Name: induction and assessment of exertional skeletal muscle damage in humans
Uploaded: 2016-12-11T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Induction and Assessment of Exertional Skeletal Muscle Damage in Humans at JoVE.com

The authors have no acknowledgements.

The following procedures are in accordance with the standards of the Brigham Young University Institutional review board (IRB).
1. Prepare the Contraction Protocols
NOTE: The following protocol instructions are based on the Biodex Advantage software. Navigating the software and operating the dynamometer will be different if different systems are used.
<ol>
	<li>Isokinetic Strength Test Protocol
	<ol>
		<li>To make the isokinetic protocol, open dynamometer control ...

<ol>
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Several steps are critical to obtaining the desired results of this protocol. First, subjects must be adequately familiarized to the contraction protocols, particularly the force measurements. Be sure that the subject understands exactly what they are expected to do and give them an opportunity to practice the strength tests prior to data collection. Subjects who are not adequately familiarized with these procedures may show a learning curve over the days following the damage induction. This can be a confounding variable...

The overall goal of this procedure is to induce exertional damage to the quadriceps femoris muscles using voluntary lengthening (eccentric) contractions in human subjects.
Contraction-induced skeletal muscle damage is a common consequence of exercise that is marked by delayed onset muscle soreness1, transient strength loss, and elevated muscle-specific enzymes in the blood2. Exertional muscle damage is most pronounced following exercise to which the subject is unaccustomed, particularly when eccentric contractions are involved3. Exertional muscle damage is typically benign. Soreness subsides, and both serum proteins and strength typically return to pre-damage levels within a few days to weeks after the damaging insult. In extreme cases, exertional muscle damage can lead to a life-threatening syndrome know as rhabdomyolysis. However, exertional muscle damage is usually insufficient to cause clinical rhabdomyolysis in healthy individuals4 in the absence of compounding factors including heat stress, dehydration5, infection6 or rare genetic predispositions7. 
Contraction-induced muscle damage is typically less severe than toxin-induced or freezing-induced injury, methods often used in rodent studies8,9. Yet, contraction-induced injury provides a useful method to study the muscle damage response with notable advantages. First, it is a safe and ethical method for use with human subjects1-3. Thus, interspecies translation of the results is not needed as data can be obtained directly from human subjects. Moreover, translating data obtained from rodent studies is very difficult given that the severity of injury seen in the rodent injury models exceeds the level of damage that would be ethical to induce in human subjects. Second, contraction-induced damage is commonly experienced and a natural process of exercise. Therefore, this mode of damage induction is useful for studying muscle damage in the context of exercise, adaptation to exercise as well as overt muscle injury. Here we describe a safe and reliable method to induce and evaluate skeletal muscle damage using lengthening contractions in humans.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="924">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:216px;">Biodex Dynomometer</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Biodex Medical Systems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">850-000</td>
			<td style="width:423px;">Other models are available and should produce similar results</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Creatine Kinase kit</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td>MAK116</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Serum Vacutainers</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">BD Bioscience</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">367812</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Winged safety push button blood collection set</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">BD Bioscience</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">367338</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Cryogenic vials</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">V5007</td>
			<td>We use the 2mL vials to store serum aliquots</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

induction and assessment of exertional skeletal muscle damage in humans

Contraction-induced muscle damage via voluntary eccentric (lengthening) contractions offers an excellent model for studying muscle adaptation and recovery in humans. Herein we discuss the design of an eccentric exercise protocol to induce damage in the quadriceps muscles, marked by changes in strength, soreness, and plasma creatine kinase levels. This method is simple, ethical, and widely applicable since it is performed in human participants and eliminates the interspecies translation of the results. Subjects perform 300 maximal eccentric contractions of the knee extensor muscles at a speed of 120&#176;/sec on an isokinetic dynamometer. The extent of the damage is measurable using relatively non-invasive isokinetic and isometric measures of strength loss, soreness, and plasma creatine kinase levels over several days following the exercise. Therefore, its application can be directed to specific populations in an attempt to identify mechanisms for muscle adaptation and regeneration.

Using the methods presented here, baseline soreness, serum creatine kinase activity, and strength (isometric and isokinetic) measurements were taken in 7 untrained young men. The following day, the subjects underwent the muscle damaging eccentric contraction protocol described above. To provide indices of muscle damage, follow up assessments of strength, soreness and serum creatine kinase activity were made. Strength was measured immediately after as well as 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr after ex...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Induction and Assessment of Exertional Skeletal Muscle Damage in Humans at JoVE.com

Induction and Assessment of Exertional Skeletal Muscle Damage in Humans

This article describes a safe and reliable method to induce and quantify exertional skeletal muscle damage in human subjects.

Contraction-induced muscle damage via voluntary eccentric (lengthening) contractions offers an excellent model for studying muscle adaptation and recovery ...

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