This work was supported by SNF grants PPOOA-_119204 and PPOOP3_144918 to S.W.R. We thank E. Palmer and B.T.H. Hausmann for mice and technical expertise.

このビデオ出版物およびプロトコルでは、すべての動物の手順はカントン当局バーゼルシュタット、スイスで承認された動物プロトコルに従って行った。可能な限り無菌状態ですべての手順を実行します。 外科1。準備<ol><li>使用前にすべての手術器具やガーゼをオートクレーブ。 </li><li>暖かいパッドを加熱して、テーブル（ 材料/方法の表 ）に手術器具を整理します。 </li><li>指ストリップ包帯を開きます。 （ガーゼが完全に覆われていることを確認してください）​​綿棒で創傷パッドの上にワセリンを適用します。 </li><li>マウスの重さおよび鎮痛ブプレノルフィン0.05 mg / kg体重を管理します。注意：これはすぐに移植後鎮痛を提供します。 </li></ol>移植のためのテール皮膚の2。準備<ol><li> CO 2窒息とDあたりのドナーマウス（ 例えば、IA BM12）を安楽死させる切除する前に消毒液で尾をisinfect。 </li><li>きれいなプラスチック板に黒のストライプを下にして尾を置き、中央のライン全体で縦にカットし、スキン層のみが関与する表面的な切開を行う。 </li><li>把持鉗子を使用して、尾から肌をやってのける。 </li><li> 10ミリリットルのHBSSで満たされた10cmの細胞培養皿の中で尾の皮膚を置く。 </li></ol> 3。外科的手技<ol><li>透明インダクションボックスの3％イソフルラン溶液を吸入によってレシピエントマウス（ 例えば、C57BL / 6）を麻酔。注意：マウスは、手術平面麻酔を達成することは3〜5分かかります。麻酔下ながら乾燥を防ぐために、目に獣医軟膏を使用してください。 </li><li>暖かいパッドの上にマウスを置き、つま先をつまんで、各動物レフ口マスクとロバを経由して1.5％イソフルランを適用します。 </li><li>レシピエントマウスの背側部位（ 例えば、C57BL / 6）を剃るとドライガーゼSWを使用して、汚染の毛を取り除くAB。 </li><li>無菌性溶液で剃毛移植部位を消毒。 </li><li>背の右/中央のサイトにある鉗子で皮膚をつまんで、約1×0.6cmの円形の切開を作るために湾曲したハサミを使用しています。 </li><li>出血が発生した場合は、その後、滅菌綿棒で傷口をきれいに。 </li><li>切開の大きさを評価し、メスを用いて尾部皮膚から推定サイズの移植をカット。 </li><li>移植を丸めるコーナーをトリム。 </li><li>滅菌綿棒で、メス、HBSSの乾燥過剰に移植をロードし、レシピエントマウスの移植床に置きます。 </li><li>ドナーとホストの皮膚の重複を回避し、独占的に接触領域に組織接着剤を適用します。 </li><li>マウスの腰の周りにしわなしに石膏を適用します。 </li><li> （3ミリメートルシフト）は、マウスに石膏を固定するための接着剤の非弾性包帯を適用します。 </li><li>包帯の上腹、サイト内の3ミリメートル程度ハサミで切開する。注：これは、trのを回避することである回復期のマウスの歯のapping。 </li><li>麻酔から口にマスクを外し、目を覚ましまで加熱パッド上に移植されたマウスを保持します。 </li><li>完全に回復した場合にのみケージに移植されたマウスを戻し、包帯がきつすぎるではないことを確実にするために彼らの移動性を評価します。 </li><li>次の手術に進む前に70％エタノールですべての手術器具を滅菌する。 </li></ol> 4。術後ケア<ol><li>飲料水（4 mg / ml）をにパラセタモール含有シロップを追加し、7日のためにそれを管理します。 </li><li>それが回復した後、動物の部屋にマウスを返します。 </li><li>密接に包帯が所定の位置にある時間（1週間）のために、うつ病やその他の行動の変化（食事や不動）、異常な外観（グルーミングの欠如）や姿勢（PILO - 勃起や猫背の姿勢）を含む臨床兆候をマウスを監視します。 </li></ol> 5。包帯除去（6-7日後の移植） <ol><li> Anes透明インダクションボックスの3％イソフルオラン液​​の吸入によるthetizeマウス（上記参照）。 </li><li>動脈ハサミで包帯や絆創膏をカットし、慎重にそれらを削除します。注：移植部位の伸縮を避ける。 </li><li>臨床徴候のために移植されたマウスを監視する（4.3参照）、皮膚移植片（ 表1）の拒絶のために得点。注：グラフ、スコアシステムは、背の皮膚に比べて尾部皮膚に異なる髪のテクスチャを利用しています。移植とその拒絶反応の出現は3等級に分類されている。 C57BL / 6免疫応答性マウスの同種皮膚（MHC IIの不一致、 例えば、アイオワBM12）移植片は、通常12から15日後に移植（自分のデータと、15〜20）内で拒否されます。 </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

皮膚移植拒絶反応およびT細胞依存耐性を研究するために広く用いられる方法である。皮膚移植モデルが確立されて以来、いくつかの適応および変更が適用されている。記載された手順では、IA BM12尾の皮膚移植が麻酔ガス（イソフルラン）を用いて行われる。ガス麻酔を使用すると、移植されたマウスへのストレスを減少させる実行し、マウスの回復の時間が短縮されます。手順は、...

このような皮膚、心臓、腎臓などの固形臓器の移植は現在、世界の医療行為1の標準的な手順である。正常に移植された臓器は、ドナーの主要組織適合性抗原を認識するレシピエントの免疫系の活性化によって拒絶することができる。このため、移植患者は免疫抑制剤2を用いた治療を必要としています。マウスでの同種皮膚移植は1955年にメダウォアらによって設立され、後に主要組織適合遺伝子複合体（MHC）クラスIおよびIIとして記述対象となる分子を同定するために有用だった。それ以来、皮膚移植モデルを連続的に変更され、T細胞サブセットの役割および移植片拒絶2-4を抑制するのに化学的および生物学的介入の関連性を研究するために適合されている。耳とトランクから肌を準備するのがより困難であると尾の皮膚5よりも低酸素症や壊死を受けやすい。しかし、移植手順は同様である。また尾の皮膚移植のモニタリングは、皮膚の特徴的な髪の質感が容易です。 この記事では、CD4 + T細胞媒介同種移植片拒絶およびマウスにおける寛容の様々な側面の研究を可能にし、MHCクラスIIミスマッチ尾皮膚移植のための詳細な手順を提供します。 （IA BM12と呼ばれる）MHCクラスII分子IA b は6-9の天然の三点突然変異は、C57BL / 6マウス8における皮膚同種移植片の拒絶反応を誘導するのに十分である。 IAのBM12分子は、種々のαβ-T細胞受容体Vα2Vβ8-TCR特異的T細胞は、TCR-トランスジェニックマウス10を生成するために、同定され、そのうちC57BL / 6マウスからの（TCR）の鎖を用いてCD4 + T細胞を活性化する。 Vα2Vβ8-TCR特異的T細胞の養子移入は、免疫不全C57Bに拒絶モデルを確立するために使用されているL / 6 RAG2 - / - IA BM12皮膚を移植したマウス。 ドナーとレシピエント間の遺伝的差異は、移植受容と拒絶の結果に影響を与える。移植の異なる種類があります。自家移植は、レシピエント個体自体からの移植である。 syngraftsおよび同種移植片は、それぞれ遺伝的に同一と遺伝的に無関係な個人からの移植である。別の同種臓器移植の受け入れは、患者とマウスモデル11,3,4における化学的および生物学的介入によって実証されている。基本的なアプローチでは、抗CD3抗体で処理したC57BL / 6マウスIA BM12尾皮膚（未発表データ）の生存期間の延長を示した。レシピエントマウスにおける移植の前にCD4 +およびCD8 + T細胞の枯渇は、MHCクラスIおよびIIミスマッチ移植片（12改訂）の受入れをもたらした。興味深いことに、皮膚移植片の拒絶反応は、CD4 +の存在に依存する</sup&gt; T細胞（12牧師）。このモデルでは、調節性T細胞と抗体または抑制との共刺激分子を遮断することによって、異なる免疫細胞間の特異的相互作用を標的とする（未発表データ）寛容を誘導し得る。実際、CD40およびCD28の両方を遮断することは、長期的な皮膚同種移植片寛容13,14につながった。 尾の皮膚移植は他の臓器の移植に比べて実行​​が容易であり、監視が容易です。また、尾の皮膚移植は、調製が容易であり、他の皮膚組織よりも虚血を受けにくい。注入された麻酔薬とは対照的に、移植時の麻酔ガス（イソフルラン）の使用は、プロシージャおよび受信者の回復時間の両方を短縮します。不完全な創傷治癒および移植片拒絶につながる可能性尾皮膚移植のカールは、組織接着剤の適用によって防止される。さらに、IA BM12尾皮膚移植モデルでは、排他的に、CD4を活性化させる<sup&gt; +（同じ遺伝的背景の）免疫応答性および免疫不全マウスの両方においてT細胞は、結果の解釈を容易にする。 このプロトコルは、化学的、生物学的な介入を可能にし、信頼性の高い再現性があり、容易に監視マウスモデルを説明しています。モデルは、尾の皮膚移植の拒絶と寛容の誘導を調査対象としています。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="831">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Betadine Standard solution</td>
			<td>Mundipharma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cotton swab</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Carl Roth GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">31025060</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Dafalgan , UPSA</td>
			<td>Bristol Myers Squibb SA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hansaplast Finger Strips</td>
			<td>Beierdorf AG</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">REF.76861</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Histoacryl Tissue adhesive</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Braun</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">REF.1050052</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Leukotape classic , 2cm x 10 m</td>
			<td>BSN Medical SAS</td>
			<td>REF.02204-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PBS, Phosphate-Buffered Saline, pH 7.4</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10010015</td>
			<td>GIBCO</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sterile gauze, 5 x 5cm, 8ply</td>
			<td>MaiMed GmbH</td>
			<td>21010</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Surgical instruments&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">FST</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11003-12</td>
			<td>Narrow pattern forceps,&#160;</td>
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		<tr height="21">
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			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14095-11</td>
			<td>Fine iris scissor curved,</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;"></td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14094-11</td>
			<td>Fine iris scissor&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;"></td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14010-15</td>
			<td>Mayo scissors,</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;"></td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14080-11</td>
			<td>Artery scissors ball tip 11.5 cm&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;"></td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11021-14</td>
			<td>Tissue forceps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Surgical Blade No.20</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Swann-Morton LTD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3006</td>
			<td>Carbon Steel</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Surgical blade Handles</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Swann-Morton LTD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Syringe, 1ml</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">ARTSANA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>disposable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Temgesic , Buprenorphine</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">ESSEX Chemie AG</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>0.3mg/ml</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Tissue Culture dishes 10 cm, 60.1 cm2</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">TPP</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Vaseline</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Vifor SA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Warm pad</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Solis</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Type 223</td>
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transplantation of tail skin to study allogeneic cd4 t cell responses in mice

The study of T cell responses and their consequences during allo-antigen recognition requires a model that enables one to distinguish between donor and host T cells, to easily monitor the graft, and to adapt the system in order to answer different immunological questions. Medawar and colleagues established allogeneic tail-skin transplantation in mice in 1955. Since then, the skin transplantation model has been continuously modified and adapted to answer specific questions. The use of tail-skin renders this model easy to score for graft rejection, requires neither extensive preparation nor deep anesthesia, is applicable to animals of all genetic background, discourages ischemic necrosis, and permits chemical and biological intervention. 
In general, both CD4+ and CD8+ allogeneic T cells are responsible for the rejection of allografts since they recognize mismatched major histocompatibility antigens from different mouse strains. Several models have been described for activating allogeneic T cells in skin-transplanted mice. The identification of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II molecules in different mouse strains including C57BL/6 mice was an important step toward understanding and studying T cell-mediated alloresponses. In the tail-skin transplantation model described here, a three-point mutation (I-Abm12) in the antigen-presenting groove of the MHC-class II (I-Ab) molecule is sufficient to induce strong allogeneic CD4+ T cell activation in C57BL/6 mice. Skin grafts from I-Abm12 mice on C57BL/6 mice are rejected within 12-15 days, while syngeneic grafts are accepted for up to 100 days. The absence of T cells (CD3-/- and Rag2-/- mice) allows skin graft acceptance up to 100 days, which can be overcome by transferring 2 x 104 wild type or transgenic T cells. Adoptively transferred T cells proliferate and produce IFN-&#947; in I-Abm12-transplanted Rag2-/- mice.

最初のアプローチで、C57BL / 6マウスのIA BM12同種移植片およびIA B型syngraftsを移植した。包帯除去後の、C57BL / 6マウス（ 図1A）における接触ゾーンの閉鎖せずに移植片、創傷治癒の徴候をマニフェスト。 syngraftsながら包帯を除去した後、CD4 + T細胞媒介炎症は、移植後13日以内に、C57BL / 6マウス（キャラクターいっぱい図1B-C）で壊死領域（赤い?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transplantation of Tail Skin to Study Allogeneic CD4 T Cell Responses in Mice at JoVE.com

Transplantation of Tail Skin to Study Allogeneic CD4 T Cell Responses in Mice

Tail-skin transplantation is a powerful model for studying T cell-dependent rejection and tolerance induction during allogeneic immune responses in mice. The advantages of this protocol are minor invasive surgery, and ease of monitoring with no need to sacrifice the recipient mouse.

マウスにおける同種のCD4 T細胞応答を研究する尾皮膚の移植

The study of T cell responses and their consequences during allo-antigen recognition requires a model that enables one to distinguish between donor and ...

transplantation-tail-skin-to-study-allogeneic-cd4-t-cell-responses

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

12.2K ビュー.  University of Basel and University Hospital Basel. Tail-skin transplantation is a powerful model for studying T cell-dependent rejection and tolerance induction during allogeneic immune responses in mice. The advantages of this protocol are minor invasive surgery, and ease of monitoring with no need to sacrifice the recipient mouse.

ビデオ: Transplantation of Tail Skin to Study Allogeneic CD4 T Cell Responses in Mice

Generation of Multivirus-specific T Cells to Prevent/treat Viral Infections after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant

Viral infections cause morbidity and mortality in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. We and others have successfully generated and infused T-cells specific for Epstein Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Adenovirus (Adv) using monocytes and EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell (EBV-LCL) gene-modified with an adenovirus vector as antigen presenting cells (APCs). As few as 2x105/kg trivirus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) proliferated by several logs after infusion and appeared to prevent and treat even severe viral disease resistant to other available therapies. The broader implementation of this encouraging approach is limited by high production costs, complexity of manufacture and the prolonged time (4-6 weeks for EBV-LCL generation, and 4-8 weeks for CTL manufacture &#x2013; total 10-14 weeks) for preparation. To overcome these limitations we have developed a new, GMP-compliant CTL production protocol. First, in place of adenovectors to stimulate T-cells we use dendritic cells (DCs) nucleofected with DNA plasmids encoding LMP2, EBNA1 and BZLF1 (EBV), Hexon and Penton (Adv), and pp65 and IE1 (CMV) as antigen-presenting cells. These APCs reactivate T cells specific for all the stimulating antigens. Second, culture of activated T-cells in the presence of IL-4 (1,000U/ml) and IL-7 (10ng/ml) increases and sustains the repertoire and frequency of specific T cells in our lines. Third, we have used a new, gas permeable culture device (G-Rex) that promotes the expansion and survival of large cell numbers after a single stimulation, thus removing the requirement for EBV-LCLs and reducing technician intervention. By implementing these changes we can now produce multispecific CTL targeting EBV, CMV, and Adv at a cost per 106 cells that is reduced by &gt;90%, and in just 10 days rather than 10 weeks using an approach that may be extended to additional protective viral antigens. Our FDA-approved approach should be of value for prophylactic and treatment applications for high risk allogeneic HSCT recipients.

A rapid, simple and cost-effective protocol for the generation of donor-derived multivirus-specific CTLs (rCTL) for infusion to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients at risk of developing CMV, Adv or EBV infections. This manufacturing process is GMP-compliant and should ensure the broader implementation of T-cell immunotherapy beyond specialized centers.

同種造血幹細胞移植後のウイルス感染を予防/治療するMultivirus -特異的T細胞の生成

Viral infections cause morbidity and mortality in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. We and others have successfully ...

免疫・感染学

Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells

The nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse spontaneously develops autoimmune diabetes after 12 weeks of age and is the most extensively studied animal model of human Type 1 diabetes (T1D). Cell transfer studies in irradiated recipient mice have established that T cells are pivotal in T1D pathogenesis in this model. We describe herein a simple method to rapidly induce T1D by adoptive transfer of purified, primary CD4+ T cells from pre-diabetic NOD mice transgenic for the islet-specific T cell receptor (TCR) BDC2.5 into NOD.SCID recipient mice. The major advantages of this technique are that isolation and adoptive transfer of diabetogenic T cells can be completed within the same day, irradiation of the recipients is not required, and a high incidence of T1D is elicited within 2 weeks after T cell transfer. Thus, studies of pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions in T1D can proceed at a faster rate than with methods that rely on heterogenous T cell populations or clones derived from diabetic NOD mice.

We provide a reproducible method to induce type 1 diabetes (T1D) in mice within two weeks by the adoptive transfer of islet antigen-specific, primary CD4+ T cells.

糖尿病CD4の養子移入+ T細胞によるマウスの加速された1型糖尿病の誘導

The nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse spontaneously develops autoimmune diabetes after 12 weeks of age and is the most extensively studied animal model of ...

Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential to provide immune tolerance to self as well as to certain foreign antigens. Tregs can be generated from naive CD4 T cells in vitro with TCR- and co-stimulation in the presence of TGF&beta; and IL-2. This bears enormous potential for future therapies, however, the molecules and signaling pathways that control differentiation are largely unknown.
Primary T cells can be manipulated through ectopic gene expression, but common methods fail to target the most important naive state of the T cell prior to primary antigen recognition. Here, we provide a protocol to express ectopic genes in naive CD4 T cells in vitro before inducing Treg differentiation. It applies transduction with the replication-deficient adenovirus and explains its generation and production. The adenovirus can take up large inserts (up to 7 kb) and can be equipped with promoters to achieve high and transient overexpression in T cells. It effectively transduces naive mouse T cells if they express a transgenic Coxsackie adenovirus receptor (CAR). Importantly, after infection the T cells remain naive (CD44low, CD62Lhigh) and resting (CD25-, CD69-) and can be activated and differentiated into Tregs similar to non-infected cells. Thus, this method enables manipulation of CD4 T cell differentiation from its very beginning. It ensures that ectopic gene expression is already in place when early signaling events of the initial TCR stimulation induces cellular changes that eventually lead into Treg differentiation.

Adenoviral gene transfer into naive CD4 T cells with transgenic expression of the Coxsackie adenovirus receptor enables the molecular analysis of regulatory T cell differentiation in vitro.

ナイーブCD4のアデノウイルス形質導入Tregの分化を研究するためにT細胞

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential to provide immune tolerance to self as well as to certain foreign antigens. Tregs can be generated from naive CD4 ...

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Na&iuml;ve CD4 T Lymphocytes

Th17 cells are a distinct subset of T cells that have been found to produce interleukin 17 (IL-17), and differ in function from the other T cell subsets including Th1, Th2, and regulatory T cells. Th17 cells have emerged as a central culprit in overzealous inflammatory immune responses associated with many autoimmune disorders. In this method we purify T lymphocytes from the spleen and lymph nodes of C57BL/6 mice, and stimulate purified CD4+ T cells under control and Th17-inducing environments. The Th17-inducing environment includes stimulation in the presence of anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies, IL-6, and TGF-&#946;. After incubation for at least 72 hours and for up to five days at 37 &#176;C, cells are subsequently analyzed for the capability to produce IL-17 through flow cytometry, qPCR, and ELISAs. Th17 differentiated CD4+CD25- T cells can be utilized to further elucidate the role that Th17 cells play in the onset and progression of autoimmunity and host defense. Moreover, Th17 differentiation of CD4+CD25- lymphocytes from distinct murine knockout/disease models can contribute to our understanding of cell fate plasticity.

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Na&amp;#239;ve CD4 T Lymphocytes

With effector functions distinct from other T cell subsets, Th17 cells have been centrally implicated in inflammatory autoimmunity. This in vitro Th17 differentiation protocol provides a means to determine whether na&#239;ve CD4+ T lymphocytes can differentiate into Th17 cells, and to further examine their role in autoimmunity and host response.

離とナイーブCD4 Tリンパ球のTh17分化

Th17 cells are a distinct subset of T cells that have been found to produce interleukin 17 (IL-17), and differ in function from the other T cell subsets ...

Induction of Murine Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of Effector CD4+CD45RBhigh T Cells into Immunodeficient Mice

There are many different animal models available for studying the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), each with its own advantages and disadvantages. We describe here an experimental colitis model that is initiated by adoptive transfer of syngeneic splenic CD4+CD45RBhigh T cells into T and B cell deficient recipient mice. The CD4+CD45RBhigh T cell population that largely consists of na&#239;ve effector cells is capable of inducing chronic intestinal inflammation, closely resembling key aspects of human IBD. This method can be manipulated to study aspects of disease onset and progression. Additionally it can be used to study the function of innate, adaptive, and regulatory immune cell populations, and the role of environmental exposures, i.e., the microbiota, in intestinal inflammation. In this article we illustrate the methodology for inducing colitis with a step-by-step protocol. This includes a video demonstration of key technical aspects required to successfully develop this murine model of experimental colitis for research purposes.

Induction of Murine Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of Effector CD4+CD45RBhigh T Cells into Immunodeficient Mice

Here, we present a protocol to induce colonic inflammation in mice by adoptive transfer of syngeneic CD4+CD45RBhigh T cells into T and B cell deficient recipients. Clinical and histopathological features mimic human inflammatory bowel diseases. This method allows the study of the initiation of colonic inflammation and progression of disease.

エフェクターCD4の養子移入によるマウス腸の炎症の誘導<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; CD45RB<sup&gt;高い</sup&gt;免疫不全マウスへのT細胞

There are many different animal models available for studying the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), each with its own advantages ...

Mouse Na&#239;ve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Antigen inexperienced (na&#239;ve) CD4+ T cells undergo expansion and differentiation to effector subsets at the time of T cell receptor (TCR) recognition of cognate antigen presented on MHC class II. The cytokine signals present in the environment at the time of TCR activation are a major factor in determining the effector fate of a na&#239;ve CD4+ T cell. Although the cytokine environment during na&#239;ve T cell activation may be complex and involve both redundant and opposing signals in vivo, the addition of various cytokine combinations during naive CD4+ T cell activation in vitro can readily promote the establishment of effector T helper lineages with hallmark cytokine and transcription factor expression. Such differentiation experiments are commonly used as a first step for the evaluation of targets believed to promote or inhibit the development of certain CD4+ T helper subsets. The addition of mediators, such as signaling agonists, antagonists, or other cytokines, during the differentiation process can also be used to study the influence of a particular target on T cell differentiation. Here, we describe a basic protocol for the isolation of na&#239;ve T cells from mouse and the subsequent steps necessary for polarizing na&#239;ve cells to various T helper effector lineages in vitro.

Mouse Na&amp;#239;ve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells polarize to various subsets depending on the environment at the time of activation. The differentiation of na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells to various effector subsets can be achieved in vitro through the addition of T cell receptor stimuli and specific cytokine signals.

マウスナイーブCD4<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; T細胞の単離と<em&gt;インビトロ</em&gt; T細胞サブセットへの分化

Antigen inexperienced (na&#239;ve) CD4+ T cells undergo expansion and differentiation to effector subsets at the time of T cell receptor (TCR) recognition ...

Imaging CD4 T Cell Interstitial Migration in the Inflamed Dermis

The ability of CD4 T cells to carry out effector functions is dependent upon the rapid and efficient migration of these cells in inflamed peripheral tissues through an as-yet undefined mechanism. The application of multiphoton microscopy to the study of the immune system provides a tool to measure the dynamics of immune responses within intact tissues. Here we present a protocol for non-invasive intravital multiphoton imaging of CD4 T cells in the inflamed mouse ear dermis. Use of a custom imaging platform and a venous catheter allows for the visualization of CD4 T cell dynamics in the dermal interstitium, with the ability to interrogate these cells in real-time via the addition of blocking antibodies to key molecular components involved in motility. This system provides advantages over both in vitro models and surgically invasive imaging procedures. Understanding the pathways used by CD4 T cells for motility may ultimately provide insight into the basic function of CD4 T cells as well as the pathogenesis of both autoimmune diseases and pathology from chronic infections.

The mechanisms that govern the interstitial motility of CD4 effector T cells at sites of inflammation are relatively unknown. We present a non-invasive approach to visualize and manipulate in vitro-primed CD4 T cells in the inflamed ear dermis, allowing for study of the dynamic behavior of these cells in situ.

炎症真皮における撮像CD4 T細胞間質への移行

The ability of CD4 T cells to carry out effector functions is dependent upon the rapid and efficient migration of these cells in inflamed peripheral ...

In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of T, B and Myeloid Cells Suppressive Activity and Humoral Responses from Transplant Recipients

The main concern in transplantation is to achieve specific tolerance through induction of regulatory cells. The understanding of tolerance mechanisms requires reliable models. Here, we describe models of tolerance to cardiac allograft in rat, induced by blockade of costimulation signals or by upregulation of immunoregulatory molecules through gene transfer. Each of these models allowed in vivo generation of regulatory cells such as regulatory T cells (Tregs), regulatory B cells (Bregs) or regulatory myeloid cells (RegMCs). In this manuscript, we describe two complementary protocols that have been used to identify and define in vitro and in vivo regulatory cell activity to determine their responsibility in tolerance induction and maintenance. First, an in vitro suppressive assay allowed rapid identification of cells with suppressive capacity on effector immune responses in a dose dependent manner, and can be used for further analysis such as cytokine measurement or cytotoxicity. Second, the adoptive transfer of cells from a tolerant treated recipient to a newly irradiated grafted recipient, highlighted the tolerogenic properties of these cells in controlling graft directed immune responses and/or converting new regulatory cells (termed infectious tolerance). These methods are not restricted to cells with known phenotypic markers and can be extended to any cell population. Furthermore, donor directed allospecificity of regulatory cells (an important goal in the field) can be assessed by using third party donor cells or graft either in vitro or in vivo. Finally, to determine the specific tolerogenic capacity of these regulatory cells, we provide protocols to assess the humoral anti-donor antibody responses and the capacity of the recipient to develop humoral responses against new or former known antigens. The models of tolerance described can be used to further characterize regulatory cells, to identify new biomarkers, and immunoregulatory molecules, and are adaptable to other transplantation models or autoimmune diseases in rodent or human.

In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of T, B and Myeloid Cells Suppressive Activity and Humoral Responses from Transplant Recipients

Here, we present a protocol to induce tolerance in transplantation, and assess in vitro and in vivo the suppressive capacity of distinct cell subsets from the recipient and the immune status of the recipient toward donor or exogenous antigens.

体外と体内の T, B, 骨髄細胞の抑制活性と移植から体液性応答の評価

The main concern in transplantation is to achieve specific tolerance through induction of regulatory cells. The understanding of tolerance mechanisms ...

A Suction Blister Protocol to Study Human T-cell Recall Responses In Vivo

Cutaneous antigen-recall models allow for studies of human memory responses in vivo. When combined with skin suction blister (SB) induction, this model offers accessibility to rare populations of antigen-specific T-cells representative of the cellular memory response as well as the cytokine microenvironment in situ.
This report describes the practical procedure of a cutaneous recall, an SB induction, and a harvest of antigen-specific T-cells. To exemplify the method, the tuberculin skin test is used for antigenic recall in individuals who, prior to this study, underwent a Bacillus Calmette-Gu&#233;rin vaccination against an infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Finally, examples of multiplex and flow cytometric analyses of SB specimens are provided, illustrating high fractions of antigen-specific polyfunctional CD4+ T-cells available by this sampling method compared with cells isolated from the blood.
The method described here is safe and minimally invasive, provides a unique opportunity to study both innate and adaptive immune responses in vivo, and may be beneficial to a broad community of researchers working with cell-mediated immunity and human memory responses, in the context of vaccine development.

A Suction Blister Protocol to Study Human T-cell Recall Responses In Vivo

Here, we provide a demonstration of the suction blister cutaneous recall model. The model allows a simple access to study human in vivo adaptive immune responses, for instance in the context of vaccine development.

勉強する人間の T 細胞のリコール反応体内吸引水疱プロトコル

Cutaneous antigen-recall models allow for studies of human memory responses in vivo. When combined with skin suction blister (SB) induction, this model ...

Evaluation of Zika Virus-specific T-cell Responses in Immunoprivileged Organs of Infected Ifnar1-/- Mice

The Zika virus (ZIKV) can induce inflammation in immunoprivileged organs (e.g., the brain and testis), leading to the Guillain-Barr&#233; syndrome and damaging the testes. During an infection with the ZIKV, immune cells have been shown to infiltrate into the tissues. However, the cellular mechanisms that define the protection and/or immunopathogenesis of these immune cells during a ZIKV infection are still largely unknown. Herein, we describe methods to evaluate the virus-specific T-cell functionality in these immunoprivileged organs of ZIKV-infected mice. These methods include a) a ZIKV infection and vaccine inoculation in Ifnar1-/- mice; b) histopathology, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry assays to detect the virus infection and inflammation in the brain, testes, and spleen; c) the preparation of a tetramer of ZIKV-derived T-cell epitopes; d) the detection of ZIKV-specific T cells in the monocytes isolated from the brain, testes, and spleen. Using these approaches, it is possible to detect the antigen-specific T cells that have infiltrated into the immunoprivileged organs and to evaluate the functions of these T cells during the infection: potential immune protection via virus clearance and/or immunopathogenesis to exacerbate the inflammation. These findings may also help to clarify the contribution of T cells induced by the immunization against ZIKV.

Evaluation of Zika Virus-specific T-cell Responses in Immunoprivileged Organs of Infected Ifnar1-/- Mice

A protocol to evaluate antigen-specific T-cell responses in the immunoprivileged organs of the Ifnar1-/- murine model for the Zika virus (ZIKV) infection is described. This method is pivotal for investigating the cellular mechanisms of the protection and immunopathogenesis of ZIKV vaccines and is also valuable for their efficacy evaluation.

ジカ ウイルス特異 Immunoprivileged 臓器感染 Ifnar1-/-マウスの T 細胞応答の評価

The Zika virus (ZIKV) can induce inflammation in immunoprivileged organs (e.g., the brain and testis), leading to the Guillain-Barr&#233; syndrome and ...