Este trabajo fue apoyado por becas del NIH: HL671795, HL048743 y HL108630.

1. Preparación de SDF-1α Glycan Nanopartículas Debido a los efectos de la administración in vivo, esterilizar todos los recipientes, pipetas y puntas utilizadas en la preparación. <ol><li> Preparar las siguientes soluciones madre en agua ultrapura: sulfato de dextrano al 1%; 1 M NaOH (esterilizada por filtración con una membrana de PES); 0,1% de quitosano en 0,2% de ácido acético glacial (filtro a través del 0,8 y 0,22 micras filtros consecutivos y ajustar el pH a 5,5 con NaOH después); 0,1 M ZnSO 4; 15% de manitol; y 0,92 mg / ml SDF-1α (almacenado en alícuotas a 80 ° C, y se mantiene a 4 ° C una vez descongelados). </li><li> Esterilizar soluciones madre a través de 0,22 micras membranas de filtro. Evaluar los niveles de endotoxina en la solución preparada con el ensayo de lisado de amebocitos de Limulus (LAL) coágulo de gel. Asegúrese de que los niveles son &lt;0,06 UE / ml. </li><li> Añadir 0,18 ml de agua ultrapura a un vial de vidrio de 1,5 ml que contenía una barra de agitación magnética. Ajuste la velocidad de agitación a 800 rpm. Añadir 0,1 ml 1%sulfato de dextrano y se agita durante 2 min. Añadir 0,08 mg SDF-1α (0,087 ml de 0,92 mg / ml SDF-1α solución) y se agita durante 20 min. </li><li> Añadir 0,33 ml 0,1% gota a gota quitosano y se agita durante 5 min. Cambiar la velocidad de agitación al máximo y añadir 0,1 ml 0,1 M ZnSO4 lentamente con una jeringa 0,1 ml (más de 1 min). </li><li> Volver velocidad de agitación a 800 rpm y agitar durante 30 min. Añadir 0,4 ml 15% de manitol y se agita durante 5 min. Transferir la mezcla de reacción a un tubo de microcentrífuga de 1,5 ml. Centrifugar a 16.000 xg a 4 ° C durante 10 min. Nota: La presencia de manitol facilita la resuspensión de las partículas después de la centrifugación. Dependiendo de la compacidad de la pastilla, la concentración de manitol puede variar de 0% a 5%. La resuspensión completa de las partículas después de cada centrifugación es crítico para evitar los agregados en la suspensión final. </li><li> Aspirar el sobrenadante y utilizar una pipeta para extraer la última gota de líquido lentamente. Añadir 0,2 ml 5% de manitol. Suspender el pellet con 0,5 ml, 29 G neejeringa dle. Añadir 1 ml de manitol al 5%. Centrifugar a 16000 xg durante 15 min. </li><li> Repita el paso 1.6. </li><li> Aspirar el sobrenadante. Resuspender el precipitado en 0,2 ml 5% de manitol. Guarde la suspensión de partículas a 4 ° C. Nota: La suspensión de partículas también puede ser almacenado congelado a -80 ° C o liofilizado. Incluyendo manitol 5% en la suspensión es esencial para evitar la agregación de las partículas después de la congelación y descongelación o después de la liofilización y la rehidratación. El manitol se puede eliminar por centrifugación de la suspensión después de que el almacenamiento. </li></ol> 2. Medición de tamaño de partícula y Potencial Zeta El tamaño de partícula y el potencial zeta se analizan mediante dispersión de luz dinámica y dispersión de luz electroforética, respectivamente, con un analizador de partículas se indica en la Lista de Materiales. <ol><li> Ajuste los siguientes parámetros para la medición del tamaño de partícula: tiempos de acumulación: 70; Repetir las veces: 4; Temperatura: 25 ° C;Diluyente: agua; Ajuste de intensidad: auto. </li><li> Diluir la muestra SDF-1α-DS-CS con agua (dilución de 10 veces). Carga de 100 l de la muestra a una cubeta UV desechable tal como una cubeta de Eppendorf. Inserte la cubeta en el soporte de la celda. Espere a que el ajuste de la intensidad de alcanzar &quot;óptimo&quot; (~ 10.000 cps). Iniciar la adquisición de datos. </li><li> Después de que se ha completado la medición, registrar los resultados de cumulantes diámetro (nm) y el índice de polidispersidad. Media de los resultados obtenidos a partir de cada uno de los 4 lecturas repetidas y calcular la desviación estándar. </li><li> Carga de 500 l de la muestra de partículas diluida 10 veces a una celda de flujo para la medición de potencial zeta. Ajuste los siguientes parámetros para la medición: los tiempos de acumulación: 10; Repetir las veces: 5; Temperatura: 25 ° C; Diluyente: agua; Ajuste de intensidad: auto. Registre los resultados del potencial zeta (mV). La media de los resultados obtenidos a partir de cada una de las 5 lecturas repetidas, y calcular el deviatio estándarn. </li></ol> 3. Cuantificación de SDF-1α en las Partículas <ol><li> Diluir de forma libre SDF-1α a concentraciones de 0,01, 0,02, 0,03, 0,04, y 0,05 mg / ml en tampón de muestra Laemmli 1,3x. Diluir 6 mu l muestras SDF-1α-DS-CS con 40 l 1.3x tampón de muestra Laemmli. (4x Preparar tampón de Laemmli madre que contiene 0,25 M Tris-HCl, pH 7,5, 8% de SDS, 40% de glicerol, 0,05 mg / ml de azul de bromofenol, y 8% de 2-mercaptoetanol. Dividir la solución madre en pequeñas alícuotas y mantenerla en -20 ° C para uso individual.) </li><li> Calentar las muestras a 100 ° C durante 10 min. Vortex las muestras dos veces (cada uno durante 10 segundos a velocidad máxima) durante el tiempo de calentamiento 10 min con el fin de disociar las partículas completamente. Enfriar las muestras a temperatura ambiente durante 2 min. Se centrifuga a 10.000 xg durante 0,5-1 min para reducir el agua de condensación. Vortex de nuevo para mezclar bien. Nota: En este punto, la solución de la muestra debe ser clara sin visible precipitado presente. </li><li> Carga 10 y# 181; l muestra / pocillo de un gel SDS 4-20%. Ejecutar la electroforesis a 200 V durante 20 min. Teñir el gel con Coomassie proteína mancha azul. </li><li> Examine la densidad de banda de proteína de SDF-1α usando un generador de imágenes y análisis de densitometría software molecular. Calcular la cantidad de SDF-1α en las partículas frente a una curva patrón construida con las normas SDF-1α libres. </li></ol> 4. In Vitro Ensayo de liberación <ol><li> Mezclar partículas de glicano SDF-1α con solución salina tamponada con fosfato de Dulbecco sin calcio y magnesio (D-PBS) a una proporción de 1: 1 (v / v). </li><li> Divida la suspensión de partículas en 0,05 ml alícuotas en tubos de 1,5 ml. Cargar las muestras a la parte inferior de los tubos. Evitar la introducción de burbujas de aire o alterar la superficie del líquido. Selle la parte superior de los tubos con Parafilm. NOTA: Al hacer esto, el líquido se mantendrá en la parte inferior durante la rotación de arriba a abajo posterior en el mezclador tubo. </li><li> Gire los tubos a 37 y# 176; C en un mezclador giratorio de Micro-Tube. Retire las alícuotas de a las horas designadas y centrifugar inmediatamente las muestras a 16.000 xg durante 10 min a 4 ° C. </li><li> Separar los sobrenadantes y pellets, y reconstituir el pellet con 0,05 ml D-PBS. Almacenar las muestras a -20 ° C. Después se recogen todas las muestras, examinar los sobrenadantes y pellets en un gel de SDS como se describió anteriormente. </li></ol> 5. Ensayo de Migración Este ensayo mide la actividad quimiotáctica de SDF-1α. Interacción de SDF-1α con su receptor (CXCR4) en la superficie celular provoca la migración de la célula hacia el gradiente de SDF-1α. En este ensayo, las células se cargan en un pozo superior (separados por una membrana semipermeable desde un pocillo inferior) solución y SDF-1α en un pocillo inferior. <ol><li> Diluir SDF-1α (libre o unido a partículas formulario) con tampón de migración (medio RPMI-1640 que contiene 0,5% de albúmina de suero bovino) en un 3-fodilución en serie ld a concentraciones finales de 100, 33, 11, 3,7, 1,2, 0,41, 0,14, y 0,05 ng / ml. </li><li> Añadir 0,6 ml de la solución de SDF-1α diluido o tampón de migración sólo (control negativo) a un pocillo de la placa de 24 pocillos. Añadir 0,57 ml de tampón de migración a un pozo (control celda de entrada). Incubar a 37 ° C durante 30 min. Coloque un inserto de cultivo celular permeable tales como Transwell (tamaño de poro 5 m, diámetro 6,5 mm) en la parte superior de la inferior también. Cargar 0,1 ml células Jurkat (5 × 10 5) en la Transwell insertan. Cargar 0,03 ml células directamente al control de celda de entrada también. Incubar la placa a 37 ° C durante 2 horas en una incubadora de CO2 al 5%. </li><li> Quite los insertos Transwell. Transferencia de las células que han migrado a los pocillos inferiores a un tubo de poliestireno de 4 ml. Contar las células migraron con un citómetro de flujo. </li><li> Calcular la migración como un porcentaje del número de células de entrada (el número de células en el control de células de entrada bien x 100/30) después de la sustracción de los números en negative controles (células migradas a los pocillos que contienen sólo tampón de migración). </li></ol>

<ol>
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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Como se mencionó anteriormente, las nanopartículas DS-CS se forman a través de neutralización de la carga entre el polianión (DS) y policatión (CS) moléculas. Dado que la interacción de carga se produce fácilmente durante la colisión molecular, la concentración de las soluciones de polímero y la velocidad de agitación durante la mezcla es crítica para el tamaño de las partículas resultantes. Una tendencia general es que las soluciones de DS y CS 15 y mayor resultado velocidad de agitación en ...

El sulfato de dextrano (DS) y quitosano (CS) son polisacáridos con múltiples grupos sulfato cargados negativamente sustituidos (en DS), o grupos amino cargados positivamente (desacetilado CS). Cuando se mezcla en una solución acuosa, los dos polisacáridos forman complejos de polielectrolitos a través de interacciones electrostáticas. Los complejos resultantes pueden formar grandes agregados que se separación de fases de la solución acuosa (precipitados), o pequeñas partículas que son dispersables en agua (coloides). Las condiciones específicas que contribuyen a estos resultados han sido ampliamente estudiados, y se han resumido y se ilustra en detalle en una reciente revisión 1. Entre estas condiciones, dos requisitos básicos para la producción de partículas dispersables en agua son los polímeros de carga opuesta deben 1) tienen significativamente diferente masa molar; y 2) ser mezclado en una relación no estequiométrica. Estas condiciones permitirán que los segmentos poliméricos acomplejados carga neutra generados por la carganeutralización para segregar y forman el núcleo de la partícula, y el exceso de polímero para formar la cubierta exterior 1. Las partículas de glicanos descritos en este protocolo se pretende para la administración pulmonar, y están diseñados para ser neta de carga negativa, y de dimensiones nanométricas. La carga superficial negativa reduce la probabilidad de la captación celular de las partículas de 2,3. Las partículas de dimensión nanométrica facilitan el paso a través de las vías respiratorias distales. Para lograr este objetivo, la cantidad de DS utilizado en esta preparación es en exceso de CS (relación en peso 3: 1); y de alto peso molecular-DS (promedio en peso MW 500.000) y de bajo peso molecular CS (rango MW 50-190 kDa, 75-85% desacetilado) se utilizan. SDF-1α es un factor homing de células madre, que ejerce la función de toma de referencia a través de su actividad quimiotáctica. SDF-1α juega un papel importante en homing y mantenimiento de las células madre hematopoyéticas en la médula ósea, y en el reclutamiento de progecélulas NITOR a los tejidos periféricos a 4,5 reparación de lesiones. SDF-1α tiene un sitio de unión a heparina en su secuencia de la proteína, que permite que la proteína se une a la heparina / heparán sulfato, formar dímeros, ser protegido de la proteasa (CD26 / DPPIV) inactivación, e interactuar con las células diana a través de los receptores de la superficie celular 6-8. DS tiene propiedades estructurales similares a la heparina / heparán sulfato; Por lo tanto, la unión de SDF-1α a DS sería similar a la de sus ligandos poliméricos naturales. En el siguiente protocolo, se describe la preparación de nanopartículas SDF-1α-DS-CS. Los procedimientos representan una de las formulaciones que se han estudiado previamente 9. El protocolo está adaptado originalmente de una investigación de nanopartículas de VEGF-DS-CS 10. Una preparación a pequeña escala se describe, que se puede escalar fácilmente con las mismas soluciones madre y condiciones de preparación. Después de la preparación, las partículas se caracterizan by el examen de su tamaño, el potencial zeta, grado de incorporación SDF-1α, in vitro tiempo de liberación, y la actividad de la SDF-1α incorporado.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="489">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:255px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Catalog number</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Dextran sulfate</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP1585-100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Chitosan, low molecular weight&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>448869</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Zinc sulfate heptahydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>204986</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">D-Mannitol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M9546</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">UltraPure water&#160;</td>
			<td>Invitrogen&#160;</td>
			<td>10977-023</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">SDF-1&#945;</td>
			<td>Prepared according to reference 8.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Syringe filter, PES membrane 0.22 um.&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>SLGP033RS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Magnetic Micro Stirring Bars (2 x 7 mm)</td>
			<td>Fisher&#160;</td>
			<td>14-513-63</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Glass vial Kit; SUN-SRi</td>
			<td>Fisher&#160;</td>
			<td>14-823-182</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Delsa Nano C Particle Analyzer&#160;</td>
			<td>Backman Coulter</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Eppendorf UVette Cuvets</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>952010069</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">4&#8211;20% Mini-PROTEAN TGX Gel</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>456-1096</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">GelCode Blue Safe Protein Stain</td>
			<td>Fisher&#160;</td>
			<td>PI-24592</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Molecular Imager VersaDoc MP 4000 System</td>
			<td>BioRad</td>
			<td>170-8640</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Corning Transwell Permeable Supports</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3421</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Accuri C6 Flow Cytometer</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s phosphate buffered saline&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D8537</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Pyrogent plus kit</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>NC9753738</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

preparation and characterization of sdf-1&#945;-chitosan-dextran sulfate nanoparticles

Chitosan (CS) and dextran sulfate (DS) are charged polysaccharides (glycans), which form polyelectrolyte complex-based nanoparticles when mixed under appropriate conditions. The glycan nanoparticles are useful carriers for protein factors, which facilitate the in vivo delivery of the proteins and sustain their retention in the targeted tissue. The glycan polyelectrolyte complexes are also ideal for protein delivery, as the incorporation is carried out in aqueous solution, which reduces the likelihood of inactivation of the proteins. Proteins with a heparin-binding site adhere to dextran sulfate readily, and are, in turn, stabilized by the binding. These particles are also less inflammatory and toxic when delivered in vivo. In the protocol described below, SDF-1&#945; (Stromal cell-derived factor-1&#945;), a stem cell homing factor, is first mixed and incubated with dextran sulfate. Chitosan is added to the mixture to form polyelectrolyte complexes, followed by zinc sulfate to stabilize the complexes with zinc bridges. The resultant SDF-1&#945;-DS-CS particles are measured for size (diameter) and surface charge (zeta potential). The amount of the incorporated SDF-1&#945; is determined, followed by measurements of its in vitro release rate and its chemotactic activity in a particle-bound form.

El tamaño y el potencial zeta de las partículas de SDF-1α-DS-CS preparados se determinó con un analizador de partículas. La figura 1 muestra el análisis de la medida del tamaño. De los resultados obtenidos a partir de cumulantes cuatro mediciones repetidas, el diámetro hidrodinámico medio de las partículas SDF-1α-DS-CS es 661 ± 8,2 (nm) y la polidispersidad es de 0,23 ± 0,02. El resultado de la medición del potencial zeta se muestra en la Figura 2. De los cinco mediciones ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation and Characterization of SDF-1Î±-Chitosan-Dextran Sulfate Nanoparticles at JoVE.com

Preparation and Characterization of SDF-1&amp;#945;-Chitosan-Dextran Sulfate Nanoparticles

The objective of this protocol is to incorporate SDF-1&#945;, a stem cell homing factor, into dextran sulfate-chitosan nanoparticles. The resultant particles are measured for their size and zeta potential, as well as the content, activity, and in vitro release rate of SDF-1&#945; from the nanoparticles.

Preparación y caracterización de SDF-1α-quitosano-sulfato de dextrano Nanopartículas

Chitosan (CS) and dextran sulfate (DS) are charged polysaccharides (glycans), which form polyelectrolyte complex-based nanoparticles when mixed under ...

preparation-characterization-sdf-1-chitosan-dextran-sulfate

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

Preparation and Characterization of SDF-1&#945;-Chitosan-Dextran Sulfate Nanoparticles

12.3K vistas.  Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School. The objective of this protocol is to incorporate SDF-1α, a stem cell homing factor, into dextran sulfate-chitosan nanoparticles. The resultant particles are measured for their size and zeta potential, as well as the content, activity, and in vitro release rate of SDF-1α from the nanoparticles.

Video: Preparation and Characterization of SDF-1&#945;-Chitosan-Dextran Sulfate Nanoparticles

Preparation of Silica Nanoparticles Through Microwave-assisted Acid-catalysis

Microwave-assisted synthetic techniques were used to quickly and reproducibly produce silica nanoparticle sols using an acid catalyst with nanoparticle diameters ranging from 30-250 nm by varying the reaction conditions. Through the selection of a microwave compatible solvent, silicic acid precursor, catalyst, and microwave irradiation time, these microwave-assisted methods were capable of overcoming the previously reported shortcomings associated with synthesis of silica nanoparticles using microwave reactors. The siloxane precursor was hydrolyzed using the acid catalyst, HCl. Acetone, a low-tan &#948; solvent, mediates the condensation reactions and has minimal interaction with the electromagnetic field. Condensation reactions begin when the silicic acid precursor couples with the microwave radiation, leading to silica nanoparticle sol formation. The silica nanoparticles were characterized by dynamic light scattering data and scanning electron microscopy, which show the materials&#39; morphology and size to be dependent on the reaction conditions. Microwave-assisted reactions produce silica nanoparticles with roughened textured surfaces that are atypical for silica sols produced by St&#246;ber&#39;s methods, which have smooth surfaces.

Silica nanoparticles were prepared using acid-catalysis of a siloxane precursor and microwave-assisted synthetic techniques resulting in the controlled growth of nanomaterials ranging from 30-250 nm in diameter. The growth dynamics can be controlled by varying the initial silicic acid concentration, time of the reaction, and temperature of reaction.

Microwave-assisted synthetic techniques were used to quickly and reproducibly produce silica nanoparticle sols using an acid catalyst with nanoparticle ...

Investigación

Química

Preparation and Characterization of Individual and Multi-drug Loaded Physically Entrapped Polymeric Micelles

Amphiphilic block copolymers like polyethyleneglycol-block-polylactic acid (PEG-b-PLA) can self-assemble into micelles above their critical micellar concentration forming hydrophobic cores surrounded by hydrophilic shells in aqueous environments. The core of these micelles can be utilized to load hydrophobic, poorly water soluble drugs like docetaxel (DTX) and everolimus (EVR). Systematic characterization of the micelle structure and drug loading capabilities are important before in vitro and in vivo studies can be conducted. The goal of the protocol described herein is to provide the necessary characterization steps to achieve standardized micellar products. DTX and EVR have intrinsic solubilities of 1.9 and 9.6 &#181;g/ml respectively Preparation of these micelles can be achieved through solvent casting which increases the aqueous solubility of DTX and EVR to 1.86 and 1.85 mg/ml, respectively. Drug stability in micelles evaluated at room temperature over 48 hr indicates that 97% or more of the drugs are retained in solution. Micelle size was assessed using dynamic light scattering and indicated that the size of these micelles was below 50 nm and depended on the molecular weight of the polymer. Drug release from the micelles was assessed using dialysis under sink conditions at pH 7.4 at 37 oC over 48 hr. Curve fitting results indicate that drug release is driven by a first order process indicating that it is diffusion driven.

The goal of this protocol is to describe the preparation and characterization of physically entrapped, poorly water soluble drugs in micellar drug delivery systems composed of amphiphilic block copolymers.

Preparación y Caracterización de Individual y Multi-fármaco cargado físicamente atrapado poliméricos micelas

Amphiphilic block copolymers like polyethyleneglycol-block-polylactic acid (PEG-b-PLA) can self-assemble into micelles above their critical micellar ...

Synthesis, Characterization, and Functionalization of Hybrid Au/CdS and Au/ZnS Core/Shell Nanoparticles

Plasmonic nanoparticles are an attractive material for light harvesting applications due to their easily modified surface, high surface area and large extinction coefficients which can be tuned across the visible spectrum. Research into the plasmonic enhancement of optical transitions has become popular, due to the possibility of altering and in some cases improving photo-absorption or emission properties of nearby chromophores such as molecular dyes or quantum dots. The electric field of the plasmon can couple with the excitation dipole of a chromophore, perturbing the electronic states involved in the transition and leading to increased absorption and emission rates. These enhancements can also be negated at close distances by energy transfer mechanism, making the spatial arrangement of the two species critical. Ultimately, enhancement of light harvesting efficiency in plasmonic solar cells could lead to thinner and, therefore, lower cost devices. The development of hybrid core/shell particles could offer a solution to this issue. The addition of a dielectric spacer between a gold nanoparticles and a chromophore is the proposed method to control the exciton plasmon coupling strength and thereby balance losses with the plasmonic gains. A detailed procedure for the coating of gold nanoparticles with CdS and ZnS semiconductor shells is presented. The nanoparticles show high uniformity with size control in both the core gold particles and shell species allowing for a more accurate investigation into the plasmonic enhancement of external chromophores.

The synthesis of uniform gold nanoparticles coated with semiconductor shells of CdS or ZnS is performed. The semiconductor coating is conducted by first depositing a silver sulfide shell and exchanging the silver cations for zinc or cadmium cations.

Síntesis, caracterización y funcionalización de híbridos Au / CdS y Au / ZnS Core / Shell nanopartículas

Plasmonic nanoparticles are an attractive material for light harvesting applications due to their easily modified surface, high surface area and large ...

Synthesis and Characterization of Supramolecular Colloids

Control over colloidal assembly is of utmost importance for the development of functional colloidal materials with tailored structural and mechanical properties for applications in photonics, drug delivery and coating technology. Here we present a new family of colloidal building blocks, coined supramolecular colloids, whose self-assembly is controlled through surface-functionalization with a benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA) derived supramolecular moiety. Such BTAs interact via directional, strong, yet reversible hydrogen-bonds with other identical BTAs. Herein, a protocol is presented that describes how to couple these BTAs to colloids and how to quantify the number of coupling sites, which determines the multivalency of the supramolecular colloids. Light scattering measurements show that the refractive index of the colloids is almost matched with that of the solvent, which strongly reduces the van der Waals forces between the colloids. Before photo-activation, the colloids remain well dispersed, as the BTAs are equipped with a photo-labile group that blocks the formation of hydrogen-bonds. Controlled deprotection with UV-light activates the short-range hydrogen-bonds between the BTAs, which triggers the colloidal self-assembly. The evolution from the dispersed state to the clustered state is monitored by confocal microscopy. These results are further quantified by image analysis with simple routines using ImageJ and Matlab. This merger of supramolecular chemistry and colloidal science offers a direct route towards light- and thermo-responsive colloidal assembly encoded in the surface-grafted monolayer.

A protocol for the synthesis and characterization of colloids coated with supramolecular moieties is described. These supramolecular colloids undergo self-assembly upon the activation of the hydrogen-bonds between the surface-anchored molecules by UV-light.

Síntesis y caracterización de supramoleculares Coloides

Control over colloidal assembly is of utmost importance for the development of functional colloidal materials with tailored structural and mechanical ...

Sulfate Separation by Selective Crystallization with a Bis-iminoguanidinium Ligand

A simple and effective method for selective sulfate separation from aqueous solutions by crystallization with a bis-guanidinium ligand, 1,4-benzene-bis(iminoguanidinium) (BBIG), is demonstrated. The ligand is synthesized as the chloride salt (BBIG-Cl) by in situ imine condensation of terephthalaldehyde with aminoguanidinium chloride in water, followed by crystallization as the sulfate salt (BBIG-SO4). Alternatively, BBIG-Cl is synthesized ex situ in larger scale from ethanol. The sulfate separation ability of the BBIG ligand is demonstrated by selective and quantitative crystallization of sulfate from seawater. The ligand can be recycled by neutralization of BBIG-SO4 with aqueous NaOH and crystallization of the neutral bis-iminoguanidine, which can be converted back into BBIG-Cl with aqueous HCl and reused in another separation cycle. Finally, 35S-labeled sulfate and &#946; liquid scintillation counting are employed for monitoring the sulfate concentration in solution. Overall, this protocol will instruct the user in the necessary skills to synthesize a ligand, employ it in the selective crystallization of sulfate from aqueous solutions, and quantify the separation efficiency.

A protocol for in situ aqueous synthesis of a bis(iminoguanidinium) ligand and its utilization in selective separation of sulfate is presented.

La separación por cristalización selectiva sulfato con un ligando bis-iminoguanidinium

A simple and effective method for selective sulfate separation from aqueous solutions by crystallization with a bis-guanidinium ligand, ...

Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Dendrimer-based Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Paramagnetic complexes of gadolinium(III) with acyclic or macrocyclic chelates are the most commonly used contrast agents (CAs) for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Their purpose is to enhance the relaxation rate of water protons in tissue, thus increasing the MR image contrast and the specificity of the MRI measurements. Current clinically approved contrast agents are low molecular weight molecules that are rapidly cleared from the body. The use of dendrimers as carriers of paramagnetic chelators can play an important role in the future development of more efficient MRI contrast agents. Specifically, the increase in local concentration of the paramagnetic species results in a higher signal contrast. Furthermore, this CA provides a longer tissue retention time due to its high molecular weight and size. Here, we demonstrate a convenient procedure for the preparation of macromolecular MRI contrast agents based on poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers with monomacrocyclic DOTA-type chelators (DOTA &#8211; 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetate). The chelating unit was appended by exploiting the reactivity of the isothiocyanate (NCS) group towards the amine surface groups of the PAMAM dendrimer to form thiourea bridges. Dendrimeric products were purified and analyzed by means of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. Finally, high resolution MR images were recorded and the signal contrasts obtained from the prepared dendrimeric and the commercially available monomeric agents were compared.

Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Dendrimer-based Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

This protocol describes the preparation and characterization of a dendrimeric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent that carries cyclen-based macrocyclic chelates coordinating paramagnetic gadolinium ions. In a series of MRI experiments in vitro, this agent produced an amplified MRI signal when compared to the commercially available monomeric analogue.

Preparación y<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Caracterización de los agentes de contraste basados ​​en dendrímeros de Imágenes por Resonancia Magnética

Paramagnetic complexes of gadolinium(III) with acyclic or macrocyclic chelates are the most commonly used contrast agents (CAs) for magnetic resonance ...

Preparation and Characterization of C60/Graphene Hybrid Nanostructures

Physical thermal deposition in a high vacuum environment is a clean and controllable method for fabricating novel molecular nanostructures on graphene. We present methods for depositing and passively manipulating C60 molecules on rippled graphene that advance the pursuit of realizing applications involving 1D C60/graphene hybrid structures. The techniques applied in this exposition are geared towards high vacuum systems with preparation areas capable of supporting molecular deposition as well as thermal annealing of the samples. We focus on C60 deposition at low pressure using a homemade Knudsen cell connected to a scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) system. The number of molecules deposited is regulated by controlling the temperature of the Knudsen cell and the deposition time. One-dimensional (1D) C60 chain structures with widths of two to three molecules can be prepared via tuning of the experimental conditions. The surface mobility of the C60 molecules increases with annealing temperature allowing them to move within the periodic potential of the rippled graphene. Using this mechanism, it is possible to control the transition of 1D C60 chain structures to a hexagonal close packed quasi-1D stripe structure.

Preparation and Characterization of C60/Graphene Hybrid Nanostructures

Here we present a protocol for the fabrication of C60/graphene hybrid nanostructures by physical thermal evaporation. Particularly, the proper manipulation of deposition and annealing conditions allow the control over the creation of 1D and quasi 1D C60 structures on rippled graphene.

Preparación y caracterización de nanoestructuras de C60/Graphene híbrido

Physical thermal deposition in a high vacuum environment is a clean and controllable method for fabricating novel molecular nanostructures on graphene. We ...

Ligand-Mediated Nucleation and Growth of Palladium Metal Nanoparticles

The size, size distribution and stability of colloidal nanoparticles are greatly affected by the presence of capping ligands. Despite the key contribution of capping ligands during the synthesis reaction, their role in regulating the nucleation and growth rates of colloidal nanoparticles is not well understood. In this work, we demonstrate a mechanistic investigation of the role of trioctylphosphine (TOP) in Pd nanoparticles in different solvents (toluene and pyridine) using in situ SAXS and ligand-based kinetic modeling. Our results under different synthetic conditions reveal the overlap of nucleation and growth of Pd nanoparticles during the reaction, which contradicts the LaMer-type nucleation and growth model. The model accounts for the kinetics of Pd-TOP binding for both, the precursor and the particle surface, which is essential to capture the size evolution as well as the concentration of particles in situ. In addition, we illustrate the predictive power of our ligand-based model through designing the synthetic conditions to obtain nanoparticles with desired sizes. The proposed methodology can be applied to other synthesis systems and therefore serves as an effective strategy for predictive synthesis of colloidal nanoparticles.

The main goal of this work is to elucidate the role of capping agents in regulating the size of palladium nanoparticles by combining in situ small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) and ligand-based kinetic modeling.

Mediada por el ligando de la nucleación y crecimiento de nanopartículas de Metal de paladio

The size, size distribution and stability of colloidal nanoparticles are greatly affected by the presence of capping ligands. Despite the key contribution ...

High Resolution Physical Characterization of Single Metallic Nanoparticles

Individual molecules can be detected and characterized by measuring the degree by which they reduce the ionic current flowing through a single nanometer-scale pore. The signal is characteristic of the molecule&#39;s physicochemical properties and its interactions with the pore. We demonstrate that the nanopore formed by the bacterial protein exotoxin Staphylococcus aureus alpha hemolysin (&#945;HL) can detect polyoxometalates (POMs, anionic metal oxygen clusters), at the single molecule limit. Moreover, multiple degradation products of 12-phosphotungstic acid POM (PTA, H3PW12O40) in solution are simultaneously measured. The single molecule sensitivity of the nanopore method allows for POMs to be characterized at significantly lower concentrations than required for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. This technique could serve as a new tool for chemists to study the molecular properties of polyoxometalates or other metallic clusters, to better understand POM synthetic processes, and possibly improve their yield. Hypothetically, the location of a given atom, or the rotation of a fragment in the molecule, and the metal oxidation state could be investigated with this method. In addition, this new technique has the advantage of allowing the real-time monitoring of molecules in solution.&#160;

Here, we present a protocol to detect discrete metal oxygen clusters, polyoxometalates (POMs), at the single molecule limit using a biological nanopore-based electronic platform. The method provides a complementary approach to traditional analytical chemistry tools used in the study of these molecules.

Caracterización física de alta resolución de nanopartículas metálicas únicas

Individual molecules can be detected and characterized by measuring the degree by which they reduce the ionic current flowing through a single ...

Synthesis and Characterization of Amphiphilic Gold Nanoparticles

Gold nanoparticles covered with a mixture of 1-octanethiol (OT) and 11-mercapto-1-undecane sulfonic acid (MUS) have been extensively studied because of their interactions with cell membranes, lipid bilayers, and viruses. The hydrophilic ligands make these particles colloidally stable in aqueous solutions and the combination with hydrophobic ligands creates an amphiphilic particle that can be loaded with hydrophobic drugs, fuse with the lipid membranes, and resist nonspecific protein adsorption. Many of these properties depend on nanoparticle size and the composition of the ligand shell. It is, therefore, crucial to have a reproducible synthetic method and reliable characterization techniques that allow the determination of nanoparticle properties and the ligand shell composition. Here, a one-phase chemical reduction, followed by a thorough purification to synthesize these nanoparticles with diameters below 5 nm, is presented. The ratio between the two ligands on the surface of the nanoparticle can be tuned through their stoichiometric ratio used during synthesis. We demonstrate how various routine techniques, such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrometry, are combined to comprehensively characterize the physicochemical parameters of the nanoparticles.

Amphiphilic gold nanoparticles can be used in many biological applications. A protocol to synthesize gold nanoparticles coated by a binary mixture of ligands and a detailed characterization of these particles is presented.

Síntesis y caracterización de nanopartículas de oro anfifílicas

Gold nanoparticles covered with a mixture of 1-octanethiol (OT) and 11-mercapto-1-undecane sulfonic acid (MUS) have been extensively studied because of ...