Supported in part by National Institute of Health contracts R01-EY13178, and P30-EY08098 (Bethesda, MD), the Eye and Ear Foundation (Pittsburgh, PA), and unrestricted grants from Research to Prevent Blindness (New York, NY).

Ethics Statement: Approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine before subject recruitment began. All subjects provided written informed consent before participation in the study.
1. Data Acquisition
<ol>
	<li>Pressure Elevation
	<ol>
		<li>Take baseline measurements (IOP and OCT measurements) by instilling one drop of 0.5% proparacaine into the eye. Wait 3 min for efficacy.</li>
		<li>Gently apply pressure to the temporal sclera with the ophthalmody...

<ol>
	<li>Quigley, H. A., Broman, A. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+number+of+people+with+glaucoma+worldwide+2010+and+2020.">The number of people with glaucoma worldwide 2010 and 2020.</a> The British journal of ophthalmolog. 90, 262-267 (2006).</li><li>Sommer, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relationship+between+intraocular+pressure+and+primary+open+angle+glaucoma+among+white+and+black+Americans.+The+Baltimore+Eye+Survey.">Relationship between intraocular pressure and primary open angle glaucoma among white and black Americans. The Baltimore Eye Survey.</a> Archives of ophthalmolog. 109, 1090-1095 (1991).</li><li>Sommer, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Racial+differences+in+the+cause-specific+prevalence+of+blindness+in+east+Baltimore.">Racial differences in the cause-specific prevalence of blindness in east Baltimore.</a> The New England journal of medicin. 325, 1412-1417 (1991).</li><li>Leske, M. C., Connell, A. M., Wu, S. Y., Hyman, L., Schachat, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distribution+of+intraocular+pressure.">Distribution of intraocular pressure.</a> The Barbados Eye Study. Archives of ophthalmolog. 115, 1051-1057 (1997).</li><li>Leske, M. C., Wu, S. Y., Hennis, A., Honkanen, R., Nemesure, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Risk+factors+for+incident+open-angle+glaucoma:+the+Barbados+Eye+Studies.">Risk factors for incident open-angle glaucoma: the Barbados Eye Studies.</a> Ophthalmolog. 115, 85-93 (2008).</li><li>Mitchell, P., Lee, A. J., Rochtchina, E., Wang, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Open-angle+glaucoma+and+systemic+hypertension:+the+blue+mountains+eye+study.">Open-angle glaucoma and systemic hypertension: the blue mountains eye study.</a> Journal of glaucom. 13, 319-326 (2004).</li><li>Mitchell, P., Smith, W., Attebo, K., Healey, P. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prevalence+of+open-angle+glaucoma+in+Australia.+The+Blue+Mountains+Eye+Study.">Prevalence of open-angle glaucoma in Australia. The Blue Mountains Eye Study.</a> Ophthalmolog. 103, 1661-1669 (1996).</li><li>Gabelt, B., Kaufman, P., Kaufman, P. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Adler's Physiology of the Ey. , 237-289 (2003).</li><li>Grant, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+aqueous+perfusion+in+enucleated+human+eyes).">Experimental aqueous perfusion in enucleated human eyes).</a> Archives of ophthalmolog. 69, 783-801 (1963).</li><li>Jocson, V. L., Sears, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+aqueous+perfusion+in+enucleated+human+eyes.+Results+after+obstruction+of+Schlemm's+canal.">Experimental aqueous perfusion in enucleated human eyes. Results after obstruction of Schlemm's canal.</a> Archives of ophthalmolog. 86, 65-71 (1971).</li><li>Maepea, O., Bill, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pressures+in+the+juxtacanalicular+tissue+and+Schlemm's+canal+in+monkeys.">Pressures in the juxtacanalicular tissue and Schlemm's canal in monkeys.</a> Experimental eye researc. 54, 879-883 (1992).</li><li>Johnstone, M. A., Grant, W. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pressure-dependent+changes+in+structures+of+the+aqueous+outflow+system+of+human+and+monkey+eyes.">Pressure-dependent changes in structures of the aqueous outflow system of human and monkey eyes.</a> American journal of ophthalmolog. 75, 365-383 (1973).</li><li>Overby, D. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Altered+mechanobiology+of+Schlemm's+canal+endothelial+cells+in+glaucoma.">Altered mechanobiology of Schlemm's canal endothelial cells in glaucoma.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of Americ. , (2014).</li><li>Allingham, R. R., de Kater, A. W., Ethier, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Schlemm's+canal+and+primary+open+angle+glaucoma:+correlation+between+Schlemm's+canal+dimensions+and+outflow+facility.">Schlemm's canal and primary open angle glaucoma: correlation between Schlemm's canal dimensions and outflow facility.</a> Experimental eye researc. 62, 101-109 (1996).</li><li>Camras, L. J., Stamer, W. D., Epstein, D., Gonzalez, P., Yuan, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+effects+of+trabecular+meshwork+stiffness+on+outflow+facility+in+normal+human+and+porcine+eyes.">Differential effects of trabecular meshwork stiffness on outflow facility in normal human and porcine eyes.</a> Investigative ophthalmolog., &amp; visual scienc. 53, 5242-5250 (2012).</li><li>Last, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Elastic+modulus+determination+of+normal+and+glaucomatous+human+trabecular+meshwork.">Elastic modulus determination of normal and glaucomatous human trabecular meshwork.</a> Investigative ophthalmolog., &amp; visual. 52, 2147-2152 (2011).</li><li>Lutjen-Drecoll, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+morphology+of+the+trabecular+meshwork+in+primate+eyes.">Functional morphology of the trabecular meshwork in primate eyes.</a> Progress in retinal and eye researc. 18, 91-119 (1999).</li><li>Li, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pilocarpine-induced+dilation+of+Schlemm's+canal+and+prevention+of+lumen+collapse+at+elevated+intraocular+pressures+in+living+mice+visualized+by+OCT.">Pilocarpine-induced dilation of Schlemm's canal and prevention of lumen collapse at elevated intraocular pressures in living mice visualized by OCT.</a> Investigative ophthalmolog., &amp; visual scienc. 55, 3737-3746 (2014).</li><li>Francis, A. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphometric+analysis+of+aqueous+humor+outflow+structures+with+spectral-domain+optical+coherence+tomography.">Morphometric analysis of aqueous humor outflow structures with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography.</a> Investigative ophthalmolog., &amp; visual. 53, 5198-5207 (2012).</li><li>Kagemann, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3D+visualization+of+aqueous+humor+outflow+structures+in-situ+in+humans.">3D visualization of aqueous humor outflow structures in-situ in humans.</a> Experimental eye researc. 93, 308-315 (2011).</li><li>Kagemann, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+and+assessment+of+Schlemm's+canal+by+spectral-domain+optical+coherence+tomography.">Identification and assessment of Schlemm's canal by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography.</a> Investigative ophthalmolog., &amp; visual. 51, 4054-4059 (2010).</li><li>Kagemann, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=IOP+Elevation+Reduces+Schlemm's+Canal+Cross-sectional+Area.">IOP Elevation Reduces Schlemm's Canal Cross-sectional Area.</a> Investigative ophthalmolog &amp; visual scienc. , (2014).</li></ol>

The present technique leverages non-invasive observation of the mechanical response of soft tissue to quantify SC collapse. Future work using human cadaver eyes is needed to calibrate tissue deflections actual tissue stiffness after dissection. But, such studies will suffer the same limitations of previous outflow models; specifically, that the contributions of living muscle to tissue tension will not be present. Further calibration in a living mammalian eye model may allow calibration of imaging&#160;and direct measurem...

Glaucoma is the world&#8217;s second leading cause of irreversible blindness1. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a major causal risk factor for the presence and progression of glaucoma2-7.&#160;IOP is regulated by balance between the formation and outflow of aqueous humor8.&#160;The locations of greatest outflow resistance are the juxtacanicular tissue and the inner wall of Schlemm canal (SC), the interface between SC and the trabecular meshwork (TM) 9-11.&#160;While TM stiffness may contribute to the prevention of SC collapse in the face of IOP elevation,&#160;Overby et al. 12&#160;recently demonstrated that gene expression in glaucoma is altered, resulting in increased SC endothelial stiffening, impeding formation of pores, leading to IOP elevation in glaucomatous eyes13.&#160;TM morphology and stiffness correlate with outflow facility14,15,&#160;emphasizing the need to measure its biomechanical characteristics.
Atomic force microscopy measurements of the TM show elevated stiffness in eyes donated by glaucoma patients (81 kPa) compared with eyes from donors without glaucoma (4.0 kPa) 16,&#160;but these measurements were made in dissected ex vivo tissues. The posterior TM is anchored into the ciliary muscle via anterior tendons of the longitudinal muscle cells which insert into the outer lamellated and cribiform TM17.&#160;Ciliary muscle (CM) activity may increase TM tautness, mimicking elevated TM stiffness17.&#160;The ability to observe alterations in resistance to SC collapse induced by perturbations of smooth muscle has been shown in an animal model18.&#160;We have demonstrated the ability to non-invasively image the primary aqueous humor outflow system in living human eyes distal to and including SC using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) 19-21.&#160;Using this technique, we have demonstrated the ability to quantify the morphometric response of the TM and SC to acute IOP elevation22.
The overall goal of the method described herein was to quantify the morphometric response of the living outflow tract to acute IOP elevation in living tissues in situ. This technique has the advantage of examining the TM under physiological conditions, which includes contributions of both contractile fiber activity within the TM and CM to TM stiffness, as compared to published measurements made in dissected tissues. The rationale behind applying this technique to observation of the mechanical TM response is that it provides us with otherwise unavailable insights into the mechanical behavior of the TM, which we now know to be linked directly to outflow resistance and IOP regulation13.&#160;To discern the contribution of contractile tissues to overall stiffness, a small cohort of subjects was examined without and with suppression of smooth muscle activity by administration of tropicamide.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spectral Domain OCT</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>Cirrus</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Imaging Workstation</td>
			<td>Apple</td>
			<td>iMac</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ophthalmodynamometer</td>
			<td colspan="3">(Baillairt Matalene Ophthalmodynamometer, Surgical instruments CO., Inc. New York, NY)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Image Processing Program</td>
			<td>rsb.info.nih.gov/ij</td>
			<td>ImageJ, FIJI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

trabecular meshwork response to pressure elevation in the living human eye

The mechanical characteristics of the trabecular meshwork (TM) are linked to outflow resistance and intraocular pressure (IOP) regulation. The rationale behind this technique is the direct observation of the mechanical response of the TM to acute IOP elevation. Prior to scanning, IOP is measured at baseline and during IOP elevation. The limbus is scanned by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography at baseline and during IOP elevation (ophthalmodynamometer (ODM) applied at 30 g force). Scans are processed to enhance visualization of the aqueous humor outflow pathway using ImageJ. Vascular landmarks are used to identify corresponding locations in baseline and IOP elevation scan volumes. Schlemm canal (SC) cross-sectional area (SC-CSA) and SC length from anterior to posterior along its long axis are measured manually at 10 locations within a 1 mm segment of SC. Mean inner to outer wall distance (short axis length) is calculated as the area of SC divided by its long axis length. To examine the contribution of adjacent tissues to the effect IOP elevations, measurements are repeated without and with smooth muscle relaxation with instillation of tropicamide. TM migration into SC is resisted by TM stiffness, but is enhanced by the support of its attachment to adjacent smooth muscle within the ciliary body. This technique is the first to measure the living human TM response to pressure elevation in situ under physiological conditions within the human eye.

Using these data acquisition and image analysis techniques, the effects of small and large changes in IOP on outflow tract morphological parameters such as SC cross-sectional area are obtained (Figure 1). We can see that high levels of IOP increase produce an observable collapse of SC, as represented by a large reduction in cross-sectional area. The eye appears to be able to accommodate small increases in IOP, as evidenced by the lack of change in SC-CSA (Figure 1). These results show th...

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Trabecular Meshwork Response to Pressure Elevation in the Living Human Eye

Trabecular meshwork (TM) migration into Schlemm&#8217;s canal space can be induced by acute pressure elevation by ophthalmodynamometer, and observed by spectral domain optical coherence tomography. The goal of this method is to quantify the morphometric response of the living outflow tract to acute pressure elevation in living tissues in situ.

The mechanical characteristics of the trabecular meshwork (TM) are linked to outflow resistance and intraocular pressure (IOP) regulation. The rationale ...

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9.9K vistas.  University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.  Malla trabecular (TM) la migración al espacio del canal de Schlemm se puede inducir por elevación de la presión aguda por ophthalmodynamometer, y observado por dominio espectral tomografía de coherencia óptica. El objetivo de este método es cuantificar la respuesta morfométrico del tracto de salida vivir a elevación de la presión aguda en los tejidos vivos in situ. 