, during the differentiation process can also be used to study the influence of a particular target on T cell differentiation. Here, we describe a basic protocol for the isolation of na&#239;ve T cells from mouse and the subsequent steps necessary for polarizing na&#239;ve cells to various T helper effector lineages in vitro.

Mouse Na&amp;#239;ve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells polarize to various subsets depending on the environment at the time of activation. The differentiation of na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells to various effector subsets can be achieved in vitro through the addition of T cell receptor stimuli and specific cytokine signals.

Ratón Naïve CD4<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; Aislamiento de células T y<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Diferenciación en subconjuntos de células T

Antigen inexperienced (na&#239;ve) CD4+ T cells undergo expansion and differentiation to effector subsets at the time of T cell receptor (TCR) recognition ...

Imaging CD4 T Cell Interstitial Migration in the Inflamed Dermis

The ability of CD4 T cells to carry out effector functions is dependent upon the rapid and efficient migration of these cells in inflamed peripheral tissues through an as-yet undefined mechanism. The application of multiphoton microscopy to the study of the immune system provides a tool to measure the dynamics of immune responses within intact tissues. Here we present a protocol for non-invasive intravital multiphoton imaging of CD4 T cells in the inflamed mouse ear dermis. Use of a custom imaging platform and a venous catheter allows for the visualization of CD4 T cell dynamics in the dermal interstitium, with the ability to interrogate these cells in real-time via the addition of blocking antibodies to key molecular components involved in motility. This system provides advantages over both in vitro models and surgically invasive imaging procedures. Understanding the pathways used by CD4 T cells for motility may ultimately provide insight into the basic function of CD4 T cells as well as the pathogenesis of both autoimmune diseases and pathology from chronic infections.

The mechanisms that govern the interstitial motility of CD4 effector T cells at sites of inflammation are relatively unknown. We present a non-invasive approach to visualize and manipulate in vitro-primed CD4 T cells in the inflamed ear dermis, allowing for study of the dynamic behavior of these cells in situ.

La migración de células T CD4 obtener imágenes intersticial en la dermis inflamadas

The ability of CD4 T cells to carry out effector functions is dependent upon the rapid and efficient migration of these cells in inflamed peripheral ...

In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of T, B and Myeloid Cells Suppressive Activity and Humoral Responses from Transplant Recipients

The main concern in transplantation is to achieve specific tolerance through induction of regulatory cells. The understanding of tolerance mechanisms requires reliable models. Here, we describe models of tolerance to cardiac allograft in rat, induced by blockade of costimulation signals or by upregulation of immunoregulatory molecules through gene transfer. Each of these models allowed in vivo generation of regulatory cells such as regulatory T cells (Tregs), regulatory B cells (Bregs) or regulatory myeloid cells (RegMCs). In this manuscript, we describe two complementary protocols that have been used to identify and define in vitro and in vivo regulatory cell activity to determine their responsibility in tolerance induction and maintenance. First, an in vitro suppressive assay allowed rapid identification of cells with suppressive capacity on effector immune responses in a dose dependent manner, and can be used for further analysis such as cytokine measurement or cytotoxicity. Second, the adoptive transfer of cells from a tolerant treated recipient to a newly irradiated grafted recipient, highlighted the tolerogenic properties of these cells in controlling graft directed immune responses and/or converting new regulatory cells (termed infectious tolerance). These methods are not restricted to cells with known phenotypic markers and can be extended to any cell population. Furthermore, donor directed allospecificity of regulatory cells (an important goal in the field) can be assessed by using third party donor cells or graft either in vitro or in vivo. Finally, to determine the specific tolerogenic capacity of these regulatory cells, we provide protocols to assess the humoral anti-donor antibody responses and the capacity of the recipient to develop humoral responses against new or former known antigens. The models of tolerance described can be used to further characterize regulatory cells, to identify new biomarkers, and immunoregulatory molecules, and are adaptable to other transplantation models or autoimmune diseases in rodent or human.

In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of T, B and Myeloid Cells Suppressive Activity and Humoral Responses from Transplant Recipients

Here, we present a protocol to induce tolerance in transplantation, and assess in vitro and in vivo the suppressive capacity of distinct cell subsets from the recipient and the immune status of the recipient toward donor or exogenous antigens.

In Vitro e In Vivo la evaluación de la actividad supresora T, B y las células mieloides y las respuestas humorales de los receptores de trasplante

The main concern in transplantation is to achieve specific tolerance through induction of regulatory cells. The understanding of tolerance mechanisms ...

A Suction Blister Protocol to Study Human T-cell Recall Responses In Vivo

Cutaneous antigen-recall models allow for studies of human memory responses in vivo. When combined with skin suction blister (SB) induction, this model offers accessibility to rare populations of antigen-specific T-cells representative of the cellular memory response as well as the cytokine microenvironment in situ.
This report describes the practical procedure of a cutaneous recall, an SB induction, and a harvest of antigen-specific T-cells. To exemplify the method, the tuberculin skin test is used for antigenic recall in individuals who, prior to this study, underwent a Bacillus Calmette-Gu&#233;rin vaccination against an infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Finally, examples of multiplex and flow cytometric analyses of SB specimens are provided, illustrating high fractions of antigen-specific polyfunctional CD4+ T-cells available by this sampling method compared with cells isolated from the blood.
The method described here is safe and minimally invasive, provides a unique opportunity to study both innate and adaptive immune responses in vivo, and may be beneficial to a broad community of researchers working with cell-mediated immunity and human memory responses, in the context of vaccine development.

A Suction Blister Protocol to Study Human T-cell Recall Responses In Vivo

Here, we provide a demonstration of the suction blister cutaneous recall model. The model allows a simple access to study human in vivo adaptive immune responses, for instance in the context of vaccine development.

Un protocolo de aspiración de la ampolla para estudiar células de T humanas recordar respuestas en Vivo

Cutaneous antigen-recall models allow for studies of human memory responses in vivo. When combined with skin suction blister (SB) induction, this model ...

Evaluation of Zika Virus-specific T-cell Responses in Immunoprivileged Organs of Infected Ifnar1-/- Mice

The Zika virus (ZIKV) can induce inflammation in immunoprivileged organs (e.g., the brain and testis), leading to the Guillain-Barr&#233; syndrome and damaging the testes. During an infection with the ZIKV, immune cells have been shown to infiltrate into the tissues. However, the cellular mechanisms that define the protection and/or immunopathogenesis of these immune cells during a ZIKV infection are still largely unknown. Herein, we describe methods to evaluate the virus-specific T-cell functionality in these immunoprivileged organs of ZIKV-infected mice. These methods include a) a ZIKV infection and vaccine inoculation in Ifnar1-/- mice; b) histopathology, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry assays to detect the virus infection and inflammation in the brain, testes, and spleen; c) the preparation of a tetramer of ZIKV-derived T-cell epitopes; d) the detection of ZIKV-specific T cells in the monocytes isolated from the brain, testes, and spleen. Using these approaches, it is possible to detect the antigen-specific T cells that have infiltrated into the immunoprivileged organs and to evaluate the functions of these T cells during the infection: potential immune protection via virus clearance and/or immunopathogenesis to exacerbate the inflammation. These findings may also help to clarify the contribution of T cells induced by the immunization against ZIKV.

Evaluation of Zika Virus-specific T-cell Responses in Immunoprivileged Organs of Infected Ifnar1-/- Mice

A protocol to evaluate antigen-specific T-cell responses in the immunoprivileged organs of the Ifnar1-/- murine model for the Zika virus (ZIKV) infection is described. This method is pivotal for investigating the cellular mechanisms of the protection and immunopathogenesis of ZIKV vaccines and is also valuable for their efficacy evaluation.

Evaluación de respuestas de células T Zika Virus-específica en Immunoprivileged órganos de ratones- / - Ifnar1 infectados

The Zika virus (ZIKV) can induce inflammation in immunoprivileged organs (e.g., the brain and testis), leading to the Guillain-Barr&#233; syndrome and ...