We thank Dr. Jordi Ochando from the Flow Cytometry Shared Resources at the Mount Sinai Medical Center for their assistance in flow cytometry analysis. We thank Dr. Rumana Huq from the Microscopy Shared Resource Facility at the Mount Sinai Medical Center for their imaging assistance. The authors thank the TJ Martell Foundation for its support in this project.

Este protocolo se ha realizado en nuestra institución con la aprobación del comité de ética de investigación institucional y cumple con todas las directrices institucionales, nacionales e internacionales para el bienestar humano. 1. Recolección de sangre periférica de pacientes con cáncer de próstata avanzado Nota: Seleccione pacientes con cáncer de próstata metastásico. Obtener el consentimiento escrito del paciente y registrar las características clínicas de los pacientes, incluyendo la edad en el aislamiento y la quimioterapia previa y tratamientos hormonales. Los pacientes con enfermedad metastásica serán potencialmente tienen mayor concentración de CTC en sangre periférica. <ol><li> Recoger muestras de sangre después de consentimiento informado y bajo una Junta de Revisión Institucional adecuado protocolo aprobado. Use guantes de látex y una bata de laboratorio durante todo el procedimiento. </li><li> Conecte 25 G aguja de mariposa y el tubo de soporte de la aguja. Utilice un algodón con alcohol para limpiar el área devena antecubital entre el bíceps y el antebrazo, a continuación, aplicar torniquete en el brazo del paciente. </li><li> Inserte la aguja en la vena antecubital mariposa y empuje el tubo de extracción de sangre en el soporte de la aguja para comenzar colección. Recoger aproximadamente 10 ml de sangre en tubos de recogida que contienen ácido etilendiaminotetraacético (EDTA) para evitar la coagulación. </li><li> Retire la aguja de mariposa de paciente y aplicar presión con una gasa estéril sobre el sitio de la punción de la vena durante 1 min. Sitio de la cubierta con un vendaje estéril. </li></ol> 2. Aislamiento de células mononucleares Nota: La sangre recogida desde el paso 1 contendrá las células mononucleares de sangre periférica (PBMCs) (por ejemplo, linfocitos y monocitos) además de las CTC mononucleares. <ol><li> Toda Pipetear 50 ml de sangre en tubo cónico de poliestireno con un 5 ml pipeta serológica y añadir Hanks Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) en una proporción de 1: 1. Suavemente mezcla pipeta para homogeneizar. </li><li> Añadir 15 ml de una solución preparada comercialmente (Ficoll-Paque) para separar componentes de la sangre por la baja velocidad de centrifugación en gradiente de densidad a un tubo cónico de 50 ml de poliestireno vacío. </li><li> Pipeta suavemente sangre entera y mezcla de HBSS, desde el paso 2.1, en el tubo de poliestireno desde el paso 2.2, para formar la capa superior distinta. Set pipeta para ajuste más bajo para reducir al mínimo la mezcla de soluciones, esto asegurará la separación eficiente. </li><li> Centrifugar a 400 xg durante 30 min a TA (25 ° C). Establecer desaceleración valor más bajo para evitar la mezcla de las soluciones después de la separación. La aceleración puede ser ajustado a cualquier velocidad. </li><li> Después de la centrifugación, identificar la delgada franja de color gris blanco de la capa de PBMC y CTC intercalado entre el plasma en la solución de la parte superior y la separación en la parte inferior del tubo. </li><li> Recoger las células de la raya blanco-gris en el paso 2.5 en un tubo de 50 ml de poliestireno usando una pipeta de transferencia de plástico. </li><li> Añadir HBSS a 50 ml tubo cónico de poliestireno con PBMCs y CTC y centrifuge de nuevo a 400 xg durante 10 min RT para lavar. </li><li> Decantar pellet líquido y resuspender en 50 ml de HBSS y se centrifuga de nuevo a 400 xg durante 3 min a TA para lavar. </li><li> Descartar el sobrenadante, resuspender el sedimento restante con 5 ml de glóbulos rojos Tampón de lisis y se incuba la disolución durante 5 min a TA. </li><li> Retire la célula de sangre roja tampón de lisis por centrifugación a 400 xg durante 3 min a TA. </li><li> Desechar el sobrenadante y resuspender el sedimento en 1 ml de PBS 1x suplementado con suero bovino fetal al 10% (FBS) para bloquear antes de la tinción de anticuerpos. </li></ol> 3. Las células mononucleares de tinción con CD45-FITC anticuerpos de fluorescencia de células activadas (FACS) <ol><li> Cuantificar el número de células viables (azul de tripano negativas) (del paso 2,11) utilizando un hemocitómetro o un contador de células automatizado. Prepare un 1 x 10 6 células / ml suspensión (en PBS 1x con 10% de SFB) y colocarlo en hielo durante 1 hora. </li><li> Distribuya el cuantificadosuspensión de células de la etapa anterior en dos tubos. Tubos de etiqueta como el control y la tinción de CD45. </li><li> En el tubo de control, añadir IgG1k-FITC (2,5 mg / ml) a una dilución de 1: 250. En el tubo de tinción CD45, CD45 añadir FITC (2,5 mg / ml) conjugado anticuerpo primario a una dilución de 1: 250 y se incuban las suspensiones de células en hielo durante 30 min. Etiquetado antígeno CD45 se utiliza para excluir células hematopoyéticas. </li><li> Centrifugar las células a 400 xg durante 3 min a 4 ° C y descartar el sobrenadante. </li><li> Lavar las células dos veces, mediante la suspensión de cada sedimento con PBS estéril 1 x suplementado con 10% FBS seguido de centrifugación a 400 xg durante 3 min a 4 ° C. </li><li> Resuspender las células en una solución de 1 ml de 1x PBS que contenía 4 &#39;, 6-diamidino-2-fenilindol (DAPI) a una concentración de 10 mg / ml. </li><li> Filtrar la solución final a través de las tapas colador 35 micras a 12 mm tubos de poliestireno x 75 mm. </li></ol> 4. Aislamiento de próstata por CTCFACS Nota: Utilice un citómetro de flujo para recoger CTC negativos en vivo CD45. <ol><li> Controles de ajustar la compensación utilizando células del tubo etiquetado, &quot;Control&quot;. </li><li> Crear puertas que excluyen escombros y grupos de células que utilizan parámetros de dispersión frontal y lateral de dispersión adecuados. </li><li> Establecer las puertas FITC utilizando las suspensiones de células del tubo etiquetado &quot;, CD45-FITC.&quot; </li><li> Células viables (Gate-DAPI negativo) con el Pacífico azul-Un canal. </li><li> Recoger negativo de la población CD45 en un tubo cónico estéril de 15 ml de poliestireno que contiene 2 ml de Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 suplementado con 10% de FBS. </li><li> Centrifugar la suspensión de células tumorales de próstata ordenados a 400 xg durante 3 min, a continuación, volver a suspender los gránulos en 200 - 500 l de RPMI suplementado con 10% FBS. </li></ol> 5. La inyección de CTC en ratones y Monitoreo de Crecimiento Xenoinjerto Nota:Realizar todos los procedimientos con animales en el cumplimiento de los protocolos aprobados por el comité de cuidado de los animales institucional. Este protocolo se ha realizado en nuestra institución bajo un uso Protocolo específico Animal aprobado por nuestro Comité de Cuidado de Animales de conformidad y el cumplimiento de todas las normativas e institucionales agencias, regulaciones y directrices pertinentes. <ol><li> Mezclar la suspensión de células tumorales de próstata ordenados con la matriz extracelular en una proporción de 1: 1 y el lugar en hielo. </li><li> Anestesiar ratón antes de la implantación subcutánea en una cámara de suministro de 5% (v / v) isoflurano inhalado en 1 L / min de oxígeno. Asegurar la anestesia adecuada mediante la comprobación de la pérdida de la córnea y la punta reflejo en el ratón. </li><li> Usando una aguja de 25 G y una jeringa de 1 ml, inyectar 250 l de células tumorales de próstata y la matriz extracelular por vía subcutánea suspensión celular en ambos flancos superiores de 8-10 semanas de edad de ratón inmunodeficiente masculino. Inyectar 250 l independientemente de la concentración de CTC como el volumen de inyección es la ivalor mportante. Administración Máxima SQ en el ratón no es más de 1 ml. &#160;</li><li> Monitorear los ratones mediante la realización de la palpación semanal de los sitios de inyección de ratón para el crecimiento de las densidades nodulares subcutáneas y midiendo el peso ratones dos veces a la semana. </li><li> La eutanasia a los ratones mediante asfixia con dióxido de carbono seguido por dislocación cervical y cosecha subcutáneos xenoinjertos de cáncer de próstata humano cuando el tamaño del tumor es más de 0,5 cm y menos de 1 cm en su mayor diámetro para asegurar el tejido tumoral suficiente para los análisis moleculares y el paso en serie. La eutanasia a los ratones con signos de sufrimiento o pérdida de peso del 15% a pesar de ningún tumor es palpable. </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Este manuscrito describe un método para la generación de modelos de cáncer de próstata a partir de PDX CTC. El uso de CTC para la generación de PDX modelos tiene varias ventajas potenciales importantes en comparación con los métodos existentes. En primer lugar, la colección accesible de CTC de la sangre periférica permite la generación de modelos experimentales del mismo paciente en diferentes estadios de la enfermedad. En segundo lugar, la recogida de sangre representa un método más segur...

A correction was made to <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/53182">Generation of Prostate Cancer Patient Derived Xenograft Models from Circulating Tumor Cells</a>. There was a spelling error in one of the authors' surname. The author's name was corrected from:
Veronica Rodriquez-Bravo
to:
Veronica Rodriguez-Bravo

A correction was made to Generation of Prostate Cancer Patient Derived Xenograft Models from Circulating Tumor Cells.

Erratum: Generation of Prostate Cancer Patient Derived Xenograft Models from Circulating Tumor Cells

Paciente xenoinjertos derivados son modelos experimentales cada vez más populares utilizados para la investigación del cáncer. Pueden ser utilizados para la caracterización de biomarcadores y vías biológicas, la evaluación pre-clínica de la eficacia del fármaco, y la creación de avatares para terapias contra el cáncer personalizados 1,2. Anteriormente, otros grupos de investigación han desarrollado modelos PDX ya sea mediante la implantación o la inyección de suspensiones de células tumorales individuales o explantes tumorales en ratones inmunocomprometidos conjunto 1. Estos PDX modelos requieren colección quirúrgica del tumor sólido fresca, ascitis maligna o derrame pleural de un paciente sometido a un procedimiento quirúrgico que es costoso y expone al paciente a un mayor riesgo de morbilidad iatrogénica. Un reciente desarrollo significativo en la investigación del cáncer ha sido la detección, aislamiento y caracterización de células tumorales circulantes. Estas células tumorales escapan de la masa del tumor primario y entran en la circulacióndonde juegan un papel crítico en la metástasis y la recaída, la causa más común de cáncer de la mortalidad relacionada 3. La evaluación y caracterización de CTC de varios tipos de tumores sólidos han proporcionado información clínica para el diagnóstico, el pronóstico y el seguimiento de la enfermedad residual 3. Una variedad de enfoques que se utilizan actualmente que dependen de cualquiera de las propiedades físicas, la expresión de biomarcadores, o características funcionales de las CTC se puede utilizar para aislar de manera eficiente CTC 4. Métodos existentes macroescala de aislamiento CTC incluyen centrifugación en gradiente de densidad, filtración físico con poros del filtro y la separación contra moléculas de la superficie. Las metodologías de aislamiento CTC más utilizados se basan en la captura basada en anticuerpos de los CTC. Tanto selección positiva y negativa de los marcadores de la superficie celular puede emplearse para aislar CTC partir de sangre periférica. La selección positiva para las CTC en la circulación periférica utiliza comúnmente marcadores epiteliales (por ejemplo, EpCAM), que unare expresado en los CTC, pero las células no hematopoyéticas. La desventaja de este método es que las CTC con potencial metastásico a menudo han sido objeto de epitelio-mesenquimal transición (EMT), que regula a la baja marcadores de superficie 3 epiteliales. Con el fin de aislar las CTC con potencial metastásico, una metodología de selección negativa que emplea el marcador de superficie hematopoyético, CD45, para agotar la población celular normal de leucocitos se puede utilizar 5. El cáncer de próstata es el cáncer más comúnmente diagnosticado y la principal causa de muerte por cáncer en los hombres 6. Los mecanismos de la progresión del tumor y la agresividad no se conocen y por lo tanto la generación y caracterización de modelos experimentales que recapitular la heterogeneidad molecular de cáncer de próstata son de gran interés. Modelos PDX de cáncer de próstata han sido generada previamente por injerto de células de cáncer de próstata humanos en immunocomratones prometidos 7,8. Sin embargo la generación de tales modelos se ha visto obstaculizada por la baja tasa de injerto de cáncer de próstata en ratones inmunocomprometidos, que se atribuye principalmente a la naturaleza indolente de la enfermedad. Recientemente, las CTC se han utilizado para generar el cáncer de mama 9, cáncer de pulmón y cáncer de próstata 10 11 modelos PDX. Estos estudios de prueba de concepto introducido la posibilidad de generar PDX modelos independientes de la necesidad de la recolección de la muestra quirúrgica. En este artículo se describe con detalle un método para la generación de este nuevo modelo experimental.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640</td>
			<td>Gibco Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11875-093</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Gibco Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10437-028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Gibco Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Corning Cell Gro</td>
			<td>21-031-CM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35 &#181;m Cell Strainer</td>
			<td>BD Falcon</td>
			<td>352340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 ml polystyrene conical tube</td>
			<td>Crystalgen</td>
			<td>23-2263</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Red blood cell lysing buffer</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>R7757</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>d3571</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ficoll-Paque Plus</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>17-1440</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>12 mm x 75 mm Polystyrene tubes with cell strainer cap</td>
			<td>BD Falcon</td>
			<td>352235</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Vacutainer Lavender Blood Collection Tubes with EDTA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Winged Blood Collection Set with Push Button Retract Needle 23 gauge</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Vacutainer One Use Needle Holder</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable Latex Tourniquet</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Latex or non-latex gloves</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>alcohol swabs</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2x2 cotton gauze pads</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adhesive bandage</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25 gauge needle</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 ml syringe</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generation of prostate cancer patient derived xenograft models from circulating tumor cells

Patient derived xenograft (PDX) models are gaining popularity in cancer research and are used for preclinical drug evaluation, biomarker identification, biologic studies, and personalized medicine strategies. Circulating tumor cells (CTC) play a critical role in tumor metastasis and have been isolated from patients with several tumor types. Recently, CTCs have been used to generate PDX experimental models of breast and prostate cancer. This manuscript details the method for the generation of prostate cancer PDX models from CTCs developed by our group. Advantages of this method over conventional PDX models include independence from surgical sample collection and generating experimental models at various disease stages. Density gradient centrifugation followed by red blood cell lysis and flow cytometry depletion of CD45 positive mononuclear cells is used to enrich CTCs from peripheral blood samples collected from patients with metastatic disease. The CTCs are then injected into immunocompromised mice; subsequently generated xenografts can be used for functional studies or harvested for molecular characterization. The primary limitation of this method is the negative selection method used for CTC enrichment. Despite this limitation, the generation of PDX models from CTCs provides a novel experimental model to be applied to prostate cancer research.

Este protocolo dará lugar a la generación de modelos de PDX aislados CD45 próstata negativa CTC cancerosas. Basado en el método de selección negativa utilizado en nuestro protocolo es necesario para excluir las células muertas usando DAPI mancha. El porcentaje de células CD45 negativas detectado por citometría de flujo es variable y depende de la carga del tumor del paciente (Figura 1A). La tinción inmunofluorescente de células no clasificadas utilizando CD45 y DAPI (para identificar los núcl...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Prostate Cancer Patient Derived Xenograft Models from Circulating Tumor Cells at JoVE.com

Generation of Prostate Cancer Patient Derived Xenograft Models from Circulating Tumor Cells

This manuscript details a method used to generate prostate cancer patient derived xenografts (PDXs) from circulating tumor cells (CTCs). The generation of PDX models from CTCs provides an alternative experimental model to study prostate cancer; the most commonly diagnosed tumor and a frequent cause of death from cancer in men.

Generación del paciente con cáncer de próstata Derivado modelos de xenoinjertos de células tumorales circulantes

Patient derived xenograft (PDX) models are gaining popularity in cancer research and are used for preclinical drug evaluation, biomarker identification, ...

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14.0K vistas.  Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. This manuscript details a method used to generate prostate cancer patient derived xenografts (PDXs) from circulating tumor cells (CTCs). The generation of PDX models from CTCs provides an alternative experimental model to study prostate cancer; the most commonly diagnosed tumor and a frequent cause of death from cancer in men.

Video: Generation of Prostate Cancer Patient Derived Xenograft Models from Circulating Tumor Cells

Time-lapse Imaging of Primary Preneoplastic Mammary Epithelial Cells Derived from Genetically Engineered Mouse Models of Breast Cancer

Time-lapse imaging can be used to compare behavior of cultured primary preneoplastic mammary epithelial cells derived from different genetically engineered mouse models of breast cancer. For example, time between cell divisions (cell lifetimes), apoptotic cell numbers, evolution of morphological changes, and mechanism of colony formation can be quantified and compared in cells carrying specific genetic lesions. Primary mammary epithelial cell cultures are generated from mammary glands without palpable tumor. Glands are carefully resected with clear separation from adjacent muscle, lymph nodes are removed, and single-cell suspensions of enriched mammary epithelial cells are generated by mincing mammary tissue followed by enzymatic dissociation and filtration. Single-cell suspensions are plated and placed directly under a microscope within an incubator chamber for live-cell imaging. Sixteen 650 &mu;m x 700 &mu;m fields in a 4x4 configuration from each well of a 6-well plate are imaged every 15 min for 5 days. Time-lapse images are examined directly to measure cellular behaviors that can include mechanism and frequency of cell colony formation within the first 24 hr of plating the cells (aggregation versus cell proliferation), incidence of apoptosis, and phasing of morphological changes. Single-cell tracking is used to generate cell fate maps for measurement of individual cell lifetimes and investigation of cell division patterns. Quantitative data are statistically analyzed to assess for significant differences in behavior correlated with specific genetic lesions.

Time-lapse imaging is used to assess behavior of primary preneoplastic mammary epithelial cells derived from genetically engineered mouse models of breast cancer risk to determine if there are correlations between specific behavioral parameters and distinct genetic lesions.

Time-lapse de imágenes de Primaria preneoplásicas células epiteliales mamarias derivadas de los modelos de ratones genéticamente modificados del cáncer de mama

Time-lapse  imaging can be used to compare behavior of cultured primary preneoplastic  mammary epithelial cells derived from different genetically ...

Investigación

Medicina

Patient Derived Cell Culture and Isolation of CD133+ Putative Cancer Stem Cells from Melanoma

Despite improved treatments options for melanoma available today, patients with advanced malignant melanoma still have a poor prognosis for progression-free and overall survival. Therefore, translational research needs to provide further molecular evidence to improve targeted therapies for malignant melanomas. In the past, oncogenic mechanisms related to melanoma were extensively studied in established cell lines. On the way to more personalized treatment regimens based on individual genetic profiles, we propose to use patient-derived cell lines instead of generic cell lines. Together with high quality clinical data, especially on patient follow-up, these cells will be instrumental to better understand the molecular mechanisms behind melanoma progression.
Here, we report the establishment of primary melanoma cultures from dissected fresh tumor tissue. This procedure includes mincing and dissociation of the tissue into single cells, removal of contaminations with erythrocytes and fibroblasts as well as primary culture and reliable verification of the cells' melanoma origin.
Recent reports revealed that melanomas, like the majority of tumors, harbor a small subpopulation of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which seem to exclusively fuel tumor initiation and progression towards the metastatic state. One of the key markers for CSC identification and isolation in melanoma is CD133. To isolate CD133+ CSCs from primary melanoma cultures, we have modified and optimized the Magnetic-Activated Cell Sorting (MACS) procedure from Miltenyi resulting in high sorting purity and viability of CD133+ CSCs and CD133- bulk, which can be cultivated and functionally analyzed thereafter.

Patient Derived Cell Culture and Isolation of CD133+ Putative Cancer Stem Cells from Melanoma

This article describes the preparation of freshly obtained melanoma tissue into primary cell cultures, and how to remove contaminations of erythrocytes and fibroblasts from the tumor cells. Finally, we describe how CD133+ putative melanoma stem cells are sorted from the CD133- bulk using Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting (MACS).

Paciente celulares derivadas Cultura y aislamiento de CD133<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; Putativos células madre del cáncer de melanoma

Despite improved treatments options for melanoma available today, patients with advanced malignant melanoma still have a poor prognosis for ...

Adaptation of Semiautomated Circulating Tumor Cell (CTC) Assays for Clinical and Preclinical Research Applications

The majority of cancer-related deaths occur subsequent to the development of metastatic disease. This highly lethal disease stage is associated with the presence of circulating tumor cells (CTCs). These rare cells have been demonstrated to be of clinical significance in metastatic breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers. The current gold standard in clinical CTC detection and enumeration is the FDA-cleared CellSearch system (CSS). This manuscript outlines the standard protocol utilized by this platform as well as two&#160;additional adapted protocols that describe the detailed process of user-defined marker optimization for protein characterization of patient CTCs and a comparable protocol for CTC capture in very low volumes of blood, using standard CSS reagents, for studying in vivo preclinical mouse models of metastasis. In addition, differences in CTC quality between healthy donor blood spiked with cells from tissue culture versus patient blood samples are highlighted. Finally, several commonly discrepant items that can lead to CTC misclassification errors are outlined. Taken together, these protocols will provide a useful resource for users of this platform interested in preclinical and clinical research pertaining to metastasis and CTCs.

Adaptation of Semiautomated Circulating Tumor Cell CTC Assays for Clinical and Preclinical Research Applications

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are prognostic in several metastatic cancers. This manuscript describes the gold standard CellSearch system (CSS) CTC enumeration platform and highlights common misclassification errors. In addition, two&#160;adapted protocols are described for user-defined marker characterization of CTCs and CTC enumeration in preclinical mouse models of metastasis using this technology.

Adaptación de semiautomatizado de células tumorales circulantes (CTC) Ensayos para aplicaciones clínicas y de investigación preclínica

The majority of cancer-related deaths occur subsequent to the development of metastatic disease. This highly lethal disease stage is associated with the ...

Isolation of Cancer Stem Cells From Human Prostate Cancer Samples

The cancer stem cell (CSC) model has been considerably revisited over the last two decades. During this time CSCs have been identified and directly isolated from human tissues and serially propagated in immunodeficient mice, typically through antibody labeling of subpopulations of cells and fractionation by flow cytometry. However, the unique clinical features of prostate cancer have considerably limited the study of prostate CSCs from fresh human tumor samples. We recently reported the isolation of prostate CSCs directly from human tissues by virtue of their HLA class I (HLAI)-negative phenotype. Prostate cancer cells are harvested from surgical specimens and mechanically dissociated. A cell suspension is generated and labeled with fluorescently conjugated HLAI and stromal antibodies. Subpopulations of HLAI-negative cells are finally isolated using a flow cytometer. The principal limitation of this protocol is the frequently microscopic and multifocal nature of primary cancer in prostatectomy specimens. Nonetheless, isolated live prostate CSCs are suitable for molecular characterization and functional validation by transplantation in immunodeficient mice.

The isolation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) directly from human tissues is requisite for their biological characterization. This manuscript describes a methodology for the isolation of prostate CSCs from human tissues, while also providing tips on troubleshooting difficult steps.

El aislamiento de las células madre del cáncer de muestras de cáncer de próstata humano

The cancer stem cell (CSC) model has been considerably revisited over the last two decades. During this time CSCs have been identified and directly ...

In vitro Method to Observe E-selectin-mediated Interactions Between Prostate Circulating Tumor Cells Derived From Patients and Human Endothelial Cells

Metastasis is a process in which tumor cells shed from the primary tumor intravasate blood vascular and lymphatic system, thereby, gaining access to extravasate and form a secondary niche.&#160;The extravasation of tumor cells from the blood vascular system can be studied using endothelial cells (ECs) and tumor cells obtained from different cell lines.&#160;Initial studies were conducted using static conditions but it has been well documented that ECs behave differently under physiological flow conditions.&#160;Therefore, different flow chamber assemblies are currently being used to studying cancer cell interactions with ECs.&#160;Current flow chamber assemblies offer reproducible results using either different cell lines or fluid at different shear stress conditions.&#160;However, to observe and study interactions with rare cells such as circulating tumor cells (CTCs), certain changes are required to be made to the conventional flow chamber assembly.&#160;CTCs are a rare cell population among millions of blood cells. Consequently, it is difficult to obtain a pure population of CTCs.&#160;Contamination of CTCs with different types of cells normally found in the circulation is inevitable using present enrichment or depletion techniques.&#160;In the present report, we describe a unique method to fluorescently label circulating prostate cancer cells and study their interactions with ECs in a self-assembled flow chamber system.&#160;This technique can be further applied to observe interactions between prostate CTCs and any protein of interest.

In vitro Method to Observe E-selectin-mediated Interactions Between Prostate Circulating Tumor Cells Derived From Patients and Human Endothelial Cells

Our report describes a unique method to visualize and analyze CTC/EC interactions in prostate cancer under physiological flow conditions.

Método in vitro para observar interacciones mediadas por E-selectina Entre próstata células tumorales circulantes derivadas de pacientes y las células endoteliales humanas

Metastasis is a process in which tumor cells shed from the primary tumor intravasate blood vascular and lymphatic system, thereby, gaining access to ...

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Muscular Dystrophy Patients: Efficient Integration-free Reprogramming of Urine Derived Cells

Dystrophic cardiomyopathy is a poorly understood consequence of muscular dystrophy. Generating induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) from patients with muscular dystrophy is an invaluable cellular source for in&#160;vitro disease model systems and can be used for drug screening studies. Patient-derived urine cells have been used in successful reprogramming into induced pluripotent stem cells in order to model dystrophic cardiomyopathy1. Addressing the safety concerns of integrating vector systems, we present a protocol using a non-integrating Sendai virus vector for transduction of Yamanaka factors into urine cells collected from patients with muscular dystrophy. This protocol generates fully reprogrammed clones within 2&#8211;3 weeks. The pluripotent cells are vector-free by passage-13. These dystrophic iPSCs can be differentiated into cardiomyocytes and used either to study disease mechanisms or for drug screening.

This protocol entails detailed procedures for isolation of urine derived cells from muscular dystrophy patients; their efficient and rapid reprogramming through Sendai virus transduction.

Generación de pluripotentes inducidas Células Madre de la distrofia muscular pacientes: Eficiente Reprogramación-Integración libre de orina células derivadas

Dystrophic cardiomyopathy is a poorly understood consequence of muscular dystrophy. Generating induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) from patients with ...

Isolation and Immortalization of Patient-derived Cell Lines from Muscle Biopsy for Disease Modeling

The generation of patient-specific cell lines represents an invaluable tool for diagnostic or translational research, and these cells can be collected from skin or muscle biopsy tissue available during the patient&#8217;s diagnostic workup. In this protocol, we describe a technique for live cell isolation from small amounts of muscle or skin tissue for primary cell culture. Additionally, we provide a technique for the immortalization of myogenic cell lines and fibroblast cell lines from primary cells. Once cell lines are immortalized, substantial expansion of patient-derived cells can be achieved. Immortalized cells are amenable to many downstream applications, including drug screening and in vitro correction of the genetic mutation. Altogether, these protocols provide a reliable tool to generate and preserve patient-derived cells for downstream applications.

This protocol describes techniques for live cell isolation and primary culture of myogenic and fibroblast cell lines from muscle or skin tissue. A technique for the immortalization of these cell lines is also described. Altogether, these protocols provide a reliable tool to generate and preserve patient-derived cells for downstream applications.

El aislamiento y la inmortalización de líneas celulares derivados de los pacientes a partir de una biopsia muscular para Modelado de Enfermedades

The generation of patient-specific cell lines represents an invaluable tool for diagnostic or translational research, and these cells can be collected ...

In vitro Enrichment of Ovarian Cancer Tumor-initiating Cells

Evidence suggests that small subpopulations of tumor cells maintain a unique self-renewing and differentiation capacity and may be responsible for tumor initiation and/or relapse. Clarifying the mechanisms by which these tumor-initiating cells (TICs) support tumor formation and progression could lead to the development of clinically favorable therapies. Ovarian cancer is a heterogeneous and highly recurrent disease. Recent studies suggest TICs may play an important role in disease biology. We have identified culture conditions that enrich for TICs from ovarian cancer cell lines. Growing either adherent cells or non-adherent &#8216;floater&#8217; cells in a low attachment plate with serum free media in the presence of growth factors supports the propagation of ovarian cancer TICs with stem cell markers (CD133 and ALDH activity) and increased tumorigenicity without the need to physically separate the TICs from other cell types within the culture. Although the presence of floater cells is not common for all cell lines, this population of cells with innate low adherence may have high tumorigenic potential.Compared to adherent cells grown in the presence of serum, TICs readily form spheres, are significantly more tumorigenic in mice, and express putative stem cell markers. The conditions are easy to establish in a timely manner and can be used to study signaling pathways important for maintaining stem characteristics, and to identify drugs or combinations of drugs targeting TICs. The culture conditions described herein are applicable for a variety of ovarian cancer cells of epithelial origin and will be critical in providing new information about the role of TICs in tumor initiation, progression, and relapse.

In vitro Enrichment of Ovarian Cancer Tumor-initiating Cells

Tumor-initiating cells (TICs) may represent a viable therapeutic target for the treatment of ovarian cancer, a highly recurrent and fatal disease. We present a protocol for culture conditions that enrich for this highly tumorigenic population of cells.

En Enriquecimiento vitro de células iniciadoras del tumor del cáncer de ovario

Evidence suggests that small subpopulations of tumor cells maintain a unique self-renewing and differentiation capacity and may be responsible for tumor ...

Establishment of a Human Multiple Myeloma Xenograft Model in the Chicken to Study Tumor Growth, Invasion and Angiogenesis

Multiple myeloma (MM), a malignant plasma cell disease, remains incurable and novel drugs are required to improve the prognosis of patients. Due to the lack of the bone microenvironment and auto/paracrine growth factors human MM cells are difficult to cultivate. Therefore, there is an urgent need to establish proper in vitro and in vivo culture systems to study the action of novel therapeutics on human MM cells. Here we present a model to grow human multiple myeloma cells in a complex 3D environment in vitro and in vivo. MM cell lines OPM-2 and RPMI-8226 were transfected to express the transgene GFP and were cultivated in the presence of human mesenchymal cells and collagen type-I matrix as three-dimensional spheroids. In addition, spheroids were grafted on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of chicken embryos and tumor growth was monitored by stereo fluorescence microscopy. Both models allow the study of novel therapeutic drugs in a complex 3D environment and the quantification of the tumor cell mass after homogenization of grafts in a transgene-specific GFP-ELISA. Moreover, angiogenic responses of the host and invasion of tumor cells into the subjacent host tissue can be monitored daily by a stereo microscope and analyzed by immunohistochemical staining against human tumor cells (Ki-67, CD138, Vimentin) or host mural cells covering blood vessels (desmin/ASMA).
In conclusion, the onplant system allows studying MM cell growth and angiogenesis in a complex 3D environment and enables screening for novel therapeutic compounds targeting survival and proliferation of MM cells.

Human multiple myeloma (MM) cells require the supportive microenvironment of mesenchymal cells and extracellular matrix components for survival and proliferation. We established an in vivo chicken embryo model with engrafted human myeloma and mesenchymal cells to study effects of cancer drugs on tumor growth, invasion and angiogenesis.

Establecimiento de un modelo de xenoinjerto Humano mieloma múltiple en el pollo para estudiar el crecimiento del tumor, la invasión y la angiogénesis

Multiple myeloma (MM), a malignant plasma cell disease, remains incurable and novel drugs are required to improve the prognosis of patients. Due to the ...

Studying Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cell Characteristics for Developing New Treatment Strategies

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) contains a subset of exclusively tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) which have been shown to drive tumor initiation, metastasis and resistance to radio- and chemotherapy. Here we describe a specific methodology for culturing primary human pancreatic CSCs as tumor spheres in anchorage-independent conditions. Cells are grown in serum-free, non-adherent conditions in order to enrich for CSCs while their more differentiated progenies do not survive and proliferate during the initial phase following seeding of single cells. This assay can be used to estimate the percentage of CSCs present in a population of tumor cells. Both size (which can range from 35 to 250 micrometers) and number of tumor spheres formed represents CSC activity harbored in either bulk populations of cultured cancer cells or freshly harvested and digested tumors 1,2. Using this assay, we recently found that metformin selectively ablates pancreatic CSCs; a finding that was subsequently further corroborated by demonstrating diminished expression of pluripotency-associated genes/surface markers and reduced in vivo tumorigenicity of metformin-treated cells. As the final step for preclinical development we treated mice bearing established tumors with metformin and found significantly prolonged survival. Clinical studies testing the use of metformin in patients with PDAC are currently underway (e.g., NCT01210911, NCT01167738, and NCT01488552). Mechanistically, we found that metformin induces a fatal energy crisis in CSCs by enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and reducing mitochondrial transmembrane potential. In contrast, non-CSCs were not eliminated by metformin treatment, but rather underwent reversible cell cycle arrest. Therefore, our study serves as a successful example for the potential of in vitro sphere formation as a screening tool to identify compounds that potentially target CSCs, but this technique will require further in vitro and in vivo validation to eliminate false discoveries.

Pancreatic cancer stem cells (CSCs) can be expanded in vitro using the anchorage-independent sphere culture technique, which represents a powerful tool to study CSC biology and can serve as the first step to develop novel CSC-targeting therapies. Here the methodology for expanding, analyzing and targeting of pancreatic CSCs is provided.