Name: preparation and characterization of novel hdl-mimicking nanoparticles for nerve growth factor encapsulation
Uploaded: 2017-05-22T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation and Characterization of Novel HDL-mimicking Nanoparticles for Nerve Growth Factor Encapsulation at JoVE.com

This work was supported by NIH R03 NS087322-01 to Dong, X.

NOTE: The animal studies included in all procedures have been approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the University of North Texas Health Science Center.
1. Preparation of NGF HDL-mimicking Nanoparticles
<ol>
	<li>Dissolve the excipients, phosphatidylcholine (PC), sphingomyelin (SM), phosphatidylserine (PS), cholesteryl oleate (CO), and D-&#945;-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS), in ethanol to prepare stock solutions at 1 mg/mL. 
	NOTE: The stock solutions were aliquote...

<ol>
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Modulation of release rate.</a> J Control Release. 67 (2-3), 249-260 (2000).</li><li>Patel, A., Patel, M., Yang, X., Mitra, A. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+advances+in+protein+and+peptide+drug+delivery:+a+special+emphasis+on+polymeric+nanoparticles.">Recent advances in protein and peptide drug delivery: a special emphasis on polymeric nanoparticles.</a> Protein Pept lett. 21 (11), 1102-1120 (2014).</li><li>Kuai, R., Li, D., Chen, Y. E., Moon, J. 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G., F&#246;rtsch, V., Hodler, G., Bolli, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Production+and+characterization+of+a+reconstituted+high+density+lipoprotein+for+therapeutic+applications.">Production and characterization of a reconstituted high density lipoprotein for therapeutic applications.</a> Vox Sang. 71 (3), 155-164 (1996).</li><li>Zhang, Z., Chen, J., Ding, L., Jin, H., Lovell, J. F., Corbin, I. R., Cao, W., Lo, P. C., Yang, M., Tsao, M. S., Luo, Q., Zheng, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HDL-mimicking+peptide-lipid+nanoparticles+with+improved+tumor+targeting.">HDL-mimicking peptide-lipid nanoparticles with improved tumor targeting.</a> Small. 6 (3), 430-437 (2010).</li><li>Kim, Y., Fay, F., Cormode, D. P., Sanchez-Gaytan, B. L., Tang, J., Hennessy, E. 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In this study, we demonstrate a simple method to prepare HDL-mimicking NPs for NGF encapsulation. Various NP delivery systems have been studied to deliver proteins. Currently, many NP preparations involve dialysis, solvent precipitation, and film hydration. These processes are generally complicated and challenging upon scale-up. During this NP development, it was determined that the lipids had strong adhesion to the glass wall of the container, which led to the difficulties in hydrating the thin film and efficiently mixi...

Macromolecules, such as proteins, peptides, and nucleic acids, have been emerging as promising medications and have gained considerable attention in past decades1,2. Due to their high efficacy and specific action modes, they exhibit great therapeutic potential for the treatments of cancer, immune disease, HIV, and related conditions3,4. However, physiochemical properties, such as their large molecular size, three-dimensional structure, surface charges, and hydrophilic nature, make the in vivo delivery of these macromolecules very challenging. This considerably impedes their clinical use4. Recent advancements in drug delivery systems, such as microparticles, polymer nanoparticles (NPs), liposomes, and lipid NPs, overcame these challenges and significantly improved the in vivo delivery of macromolecules. However, some drawbacks regarding these delivery cargoes have been revealed, including low drug loading capacity, low entrapment efficiency, short half-life, loss of bioactivity, and undesirable side effects5,6,7,8. Effective carrier systems remain an area of research interest. Moreover, the development of analytical methods to characterize drug-loaded NPs is more challenging for macromolecules than for small molecules.
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is a natural NP composed of a lipid core that is coated by apolipoproteins and a phospholipid monolayer. Endogenous HDL plays a critical role in the transport of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids through its interaction with target receptors, such as SR-BI, ABCAI, and ABCG1. It has been explored as a vehicle for the delivery of different therapeutic agents9,10,11,12. Various methods have been developed to prepare HDL-mimicking NPs. Dialysis is a popular approach. In this method, NPs are formed by hydrating a lipid film using sodium cholate solution. The salt is then removed through a 2-day dialysis with three buffers13. Sonication methods fabricate NPs by sonicating a lipid mixture for 60 min under a heating condition; the NPs are further purified through gel chromatography14. Microfluidics generates NPs via a microfluidic device, which mixes phospholipids and apolipoprotein A-I (Apo A-I) solutions by creating microvortices in a focusing pattern15. Clearly, these methods can be time consuming, harsh, and difficult for industrial scale-up.
In this article, we introduce the preparation and characterization of novel HDL-mimicking NPs for nerve growth factor (NGF) encapsulation. NGF is a disulfide-linked polypeptide homodimer containing two 13.6-kDa polypeptide monomers. A novel procedure to prepare the NPs by homogenization, followed by the encapsulation of NGF into the NPs, was developed. The NGF HDL-mimicking NPs were characterized for particle size, size distribution, zeta potential, and in vitro release. Their bioactivity was evaluated for neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. The biodistribution of NGF HDL-mimicking NPs was compared with that of free NGF after intravenous injection in mice.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant Human Beta-NGF</td>
			<td>Creative Biomart</td>
			<td>NGF-05H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-a-Phosphatidylcholine (PC)</td>
			<td>Avanti</td>
			<td>131601P</td>
			<td>95%, Egg, Chicken</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sphingomyelin (SM)</td>
			<td>Avanti</td>
			<td>860062P</td>
			<td>Brain, Porcine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphatidylserine (PS)</td>
			<td>Avanti</td>
			<td>840032P</td>
			<td>Brain, Porcine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cholesteryl oleate (CO)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C9253</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-&#945;-Tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS)</td>
			<td>BASF</td>
			<td>9002-96-4</td>
			<td>Vitamin E Polyethylene Glycol Succinate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protamine sulfate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P3369</td>
			<td>meets USP testing specifications</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Apolipoprotein A1, Human plasma</td>
			<td>Athens Research &#38; Technology</td>
			<td>16-16-120101</td>
			<td>1mg in 671 &#181;l 10 mM NH4HCO3, pH 7.4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sepharose 4B-CL</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>CL4B200</td>
			<td>Cross-linked agarose,&#160; gel filtration chromatography column filling material</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sandwich ELISA Kit for NGF</td>
			<td>R&#38;D system</td>
			<td>DY008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A2153</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI-1640 medium</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare Life Science</td>
			<td>SH30096.02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Horse serum</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare Life Science</td>
			<td>SH30074.03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10082147</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PC12 cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-1721</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rat tail collagen type I</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C3867</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium acetate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S2889</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>31414</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T8787</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P7626</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Benzethonium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>B8879</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Homogenizer</td>
			<td>Tekmar</td>
			<td>T 25-S1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Delsa Nano HC particle analyzer</td>
			<td>Beckman-Coulter</td>
			<td>Delsa Nano HC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Float-A-Lyzer G2 Dialysis Device</td>
			<td>Spectrum Laboratories</td>
			<td>G235036</td>
			<td>Molecule Cutoff 300 kDa</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendoff</td>
			<td>5424R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polytron homogenizer</td>
			<td>Kinematica</td>
			<td>PT 1200C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DecapiCone</td>
			<td>&#160;Braintree Scientific Inc.</td>
			<td>DC-M200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

preparation and characterization of novel hdl-mimicking nanoparticles for nerve growth factor encapsulation

The objective of this article is to introduce preparation and characterization methods for nerve growth factor (NGF)-loaded, high-density, lipoprotein (HDL)-mimicking nanoparticles (NPs). HDLs are endogenous NPs and have been explored as vehicles for the delivery of therapeutic agents. Various methods have been developed to prepare HDL-mimicking NPs. However, they are generally complicated, time consuming, and difficult for industrial scale-up. In this study, one-step homogenization was used to mix the excipients and form the prototype NPs. NGF is a water-soluble protein of 26 kDa. To facilitate the encapsulation of NGF into the lipid environment of HDL-mimicking NPs, protamine USP was used to form an ion-pair complex with NGF to neutralize the charges on the NGF surface. The NGF/protamine complex was then introduced into the prototype NPs. Apolipoprotein A-I was finally coated on the surface of the NPs. NGF HDL-mimicking NPs showed preferable properties in terms of particle size, size distribution, entrapment efficiency, in vitro release, bioactivity, and biodistribution. With the careful design and exploration of homogenization in HDL-mimicking NPs, the procedure was greatly simplified, and the NPs were made scalable. Moreover, various challenges, such as separating unloaded NGF from the NPs, conducting reliable in vitro release studies, and measuring the bioactivity of the NPs, were overcome.

The engineering scheme of HDL-mimicking, &#945;-tocopherol-coated NGF NPs prepared by an ion-pair strategy is shown in Figure 1. To neutralize the surface charges of NGF, protamine USP was used as an ion-pair agent to form a complex with NGF. To protect the bioactivity, prototype HDL-mimicking NPs were engineered, first using homogenization; then, the NGF/protamine complex was encapsulated into the prototype NPs. Homogenization provided sufficient energy and successfully ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation and Characterization of Novel HDL-mimicking Nanoparticles for Nerve Growth Factor Encapsulation at JoVE.com

Preparation and Characterization of Novel HDL-mimicking Nanoparticles for Nerve Growth Factor Encapsulation

Simple homogenization was used to prepare novel, high-density, lipoprotein-mimicking nanoparticles to encapsulate nerve growth factor. Challenges, detailed protocols for nanoparticle preparation, in vitro characterization, and in vivo studies are described in this article.

The objective of this article is to introduce preparation and characterization methods for nerve growth factor (NGF)-loaded, high-density, lipoprotein ...

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