The authors thank Sanjiv Luther and colleagues for helpful discussions in establishing the current lymph node digestion protocol. This work was supported by SNF grants PPOOA-_119204 and PPOOP3_144918 to S.W.R.

En esta publicación de vídeo y el protocolo, se llevaron a cabo todos los procedimientos con animales de acuerdo con el protocolo de los animales aprobado por la Autoridad Cantonal Basel-Stadt, Suiza. 1. linfa Preparación de nodos y digestión <ol><li> Agua Pre-calor en un vaso de precipitados a 37 ° C en un agitador magnético con placa de calentamiento. </li><li> Preparar Básica Media de la siguiente manera: medio DMEM (sin piruvato) suplementado con FCS al 2%, 1,2 mM CaCl 2 y Pen / Strep (100 unidades de penicilina, 100 mg de estreptomicina). </li><li> Esterilice todos los instrumentos de disección antes de su uso. </li><li> La eutanasia a los ratones donantes nodo linfático por asfixia con CO2 y asépticamente diseccionar los ganglios linfáticos. No diseccionar la grasa circundante. NOTA: Este protocolo está optimizado para el nodo periférico-el drenaje linfático de la piel (inguinal, braquial, axilar). </li><li> Coloque los ganglios linfáticos en una placa de Petri estéril que contiene 2 ml de hielo frío medio básico. </li><li> Interrumpir el ca ganglio linfáticopsule usando dos agujas 25 G fijos en 1 ml jeringa. </li><li> Transferir el tejido del ganglio linfático alterado en un tubo de fondo redondo de 5 ml de polipropileno que contiene 750 l medio básico suplementado con 1 mg / ml de colagenasa IV y 40 mg / ml de DNAsa I. </li><li> Añadir un agitador magnético estéril en cada tubo. </li><li> Colocar el tubo en el vaso de precipitados con 37 ° C precalienta el agua y agitar los tubos a una velocidad lenta (1 ronda / seg) durante 30 min. </li><li> Retire el tubo del agitador magnético con placa calefactora y dejar fragmentos de ganglios linfáticos se asientan. </li><li> Retire con cuidado el sobrenadante enriquecido en &quot;células no estromal&quot;. NOTA: Si el análisis de T, B, células dendríticas y CD45 - GP38 - CD31 - se prevé, guarde el &quot;no-células estromales&quot; fracción. </li><li> Lave restante tejido de los ganglios linfáticos una vez con 750 l medio básico. NOTA: Este paso sólo es necesario si se trabaja con ratones inmunocompetentes. </li><li> Deje que los fragmentos de los ganglios linfáticos se asientan. </li><li> Quite elfracción de células flotantes no estromal. </li><li> Añadir a los fragmentos de los ganglios linfáticos medio básico suplementado con 750 l 3,5 mg / ml de colagenasa D y 40 mg / ml de DNasa I. </li><li> Colocar el tubo de nuevo en el vaso de precipitados que contiene el 37 ° C precalentado agua. </li><li> Digerir el tejido de los ganglios linfáticos durante 5 minutos mientras se agitaba lentamente. </li><li> Ganglios fragmentos de tejido nodo desagregados por pipeteo y la mezcla de 700 l para 10 ciclos a máxima velocidad utilizando una pipeta multicanal automatizado. NOTA: Esto altera el tejido del ganglio linfático para mejorar la digestión. </li><li> Colocar el tubo de nuevo en el vaso de precipitados con 37 ° C el agua precalentado. </li><li> Fragmentos de tejido de los ganglios linfáticos Digest durante otros 10 minutos, mientras que poco a poco revolviendo. </li><li> Desglosar los fragmentos de tejido de los ganglios linfáticos con la pipeta y mezclar durante 99 ciclos a máxima velocidad utilizando una pipeta multicanal automatizada. </li><li> Añadir 7,5 l de 0,5 M EDTA para asegurar el mantenimiento de la suspensión de células individuales. </li><li> Fragmentos de tejido de los ganglios linfáticos desagregados por tuberíatting y mezclando durante 99 ciclos a máxima velocidad utilizando una pipeta multicanal automatizado. </li><li> Añadir medio básico 750 l y pasar las células a través de una malla de nylon 70 micras. </li><li> Se centrifuga la suspensión celular 5 min a 1500 × g, 4 ° C. </li><li> Las células estromales se pueden utilizar ahora para su posterior análisis. </li></ol> 2. La tinción de células de ganglio linfático estromales <ol><li> Use una combinación de anti-CD45, anti-podoplanin (GP38), los anticuerpos anti-CD31 para reconocer con éxito las células TRC, LEC, BEC y DN. </li><li> Incubar el tejido del ganglio linfático digerido con vivo rastreador / Dead, anti-CD45-FITC (1: 200), anti-GP38-PE (1: 200), anti-CD31-APC (1: 200) en 100 l de HBSS que contiene 2 % de FCS durante al menos 20 min, 4 ° C, en la oscuridad. </li><li> Lavar las células añadiendo 500 l de HBSS que contenía 2% de FCS </li><li> Se centrifuga la suspensión celular 3 min a 1500 × g, 4 ° C. </li><li> Vuelva a suspender en 100 l de HBSS que contenía 2% de FCS. </li><li> Ejecute las células teñidas en un citómetro de flujo equipped con las siguientes óptica: fuente de excitación con hasta tres láseres: azul (488 nm, enfriado por aire, 20 mW de estado sólido), rojo (633 nm, 17 mW HeNe), y violeta (405 nm, 30 mW estado sólido) . </li><li> Puerta de CD45 - células para excluir las células hematopoyéticas. </li><li> Interiores de puertas (FSC-W) y células vivas (live / perseguidor DEAD) para excluir dobletes y células muertas. </li><li> Terreno GP38 contra CD31 para visualizar TRC (GP38 + CD31 -), LEC (GP38 + CD31 +), BEC (GP38 - CD31 +) células (véase la figura 1) y DN (GP38 - - CD31). </li></ol>

<ol>
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The authors declare they have no competing financial interests.

El estudio de las células del estroma de los ganglios linfáticos se convirtió recientemente en un foco de investigación, debido al desarrollo de dos protocolos de digestión publicados 6,13. Ambos protocolos son adecuados para obtener las células del estroma sola ganglios nodo, pero difieren en el uso de enzimas de digestión y el tiempo de digestión. Dado que las células estromales y sus marcadores de superficie son sensibles a la digestión enzimática y la tensión mecánica, se requiere un protocol...

Los ganglios linfáticos son compartimentos especializados donde se inician y coordinan la respuesta inmune adaptativa contra extranjeros y los antígenos propios. El procedimiento presentado aquí describe una digestión enzimática corto combinado con pipeteo automatizado mecánica para obtener los ganglios linfáticos suspensión de células individuales y obtener acceso a las células del estroma de ganglios linfáticos viables que mantienen la expresión en la superficie de varias moléculas. Células estromales de los ganglios linfáticos forman el andamiaje de los ganglios linfáticos y cumple tres funciones principales: en primer lugar que filtran los fluidos corporales para degustar antígenos, patógenos y sus patógenos asociados patrón molecular (PAMP), así como las citocinas y peligros asociados patrón molecular (apaga) presente en el cuerpo. En segundo lugar, que atraen e instruyen a las células presentadoras de antígeno (APC) y linfocitos de interactuar e iniciar la respuesta inmune adaptativa; y tercero, que proporcionan un entorno estructural para la homeostasis y la diferenciación de los linfocitos 1-3. Durante la inflamación de los ganglios linfáticos células estromales producen factores de crecimiento, citocinas y quimiocinas, adaptarse a la hinchazón por lo tanto la organización de la interacción entre las células dendríticas (DCs), y células T B-. La orquestación de las respuestas inmunes sólo es posible debido a la compleja arquitectura estructural formada por diferentes poblaciones de células del estroma. Las células estromales son células de ganglios linfáticos negativos CD45 y se pueden distinguir por la expresión de CD31 o GP38 en las células endoteliales y fibroblásticas 1 -6. GP38 + CD31 - células de la zona T define reticulares (TRC, también conocidos como FRC: células reticulares fibroblásticas), GP38 + CD31 + define células linfáticas endoteliales (LEC), GP38 - CD31 + define las células endoteliales de sangre (BEC). Además, la caracterización de las subpoblaciones reveló la existencia de otras células del estroma de los ganglios linfáticos. De hecho, una pequeña población de células-pericitos se caracterizó como en elGP38 - CD31 - población 7. Por lo tanto, la adaptación del procedimiento de aislamiento es ventajoso para la identificación y caracterización de las propiedades funcionales de las diferentes células del estroma de los ganglios linfáticos. Antes del desarrollo de los ganglios linfáticos digestión células estromales de los protocolos de estudio de las células del estroma de ganglios linfáticos se limita a las observaciones in situ usando sección de tejido y la microscopía. Sin embargo, los estudios estructurales y funcionales mostraron características importantes de las células del estroma de los ganglios linfáticos. Células del estroma de ganglios linfáticos están asociados con podoplanin, colágeno y matriz extracelular (ECM), las proteínas para formar un complejo 3 estructura dimensional llamado sistema de conductos, que transporta las proteínas de los ganglios y de masas moleculares asociados de baja desde el seno subcapsular del ganglio linfático a la alta endotelial vénulas en la zona de las células T 8. Países en desarrollo están en estrecho contacto con las células del estroma y puede observarse que sobresale en el aire tubularestructura de conducto a la muestra de fluido y detectar antígenos 8. La interacción de las células del estroma de ganglios linfáticos (TRC y LEC) con DCS es mediada por la liberación y la presentación de quimiocinas CCL21 y CCL19 9,10. CCL19 y CCL21 son reconocidos por el receptor CCR7 facilitar países en desarrollo y las células T de migrar al ganglio linfático zona de células T 4,11. A pesar de utilizar quimiocinas similares, las células DCs y T tienen diferentes rutas de migración hacia los ganglios linfáticos 12. Más tarde, usando digestión enzimática de los ganglios linfáticos y el aislamiento de las células estromales de ganglios linfáticos puros, se realizaron estudios funcionales sobre el papel de las diferentes células del estroma de los ganglios linfáticos y de su capacidad para interactuar con los DC y células T / B 6,13. En primer lugar, la diafonía entre IFN-γ que producen células T efectoras y las células del estroma de ganglios linfáticos induce la producción del óxido nítrico metabolito se muestra para amortiguar las respuestas de células T y la proliferación en los órganos linfoides secundarios 14-16. En segundo lugar, la linfa ncélulas estromales ode se han reportado para apoyar la diferenciación de subconjuntos de regulación de corriente continua a través de la producción de IL-10 17, y para modular la homeostasis de las células T naïve a través de la producción de IL-7 6,18. En tercer lugar, la expresión de TLR en las células del estroma de ganglios linfáticos sugiere que las células estromales son susceptibles a la señal derivada de una infección o de auto-moléculas liberado durante la lesión de los tejidos. De hecho, el tratamiento de las células del estroma de los ganglios linfáticos con el ligando de TLR3 poli (I: C) induce un modesto regulación positiva de la expresión principal de histocompatibilidad de clase I y la regulación positiva de la molécula inhibidora de la co-PD-L1, pero no de moléculas coestimuladoras, que resulta en cambios dramáticos en el tejido periférico antígenos expresión 19. Varios grupos han demostrado las células del estroma de los ganglios linfáticos expresan antígenos de tejidos periféricos e inducen la tolerancia de las células T autorreactivas 19,21-27. Por lo tanto, la comprensión de las interacciones entre las células del estroma de los ganglios linfáticos y la otra re migratoria ycélulas de nódulos linfáticos Sident ayudarán a encontrar nuevas moléculas diana para permitir la activación o supresión de las respuestas inmunes durante la inflamación. Por lo tanto, se necesita la aplicación de la separación enzimática publicada del ganglio linfático. Protocolos previamente publicados utilizan diferentes combinaciones de a base de colagenasa digestión enzimática con menores esfuerzos mecánicos 6,19,20. Sin embargo, las incubaciones largas con las enzimas de fermentación y de la diferente combinación de enzimas de digestión pueden degradar diversas moléculas de la superficie necesaria para analizar el estado de activación y la identificación de nuevas células del estroma de los ganglios linfáticos. Dependiendo del tipo del análisis de células del estroma, el Protocolo de Enlace o protocolo Fletcher podrían ser más adecuado. En el procedimiento descrito, una digestión enzimática ligeramente más corto se combina con desagregación mecánica automatizada para minimizar la degradación del marcador de superficie de los ganglios viable células estromales nodo. Este procedimiento permite el aislamiento y altamente reproducibledistinción de los ganglios linfáticos poblaciones de células del estroma con baja variabilidad y más de 95% de viabilidad. Las células del estroma de ganglios linfáticos recién aisladas se pueden utilizar directamente para la expresión de marcadores de superficie, el análisis de proteínas, y los estudios de la transcripción, así como el establecimiento de líneas de células estromales para llevar a cabo ensayos funcionales in vitro.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="959">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">DMEM</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">LifeTechnologies-Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">41965-039</td>
			<td style="width:395px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">FCS</td>
			<td style="width:231px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Final concentration 2%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">CaCl2</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">499609</td>
			<td>Final concentration 1.2 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Collagenase IV</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Worthington Biochemical Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>&#62;160 units per mg dry weight, use at final concentration of 1 mg/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Collagenase D</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Roche</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11088882001</td>
			<td>use at 3.5 mg/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">DNAse I</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Roche&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11284932001</td>
			<td>use at 40 &#181;g/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">stiring magnets</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">FAUST</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>5 mm long-2 mm &#248;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Polystyren Round-Bottom Tubes 5ml</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Falcon-BD Bioscience</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Magnetic stirrer with heating funktion</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">IKA-RCT-standard</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">9720250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Petridishes 100 mm, sterile</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">TPP</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">6223201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">25G needles</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Terumo</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti mouse CD45 Ab</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Clone 30-F11</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti mouse CD11c Ab</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Clone N418</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti mouse Podoplanin Ab</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Clone 8.1.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti mouse CD31 Ab</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Clone MEC13.3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;"> 
			Eppendorf Xplorer plus, Multichannel</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4861 000.821/830</td>
			<td>1.250 &#181;l max. volume</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti mouse CD140a</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Clone APA5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti mouse CD80</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Clone 16-10A1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti mouse CD40</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Clone 1C10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti mouse I-Ab</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Clone AF6-120.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti mouse CD274 (PD-L1)</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Clone 10F.9G2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">LIVE/DEAD Fixable Near-IR Dead Cell stain kit</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">L10119</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation of murine lymph node stromal cells

Secondary lymphoid organs including lymph nodes are composed of stromal cells that provide a structural environment for homeostasis, activation and differentiation of lymphocytes. Various stromal cell subsets have been identified by the expression of the adhesion molecule CD31 and glycoprotein podoplanin (gp38), T zone reticular cells or fibroblastic reticular cells, lymphatic endothelial cells, blood endothelial cells and FRC-like pericytes within the double negative cell population. For all populations different functions are described including, separation and lining of different compartments, attraction of and interaction with different cell types, filtration of the draining fluidics and contraction of the lymphatic vessels. In the last years, different groups have described an additional role of stromal cells in orchestrating and regulating cytotoxic T cell responses potentially dangerous for the host. 
Lymph nodes are complex structures with many different cell types and therefore require a appropriate procedure for isolation of the desired cell populations. Currently, protocols for the isolation of lymph node stromal cells rely on enzymatic digestion with varying incubation times; however, stromal cells and their surface molecules are sensitive to these enzymes, which results in loss of surface marker expression and cell death. Here a short enzymatic digestion protocol combined with automated mechanical disruption to obtain viable single cells suspension of lymph node stromal cells maintaining their surface molecule expression is proposed.

El presente protocolo es un protocolo de digestión modificado publicado por Link et al., 2007 6 con un tiempo de digestión más corto (45 min máximo) debido a la disgregación mecánica con una pipeta multicanal automatizada. Además, el procedimiento es más uniforme, minimiza la degradación de marcadores de superficie en diferentes células del estroma de los ganglios linfáticos y permite la manipulación de más de una muestra a la vez. La colagenasa IV y colagena...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Murine Lymph Node Stromal Cells at JoVE.com

Isolation of Murine Lymph Node Stromal Cells

Isolation of lymph node stromal cells is a multistep procedure including enzymatic digestion and mechanical disaggregation to obtain fibroblastic reticular cells, lymphatic and blood endothelial cells. In the described procedure, a short digestion is combined with automated mechanical disaggregation to minimize surface marker degradation of viable lymph node stromal cells.

Aislamiento de células estromales murinas en nódulos linfáticos

Secondary lymphoid organs including lymph nodes are composed of stromal cells that provide a structural environment for homeostasis, activation and ...

isolation-of-murine-lymph-node-stromal-cells

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

31.0K vistas.  University of Basel and University Hospital Basel. Isolation of lymph node stromal cells is a multistep procedure including enzymatic digestion and mechanical disaggregation to obtain fibroblastic reticular cells, lymphatic and blood endothelial cells. In the described procedure, a short digestion is combined with automated mechanical disaggregation to minimize surface marker degradation of viable lymph node stromal cells. 

Video: Isolation of Murine Lymph Node Stromal Cells

Intravital Microscopy of the Inguinal Lymph Node

Lymph nodes (LN's), located throughout the body, are an integral component of the immune system. They serve as a site for induction of adaptive immune response and therefore, the development of effector cells. As such, LNs are key to fighting invading pathogens and maintaining health. The choice of LN to study is dictated by accessibility and the desired model; the inguinal lymph node is well situated and easily supports studies of biologically relevant models of skin and genital mucosal infection.
The inguinal LN, like all LNs, has an extensive microvascular network supplying it with blood. In general, this microvascular network includes the main feed arteriole of the LN that subsequently branches and feeds high endothelial venules (HEVs). HEVs are specialized for facilitating the trafficking of immune cells into the LN during both homeostasis and infection. How HEVs regulate trafficking into the LN under both of these circumstances is an area of intense exploration. The LN feed arteriole, has direct upstream influence on the HEVs and is the main supply of nutrients and cell rich blood into the LN. Furthermore, changes in the feed arteriole are implicated in facilitating induction of adaptive immune response. The LN microvasculature has obvious importance in maintaining an optimal blood supply to the LN and regulating immune cell influx into the LN, which are crucial elements in proper LN function and subsequently immune response. 
The ability to study the LN microvasculature in vivo is key to elucidating how the immune system and the microvasculature interact and influence one another within the LN. Here, we present a method for in vivo imaging of the inguinal lymph node. We focus on imaging of the microvasculature of the LN, paying particular attention to methods that ensure the study of healthy vessels, the ability to maintain imaging of viable vessels over a number of hours, and quantification of vessel magnitude. Methods for perfusion of the microvasculature with vasoactive drugs as well as the potential to trace and quantify cellular traffic are also presented. 
Intravital microscopy of the inguinal LN allows direct evaluation of microvascular functionality and real-time interface of the direct interface between immune cells, the LN, and the microcirculation. This technique potential to be combined with many immunological techniques and fluorescent cell labelling as well as manipulated to study vasculature of other LNs.

A technique for performing intravital microscopy of the inguinal lymph node (LN) is outlined. Such technique allows for real-time, in vivo study of the lymph node microvasculature and structure both during homeostasis and infection. This technique can be adapted to cell trafficking studies and to other lymph node sites.

Microscopia intravital de los ganglios linfáticos inguinales

Lymph nodes (LN's), located throughout the body, are an integral component of the immune system. They serve as a site for induction of adaptive immune ...

Investigación

Inmunología e Infección

Ex vivo Imaging of T Cells in Murine Lymph Node Slices with Widefield and Confocal Microscopes

Na&iuml;ve T cells continuously traffic to secondary lymphoid organs, including peripheral lymph nodes, to detect rare expressed antigens. The migration of T cells into lymph nodes is a complex process which involves both cellular and chemical factors including chemokines. Recently, the use of two-photon microscopy has permitted to track T cells in intact lymph nodes and to derive some quantitative information on their behavior and their interactions with other cells. While there are obvious advantages to an in vivo system, this approach requires a complex and expensive instrumentation and provides limited access to the tissue. To analyze the behavior of T cells within murine lymph nodes, we have developed a slice assay 
1, originally set up by neurobiologists and transposed recently to murine thymus 2. In this technique, fluorescently labeled T cells are plated on top of an acutely prepared lymph node slice. In this video-article, the localization and migration of T cells into the tissue are analyzed in real-time with a widefield and a confocal microscope. The technique which complements in vivo two-photon microscopy offers an effective approach to image T cells in their natural environment and to elucidate mechanisms underlying T cell migration.

Ex vivo Imaging of T Cells in Murine Lymph Node Slices with Widefield and Confocal Microscopes

This protocol describes a method to image fluorescent T cells introduced into lymph node slices. The technique permits real-time analyses of T cell migration with traditional widefield fluorescence or confocal microscopes.

Ex vivo de imágenes de células T en los ganglios linfáticos murino Rebanadas con campo amplio y microscopios confocal

Na&iuml;ve T cells continuously traffic to secondary lymphoid organs, including peripheral lymph nodes, to detect rare expressed antigens. The migration ...

Murine Superficial Lymph Node Surgery

In the field of immunology, to understand the progression of an immune response against a vaccine, an infection or a tumour, the response is often followed over time. Similarly, the study of lymphocyte homeostasis requires time course experiments. Performing these studies within the same mouse is ideal to reduce the experimental variability as well as the number of mice used. Blood withdrawal allows performance of time course experiments, but it only gives information about circulating lymphocytes and provides a limited number of cells1-4. Since lymphocytes circulating through the body and residing in the lymph nodes have different properties, it is important to examine both locations. The sequential removal of lymph nodes by surgery provides a unique opportunity to follow an immune response or immune cell expansion in the same mouse over time. Furthermore, this technique yields between 1-2x106 cells per lymph node which is sufficient to perform phenotypic characterization and/or functional assays. Sequential lymph node surgery or lymphadenectomy has been successfully used by us and others5-11. Here, we describe how the brachial and inguinal lymph nodes can be removed by making a small incision in the skin of an anesthetised mouse. Since the surgery is superficial and done rapidly, the mouse recovers very quickly, heals well and does not experience excessive pain. Every second day, it is possible to harvest one or two lymph nodes allowing for time course experiments. This technique is thus suitable to study the characteristics of lymph node-residing lymphocytes over time. This approach is suitable to various experimental designs and we believe that many laboratories would benefit from performing sequential lymph node surgeries.

To follow the progression of an immune response over time within the same mouse, lymph nodes can be sequentially removed by surgery. Here, we describe how this technique can be performed.

Murino linfáticos superficiales Cirugía de los ganglios

In the field of immunology, to understand the progression of an immune response against a vaccine, an infection or a tumour, the response is often ...

Intravital Imaging of the Mouse Popliteal Lymph Node

Lymph nodes (LNs) are secondary lymphoid organs, which are strategically located throughout the body to allow for trapping and presentation of foreign antigens from peripheral tissues to prime the adaptive immune response. Juxtaposed between innate and adaptive immune responses, the LN is an ideal site to study immune cell interactions1,2. Lymphocytes (T cells, B cells and NK cells), dendritic cells (DCs), and macrophages comprise the bulk of bone marrow-derived cellular elements of the LN. These cells are strategically positioned in the LN to allow efficient surveillance of self antigens and potential foreign antigens3-5. The process by which lymphocytes successfully encounter cognate antigens is a subject of intense investigation in recent years, and involves an integration of molecular contacts including antigen receptors, adhesion molecules, chemokines, and stromal structures such as the fibro-reticular network2,6-12. 
Prior to the development of high-resolution real-time fluorescent in vivo imaging, investigators relied on static imaging, which only offers answers regarding morphology, position, and architecture. While these questions are fundamental in our understanding of immune cell behavior, the limitations intrinsic with this technique does not permit analysis to decipher lymphocyte trafficking and environmental clues that affect dynamic cell behavior. Recently, the development of intravital two-photon laser scanning microscopy (2P-LSM) has allowed investigators to view the dynamic movements and interactions of individual cells within live LNs in situ12-16. In particular, we and others have applied this technique to image cellular behavior and interactions within the popliteal LN, where its compact, dense nature offers the advantage of multiplex data acquisition over a large tissue area with diverse tissue sub-structures11,17-18. It is important to note that this technique offers added benefits over explanted tissue imaging techniques, which require disruption of blood, lymph flow, and ultimately the cellular dynamics of the system. Additionally, explanted tissues have a very limited window of time in which the tissue remains viable for imaging after explant. With proper hydration and monitoring of the animal's environmental conditions, the imaging time can be significantly extended with this intravital technique. Here, we present a detailed method of preparing mouse popliteal LN for the purpose of performing intravital imaging.

Recent advances in 2-photon microscopy have enabled real-time in situ imaging of live tissues in animal models, thereby enhancing our ability to investigate cellular behavior in both physiologic and pathologic conditions. Here, we outline the preparations required to perform intravital imaging of the mouse popliteal lymph node.

Imagen intravital del nodo linfático poplíteo ratón

Lymph nodes (LNs) are secondary lymphoid organs, which are strategically located throughout the body to allow for trapping and presentation of foreign ...

Generation of Lymph Node-fat Pad Chimeras for the Study of Lymph Node Stromal Cell Origin

The stroma is a key component of the lymph node structure and function. However, little is known about its origin, exact cellular composition and the mechanisms governing its formation. Lymph nodes are always encapsulated in adipose tissue and we recently demonstrated the importance of this relation for the formation of lymph node stroma. Adipocyte precursor cells migrate into the lymph node during its development and upon engagement of the Lymphotoxin-b receptor switch off adipogenesis and differentiate into lymphoid stromal cells (B&#233;n&#233;zech&#160;et al.14). Based on the lymphoid stroma potential of adipose tissue, we present a method using a lymph node/fat pad chimera that allows the lineage tracing of lymph node stromal cell precursors. We show how to isolate newborn lymph nodes and EYFP+ embryonic adipose tissue and make a LN/ EYFP+ fat pad chimera. After transfer under the kidney capsule of a host mouse, the lymph node incorporates local adipose tissue precursor cells and finishes its formation. Progeny analysis of EYFP+ fat pad cells in the resulting lymph nodes can be performed by flow-cytometric analysis of enzymatically digested lymph nodes or by immunofluorescence analysis of lymph nodes cryosections. By using fat pads from different knockout mouse models, this method will provide an efficient way of analyzing the origin of the different lymph node stromal cell populations.

Generation of lymph node/fat pad chimeras for the study of lymph node stromal cell origin is described. The method involves the isolation of lymph nodes from newborn mice and embryonic fat pads, the generation of chimeric lymph node-fat pads, and their transfer under the kidney capsule of a host mouse.

Generación de nódulos linfáticos de grasa Pad quimeras para el Estudio del Ganglio Linfático estroma origen de célula

The stroma is a key component of the lymph node structure and function. However, little is known about its origin, exact cellular composition and the ...

Myeloid Cell Isolation from Mouse Skin and Draining Lymph Node Following Intradermal Immunization with Live Attenuated Plasmodium Sporozoites

Malaria infection begins when the sporozoite stage of Plasmodium is inoculated into the skin of a mammalian host through a mosquito bite. The highly motile parasite not only reaches the liver to invade hepatocytes and transform into erythrocyte-infective form. It also migrates into the skin and to the proximal lymph node draining the injection site, where it can be recognized and degraded by resident and/or recruited myeloid cells. Intravital imaging reported the early recruitment of brightly fluorescent Lys-GFP positive leukocytes in the skin and the interactions between sporozoites and CD11c+ cells in the draining lymph node. We present here an efficient procedure to recover, identify and enumerate the myeloid cell subsets that are recruited to the mouse skin and draining lymph node following intradermal injection of immunizing doses of sporozoites in a murine model. Phenotypic characterization using multi-parametric flow cytometry provides a reliable assay to assess early dynamic cellular changes during inflammatory response to Plasmodium infection.

Myeloid Cell Isolation from Mouse Skin and Draining Lymph Node Following Intradermal Immunization with Live Attenuated Plasmodium Sporozoites

We describe here a protocol for isolating myeloid cells from mouse skin and draining lymph node following intradermal injection of Plasmodium sporozoites. Flow cytometry of collected cells provides a reliable assay to characterize the skin and draining lymph node inflammatory response to the parasite.

El aislamiento de las células mieloides de ratón de la piel y el drenaje de ganglios linfáticos Siguiendo intradérmica La inmunización con viva atenuada<em&gt; Plasmodium</emLos esporozoitos&gt;

Malaria infection begins when the sporozoite stage of Plasmodium is inoculated into the skin of a mammalian host through a mosquito bite. The highly ...

Collection and Processing of Lymph Nodes from Large Animals for RNA Analysis: Preparing for Lymph Node Transcriptomic Studies of Large Animal Species

Large animals (both livestock and wildlife) serve as important reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens, including Brucella, Mycobacterium bovis, Salmonella, and E. coli, and are useful for the study of pathogenesis and/or spread of the bacteria in natural hosts. With the key function of lymph nodes in the host immune response, lymph node tissues serve as a potential source of RNA for downstream transcriptomic analyses, in order to assess the temporal changes in gene expression in cells over the course of an infection. This article presents an overview of the process of lymph node collection, tissue sampling, and downstream RNA processing in livestock, using cattle (Bos taurus) as a model, with additional examples provided from the American bison (Bison bison). The protocol includes information about the location, identification, and removal of lymph nodes from multiple key sites in the body. Additionally, a biopsy sampling methodology is presented that allows for a consistency of sampling across multiple animals. Several considerations for sample preservation are discussed, including the generation of RNA suitable for downstream methodologies like RNA-sequencing and RT-PCR. Due to the long delays inherent in large animal vs. mouse time course studies, representative results from bison and bovine lymph node tissues are presented to describe the time course of the degradation in this tissue type, in the context of a review of previous methodological work on RNA degradation in other tissues. Overall, this protocol will be useful to both veterinary researchers beginning transcriptome projects on large animal samples and to molecular biologists interested in learning techniques for in vivo tissue sampling and in vitro processing.

This protocol provides an overview of procedures for the isolation of RNA for the transcriptomic profiling of lymph node tissues from large animals, including steps in the identification and excision of lymph nodes from livestock and wildlife, sampling approaches to provide consistency across multiple animals, and considerations plus representative results for the post-collection preservation and processing for RNA analysis.

Recogida y tratamiento de los ganglios linfáticos de animales grandes para el análisis de ARN: preparación para estudios de nodo de linfa transcriptómicos de grandes especies animales

Large animals (both livestock and wildlife) serve as important reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens, including Brucella, Mycobacterium bovis, Salmonella, and ...

Determination of Regulatory T Cell Subsets in Murine Thymus, Pancreatic Draining Lymph Node and Spleen Using Flow Cytometry

Our immune system consists of a number and variety of immune cells including regulatory T cells (Treg) cells. Treg cells can be divided into two subsets, thymic derived Treg (tTreg) cells and peripherally induced Treg (pTreg) cells. They are present in different organs of our body and can be distinguished by specific markers, such as Helios and Neuropilin 1. It has been reported that tTreg cells are functionally more suppressive than pTreg cells. Therefore, it is important to determine the proportion of both tTreg and pTreg cells when investigating heterogeneous cell populations. Herein, we collected thymic glands, pancreatic draining lymph nodes and spleens from normoglycemic non-obese diabetic mice to distinguish tTreg cells from pTreg cells using flow cytometry. We manually prepared single cell suspensions from these organs. Fluorochrome conjugated surface CD4, CD8, CD25, and Neuropilin 1 antibodies were used to stain the cells. They were kept in the fridge overnight. On the next day, the cells were stained with fluorochrome conjugated intracellular Foxp3 and Helios antibodies. These markers were used to characterize the two subsets of Treg cells. This protocol demonstrates a simple but practical way to prepare single cells from murine thymus, pancreatic draining lymph node and spleen and use them for subsequent flow cytometric analysis.

Herein, we present a protocol to prepare single cells from murine thymus, pancreatic draining lymph node and spleen to further study these cells using flow cytometry. In addition, this protocol was used for determining the subsets of regulatory T cells using flow cytometry.

Determinación de subconjuntos de células T reguladoras en murino timo, pancreático drenaje del nodo de linfa y bazo mediante citometría de flujo

Our immune system consists of a number and variety of immune cells including regulatory T cells (Treg) cells. Treg cells can be divided into two subsets, ...

Isolation of Macrophage Subsets and Stromal Cells from Human and Mouse Myocardial Specimens

Macrophages represent the most heterogeneous and abundant immune cell populations in the heart and are central in driving inflammation and reparative responses after cardiac injury. How various subsets of macrophages orchestrate the immune responses after cardiac injury is an active area of research. Presented here is a simple protocol that our lab performs routinely, for the extraction of macrophages from mouse and human myocardium specimens obtained from healthy and diseased individuals. Briefly, this protocol involves enzymatic digestion of cardiac tissue to generate a single cell suspension, followed by antibody staining, and flow cytometry. This technique is suitable for functional assays performed on sorted cells as well as bulk and single cell RNA sequencing. A major advantage of this protocol is its simplicity, minimal day to day variation and wide applicability allowing investigation of macrophage heterogeneity across various mouse models and human disease entities.

Presented here is a protocol to isolate various subsets of macrophages and other non-immune cells from human and mouse myocardium by preparing a single cell suspension through enzymatic digestion. Gating schemes for flow cytometry based identification and characterization of isolated macrophages are also presented.

Aislamiento de subconjuntos de macrófagos y células estromas de especímenes miocárgonos humanos y de ratón

Macrophages represent the most heterogeneous and abundant immune cell populations in the heart and are central in driving inflammation and reparative ...

Isolation of Adipogenic and Fibro-Inflammatory Stromal Cell Subpopulations from Murine Intra-Abdominal Adipose Depots

The stromal-vascular fraction (SVF) of white adipose tissue (WAT) is remarkably heterogeneous and consists of numerous cell types that contribute functionally to the expansion and remodeling of WAT in adulthood. A tremendous barrier to studying the implications of this cellular heterogeneity is the inability to readily isolate functionally distinct cell subpopulations from WAT SVF for in vitro and in vivo analyses. Single-cell sequencing technology has recently identified functionally distinct fibro-inflammatory and adipogenic PDGFR&#946;+ perivascular cell subpopulations in intra-abdominal WAT depots of adult mice. Fibro-inflammatory progenitors (termed, &#8220;FIPs&#8221;) are non-adipogenic collagen producing cells that can exert a pro-inflammatory phenotype. PDGFR&#946;+ adipocyte precursor cells (APCs) are highly adipogenic both in vitro and in vivo upon cell transplantation. Here, we describe multiple methods for the isolation of these stromal cell subpopulations from murine intra-abdominal WAT depots. FIPs and APCs can be isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) or by taking advantage of biotinylated antibody-based immunomagnetic bead technology. Isolated cells can be used for molecular and functional analysis. Studying the functional properties of stromal cell subpopulation in isolation will expand our current knowledge of adipose tissue remodeling under physiological or pathological conditions on the cellular level.

This protocol describes the technical approach to isolate adipogenic and fibro-inflammatory stromal cell subpopulations from murine intra-abdominal white adipose tissue (WAT) depots by fluorescence-activated cell sorting or immunomagnetic bead separation.