Este trabajo fue apoyado por las pilas de combustible de Europa y Hydruogen empresa común bajo BOR4STORE colaborativa de proyectos (Acuerdo de Subvención No. 303428) y el programa de infraestructura H2FC (Convenio de Donación No. FP7-284522).

1. Aparato <ol><li> Use un aparato básico de secado supercrítico (SCD) compuesto de cuatro componentes primarios conectados por tubos de gas de alta presión: el suministro de gas, un sistema de vacío, sensores (temperatura y presión), y el medio ambiente de la muestra (que puede ser sumergido en un baño). Asegúrese de que la construcción es de válvulas de alta calidad de acero inoxidable, accesorios y tubería, una clasificación de la presión de al menos 10 MPa dentro del rango de temperatura entre 80 a 300 K. Nota: Un diagrama esquemático que se muestra en la Figura 1. </li><li> Por nitrógeno ScD (nscd) tratamientos, asegúrese de que el suministro de gas es la pureza de investigación (&gt; 99.999%) de gas nitrógeno equipado con un regulador de presión para el control de la presión de salida entre 0 a 10 MPa. Adjuntar una botella de 50 L (20 MPa) al aparato, y purgar el sistema con nitrógeno puro varias veces antes de su uso. </li><li> Asegúrese de que el sistema de vacío es capaz de alcanzar presiones de vacío a &lt;0,1 Pa y está conectado al aparato con unaválvula de aguja de control de bien. Preferiblemente, utilice una bomba de desbaste sin aceite y una bomba turbo molecular arrastre, colocado en serie. </li><li> Utilice al menos dos sensores de presión para la medición precisa de la presión durante los tratamientos de SCD: un sensor de presión baja para la medición de vacío y un sensor de alta presión para lograr un rango de presión medible total entre 0,1-10 7 Pa. </li><li> Utilice al menos dos sensores de temperatura de la exactitud mínima necesaria para llevar a cabo tratamientos típicos SCD: un sensor en contacto térmico con la muestra y un sensor dentro del colector de dosificación de gas primario para mediciones precisas entre 77 a 300 K (por ejemplo, termopares de tipo K) . </li><li> Compruebe que el soporte de la muestra tiene un volumen interno apropiado para contener la cantidad de muestra necesaria para el tratamiento, y está construido de acero inoxidable. Atención: alargadas ayudas de diseño cilíndricos en contacto térmico con el baño. </li><li> Asegúrese de que el accesorio que cierra el recipiente de la muestra es correspondIATE para altas presiones y el uso repetido (por ejemplo, Swagelok VCR). Conectar el volumen de recipiente de la muestra a una válvula para el aislamiento del ambiente exterior a través de una longitud apropiada de tubo (el tubo de inmersión) para la inmersión completa de el soporte de muestras en el baño. </li></ol><img alt="Figura 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52817/52817fig1.jpg" /> . Figura 1. El nitrógeno supercrítico de secado (NSCD) Aparato Una representación esquemática del aparato NSCD simplificado para uso en el laboratorio típico: (A) a temperatura ambiente y (B) después de la inmersión de la muestra en el baño. El suministro de gas para el proceso descrito en este trabajo es nitrógeno, pero este aparato general es generalizable a otros fluidos SCD con un punto crítico acostado dentro de un rango práctico de la temperatura y de presión, tal como CO 2. Los componentes están etiquetados para mantener la coherencia con la famie protocolo descrito en el presente documento. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/52817/52817fig1highres.jpg" target="_blank">Haga clic aquí para ver una versión más grande de esta figura.</a> 2. Preparación <ol><li> Cargar 0,2-0,5 g de muestra (γ-Mg (BH 4) 2, en forma de polvo, después de la síntesis química en húmedo y métodos de secado estándar) en el soporte de la muestra bajo condiciones apropiadas, típicamente en una atmósfera inerte tal como una caja de guantes de argón, a temperatura ambiente o por debajo. Cierre el soporte de la muestra (F2 montaje) con una junta del filtro y cierre la válvula (válvula V4). Transferir el soporte de la muestra al aparato y adjuntar (F1 apropiado). </li><li> Abra el colector de dosificación para aspirar a través de V2 y evacuar. Abrir V3 y evacuar. Purgar el aparato con nitrógeno a través de V1 y evacuar a través de V2. Abrir V4 y evacuar la muestra a temperatura ambiente durante un máximo de 24 horas, para llegar a la presión mínima del sistema (&lt;0.1 Pa). </li><li> Instale el baño de la muestra (ver <strong&gt; Figura 2) alrededor del soporte de la muestra. Realice esta elevando el baño en su posición en un elevador de tijera, o mecanismo similar. </li><li> Ajuste el calentador para el futuro deseado de temperatura del líquido (T l, consulte el paso 3.1) de 110 K, y continuar a evacuar el aparato hasta que la temperatura se equilibra. </li></ol><img alt="Figura 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/52817/52817fig2.jpg" /> Figura 2. criogénico horno de baño de la muestra. Una representación esquemática (izquierda) y fotografía (a la derecha) de un entorno baño termal cryostatic apropiado para contener el soporte de muestra durante el procesamiento NSCD, permitiendo la medición y el control de la temperatura de la muestra entre 77 a 298 K. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/52817/52817fig2highres.jpg" target="_blank">Por favor haga clic aquí para ver una versión más grande de esta figura.</a> 3. supercrítica Nitrógeno exposición <ol&gt; <li> Para el procesamiento NSCD de γ-Mg (BH 4) 2, (el tema de la manifestación en este protocolo) seleccionar una temperatura del líquido (T l) de 110 K. Esto corresponde a una densidad de disolvente líquido moderada (~ 0,6 g ml -1) ; Ajuste según sea necesario para la aplicación de este protocolo para otros procesos de tratamiento NSCD (véase la nota más abajo). </li><li> Cerrar el sistema de vacío mediante el cierre de V2. Acelerador abierto V1 lentamente, permitiendo que la presión aumente en la región de líquido del diagrama de fases. Equilibrar el sistema a 2 MPa y T l. </li><li> Remoje la muestra en N 2 líquido durante 4 horas. </li><li> Ajuste el calentador a 150 K con un min -1 rampa ≤2 K. Permitir que la presión para aumentar no superior a la presión nominal máxima del aparato (esto P max debe ser ≥10 MPa); si es necesario, ventilar con cuidado el exceso de presión al vacío a través de V2. Equilibrar el sistema en P max y 150 K. </li><li> Remoje la muestra en supercritical N 2 durante 1 hora. </li></ol><img alt="Figura 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/52817/52817fig3.jpg" /> Figura 3. Diagrama de Fase de nitrógeno. Un diagrama de fases detallada de nitrógeno, donde la densidad del fluido (mostrado en la escala de grises lineal) se calcula utilizando REFPROP (una ecuación Webb-Benedict-Rubin modificada de estado). 41 Varias líneas de densidad constante se muestran en púrpura. Los límites de fase sólida y líneas de transición de ebullición se muestran en rojo. Las líneas azules indican el límite de la región del diagrama de fase que es relevante para el secado o la extracción de procesamiento usando N 2. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/52817/52817fig3highres.jpg" target="_blank">Haga clic aquí para ver una versión más grande de esta figura.</a> Nota: Para la aplicación de este protocolo a otros materiales, establecer un tratamiento schem NSCD apropiadae eligiendo las condiciones necesarias para la solvatación efectiva de la especie objetivo. Consulte el diagrama de fase de N 2, que se muestra en la Figura 3. Para lograr una densidad de fluido de alta en la fase líquida (por ejemplo, 0,8-1 g ml -1), seleccione un T l de 80 a 90 K. Para la densidad del líquido moderada (por ejemplo, 0,6 a 0,8 g ml -1), seleccione un T l de 90 a 115 K. Un ensayo y error puede ser necesario. 4. supercrítica nitrógeno de lanzamiento <ol><li> Romper con cuidado el sistema de vacío estrangulando V2, permitiendo que la presión para disminuir lo más lentamente posible. En repetidas ocasiones romper el sistema a mayores tasas, según sea necesario para lograr una disminución gradual de alto vacío (&lt;0,1 Pa) en el lapso de tiempo aproximado de 12 a 24 horas de vacío. </li><li> Retire la muestra y baño totalmente V2 abierta para evacuar completamente la muestra. Equilibrar a temperatura ambiente y alto vacío (&lt;0,1 Pa). </li><li> Desgasificar la muestra a temperatura ambiente y &lt;0.1 Pa durante 1-24 horas, como desired. </li></ol> 5. Tratamiento del anuncio <ol><li> Cierre las válvulas V3 y V4, y retire el soporte de muestras del aparato (montaje F1). </li><li> Transferir el soporte de la muestra a un ambiente inerte para la manipulación, tal como una caja de guantes de argón-llenado. Retire la muestra desde el soporte de muestra (ajuste F2) y guardar en un recipiente hermético a temperatura ambiente o por debajo. </li></ol>

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G., Baricco, M., Bordiga, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fast+carbon+dioxide+recycling+by+reaction+with+&#947;-Mg(BH4)2.">Fast carbon dioxide recycling by reaction with &#947;-Mg(BH4)2.</a> Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16, 22482-22486 (2014).</li><li>Paskevicius, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In-Situ+X-ray+Diffraction+Study+of+&#947;-Mg(BH4)2+Decomposition.">In-Situ X-ray Diffraction Study of &#947;-Mg(BH4)2 Decomposition.</a> J. Phys. Chem. C. 116, 15321-15240 (2012).</li><li>Lemmon, E. W., Huber, M. L., McLinden, M. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NIST+standard+reference+database+23:+reference+fluid+thermodynamic+and+transport+properties.">NIST standard reference database 23: reference fluid thermodynamic and transport properties.</a> Standard Reference Data Program. , (2008).</li><li>Moquin, P. H. L., Temelli, F. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinetic+modeling+of+hydrolysis+of+canola+oil+in+supercritical+media.">Kinetic modeling of hydrolysis of canola oil in supercritical media.</a> J. Supercrit. Fluid. 45, 94-101 (2008).</li><li>Myers, M. N., Giddings, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultra-High-Pressure+Gas+Chromatography+in+Micro+Columns+to+2000+Atmospheres.">Ultra-High-Pressure Gas Chromatography in Micro Columns to 2000 Atmospheres.</a> Sep. Sci. 1 (6), 761-776 (1966).</li><li>McLeary, E. E., Jansen, J. C., Kapteijn, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zeolite+based+films,+membranes+and+membrane+reactors:+Progress+and+prospects.">Zeolite based films, membranes and membrane reactors: Progress and prospects.</a> Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 90, 198-220 (2006).</li><li>Richter, B., Ravnsb&#230;k, D. B., Tumanov, N., Filinchuk, Y., Jensen, T. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Manganese+borohydride;+synthesis+and+characterization.">Manganese borohydride; synthesis and characterization.</a> Dalton Trans. , (2015).</li><li>Liang, S., Tilotta, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extraction+of+petroleum+hydrocarbons+from+soil+using+supercritical+argon.">Extraction of petroleum hydrocarbons from soil using supercritical argon.</a> Anal. Chem. 70 (3), 616-622 (1998).</li></ol>

Los autores no tienen nada que revelar.

Tal vez debido a su relativamente baja temperatura crítica (126 K), N 2 ha históricamente sido pasado por alto como un disolvente eficaz ScD. En informes anteriores, 3,17,42,43 que sólo se ha aludido en el contexto de procesamiento de las temperaturas en o por encima de la ambiente, donde se exhibe sólo el poder de solvatación modesta debido a su densidad de fluido de baja en esta región de su diagrama de fases (excepto a muy altas presiones 43). El paso clave en la realización de...

Extracción con fluidos supercríticos (SFE) y el secado de los métodos (SCD) están bien establecidos en una amplia gama de aplicaciones prácticas, especialmente en las industrias de alimentos y del petróleo, sino también en la síntesis química, análisis y procesamiento de materiales. 1-6 El uso de secado o medios de extracción en condiciones por encima de sus puntos críticos es a menudo más rápido, más limpio y más eficiente que (líquido) técnicas tradicionales, y tiene la ventaja añadida de ser altamente ajustable con respecto a la potencia de solvatación del fluido por ligero ajuste de las condiciones de funcionamiento . 3,7 Un método ScD simple comprende tres pasos básicos. El primer paso está exponiendo el material sólido (o quizás líquido) de partida que contiene el compuesto de impureza objetivo a un fluido ScD elegido apropiadamente en su líquido (o casi líquido supercrítico) de fase, donde su alta densidad corresponde a una alta (y quizás selectiva 7) poder disolvente con respecto a las especies objetivo. Tél segundo paso se está calentando y comprimiendo el sistema por encima del punto crítico del fluido ScD elegido en un recipiente cerrado de manera que el fluido y sus especies objetivo disueltos no pasan un límite de fase que podría resultar en la separación. El paso final está reduciendo lentamente la presión del fluido ScD a vacío a una temperatura por encima de la temperatura crítica, lo que permite la solución de fluido que contiene las especies objetivo para escapar, de nuevo sin encontrar un límite de fase ni de cualesquiera efectos perjudiciales de tensión superficial a lo largo del camino. El material de partida se deja agotado de las especies objetivo y puede ser sometido a tratamientos iterados si es necesario. En los casos de extracción de fluido supercrítico, las especies de soluto objetivo es el producto deseado, y se recoge a partir de solución para su uso posterior. 8,9 En otros casos, el material de partida secado o purificado es el producto deseado, y las impurezas extraídas se descartan. Este último escenario, denominado en este documentocomo el enfoque ScD, fue descubierto a ser una estrategia eficaz para el tratamiento previo de alta superficie, materiales microporosos tales como armazones organometálicos (MOF), donde los métodos tradicionales de tratamiento térmico al vacío son en muchos casos no es suficiente en la limpieza de los poros de todos los invitados no deseados, o resultar en el colapso de los poros. dióxido de carbono 10 ScD procesamiento (cscd) es ahora un proceso de post-sintética de rutina para MOF, 11 que conduce al aumento de las superficies de nitrógeno accesible sobre los materiales no tratados de hasta 1000% 12 y otras mejoras, como por ejemplo en la actividad catalítica. 13 Otras aplicaciones de fluidos supercríticos son notables como un medio ampliamente sintonizable para las reacciones químicas, 14-16 de cromatografía de fluidos supercríticos (SCFC) 6,17,18 y síntesis de aerogeles y materiales compuestos avanzados. 19- 22 Para el secado de las aplicaciones, un fluido ScD se eligen en base a dos criterios: a) la proximidad de supunto crítico a las condiciones ambientales (por comodidad y para reducir los costos de energía o la complejidad del proceso) y b) su poder de solvatación con respecto a las especies objetivo. El dióxido de carbono (CO 2) ha demostrado ser conveniente un fluido ScD en muchas aplicaciones, ya que no es tóxico, no inflamable, y barato, y puede ser sintonizado a exhibir un alto poder de solvatación hacia un número de especies comunes de destino orgánicos en su casi líquida estado (a presiones de &lt;10 MPa y temperaturas de 273 a 323 K). 1-3,7-9 Otros disolventes supercríticos comunes (o co-disolventes) incluyen agua (que abarca una notable variedad de propiedades disolventes entre su ambiente y estado supercrítico 23), acetona, etileno, metanol, etanol, y etano, que abarca el espectro de polar (prótico y aprótico) a no polar, y que tiene puntos críticos relativamente cerca de las condiciones ambientales. El dióxido de carbono es de lejos el fluido ScD más común utilizado. En los métodos cscd establecidos, la reactividaddel material de partida no es un factor inhibidor ya que el CO 2 es sólo muy débilmente reactiva a temperaturas cerca de su punto crítico. Sin embargo, ciertas clases de materiales, tales como los llamados hidruros complejos (por ejemplo, alanatos y borohidruros) presentan desafíos únicos en el manejo debido a su fuerte reactividad en presencia de agua o CO 2, además de su (tal vez adaptado intencionalmente) la inestabilidad bajo calentamiento 24-26. Por otra parte, existe un gran interés internacional en materias tales como compuestos de almacenamiento de hidrógeno de alta densidad, 27-30 y por lo tanto también en nanoestructurado y / o variedades porosas 31-33. Para la purificación eficaz de tales, y materiales nanoestructurados inestables reactivos, métodos de SCD son una estrategia prometedora. 34 A ScD fluido debe ser utilizado que tiene un pequeño diámetro molecular apropiado para la penetración en las cavidades estrechas y que también tiene un alto poder de solvatación hacia el impurezas objetivo, whiLe restante no reactivo hacia el material de partida en sí. En este documento, se presenta la utilización de nitrógeno supercrítico (N 2) como un fluido eficaz para tal extracción y aplicaciones especialmente de secado. Una metodología específica de secado de nitrógeno supercrítico (NSCD) se describe a continuación para la purificación de borohidruro de magnesio γ-fase en la que la especie objetivo incluyen tanto diborano y un compuesto de n-butilo (similar a pero no específicamente identificable como n butano). El siguiente protocolo se puede modificar fácilmente para la extensión global a otros procesos de secado de nitrógeno o extracción supercrítica.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Compressed Nitrogen Gas</td>
			<td>Messer Schweiz AG</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>50 L bottle, purity &#62; 99.999%, &#60;3 ppmv H2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Liquid Nitrogen</td>
			<td>Pan Gas AG</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Bulk storage, on site</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Custom Supercritical Drying Apparatus</td>
			<td>Empa</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Swagelok (compression fitting and VCR) components</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Custom Cryogenic Furnace Bath</td>
			<td>Empa</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Custom Labview Interface</td>
			<td>Empa</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

supercritical nitrogen processing for the purification of reactive porous materials

Supercritical fluid extraction and drying methods are well established in numerous applications for the synthesis and processing of porous materials. Herein, nitrogen is presented as a novel supercritical drying fluid for specialized applications such as in the processing of reactive porous materials, where carbon dioxide and other fluids are not appropriate due to their higher chemical reactivity. Nitrogen exhibits similar physical properties in the near-critical region of its phase diagram as compared to carbon dioxide: a widely tunable density up to ~1 g ml-1, modest critical pressure (3.4 MPa), and small molecular diameter of ~3.6 &#197;. The key to achieving a high solvation power of nitrogen is to apply a processing temperature in the range of 80-150 K, where the density of nitrogen is an order of magnitude higher than at similar pressures near ambient temperature. The detailed solvation properties of nitrogen, and especially its selectivity, across a wide range of common target species of extraction still require further investigation. Herein we describe a protocol for the supercritical nitrogen processing of porous magnesium borohydride.

Borohidruros de metales alcalinos y alcalinotérreos son materiales de almacenamiento de hidrógeno potenciales, que ofrecen un gran contenido de hidrógeno gaseoso tras la descomposición. 27,29 Otros productos de descomposición tal como diborano haber a veces también se ha detectado en el gas desorbido, pero su origen no es a priori clara ; es posible que son productos de la descomposición de fase pura, pero también pueden ser impurezas o productos de reacciones de impurezas sobrante de síntesis quími...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Supercritical Nitrogen Processing for the Purification of Reactive Porous Materials at JoVE.com

Supercritical Nitrogen Processing for the Purification of Reactive Porous Materials

El nitrógeno es un fluido supercrítico eficaz para procesos de extracción o de secado debido a su pequeño tamaño molecular, de alta densidad en el régimen supercrítico-cerca de líquido, e inercia química. Se presenta un protocolo de secado de nitrógeno supercrítico para el tratamiento de purificación de materiales reactivos, porosos.

Procesamiento de nitrógeno supercrítico para la purificación de reactivos Materiales porosos

Supercritical fluid extraction and drying methods are well established in numerous applications for the synthesis and processing of porous materials. ...

supercritical-nitrogen-processing-for-purification-reactive-porous

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

14.6K vistas.  Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology.  El nitrógeno es un fluido supercrítico eficaz para procesos de extracción o de secado debido a su pequeño tamaño molecular, de alta densidad en el régimen supercrítico-cerca de líquido, e inercia química. Se presenta un protocolo de secado de nitrógeno supercrítico para el tratamiento de purificación de materiales reactivos, porosos. 

Video: Supercritical Nitrogen Processing for the Purification of Reactive Porous Materials

Folding and Characterization of a Bio-responsive Robot from DNA Origami

The DNA nanorobot is a hollow hexagonal nanometric device, designed to open in response to specific stimuli and present cargo sequestered inside. Both stimuli and cargo can be tailored according to specific needs. Here we describe the DNA nanorobot fabrication protocol, with the use of the DNA origami technique. The procedure initiates by mixing short single-strand DNA staples into a stock mixture which is then added to a long, circular, single-strand DNA scaffold in presence of a folding buffer. A standard thermo cycler is programmed to gradually lower the mixing reaction temperature to facilitate the staples-to-scaffold annealing, which is the guiding force behind the folding of the nanorobot. Once the 60 hr folding reaction is complete, excess staples are discarded using a centrifugal filter, followed by visualization via agarose-gel electrophoresis (AGE). Finally, successful fabrication of the nanorobot is verified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), with the use of uranyl-formate as negative stain.

DNA origami is a powerful method for fabricating precise nanoscale objects by programming the self-assembly of DNA molecules. Here we describe a protocol for the folding of a bio-responsive robot from DNA origami, its purification and negative staining for transmission electron microscopic imaging (TEM).

Plegable y caracterización de un Robot Bio-sensible de ADN Origami

The DNA nanorobot is a hollow hexagonal nanometric device, designed to open in response to specific stimuli and present cargo sequestered inside. Both ...

Investigación

Química

Preparation of Highly Porous Coordination Polymer Coatings on Macroporous Polymer Monoliths for Enhanced Enrichment of Phosphopeptides

We describe a protocol for the preparation of hybrid materials based on highly porous coordination polymer coatings on the internal surface of macroporous polymer monoliths. The developed approach is based on the preparation of a macroporous polymer containing carboxylic acid functional groups and the subsequent step-by-step solution-based controlled growth of a layer of a porous coordination polymer on the surface of the pores of the polymer monolith. The prepared metal-organic polymer hybrid has a high specific micropore surface area. The amount of iron(III) sites is enhanced through metal-organic coordination on the surface of the pores of the functional polymer support. The increase of metal sites is related to the number of iterations of the coating process.
The developed preparation scheme is easily adapted to a capillary column format. The functional porous polymer is prepared as a self-contained single-block porous monolith within the capillary, yielding a flow-through separation device with excellent flow permeability and modest back-pressure. The metal-organic polymer hybrid column showed excellent performance for the enrichment of phosphopeptides from digested proteins and their subsequent detection using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The presented experimental protocol is highly versatile, and can be easily implemented to different organic polymer supports and coatings with a plethora of porous coordination polymers and metal-organic frameworks for multiple purification and/or separation applications.

A procedure for the preparation of porous hybrid separation media composed of a macroporous polymer monolith internally coated by a high surface area microporous coordination polymer is presented.

Preparación de altamente poroso Coordinación Polymer Coatings en macroporosas Polymer Monolitos de Enriquecimiento mejorada de Phosphopeptides

We describe a protocol for the preparation of hybrid materials based on highly porous coordination polymer coatings on the internal surface of macroporous ...

On-line Analysis of Nitrogen Containing Compounds in Complex Hydrocarbon Matrixes

The shift to heavy crude oils and the use of alternative fossil resources such as shale oil are a challenge for the petrochemical industry. The composition of heavy crude oils and shale oils varies substantially depending on the origin of the mixture. In particular they contain an increased amount of nitrogen containing compounds compared to the conventionally used sweet crude oils. As nitrogen compounds have an influence on the operation of thermal processes occurring in coker units and steam crackers, and as some species are considered as environmentally hazardous, a detailed analysis of the reactions involving nitrogen containing compounds under pyrolysis conditions provides valuable information. Therefore a novel method has been developed and validated with a feedstock containing a high nitrogen content, i.e., a shale oil. First, the feed was characterized offline by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC &#215; GC) coupled with a nitrogen chemiluminescence detector (NCD). In a second step the on-line analysis method was developed and tested on a steam cracking pilot plant by feeding pyridine dissolved in heptane. The former being a representative compound for one of the most abundant classes of compounds present in shale oil. The composition of the reactor effluent was determined via an in-house developed automated sampling system followed by immediate injection of the sample on a GC &#215; GC coupled with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS), flame ionization detector (FID) and NCD. A novel method for quantitative analysis of nitrogen containing compounds using NCD and 2-chloropyridine as an internal standard has been developed and demonstrated.

A method combining comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with nitrogen chemiluminescence detection has been developed and applied to on-line analysis of nitrogen containing compounds in a complex hydrocarbon matrix.

Análisis on-line de compuestos que contienen nitrógeno en matrices complejas de hidrocarburos

The shift to heavy crude oils and the use of alternative fossil resources such as shale oil are a challenge for the petrochemical industry. The ...

Insights into the Interactions of Amino Acids and Peptides with Inorganic Materials Using Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy

The interactions between proteins or peptides and inorganic materials lead to several interesting processes. For example, combining proteins with minerals leads to the formation of composite materials with unique properties. In addition, the undesirable process of biofouling is initiated by the adsorption of biomolecules, mainly proteins, on surfaces. This organic layer is an adhesion layer for bacteria and allows them to interact with the surface. Understanding the fundamental forces that govern the interactions at the organic-inorganic interface is therefore important for many areas of research and could lead to the design of new materials for optical, mechanical and biomedical applications. This paper demonstrates a single-molecule force spectroscopy technique that utilizes an AFM to measure the adhesion force between either peptides or amino acids and well-defined inorganic surfaces. This technique involves a protocol for attaching the biomolecule to the AFM tip through a covalent flexible linker and single-molecule force spectroscopy measurements by atomic force microscope. In addition, an analysis of these measurements is included.

Here we present a protocol to measure the force of interactions between a well-defined inorganic surface and either peptides or amino acids by single-molecule force spectroscopy measurements using an atomic force microscope (AFM). The information obtained from the measurement is important to better understand the peptide-inorganic material interphase.

Miradas en torno a las interacciones de los aminoácidos y péptidos con materiales inorgánicos Uso de una sola molécula de la Fuerza Espectroscopia

The interactions between proteins or peptides and inorganic materials lead to several interesting processes. For example, combining proteins with minerals ...

Facet-to-facet Linking of Shape-anisotropic Colloidal Cadmium Chalcogenide Nanostructures

Here, we describe a protocol that allows for shape-anisotropic cadmium chalcogenide nanocrystals (NCs), such as nanorods (NRs) and tetrapods (TPs), to be covalently and site-specifically linked via their end facets, resulting in polymer-like linear or branched chains. The linking procedure begins with a cation-exchange process in which the end facets of the cadmium chalcogenide NCs are first converted to silver chalcogenide. This is followed by the selective removal of ligands at their surface. This results in cadmium chalcogenide NCs with highly reactive silver chalcogenide end facets that spontaneously fuse upon contact with each other, thereby establishing an interparticle facet-to-facet attachment. Through the judicious choice of precursor concentrations, an extensive network of linked NCs can be produced. Structural characterization of the linked NCs is carried out via low- and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM), as well as energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, which confirm the presence of silver chalcogenide domains between chains of cadmium chalcogenide NCs.

A protocol detailing how shape-anisotropic colloidal cadmium chalcogenide nanocrystals can be covalently linked via their end facets is presented here.

Faceta a faceta vincular de forma anisotrópica cadmio coloidal calcógeno nanoestructuras

Here, we describe a protocol that allows for shape-anisotropic cadmium chalcogenide nanocrystals (NCs), such as nanorods (NRs) and tetrapods (TPs), to be ...

Fabrication and Testing of Catalytic Aerogels Prepared Via Rapid Supercritical Extraction

Protocols for preparing and testing catalytic aerogels by incorporating metal species into silica and alumina aerogel platforms are presented. Three preparation methods are described: (a) the incorporation of metal salts into silica or alumina wet gels using an impregnation method; (b) the incorporation of metal salts into alumina wet gels using a co-precursor method; and (c) the addition of metal nanoparticles directly into a silica aerogel precursor mixture. The methods utilize a hydraulic hot press, which allows for rapid (&#60;6 h) supercritical extraction and results in aerogels of low density (0.10 g/mL) and high surface area (200-800 m2/g). While the work presented here focuses on the use of copper salts and copper nanoparticles, the approach can be implemented using other metal salts and nanoparticles. A protocol for testing the three-way catalytic ability of these aerogels for automotive pollution mitigation is also presented. This technique uses custom-built equipment, the Union Catalytic Testbed (UCAT), in which a simulated exhaust mixture is passed over an aerogel sample at a controlled temperature and flow rate. The system is capable of measuring the ability of the catalytic aerogels, under both oxidizing and reducing conditions, to convert CO, NO and unburned hydrocarbons (HCs) to less harmful species (CO2, H2O and N2). Example catalytic results are presented for the aerogels described.

Here we present protocols for preparing and testing catalytic aerogels by incorporating metal species into silica and alumina aerogel platforms. Methods for preparing materials using copper salts and copper-containing nanoparticles are featured. Catalytic testing protocols demonstrate the effectiveness of these aerogels for three-way catalysis applications.

Fabricación y pruebas de Aerogels catalíticos preparados vía rápida extracción supercrítica

Protocols for preparing and testing catalytic aerogels by incorporating metal species into silica and alumina aerogel platforms are presented. Three ...

Deposition of Porous Sorbents on Fabric Supports

A microwave deposition technique for silanes, previously described for production of oleophobic fabrics, is adapted to provide a fabric support material that can be subsequently treated by dip coating. Dip coating with a sol preparation provides a supported porous layer on the fabric. In this case, the porous layer is a porphyrin functionalized sorbent system based on a powdered material that has been demonstrated previously for the capture and conversion of phosgene. A representative coating is applied to cotton fabric at a loading level of 10 mg/g. This coating has minimal impact on water vapor transport through the fabric (93% of the support fabric rate) while significantly reducing transport of 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) through the material (7% of support fabric rate). The described approaches are suitable for use with other fabrics providing amine and hydroxyl groups for modification and can be used in combination with other sol preparations to produce varying functionality.

This report details a microwave-initiated approach for deposition of porphyrin functionalized porous organosilicate sorbents on a cotton fabric and demonstrates reduction in 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) transport through the fabric resulting from this treatment.

Deposición de los absorbentes porosos en soportes de tela

A microwave deposition technique for silanes, previously described for production of oleophobic fabrics, is adapted to provide a fabric support material ...

Chemical Synthesis of Porous Barium Titanate Thin Film and Thermal Stabilization of Ferroelectric Phase by Porosity-Induced Strain

Barium titanate (BaTiO3, hereafter BT) is an established ferroelectric material first discovered in the 1940s and still widely used because of its well-balanced ferroelectricity, piezoelectricity, and dielectric constant. In addition, BT does not contain any toxic elements. Therefore, it is considered to be an eco-friendly material, which has attracted considerable interest as a replacement for lead zirconate titanate (PZT). However, bulk BT loses its ferroelectricity at approximately 130 &#176;C, thus, it cannot be used at high temperatures. Because of the growing demand for high-temperature ferroelectric materials, it is important to enhance the thermal stability of ferroelectricity in BT. In previous studies, strain originating from the lattice mismatch at hetero-interfaces has been used. However, the sample preparation in this approach requires complicated and expensive physical processes, which are undesirable for practical applications.
In this study, we propose a chemical synthesis of a porous material as an alternative means of introducing strain. We synthesized a porous BT thin film using a surfactant-assisted sol-gel method, in which self-assembled amphipathic surfactant micelles were used as an organic template. Through a series of studies, we clarified that the introduction of pores had a similar effect on distorting the BT crystal lattice, to that of a hetero-interface, leading to the enhancement and stabilization of ferroelectricity. Owing to its simplicity and cost effectiveness, this fabrication process has considerable advantages over conventional methods.

Here, we present a protocol for the synthesis of porous barium titanate (BaTiO3) thin film by a surfactant-assisted sol-gel method, in which self-assembled amphipathic surfactant micelles are used as an organic template.

Síntesis química de película delgada de titanato de bario poroso y estabilización térmica de la fase ferroeléctrica por tensión inducida por la porosidad

Barium titanate (BaTiO3, hereafter BT) is an established ferroelectric material first discovered in the 1940s and still widely used because of its ...

Synthesis and Bioconjugation of Thiol-Reactive Reagents for the Creation of Site-Selectively Modified Immunoconjugates

Maleimide-bearing bifunctional probes have been employed for decades for the site-selective modification of thiols in biomolecules, especially antibodies. Yet maleimide-based conjugates display limited stability in vivo because the succinimidyl thioether linkage can undergo a retro-Michael reaction. This, of course, can lead to the release of the radioactive payload or its exchange with thiol-bearing biomolecules in circulation. Both of these processes can produce elevated activity concentrations in healthy organs as well as decreased activity concentrations in target tissues, resulting in reduced imaging contrast and lower therapeutic ratios. In 2018, we reported the creation of a modular, stable, and easily accessible phenyloxadiazolyl methyl sulfone reagent &#8212; dubbed &#8216;PODS&#8217; &#8212; as a platform for thiol-based bioconjugations. We have clearly demonstrated that PODS-based site-selective bioconjugations reproducibly and robustly create homogenous, well-defined, highly immunoreactive, and highly stable radioimmunoconjugates. Furthermore, preclinical experiments in murine models of colorectal cancer have shown that these site-selectively labeled radioimmunoconjugates exhibit far superior in vivo performance compared to radiolabeled antibodies synthesized via maleimide-based conjugations. In this protocol, we will describe the four-step synthesis of PODS, the creation of a bifunctional PODS-bearing variant of the ubiquitous chelator DOTA (PODS-DOTA), and the conjugation of PODS-DOTA to the HER2-targeting antibody trastuzumab.

In this protocol, we will describe the synthesis of PODS, a phenyoxadiazolyl methyl sulfone-based reagent for the site-selective attachment of cargos to the thiols of biomolecules, particularly antibodies. In addition, we will describe the synthesis and characterization of a PODS-bearing bifunctional chelator and its conjugation to a model antibody.

Síntesis y Bioconjugation de tioles reactivos reactivos para la creación de sitio selectivamente modificados Immunoconjugates

Maleimide-bearing bifunctional probes have been employed for decades for the site-selective modification of thiols in biomolecules, especially antibodies. ...

Evaluation of Oxidative Stress in Biological Samples Using the Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances Assay

Despite its limited analytical specificity and ruggedness, the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay has been widely used as a generic metric of lipid peroxidation in biological fluids. It is often considered a good indicator of the levels of oxidative stress within a biological sample, provided that the sample has been properly handled and stored. The assay involves the reaction of lipid peroxidation products, primarily malondialdehyde (MDA), with thiobarbituric acid (TBA), which leads to the formation of MDA-TBA2 adducts called TBARS. TBARS yields a red-pink color that can be measured spectrophotometrically at 532 nm. The TBARS assay is performed under acidic conditions (pH = 4) and at 95 &#176;C. Pure MDA is unstable, but these conditions allow the release of MDA from MDA bis(dimethyl acetal), which is used as the analytical standard in this method. The TBARS assay is a straightforward method that can be completed in about 2 h. Preparation of assay reagents are described in detail here. Budget-conscious researchers can use these reagents for multiple experiments at a low cost rather than buying an expensive TBARS assay kit that only permits construction of a single standard curve (and thus can only be used for one experiment). The applicability of this TBARS assay is shown in human serum, low density lipoproteins, and cell lysates. The assay is consistent and reproducible, and limits of detection of 1.1 &#956;M can be reached. Recommendations for the use and interpretation of the spectrophotometric TBARS assay are provided.

The goal of the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay is to assess oxidative stress in biological samples by measuring the production of lipid peroxidation products, primarily malondialdehyde, using visible wavelength spectrophotometry at 532 nm. The method described here can be applied to human serum, cell lysates, and low density lipoproteins.

Evaluación del estrés oxidativo en muestras biológicas utilizando el ensayo de sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico

Despite its limited analytical specificity and ruggedness, the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay has been widely used as a generic ...