The authors thank Sanjiv Luther and colleagues for helpful discussions in establishing the current lymph node digestion protocol. This work was supported by SNF grants PPOOA-_119204 and PPOOP3_144918 to S.W.R.

Bu görüntü yayını ve protokol, tüm hayvan prosedürleri Kanton Kurumu, Basel-Stadt, İsviçre tarafından onaylanan hayvan protokole uygun olarak yapılmıştır. 1. Lenf düğümleri Hazırlama ve Sindirim <ol><li> Isıtma plakası ile bir manyetik karıştırıcı üzerinde 37 ° C bir cam kapta Ön-ısıtma su. </li><li> Aşağıdaki gibi temel Orta hazırlayın: DMEM ortamı (piruvat olmadan),% 2 FCS ile takviye edilmiş, 1.2 mM CaCl2 ve pen / strep (penisilin 100 birim, streptomisin, 100 ug). </li><li> Kullanmadan önce tüm diseksiyon aletleri sterilize edin. </li><li> CO 2 boğulma başına lenf nodu donör fareler Euthanize ve aseptik lenf düğümleri teşrih. Çevreleyen yağ teşrih etmeyin. NOT: Bu protokol periferik cilt-lenf düğümünde (inguinal, brakiyal, aksiller) için optimize edilmiştir. </li><li> 2 ml buz soğukluğunda bazik ortam ihtiva eden steril bir Petri kabı, lenf düğümleri yerleştirin. </li><li> Lenf nodu ca Disrupt1 ml şırınga sabit iki 25 G iğne kullanılarak psule. </li><li> 1 mg / ml kollajenaz IV, 40 ug / ml DNAz I ile takviye edilmiş 750 ul Temel ortamı içeren 5 ml&#39;lik bir polipropilen yuvarlak dipli tüp içinde kesintiye lenf nodu doku aktarın </li><li> Her bir tüp bir manyetik karıştırıcı, steril ekleyin. </li><li> 37 ° C ile çanak içinde yer tüpün artık su ısıtılır ve 30 dakika boyunca yavaş bir hızda (1 tur / sec) tüplerini karıştırın. </li><li> Isıtma plakası ile manyetik karıştırıcı gelen tüp çıkarın ve lenf nodu fragmanları halledelim. </li><li> Dikkatle &quot;non-stromal hücre&quot; zenginleştirilmiş süpernatant kaldırmak. NOT: T, B, dendritik hücreler ve CD45 analizi ise - gp38 - CD31 - öngörülen, &quot;non-stromal hücreler&quot; kısmını kaydedin. </li><li> Yıkama 750 ul ortam maddesi ile bazik lenf düğümü dokusu kalmıştır. NOT: Bu adım, bağışıklık yetkin fareler ile çalışan sadece gereklidir. </li><li> Lenf nodu fragmanları halledelim. </li><li> Kaldırolmayan stromal hücre-yüzen fraksiyonu. </li><li> 750 ul temel orta 3,5 mg ile takviye lenf nodu fragmanları Ekle / ml kollajenaz D ve 40 ug / ml Dnase I. </li><li> Lütfen 37 ° C de içeren beher içinde yer tüpün artık su ısıtılır. </li><li> Yavaş yavaş karıştırılırken buna 5 dakika boyunca lenf nodu dokusu Digest. </li><li> Pipetleme ve çok kanallı otomatik pipet kullanılarak maksimal hızda, 10 döngü boyunca 700 ul karıştırılarak Ayrık lemf nod dokusu parçalan olabilir. NOT: Bu sindirim geliştirmek için lenf nodu doku bozar. </li><li> 37 ° C&#39;ye ısıtılmış su ile tekrar beher tüpü yerleştirin. </li><li> Yavaş yavaş karıştırılırken buna 10 dakika daha Özet lenf nodu dokusu parçalan olabilir. </li><li> Pipetleme lemf nod dokusu parçaları parçalamak ve bir çok kanallı otomatik pipet kullanılarak maksimal hızda, 99 çevrim için karıştırılması. </li><li> Tek bir hücre süspansiyonu bakımı için, 0.5 M EDTA, 7.5 ul ekleyin. </li><li> Boru itibariyle ayrılmış lemf nod dokusu parçalantting ve çok kanallı otomatik pipet kullanılarak maksimal hızda, 99 çevrim için karıştırılması. </li><li> 750 ul temel orta ekleyin ve 70 mikron naylon örgü ile hücrelere geçerler. </li><li> Santrifüj Hücre süspansiyonu 1500 xg&#39;de 5 dakika, 4 ° C. </li><li> Stromal hücreler, bundan başka analizler için de kullanılabilir. </li></ol> Lenf Düğümü Stromal Hücrelerinin 2. Boyama <ol><li> Başarılı bir şekilde TRC LEC BEC DN hücreleri tanıyan anti-CD45, anti-podoplanin (gp38), anti-CD31 antikorlarının bir kombinasyonu kullanılır. </li><li> Anti-gp38-PE (1: 200), anti-CD31-APC (1: 200), 100 ul HBSS içinde 2 ihtiva eden: Canlı / Ölü izleyici, bir anti-CD45-FITC (200 1) ile sindirilmiş lenf düğümü dokusu inkübe karanlıkta en az 20 dakika, 4 ° C,% FCS için. </li><li> % 2 FCS ihtiva eden HBSS 500 eklenmesinin Hücreleri yıkamak </li><li> Santrifüj Hücre süspansiyonu 1500 xg&#39;de 3 dakika, 4 ° C. </li><li> % 2 FCS içeren HBSS 100 ul yeniden askıya. </li><li> Equipp bir akış sitometresinde boyalı hücrelerin çalıştırınAşağıdaki optik ile ed: uyarma kadar üç lazer ile kaynak: mavi (488 nm, hava soğutmalı, 20 mW katı hal), kırmızı (633 nm, 17 mW HeNe), mor (405 nm, 30 mW katı hal) . </li><li> Kapısı CD45 - hücreler hematopoietik hücreleri hariç. </li><li> Kapısı mayoları (FSC-W) ve canlı hücreleri (CANLI / DEAD izci) ikilileri ve ölü hücreleri hariç. </li><li> , LEC (gp38 + CD31 +), BEC (gp38 - CD31 +) ve DN (gp38 - CD31 -) hücreleri (Şekil 1) - CD31 vs Arsa gp38 TRC (gp38 + CD31) görselleştirmek için. </li></ol>

<ol>
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The authors declare they have no competing financial interests.

Lenf nodu stromal hücrelerin çalışması nedeniyle son zamanlarda yayımlanmış iki sindirim protokolleri 6,13 gelişimine bir araştırma odağı haline geldi. Her iki protokol tek bir lenf düğümü stromal hücreler elde etmek için yeterli, ancak sindirim enzimlerinin kullanılması ve sindirim zaman içinde farklılık gösterir. Stromal hücreler ve onların yüzey belirteçleri enzimatik sindirim ve mekanik strese karşı hassas olduğu için, optimize edilmiş bir protokol gereklidir. <p clas...

Lenf düğümleri, yabancı ve öz-antijenlere karşı adaptif immün yanıtları başlatılan ve koordine özelleşmiş bölmeleri bulunmaktadır. Burada sunulan prosedür lenf düğümü, tek bir hücre süspansiyonu elde etmek ve çeşitli moleküllerinin yüzey ekspresyonunu korumak uygun bir lenf düğümü stromal hücrelerin erişmek için kullanılan otomatik mekanik pipetleme ile birlikte kısa bir enzimatik sindirim açıklanmaktadır. Lenf nodu stromal hücre üç önemli fonksiyonları lenf nodu iskele oluşturacak ve yerine: ilk onlar vücut sıvıları antijenleri, patojenleri ve onların patojen ilişkili moleküler pattern (PAMP) yanı sıra, sitokinler ve tehlike ilişkili moleküler model örnek filtre (Damps) mevcut Vücutta. İkincisi, etkileşim ve adaptif immün yanıtları başlatmak için antijen sunan hücreler (APC) ve lenfositler çekmek ve talimat; ve üçüncüsü, lenfosit 1 homeostası farklılaşması için yapısal bir ortam sağlamak-3. Inflamasyon lenf düğümü, stromal hücreleri büyüme faktörleri, sitokinler ve kemokinlerin üretimi sırasında, dendritik hücreler (DCler) arasındaki etkileşimi düzenlemek ve böylece, T-ve B-hücrelerinin adapte şişme. Bağışıklık tepkilerinin düzenleme, farklı stromal hücre popülasyonları tarafından meydana getirilen kompleks yapısal mimarisine mümkündür. Lenf nodülü hücreleri, stromal, CD45 negatif hücrelerdir ve fibroblastik ve endotel hücreleri 1 -6 &#39;de CD31 ile gp38 ifadesi ya da ayırt edilebilir. CD31 + kan endotel hücreleri tanımlar (BEC) -, gp38 + CD31 + lenfatik endotel hücreleri (LIK), gp38 tanımlar: - Gp38 + CD31 (fibroblastik retikulum hücreleri de FRC olarak bilinen TRC) T bölgesi retiküler hücreleri tanımlar. Bundan başka, alt-popülasyonlarının tanımlanması diğer lenf nodu stromal hücrelerin varlığını ortaya çıkarmıştır. Gerçekten de, küçük bir perisit benzeri hücre popülasyonu içinde karakterize edilmiştirgp38 - CD31 - nüfus 7. Bu nedenle, izolasyon prosedürü adaptasyonu farklı lenf düğümü stromal hücrelerin fonksiyonel özelliklerinin tanımlanması ve karakterizasyonu için avantajlıdır. Lenf düğümü hücreleri, stromal sindirim geliştirilmesi önce lenf düğümü stromal hücrelerin doku çalışma bölümü ve mikroskopi kullanılarak yerinde gözlemlerle sınırlıydı protokolleri. Bununla birlikte, yapısal ve fonksiyonel çalışmalar lenf düğümü stromal hücrelerin önemli özellikleri gösterdi. Lenf nodülü hücreleri, stromal yüksek endotelial lenf nodu subkapsüler sinüs lenf ve ilgili-düşük molekül kütlesi, protein nakil kanal sistemi olarak adlandırılan karmaşık bir 3 boyutlu bir yapı oluşturmak üzere podoplanin, kolajen ve hücre dışı matris (ECM), proteinleri ile ilişkili T hücreleri bölgesinde 8 Venüller. DCler, stroma hücreleri ile yakın temas halinde olan ve boru şeklindeki con içine uzanan gözlemlenebilirDuit yapısı sıvı örneklemek ve antijenleri 8 algılamak için. DCler ile lenf düğümü stromal hücreler (Kızılay ve LECS) etkileşimi, kemokinler CCL21 ve CCL19 9,10 serbest bırakılması ve sunum aracılık eder. CCL19 ve CCL21 lenf nodu T hücre bölgesine 4,11 göç etmek DH&#39;leri ve T hücrelerini kolaylaştırılması CCR7 reseptörü tarafından tanınır. Benzer kemokinlerle kullanarak rağmen, DC&#39;ler ve T hücreleri lenf düğümlerine 12 içine farklı göç yolları var. Daha sonra, lenf düğümü ve saf lenf düğümü stromal hücrelerin izolasyonu enzimatik sindirim kullanılarak, fonksiyonel çalışmalar çeşitli lenf nodu stromal hücrelerin rolü DC&#39;ler ve T / B hücreleri 6,13 ile etkileşim yetenekleri üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. İlk olarak, IFN-γ üreten efektör T hücrelerinin ve lenf düğümü stromal hücreler arasındaki karışma, ikincil lenfoid organların 14-16 T hücre yanıtları ve çoğalmasını azaltmak için gösterilen metabolit nitrik oksit üretimini indükler. İkinci olarak, lenf Kgazel stromal hücreler, IL-10, 17 üretimi ile düzenleyici DC alt kümelerinden farklılaşmasını desteklemek için ve IL-7 6,18 üretilmesi yoluyla saf T hücre homeostazının modüle bildirilmiştir. Üçüncü olarak, lenf düğümü stromal hücrelerde TLR sentezleme stromal hücreler, doku yaralanması sırasında ortaya çıkan bir enfeksiyon ya da kendi kendini moleküllerden türetilmektedir sinyale duyarlı olduğunu göstermektedir. Gerçekten de, TLR3 poli ligandla lenf düğümü stromal hücrelerin tedavisi (I: C) ile sonuçlanan büyük histo-uyumluluk kompleksi sınıf I ve eş-ifade önleyici molekülün PD-L1 upregülasyonu mütevazı bir düzenlenişini uyarmaktadır değil, birlikte uyaran moleküllerin periferal dokuda dramatik değişiklikler ifadesini 19 antijenleri. Çeşitli gruplar, lenf düğümü, stromal hücreleri periferal doku antijenleri ifade eder ve kendinden reaktif T hücrelerinin 19,21-27 indüklenmesidir göstermiştir. Bu nedenle, lenf düğümü hücreleri ve diğer göçmen ve yeniden arasındaki etkileşimleri anlamaksident lenf düğümü hücreleri iltihap sırasında aktivasyonu ya da bağışıklık tepkilerinin bastırılması sağlamak için yeni bir hedef moleküller bulmak için yardımcı olacaktır. Bu nedenle, lenf düğümü yayınlanmış enzimatik ayırma uygulanması gereklidir. Daha önce yayınlanmış protokoller düşük mekanik stres 6,19,20 ile kollajenaz tabanlı enzimatik sindirim farklı kombinasyonları kullanın. Bununla birlikte, sindirim enzimlerinin veya sindirim enzim farklı bir kombinasyonu ile uzun inkubasyon aktivasyon durumunu analiz etmek ve yeni lenf nodu stromal hücreleri tanımlamak için gereken çeşitli yüzey molekülleri düşürebilir. Stromal hücre analiz türüne bağlı olarak, bağlantı veya Protokol Protokol Fletcher daha uygun olabilir. Tarif edilen prosedürde, biraz daha kısa bir enzimatik sindirim uygun bir lenf düğümü stromal hücrelerin yüzey işaretleyici zararın en aza düşürülmesi için otomatik mekanik ayrıştırma ile bir araya getirilmektedir. Bu işlem, yüksek ölçüde tekrarlanabilir ayrılmasını sağlayan vedüşük değişkenlik ve% 95 daha fazla canlılığı ile lenf nodu stromal hücre popülasyonlarının ayrım. Taze olarak izole edilen lenf nodülü hücreleri, stromal, doğrudan in vitro fonksiyonel deneyleri gerçekleştirmek için, stromal hücreleri hatlarının yüzey markeri ekspresyonu, protein analizi ve transkripsiyon çalışmalar, hem de kurulması için kullanılabilir.

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			<td style="width:231px;">LifeTechnologies-Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">41965-039</td>
			<td style="width:395px;"></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">FCS</td>
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			<td>Final concentration 2%</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">499609</td>
			<td>Final concentration 1.2 mM</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Collagenase IV</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Worthington Biochemical Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>&#62;160 units per mg dry weight, use at final concentration of 1 mg/ml</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Collagenase D</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Roche</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11088882001</td>
			<td>use at 3.5 mg/ml</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">DNAse I</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Roche&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11284932001</td>
			<td>use at 40 &#181;g/ml</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">stiring magnets</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">FAUST</td>
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			<td>5 mm long-2 mm &#248;</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Polystyren Round-Bottom Tubes 5ml</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Falcon-BD Bioscience</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Magnetic stirrer with heating funktion</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">IKA-RCT-standard</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">9720250</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Petridishes 100 mm, sterile</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">TPP</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">6223201</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">25G needles</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Terumo</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti mouse CD45 Ab</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Clone 30-F11</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti mouse CD11c Ab</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Clone N418</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti mouse Podoplanin Ab</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Clone 8.1.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti mouse CD31 Ab</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Clone MEC13.3</td>
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		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;"> 
			Eppendorf Xplorer plus, Multichannel</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4861 000.821/830</td>
			<td>1.250 &#181;l max. volume</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti mouse CD140a</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Clone APA5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti mouse CD80</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Clone 16-10A1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti mouse CD40</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Clone 1C10</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti mouse I-Ab</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Clone AF6-120.1</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti mouse CD274 (PD-L1)</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Clone 10F.9G2</td>
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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">LIVE/DEAD Fixable Near-IR Dead Cell stain kit</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">L10119</td>
			<td></td>
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isolation of murine lymph node stromal cells

Secondary lymphoid organs including lymph nodes are composed of stromal cells that provide a structural environment for homeostasis, activation and differentiation of lymphocytes. Various stromal cell subsets have been identified by the expression of the adhesion molecule CD31 and glycoprotein podoplanin (gp38), T zone reticular cells or fibroblastic reticular cells, lymphatic endothelial cells, blood endothelial cells and FRC-like pericytes within the double negative cell population. For all populations different functions are described including, separation and lining of different compartments, attraction of and interaction with different cell types, filtration of the draining fluidics and contraction of the lymphatic vessels. In the last years, different groups have described an additional role of stromal cells in orchestrating and regulating cytotoxic T cell responses potentially dangerous for the host. 
Lymph nodes are complex structures with many different cell types and therefore require a appropriate procedure for isolation of the desired cell populations. Currently, protocols for the isolation of lymph node stromal cells rely on enzymatic digestion with varying incubation times; however, stromal cells and their surface molecules are sensitive to these enzymes, which results in loss of surface marker expression and cell death. Here a short enzymatic digestion protocol combined with automated mechanical disruption to obtain viable single cells suspension of lymph node stromal cells maintaining their surface molecule expression is proposed.

Mevcut protokol nedeniyle bir çok kanallı otomatik pipet ile mekanik çözümlemesiyle kısa bir sindirim süre (45 dk maksimum) ile Bağlantı ve ark., 6, 2007 tarafından yayınlanan bir modifiye sindirim protokoldür. Buna ek olarak, işlem, daha standart, farklı lenf düğümü stromal hücrelerin yüzey markerlerinin bozulmasını en aza indiren ve aynı anda birden fazla numunenin kullanılması mümkün olur. Collagenasein IV ve Kollagenaz D Fletchers protokolü...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Murine Lymph Node Stromal Cells at JoVE.com

Isolation of Murine Lymph Node Stromal Cells

Isolation of lymph node stromal cells is a multistep procedure including enzymatic digestion and mechanical disaggregation to obtain fibroblastic reticular cells, lymphatic and blood endothelial cells. In the described procedure, a short digestion is combined with automated mechanical disaggregation to minimize surface marker degradation of viable lymph node stromal cells.

Kemirgen Lenf Düğümü Stromal Hücrelerinin İzolasyonu

Secondary lymphoid organs including lymph nodes are composed of stromal cells that provide a structural environment for homeostasis, activation and ...

isolation-of-murine-lymph-node-stromal-cells

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

31.0K Görüntüleme.  University of Basel and University Hospital Basel. Isolation of lymph node stromal cells is a multistep procedure including enzymatic digestion and mechanical disaggregation to obtain fibroblastic reticular cells, lymphatic and blood endothelial cells. In the described procedure, a short digestion is combined with automated mechanical disaggregation to minimize surface marker degradation of viable lymph node stromal cells. 

Video: Isolation of Murine Lymph Node Stromal Cells

Intravital Microscopy of the Inguinal Lymph Node

Lymph nodes (LN's), located throughout the body, are an integral component of the immune system. They serve as a site for induction of adaptive immune response and therefore, the development of effector cells. As such, LNs are key to fighting invading pathogens and maintaining health. The choice of LN to study is dictated by accessibility and the desired model; the inguinal lymph node is well situated and easily supports studies of biologically relevant models of skin and genital mucosal infection.
The inguinal LN, like all LNs, has an extensive microvascular network supplying it with blood. In general, this microvascular network includes the main feed arteriole of the LN that subsequently branches and feeds high endothelial venules (HEVs). HEVs are specialized for facilitating the trafficking of immune cells into the LN during both homeostasis and infection. How HEVs regulate trafficking into the LN under both of these circumstances is an area of intense exploration. The LN feed arteriole, has direct upstream influence on the HEVs and is the main supply of nutrients and cell rich blood into the LN. Furthermore, changes in the feed arteriole are implicated in facilitating induction of adaptive immune response. The LN microvasculature has obvious importance in maintaining an optimal blood supply to the LN and regulating immune cell influx into the LN, which are crucial elements in proper LN function and subsequently immune response. 
The ability to study the LN microvasculature in vivo is key to elucidating how the immune system and the microvasculature interact and influence one another within the LN. Here, we present a method for in vivo imaging of the inguinal lymph node. We focus on imaging of the microvasculature of the LN, paying particular attention to methods that ensure the study of healthy vessels, the ability to maintain imaging of viable vessels over a number of hours, and quantification of vessel magnitude. Methods for perfusion of the microvasculature with vasoactive drugs as well as the potential to trace and quantify cellular traffic are also presented. 
Intravital microscopy of the inguinal LN allows direct evaluation of microvascular functionality and real-time interface of the direct interface between immune cells, the LN, and the microcirculation. This technique potential to be combined with many immunological techniques and fluorescent cell labelling as well as manipulated to study vasculature of other LNs.

A technique for performing intravital microscopy of the inguinal lymph node (LN) is outlined. Such technique allows for real-time, in vivo study of the lymph node microvasculature and structure both during homeostasis and infection. This technique can be adapted to cell trafficking studies and to other lymph node sites.

Kasık lenf düğüm intravital Mikroskopi

Lymph nodes (LN's), located throughout the body, are an integral component of the immune system. They serve as a site for induction of adaptive immune ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

Ex vivo Imaging of T Cells in Murine Lymph Node Slices with Widefield and Confocal Microscopes

Na&iuml;ve T cells continuously traffic to secondary lymphoid organs, including peripheral lymph nodes, to detect rare expressed antigens. The migration of T cells into lymph nodes is a complex process which involves both cellular and chemical factors including chemokines. Recently, the use of two-photon microscopy has permitted to track T cells in intact lymph nodes and to derive some quantitative information on their behavior and their interactions with other cells. While there are obvious advantages to an in vivo system, this approach requires a complex and expensive instrumentation and provides limited access to the tissue. To analyze the behavior of T cells within murine lymph nodes, we have developed a slice assay 
1, originally set up by neurobiologists and transposed recently to murine thymus 2. In this technique, fluorescently labeled T cells are plated on top of an acutely prepared lymph node slice. In this video-article, the localization and migration of T cells into the tissue are analyzed in real-time with a widefield and a confocal microscope. The technique which complements in vivo two-photon microscopy offers an effective approach to image T cells in their natural environment and to elucidate mechanisms underlying T cell migration.

Ex vivo Imaging of T Cells in Murine Lymph Node Slices with Widefield and Confocal Microscopes

This protocol describes a method to image fluorescent T cells introduced into lymph node slices. The technique permits real-time analyses of T cell migration with traditional widefield fluorescence or confocal microscopes.

Widefield ve Konfokal Mikroskoplar murin Lenf Düğümü Dilimleri T Hücre ex vivo Görüntüleme

Na&iuml;ve T cells continuously traffic to secondary lymphoid organs, including peripheral lymph nodes, to detect rare expressed antigens. The migration ...

Murine Superficial Lymph Node Surgery

In the field of immunology, to understand the progression of an immune response against a vaccine, an infection or a tumour, the response is often followed over time. Similarly, the study of lymphocyte homeostasis requires time course experiments. Performing these studies within the same mouse is ideal to reduce the experimental variability as well as the number of mice used. Blood withdrawal allows performance of time course experiments, but it only gives information about circulating lymphocytes and provides a limited number of cells1-4. Since lymphocytes circulating through the body and residing in the lymph nodes have different properties, it is important to examine both locations. The sequential removal of lymph nodes by surgery provides a unique opportunity to follow an immune response or immune cell expansion in the same mouse over time. Furthermore, this technique yields between 1-2x106 cells per lymph node which is sufficient to perform phenotypic characterization and/or functional assays. Sequential lymph node surgery or lymphadenectomy has been successfully used by us and others5-11. Here, we describe how the brachial and inguinal lymph nodes can be removed by making a small incision in the skin of an anesthetised mouse. Since the surgery is superficial and done rapidly, the mouse recovers very quickly, heals well and does not experience excessive pain. Every second day, it is possible to harvest one or two lymph nodes allowing for time course experiments. This technique is thus suitable to study the characteristics of lymph node-residing lymphocytes over time. This approach is suitable to various experimental designs and we believe that many laboratories would benefit from performing sequential lymph node surgeries.

To follow the progression of an immune response over time within the same mouse, lymph nodes can be sequentially removed by surgery. Here, we describe how this technique can be performed.

Mürin Yüzeysel lenf nodu Cerrahisi

In the field of immunology, to understand the progression of an immune response against a vaccine, an infection or a tumour, the response is often ...

Intravital Imaging of the Mouse Popliteal Lymph Node

Lymph nodes (LNs) are secondary lymphoid organs, which are strategically located throughout the body to allow for trapping and presentation of foreign antigens from peripheral tissues to prime the adaptive immune response. Juxtaposed between innate and adaptive immune responses, the LN is an ideal site to study immune cell interactions1,2. Lymphocytes (T cells, B cells and NK cells), dendritic cells (DCs), and macrophages comprise the bulk of bone marrow-derived cellular elements of the LN. These cells are strategically positioned in the LN to allow efficient surveillance of self antigens and potential foreign antigens3-5. The process by which lymphocytes successfully encounter cognate antigens is a subject of intense investigation in recent years, and involves an integration of molecular contacts including antigen receptors, adhesion molecules, chemokines, and stromal structures such as the fibro-reticular network2,6-12. 
Prior to the development of high-resolution real-time fluorescent in vivo imaging, investigators relied on static imaging, which only offers answers regarding morphology, position, and architecture. While these questions are fundamental in our understanding of immune cell behavior, the limitations intrinsic with this technique does not permit analysis to decipher lymphocyte trafficking and environmental clues that affect dynamic cell behavior. Recently, the development of intravital two-photon laser scanning microscopy (2P-LSM) has allowed investigators to view the dynamic movements and interactions of individual cells within live LNs in situ12-16. In particular, we and others have applied this technique to image cellular behavior and interactions within the popliteal LN, where its compact, dense nature offers the advantage of multiplex data acquisition over a large tissue area with diverse tissue sub-structures11,17-18. It is important to note that this technique offers added benefits over explanted tissue imaging techniques, which require disruption of blood, lymph flow, and ultimately the cellular dynamics of the system. Additionally, explanted tissues have a very limited window of time in which the tissue remains viable for imaging after explant. With proper hydration and monitoring of the animal's environmental conditions, the imaging time can be significantly extended with this intravital technique. Here, we present a detailed method of preparing mouse popliteal LN for the purpose of performing intravital imaging.

Recent advances in 2-photon microscopy have enabled real-time in situ imaging of live tissues in animal models, thereby enhancing our ability to investigate cellular behavior in both physiologic and pathologic conditions. Here, we outline the preparations required to perform intravital imaging of the mouse popliteal lymph node.

Intravital Görüntüleme Fare Popliteal Lenf Nodu

Lymph nodes (LNs) are secondary lymphoid organs, which are strategically located throughout the body to allow for trapping and presentation of foreign ...

Isolation, Processing and Analysis of Murine Gingival Cells

We have developed a technique to precisely isolate and process murine gingival tissue for flow cytometry and molecular studies. The gingiva is a unique and important tissue to study immune mechanisms because it is involved in host immune response against oral biofilm that might cause periodontal diseases. Furthermore, the close proximity of the gingiva to alveolar bone tissue enables also studying bone remodeling under inflammatory conditions. Our method yields large amount of immune cells that allows analysis of even rare cell populations such as Langerhans cells and T regulatory cells as we demonstrated previously 1. Employing mice to study local immune responses involved in alveolar bone loss during periodontal diseases is advantageous because of the availability of various immunological and experimental tools. Nevertheless, due to their small size and the relatively inconvenient access to the murine gingiva, many studies avoided examination of this critical tissue. The method described in this work could facilitate gingival analysis, which hopefully will increase our understating on the oral immune system and its role during periodontal diseases.

This study describes an efficient technique to isolate and process gingival tissues from the mouse oral cavity in order to produce a single-cell culture. The resulting cells can be further used for flow cytometry analysis and molecular studies.

Murin Dişeti Hücre İzolasyonu, İşleme ve Analiz

We have developed a technique to precisely isolate and process murine gingival tissue for flow cytometry and molecular studies. The gingiva is a unique ...

Generation of Lymph Node-fat Pad Chimeras for the Study of Lymph Node Stromal Cell Origin

The stroma is a key component of the lymph node structure and function. However, little is known about its origin, exact cellular composition and the mechanisms governing its formation. Lymph nodes are always encapsulated in adipose tissue and we recently demonstrated the importance of this relation for the formation of lymph node stroma. Adipocyte precursor cells migrate into the lymph node during its development and upon engagement of the Lymphotoxin-b receptor switch off adipogenesis and differentiate into lymphoid stromal cells (B&#233;n&#233;zech&#160;et al.14). Based on the lymphoid stroma potential of adipose tissue, we present a method using a lymph node/fat pad chimera that allows the lineage tracing of lymph node stromal cell precursors. We show how to isolate newborn lymph nodes and EYFP+ embryonic adipose tissue and make a LN/ EYFP+ fat pad chimera. After transfer under the kidney capsule of a host mouse, the lymph node incorporates local adipose tissue precursor cells and finishes its formation. Progeny analysis of EYFP+ fat pad cells in the resulting lymph nodes can be performed by flow-cytometric analysis of enzymatically digested lymph nodes or by immunofluorescence analysis of lymph nodes cryosections. By using fat pads from different knockout mouse models, this method will provide an efficient way of analyzing the origin of the different lymph node stromal cell populations.

Generation of lymph node/fat pad chimeras for the study of lymph node stromal cell origin is described. The method involves the isolation of lymph nodes from newborn mice and embryonic fat pads, the generation of chimeric lymph node-fat pads, and their transfer under the kidney capsule of a host mouse.

Lenf düğümü Stromal Hücre Menşe Çalışmaları Lenf-yağ Pad Kimeralar Üretimi

The stroma is a key component of the lymph node structure and function. However, little is known about its origin, exact cellular composition and the ...

Isolation, Identification, and Purification of Murine Thymic Epithelial Cells

The thymus is a vital organ for T lymphocyte development. Of thymic stromal cells, thymic epithelial cells (TECs) are particularly crucial at multiple stages of T cell development: T cell commitment, positive selection and negative selection. However, the function of TECs in the thymus remains incompletely understood. In the article, we provide a method to isolate TEC subsets from fresh mouse thymus using a combination of mechanical disruption and enzymatic digestion. The method allows thymic stromal cells and thymocytes to be efficiently released from cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix connections and to form a single-cell suspension. Using the isolated cells, multiparameter flow cytometry can be applied to identification and characterization of TECs and dendritic cells. Because TECs are a rare cell population in the thymus, we also describe an effective way to enrich and purify TECs by depleting thymocytes, the most abundant cell type in the thymus. Following the enrichment, cell sorting time can be decreased so that loss of cell viability can be minimized during purification of TECs. Purified cells are suitable for various downstream analyses like Real Time-PCR, Western blot and gene expression profiling. The protocol will promote research of TEC function and as well as the development of in vitro T cell reconstitution.

Here we describe an efficient method for isolation, identification, and purification of mouse thymic epithelial cells (TECs). The protocol can be utilized for studies of thymus function for normal T cell development, thymus dysfunction, and T cell reconstitution.

İzolasyon, tanımlama ve Murin Thymic Epitel Hücreleri saflaştırılması

The thymus is a vital organ for T lymphocyte development. Of thymic stromal cells, thymic epithelial cells (TECs) are particularly crucial at multiple ...

Myeloid Cell Isolation from Mouse Skin and Draining Lymph Node Following Intradermal Immunization with Live Attenuated Plasmodium Sporozoites

Malaria infection begins when the sporozoite stage of Plasmodium is inoculated into the skin of a mammalian host through a mosquito bite. The highly motile parasite not only reaches the liver to invade hepatocytes and transform into erythrocyte-infective form. It also migrates into the skin and to the proximal lymph node draining the injection site, where it can be recognized and degraded by resident and/or recruited myeloid cells. Intravital imaging reported the early recruitment of brightly fluorescent Lys-GFP positive leukocytes in the skin and the interactions between sporozoites and CD11c+ cells in the draining lymph node. We present here an efficient procedure to recover, identify and enumerate the myeloid cell subsets that are recruited to the mouse skin and draining lymph node following intradermal injection of immunizing doses of sporozoites in a murine model. Phenotypic characterization using multi-parametric flow cytometry provides a reliable assay to assess early dynamic cellular changes during inflammatory response to Plasmodium infection.

Myeloid Cell Isolation from Mouse Skin and Draining Lymph Node Following Intradermal Immunization with Live Attenuated Plasmodium Sporozoites

We describe here a protocol for isolating myeloid cells from mouse skin and draining lymph node following intradermal injection of Plasmodium sporozoites. Flow cytometry of collected cells provides a reliable assay to characterize the skin and draining lymph node inflammatory response to the parasite.

Canlı zayıflatılmış intradermal aşılama sonrasında Fare Deri ve akan lenf düğümü gelen Myeloid Hücre İzolasyonu<em&gt; Plasmodium</em&gt; Sporozoitler

Malaria infection begins when the sporozoite stage of Plasmodium is inoculated into the skin of a mammalian host through a mosquito bite. The highly ...

Collection and Processing of Lymph Nodes from Large Animals for RNA Analysis: Preparing for Lymph Node Transcriptomic Studies of Large Animal Species

Large animals (both livestock and wildlife) serve as important reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens, including Brucella, Mycobacterium bovis, Salmonella, and E. coli, and are useful for the study of pathogenesis and/or spread of the bacteria in natural hosts. With the key function of lymph nodes in the host immune response, lymph node tissues serve as a potential source of RNA for downstream transcriptomic analyses, in order to assess the temporal changes in gene expression in cells over the course of an infection. This article presents an overview of the process of lymph node collection, tissue sampling, and downstream RNA processing in livestock, using cattle (Bos taurus) as a model, with additional examples provided from the American bison (Bison bison). The protocol includes information about the location, identification, and removal of lymph nodes from multiple key sites in the body. Additionally, a biopsy sampling methodology is presented that allows for a consistency of sampling across multiple animals. Several considerations for sample preservation are discussed, including the generation of RNA suitable for downstream methodologies like RNA-sequencing and RT-PCR. Due to the long delays inherent in large animal vs. mouse time course studies, representative results from bison and bovine lymph node tissues are presented to describe the time course of the degradation in this tissue type, in the context of a review of previous methodological work on RNA degradation in other tissues. Overall, this protocol will be useful to both veterinary researchers beginning transcriptome projects on large animal samples and to molecular biologists interested in learning techniques for in vivo tissue sampling and in vitro processing.

This protocol provides an overview of procedures for the isolation of RNA for the transcriptomic profiling of lymph node tissues from large animals, including steps in the identification and excision of lymph nodes from livestock and wildlife, sampling approaches to provide consistency across multiple animals, and considerations plus representative results for the post-collection preservation and processing for RNA analysis.

Toplanması ve işlenmesi büyük hayvanlar lenf düğümlerinden RNA analizi için: büyük hayvan türlerinin lenf nodu Transcriptomic çalışmalar için hazırlanıyor

Large animals (both livestock and wildlife) serve as important reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens, including Brucella, Mycobacterium bovis, Salmonella, and ...

Determination of Regulatory T Cell Subsets in Murine Thymus, Pancreatic Draining Lymph Node and Spleen Using Flow Cytometry

Our immune system consists of a number and variety of immune cells including regulatory T cells (Treg) cells. Treg cells can be divided into two subsets, thymic derived Treg (tTreg) cells and peripherally induced Treg (pTreg) cells. They are present in different organs of our body and can be distinguished by specific markers, such as Helios and Neuropilin 1. It has been reported that tTreg cells are functionally more suppressive than pTreg cells. Therefore, it is important to determine the proportion of both tTreg and pTreg cells when investigating heterogeneous cell populations. Herein, we collected thymic glands, pancreatic draining lymph nodes and spleens from normoglycemic non-obese diabetic mice to distinguish tTreg cells from pTreg cells using flow cytometry. We manually prepared single cell suspensions from these organs. Fluorochrome conjugated surface CD4, CD8, CD25, and Neuropilin 1 antibodies were used to stain the cells. They were kept in the fridge overnight. On the next day, the cells were stained with fluorochrome conjugated intracellular Foxp3 and Helios antibodies. These markers were used to characterize the two subsets of Treg cells. This protocol demonstrates a simple but practical way to prepare single cells from murine thymus, pancreatic draining lymph node and spleen and use them for subsequent flow cytometric analysis.

Herein, we present a protocol to prepare single cells from murine thymus, pancreatic draining lymph node and spleen to further study these cells using flow cytometry. In addition, this protocol was used for determining the subsets of regulatory T cells using flow cytometry.

Düzenleyici T hücre alt kümeleri içinde fare timus, lenf nodu ve dalak akışı sitometresi kullanarak drene pankreas belirlenmesi

Our immune system consists of a number and variety of immune cells including regulatory T cells (Treg) cells. Treg cells can be divided into two subsets, ...