Name: scanning squid study of vortex manipulation by local contact
Uploaded: 2017-02-01T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 6 min 53 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Scanning SQUID Study of Vortex Manipulation by Local Contact at JoVE.com

Agradecemos a A. Sharoni de la Universidad Bar-Ilan de proporcionar las películas superconductoras. Esta investigación fue apoyada por el Consejo Europeo de Investigación subvención del CEI-2014-STG- 639792, Integración Marie Curie Career Grant FP7-PEOPLE-2012-CIG-333799, e Israel Science Foundation de subvención ISF-1102/13.

1. El acceso a un sistema de escaneo SQUID <ol><li> Utilice un sistema SQUID de exploración que incluye un sensor SQUID fabricado en un chip 9, 10, stick slip etapa de movimiento gruesa, y un escáner basado en piezo para el movimiento fino. Ver Figura 1. </li><li> Pulir el chip SQUID en una esquina alrededor del circuito de recogida. El material del chip debe ser eliminado todo el camino hasta el bucle de recogida. <ol><li> pulir suavemente el SQUID, usando un papel de pulido no magnético 5-0,5 micras. NOTA: Después de la etapa de pulido del bucle de recogida puede ponerse en estrecha proximidad o contacto, con la muestra. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. El depósito de niobio (Nb) de película delgada con Sputtering actual continua (CC) <ol><li> Obtener un sustrato. En este trabajo, usar un sustrato de silicio dopado con boro con 500 nm de óxido de silicio. Son posibles otros sustratos tales como SrTiO y MgO. </li><li> Llegar a una base de pressuRE, de 10 -7 Torr en la cámara. Pre-pulverización catódica la cámara de evaporación a temperatura ambiente con un objetivo Nb 99,95%, en un ambiente de argón a una presión de 2,4 mTorr con una velocidad de deposición de 1,8 Å / s para 10 min. Tenga en cuenta que el proceso de deposición puede empezar sólo cuando la presión de base en la cámara es inferior a 10 -7 Torr. Si la presión es más alta de repetición de la fase previa a la pulverización catódica. </li><li> Coloque sustrato en la cámara. </li><li> Depósito Nb película delgada por bombardeo iónico a temperatura ambiente a partir de un blanco de Nb 99,95%, en un ambiente de argón a presión de 2,4 mTorr con una velocidad de deposición de 1,8 Å / s. </li></ol> La alineación de la muestra 3.-tip <ol><li> En esta etapa, alinear el chip sensor con la muestra de manera que la punta del chip hace contacto con la muestra cuando se mueve los vórtices. Para lograr esto, utilizar un ángulo de alineación de al menos 4 °. </li><li> Pegar un voladizo flexibles sobre una placa conductora con una capa dieléctrica. A continuación, pegar el chi SQUIDp en el voladizo. La capacitancia entre el voladizo y una placa estática determina el contacto con la muestra y la medida de la tensión aplicada. </li><li> Cargar la muestra en el microscopio. Pegue la muestra a una muestra designada montaje utilizando un barniz o plata pasta. Pegar el montaje al elemento piezo Z (Figura 1a). </li><li> Conectar el sistema de movimiento gruesa oscilaciones de relajación a un controlador. </li><li> Configurar imágenes ópticas desde dos ángulos - la parte delantera y el lado del chip. Use dos telescopios colocados en etapas de traducción, dirigidas a la parte frontal del chip y uno de sus lados. </li><li> Usando el stick slip etapa de movimiento grueso Z, mover la muestra a una distancia de 1 m desde el sensor, de manera que la reflexión del sensor es visible en la muestra. NOTA: El contacto entre la muestra y el sensor en esta etapa pueden dañar el SQUID. </li><li> Mover la muestra de 0,5 - 1 mm de distancia del sensor con la etapa de palo de Z deslizamiento del movimiento del robot para evitar daños a la SLIBRA. </li><li> Girar la tornillos de alineación (Figura 1a) para obtener los ángulos delanteros iguales (es decir, los ángulos de los lados de la punta del chip hacen con su reflexión, como se ve en la Figura 1c). </li><li> Mover la muestra a una distancia de 1 m desde el sensor. Compruebe los ángulos y repita el paso 3.7 y 3.8 si es necesario. </li><li> Girar los tornillos de alineación para conseguir un ángulo de 4 grados entre el sensor y la muestra (Figura 1d). Asegúrese de que la punta del chip es la parte que hace contacto con la muestra. </li></ol> 4. mediciones <ol><li> Cargar el cabezal de escaneo (Figura 1a) a un sistema de refrigeración 4 K. NOTA: cabeza de exploración debe estar conectado a un plato frío, y rodeado de una lata de vacío. Cablear una bobina alrededor de la lata para la aplicación de campo magnético externo (bajos campos de varios Gauss son suficientes para este estudio). Cubrir esta configuración con un escudo Mu-metal. </li><li> Enfriar en la presencia de magnecampo tic, mediante la aplicación de corriente a través de la bobina que rodea el microscopio. Elige la intensidad de campo cuidadosamente para conseguir la densidad deseada vórtice. Utilice 1Φ 0 = 20,7 g / m 2 para calcular el campo de tiempo de reutilización. Por ejemplo, para 10 vórtices en una zona micras 10 micras por 10, se aplican 2,07 G. </li><li> Para cambiar a una nueva muestra de calor densidad vórtice encima de la temperatura de transición superconductora (para Nb, caliente a más de 10 K). Aplicar el nuevo campo. </li><li> muestra fresca a 4,2 K. </li><li> Girar el campo magnético fuera. Girar el SQUID. </li><li> Mover la muestra cerca de la SQUID usando el sistema de movimiento gruesa oscilaciones de relajación. <ol><li> Aplique tensiones crecientes en el cubo Z-oscilaciones de relajación para mover la muestra más cercana al chip SQUID. </li><li> Aplicar la tensión entre la palanca y la placa para la lectura de la capacitancia utilizando un puente de capacitancia (0,1-1 V típicamente). </li><li> Barra el voltaje en el elemento piezo Z. Medir la capacitancia entre el voladizo y el platmi. Si se produce un gran cambio en la capacitancia, la muestra está en contacto con el chip de SQUID. </li><li> Si la muestra no hizo contacto con el chip, repita los pasos 4.6.1-4.6.3 hasta que se observa el contacto. </li><li> Opcional: Utilice movimiento curso para ajustar el espacio entre la punta y la muestra de manera que el contacto se produce a bajas tensiones (0 - 10 V aplicada sobre el piezo Z). </li><li> Una vez que hay contacto, repita los pasos 4.6.2-4.6.3 en varios lugares con el fin de determinar los ángulos de inclinación de la superficie y para definir el plano de la muestra, en relación con el sensor. </li></ol></li><li> Barra el voltaje en los X e Y piezoeléctricos elementos con el fin de mover la muestra en relación con el sensor. Analiza a una altura constante por encima de la muestra, sin contacto entre la punta y la muestra, con el fin de mapa de distribución de vórtice. Lograr una altura de exploración constante cambiando la tensión en el piezo Z de acuerdo con las ubicaciones X e Y, y al plano definido en 4.6. </li><li> Elija un vórtice y escanear around para determinar con precisión la ubicación de su centro. Tenga en cuenta que la ubicación del vórtice es relativo al bucle de captación del SQUID, no hasta el punto de contacto. </li><li> Girar SQUID fuera. </li><li> Aplicar una tensión que es mayor que la tensión de toma de contacto para el piezo y, o bien del grifo z lado del centro de vórtice o barrer el vórtice arrastrando el sensor (en contacto con la muestra) lentamente en la muestra a un lugar deseado. El vórtice se moverá hacia el grifo o en la dirección de barrido. Los valores típicos para agregar a la tensión aplicada son piezo z 2-5 V. </li><li> Girar el SQUID. </li><li> Image de nuevo a una altura constante sin contacto para localizar la nueva ubicación del vórtice. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Olson Reichhardt, C. J., Hastings, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Do+Vortices+Entangle?.">Do Vortices Entangle?.</a> Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 157002 (2004).</li><li>Milo&#353;evi&#263;, M. V., Berdiyorov, G. R., Peeters, F. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluxonic+cellular+automata.">Fluxonic cellular automata.</a> Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 212501 (2007).</li><li>Kalisky, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Scanning+Probe+Manipulation+of+Magnetism+at+the+LaAlO3/SrTiO3+Heterointerface.">Scanning Probe Manipulation of Magnetism at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 Heterointerface.</a> Nano Lett. 12, 4055-4059 (2012).</li><li>Silva, C. C. D. S., Van de Vondel, J., Morelle, M., Moshchalkov, V. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controlled+multiple+reversals+of+a+ratchet+effect.">Controlled multiple reversals of a ratchet effect.</a> Nature. 440, 651-654 (2006).</li><li>Kalisky, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamics+of+single+vortices+in+grain+boundaries:+I-V+characteristics+on+the+femtovolt+scale.">Dynamics of single vortices in grain boundaries: I-V characteristics on the femtovolt scale.</a> Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 202504 (2009).</li><li>Embon, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Probing+dynamics+and+pinning+of+single+vortices+in+superconductors+at+nanometer+scales.">Probing dynamics and pinning of single vortices in superconductors at nanometer scales.</a> Sci. Rep. 5, 7598 (2015).</li><li>Auslaender, O. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanics+of+individual+isolated+vortices+in+a+cuprate+superconductor.">Mechanics of individual isolated vortices in a cuprate superconductor.</a> Nature Phys. 5, 35-39 (2008).</li><li>Kalisky, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavior+of+vortices+near+twin+boundaries+in+underdoped+Ba(Fe1-xCox)2As2.">Behavior of vortices near twin boundaries in underdoped Ba(Fe1-xCox)2As2.</a> Phys. Rev. B. 83, 064511 (2011).</li><li>Huber, M. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gradiometric+micro-SQUID+susceptometer+for+scanning+measurements+of+mesoscopic+samples.">Gradiometric micro-SQUID susceptometer for scanning measurements of mesoscopic samples.</a> Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 053704 (2008).</li><li>Koshnick, N. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+terraced+scanning+super+conducting+quantum+interference+device+susceptometer+with+submicron+pickup+loops.">A terraced scanning super conducting quantum interference device susceptometer with submicron pickup loops.</a> Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 243101 (2008).</li><li>Kremen, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+Control+of+Individual+Superconducting+Vortices.">Mechanical Control of Individual Superconducting Vortices.</a> Nano Lett. 16, 1626-1630 (2016).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

la manipulación exitosa de vórtices depende de varios pasos críticos. Es importante para alinear el sensor en un ángulo, de tal manera que la punta del chip será el primero en entrar en contacto con la muestra. En segundo lugar, es importante tener en cuenta que la fuerza ejercida sobre la muestra se determina por las propiedades mecánicas del voladizo que el chip está montado. En el régimen elástico, la fuerza aplicada es proporcional a la desviación, x, de acuerdo con la ley de Hooke: F = kx <p cl...

Los vórtices son objetos magnéticos a nanoescala, formados en los superconductores de tipo 2 en presencia de un campo magnético externo. En una muestra libre de defectos, los vórtices pueden moverse libremente. Sin embargo, diferentes defectos en el resultado material en las regiones de la reducción de la superconductividad que son energéticamente favorable para vórtices. Vórtices tienden a decorar estas regiones, también conocidos como los sitios de colocación de clavos. En este caso, la fuerza requerida para mover un vórtice debe ser mayor que la fuerza de fijación. Propiedades de los vórtices, tales como la densidad de vórtice, fuerza de interacción y la gama, se pueden determinar fácilmente por el campo externo, la temperatura, o la geometría de la muestra. La capacidad de controlar estas propiedades ellos un buen sistema modelo para el comportamiento de la materia condensada que puede ser sintonizado con facilidad, así como candidatos adecuados para aplicaciones electrónicas 1, 2 hace. El control de la ubicación de los vórtices individuales es esencial para el diseño de tales loelementos gicas. El control mecánico de las nanopartículas magnéticas se había logrado antes. Kalisky et al. Recientemente se usa superconductor de interferencia cuántica dispositivo de exploración (SQUID) para estudiar la influencia de la tensión mecánica local en parches ferromagnéticos en las interfaces de óxidos complejos 3. Fueron capaces de cambiar la orientación del parche en los escaneos en contacto, presionando la punta de la SQUID en la muestra, la aplicación de una fuerza de hasta 1 μN en el proceso. Hemos utilizado un método similar en el protocolo con el fin de mover los vórtices. En los estudios existentes de manipulación de vórtice, el movimiento se consigue mediante la aplicación de corriente a la muestra, creando así Lorentz fuerza 4, 5, 6. Si bien este método es eficaz, no es local, y con el fin de controlar un único vórtice, se requiere la fabricación adicional. Los vórtices pueden ser también manipulated mediante la aplicación de campo magnético externo, por ejemplo, con un microscopio de fuerza magnética (MFM) o con una bobina de campo SQUID 7, 8. Este método es eficaz y local, pero la fuerza aplicada por estas herramientas es pequeño, y puede superar la fuerza de la fijación sólo a altas temperaturas, cerca de la temperatura crítica del superconductor. El protocolo permite la manipulación eficaz, locales a bajas temperaturas (4 K) sin fabricación adicional de la muestra. Nos vórtices de imagen utilizando microscopía de barrido SQUID. El sensor se fabrica sobre un chip de silicio que está pulido en una esquina, y se pega en un voladizo flexible. El voladizo se utiliza para la detección capacitiva de la superficie. El chip se coloca en un ángulo a la muestra, de modo que el punto de contacto está en la punta del chip. Aplicamos fuerzas de hasta 2 μN empujando el chip en la muestra. Movemos la muestra en relación con el SQUID por elementos piezoeléctricos. Nos movemosel vórtice tocando la punta de silicio junto a un vórtice, o mediante el barrido de ella, tocando el vórtice.

<table><tbody><tr><td>stick slip coarse motion system</td><td>attocube</td><td>ANPx-101</td><td>x,y motion</td></tr><tr><td>stick slip coarse motion system</td><td>attocube</td><td>ANPz-101</td><td>z motion</td></tr><tr><td>stick slip coarse motion system controller</td><td>Attocube</td><td>ANC 300</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>high voltage amplifier</td><td>Attocube</td><td>ANC 250</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>data acquisition card</td><td>National Instruments</td><td>NI&amp;nbsp;PCIe-6363</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>piezo elements</td><td>Piezo Systems Inc</td><td>T2C</td><td>non magnetic</td></tr><tr><td>low noise voltage preamplifier</td><td>Stanford Research Systems</td><td>SR 560</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>capacitance bridge</td><td>General Radio</td><td>1615A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>telescope</td><td>NAVITAR</td><td>1-504516</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>camera</td><td>MOTICAM</td><td>MP2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>dewar</td><td>Cryofab</td><td>N/A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>insert</td><td>ICE oxford</td><td>N/A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mu-metal shield</td><td>Amuneal</td><td>N/A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>vacuum cap</td><td>ICE oxford</td><td>N/A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>sputtering system</td><td>AJA international Inc</td><td>N/A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>lapping film</td><td>3M</td><td>261X</td><td>non magnetic</td></tr><tr><td>Nb target</td><td>Kurt J. Lesker</td><td>EJTNBXX351A2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GE Varnish</td><td>CMR-Direct</td><td>02-33-001</td><td>for cryogenic heatsinking</td></tr><tr><td>Silver paste</td><td>Structure Probe Inc</td><td>05063-AB</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

scanning squid study of vortex manipulation by local contact

Local, deterministic manipulation of individual vortices in type 2 superconductors is challenging. The ability to control the position of individual vortices is necessary in order to study how vortices interact with each other, with the lattice, and with other magnetic objects. Here, we present a protocol for vortex manipulation in thin superconducting films by local contact, without applying current or magnetic field. Vortices are imaged using a scanning superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID), and vertical stress is applied to the sample by pushing the tip of a silicon chip into the sample, using a piezoelectric element. Vortices are moved by tapping the sample or sweeping it with the silicon tip. Our method allows for effective manipulation of individual vortices, without damaging the film or affecting its topography. We demonstrate how vortices were relocated to distances of up to 0.8 mm. The vortices remained stable at their new location up to five days. With this method, we can control vortices and move them to form complex configurations. This technique for vortex manipulation could also be implemented in applications such as vortex based logic devices.

Nuestro protocolo fue probado con éxito en miles de vórtices individuales, bien separados en dos muestras de Nb, y nueve muestras de NbN. Generamos nuevos vórtices sobre la misma muestra por calentamiento de la muestra por encima de Tc, y enfriarlo de nuevo a 4,2 K en presencia de un campo magnético. Elegimos el campo magnético externo para lograr la densidad deseada de vórtice. Mostramos aquí los datos de estos experimentos. Estos resultados se han descrito en detalle por Kremen ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Scanning SQUID Study of Vortex Manipulation by Local Contact at JoVE.com

Scanning SQUID Study of Vortex Manipulation by Local Contact

We present a protocol for manipulation of individual vortices in thin superconducting films, using local mechanical contact. The method does not include applying current, magnetic field or additional fabrication steps.

Escaneado de Estudio SQUID de la manipulación del vórtice por contacto local

Local, deterministic manipulation of individual vortices in type 2 superconductors is challenging. The ability to control the position of individual ...

scanning-squid-study-of-vortex-manipulation-by-local-contact

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

6.8K vistas.  Bar-Ilan University. We present a protocol for manipulation of individual vortices in thin superconducting films, using local mechanical contact. The method does not include applying current, magnetic field or additional fabrication steps. 

Video: Scanning SQUID Study of Vortex Manipulation by Local Contact

Quantitatively Measuring In situ Flows using a Self-Contained Underwater Velocimetry Apparatus (SCUVA)

The ability to directly measure velocity fields in a fluid environment is necessary to provide empirical data for studies in fields as diverse as oceanography, ecology, biology, and fluid mechanics. Field measurements introduce practical challenges such as environmental conditions, animal availability, and the need for field-compatible measurement techniques. To avoid these challenges, scientists typically use controlled laboratory environments to study animal-fluid interactions. However, it is reasonable to question whether one can extrapolate natural behavior (i.e., that which occurs in the field) from laboratory measurements. Therefore, in situ quantitative flow measurements are needed to accurately describe animal swimming in their natural environment.
We designed a self-contained, portable device that operates independent of any connection to the surface, and can provide quantitative measurements of the flow field surrounding an animal. This apparatus, a self-contained underwater velocimetry apparatus (SCUVA), can be operated by a single scuba diver in depths up to 40 m. Due to the added complexity inherent of field conditions, additional considerations and preparation are required when compared to laboratory measurements. These considerations include, but are not limited to, operator motion, predicting position of swimming targets, available natural suspended particulate, and orientation of SCUVA relative to the flow of interest. The following protocol is intended to address these common field challenges and to maximize measurement success.

Quantitatively Measuring In situ Flows using a Self-Contained Underwater Velocimetry Apparatus SCUVA

This protocol provides instructions on how to use a self-contained underwater velocimetry apparatus (SCUVA), which is designed for quantification of in situ animal-generated flows. In addition, this protocol addresses challenges posed by field conditions, and includes operator motion, predicting position of animals, and orientation of SCUVA.

La medición cuantitativa de In situ Flujos de utilizar un aparato autónomo Velocimetry Subacuático (SCUVA)

The ability to directly measure velocity fields in a fluid environment is necessary to provide empirical data for studies in fields as diverse as ...

Investigación

Bioingeniería

Quantitative and Qualitative Examination of Particle-particle Interactions Using Colloidal Probe Nanoscopy

Colloidal Probe Nanoscopy (CPN), the study of the nano-scale interactive forces between a specifically prepared colloidal probe and any chosen substrate using the Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), can provide key insights into physical interactions present within colloidal systems. Colloidal systems are widely existent in several applications including, pharmaceuticals, foods, paints, paper, soil and minerals, detergents, printing and much more.1-3 Furthermore, colloids can exist in many states such as emulsions, foams and suspensions. Using colloidal probe nanoscopy one can obtain key information on the adhesive properties, binding energies and even gain insight into the physical stability and coagulation kinetics of the colloids present within. Additionally, colloidal probe nanoscopy can be used with biological cells to aid in drug discovery and formulation development. In this paper we describe a method for conducting colloidal probe nanoscopy, discuss key factors that are important to consider during the measurement, and show that both quantitative and qualitative data that can be obtained from such measurements.

Colloidal probe nanoscopy can be used within a variety of fields to gain insight into the physical stability and coagulation kinetics of colloidal systems and aid in drug discovery and formulation sciences using biological systems. The method described within provides a quantitative and qualitative means to study such systems.

El examen cuantitativo y cualitativo de las interacciones entre partículas Uso coloidal Sonda Nanoscopia

Colloidal Probe Nanoscopy (CPN), the study of the nano-scale interactive forces between a specifically prepared colloidal probe and any chosen substrate ...

Química

Methods for Measuring the Orientation and Rotation Rate of 3D-printed Particles in Turbulence

Experimental methods are presented for measuring the rotational and translational motion of anisotropic particles in turbulent fluid flows. 3D printing technology is used to fabricate particles with slender arms connected at a common center. Shapes explored are crosses (two perpendicular rods), jacks (three perpendicular rods), triads (three rods in triangular planar symmetry), and tetrads (four arms in tetrahedral symmetry). Methods for producing on the order of 10,000 fluorescently dyed particles are described. Time-resolved measurements of their orientation and solid-body rotation rate are obtained from four synchronized videos of their motion in a turbulent flow between oscillating grids with R&#955; = 91. In this relatively low-Reynolds number flow, the advected particles are small enough that they approximate ellipsoidal tracer particles. We present results of time-resolved 3D trajectories of position and orientation of the particles as well as measurements of their rotation rates.

We use 3D printing to fabricate anisotropic particles in the shapes of jacks, crosses, tetrads, and triads, whose alignments and rotations in turbulent fluid flow can be measured from multiple simultaneous video images.

Los métodos para medir la orientación y rotación Tasa de partículas en la turbulencia impresa en 3D

Experimental methods are presented for measuring the rotational and translational motion of anisotropic particles in turbulent fluid flows. 3D printing ...

Ingeniería

Hand Controlled Manipulation of Single Molecules via a Scanning Probe Microscope with a 3D Virtual Reality Interface

Considering organic molecules as the functional building blocks of future nanoscale technology, the question of how to arrange and assemble such building blocks in a bottom-up approach is still open. The scanning probe microscope (SPM) could be a tool of choice; however, SPM-based manipulation was until recently limited to two dimensions (2D). Binding the SPM tip to a molecule at a well-defined position opens an opportunity of controlled manipulation in 3D space. Unfortunately, 3D manipulation is largely incompatible with the typical 2D-paradigm of viewing and generating SPM data on a computer. For intuitive and efficient manipulation we therefore couple a low-temperature non-contact atomic force/scanning tunneling microscope (LT NC-AFM/STM) to a motion capture system and fully immersive virtual reality goggles. This setup permits &#34;hand controlled manipulation&#34; (HCM), in which the SPM tip is moved according to the motion of the experimenter&#39;s hand, while the tip trajectories as well as the response of the SPM junction are visualized in 3D. HCM paves the way to the development of complex manipulation protocols, potentially leading to a better fundamental understanding of nanoscale interactions acting between molecules on surfaces. Here we describe the setup and the steps needed to achieve successful hand-controlled molecular manipulation within the virtual reality environment.

We demonstrate the precise manipulation of individual organic molecules on a metal surface with the tip of a scanning probe microscope driven in 3D by the experimenter's hand using a motion capture system and fully immersive virtual reality goggles.

Mano manipulación controlada de Moléculas Individuales a través de un microscopio de sonda de barrido con una interfaz de realidad virtual 3D

Considering organic molecules as the functional building blocks of future nanoscale technology, the question of how to arrange and assemble such building ...

Investigating the Three-dimensional Flow Separation Induced by a Model Vocal Fold Polyp

The fluid-structure energy exchange process for normal speech has been studied extensively, but it is not well understood for pathological conditions. Polyps and nodules, which are geometric abnormalities that form on the medial surface of the vocal folds, can disrupt vocal fold dynamics and thus can have devastating consequences on a patient&#39;s ability to communicate. Our laboratory has reported particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements, within an investigation of a model polyp located on the medial surface of an in&#160;vitro driven vocal fold model, which show that such a geometric abnormality considerably disrupts the glottal jet behavior. This flow field adjustment is a likely reason for the severe degradation of the vocal quality in patients with polyps. A more complete understanding of the formation and propagation of vortical structures from a geometric protuberance, such as a vocal fold polyp, and the resulting influence on the aerodynamic loadings that drive the vocal fold dynamics, is necessary for advancing the treatment of this pathological condition. The present investigation concerns the three-dimensional flow separation induced by a wall-mounted prolate hemispheroid with a 2:1 aspect ratio in cross flow, i.e. a model vocal fold polyp, using an oil-film visualization technique. Unsteady, three-dimensional flow separation and its impact of the wall pressure loading are examined using skin friction line visualization and wall pressure measurements.

Vocal fold polyps can disrupt vocal fold dynamics and thus can have devastating consequences on a patient&#39;s ability to communicate. Three-dimensional flow separation induced by a wall-mounted model polyp and its impact on the wall pressure loading are examined using particle image velocimetry, skin friction line visualization, and wall pressure measurements.

Investigación De La Separación De Flujo Tridimensional Inducida Por Un Pólipo Modelo De Pliegue Vocal

The fluid-structure energy exchange process for normal speech has been studied extensively, but it is not well understood for pathological conditions. ...

Visualization of Flow Field Around a Vibrating Pipeline Within an Equilibrium Scour Hole

An experimental method is presented in this paper to facilitate visualization of the detailed flow fields and determination of the near-boundary shear and normal stresses within an equilibrium scour hole induced by a vibrating pipeline. This method involves the implementation of a pipeline vibration system in a straight flume, a time-resolved particle image velocimetry (PIV) system for pipeline displacement tracking and flow fields measurements. The displacement time-series of the vibrating pipeline are obtained by using the cross-correlation algorithms. The steps for processing raw particle laden images obtained by using the time-resolved PIV are described. The detailed instantaneous flow fields around the vibrating pipeline at different vibrating phases are calculated by using a multiple-time-interval cross-correlation algorithm to avoid displacement bias error in the flow regions with a large velocity gradient. By applying the wavelet transform technique, the captured images that have the same vibrating phase are accurately cataloged before the phase-averaged velocity fields are obtained. The key advantages of the flow measurement technique described in this paper are that it has a very high temporal and spatial resolution and can be simultaneously used to obtain the pipeline dynamics, flow fields, and near-boundary flow stresses. By using this technique, more in-depth studies of the 2-dimensional flow field in a complex environment, such as that around a vibrating pipeline, can be conducted to better understand the associated sophisticated scour mechanism.

The goal of the protocol is to enable visualization of the detailed flow fields and determination of the near-boundary shear and normal stresses within an equilibrium scour hole induced by a vibrating pipeline.

Visualización del campo de flujo alrededor de una tubería vibratoria dentro de un agujero de barrido de equilibrio

An experimental method is presented in this paper to facilitate visualization of the detailed flow fields and determination of the near-boundary shear and ...

Medio ambiente

Fabrication of Magnetic Nanostructures on Silicon Nitride Membranes for Magnetic Vortex Studies Using Transmission Microscopy Techniques

Electron and x-ray magnetic microscopies allow for high-resolution magnetic imaging down to tens of nanometers. However, the samples need to be prepared on transparent membranes which are very fragile and difficult to manipulate. We present processes for the fabrication of samples with magnetic micro- and nanostructures with spin configurations forming magnetic vortices suitable for Lorentz transmission electron microscopy and magnetic transmission x-ray microscopy studies. The samples are prepared on silicon nitride membranes and the fabrication consists of a spin coating, UV and electron-beam lithography, the chemical development of the resist, and the evaporation of the magnetic material followed by a lift-off process forming the final magnetic structures. The samples for the Lorentz transmission electron microscopy consist of magnetic nanodiscs prepared in a single lithography step. The samples for the magnetic x-ray transmission microscopy are used for time-resolved magnetization dynamic experiments, and magnetic nanodiscs are placed on a waveguide which is used for the generation of repeatable magnetic field pulses by passing an electric current through the waveguide. The waveguide is created in an extra lithography step.

A protocol for the fabrication of magnetic micro- and nanostructures with spin configurations forming magnetic vortices suitable for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and magnetic transmission x-ray microscopy (MTXM) studies is presented.

Fabricación de nanoestructuras magnéticas en membranas de nitruro de silicio para estudios de vórtice magnético usando técnicas de microscopía de transmisión

Electron and x-ray magnetic microscopies allow for high-resolution magnetic imaging down to tens of nanometers. However, the samples need to be prepared ...

Direct Force Measurements of Subcellular Mechanics in Confinement using Optical Tweezers

During the development of a multicellular organism, a single fertilized cell divides and gives rise to multiple tissues with diverse functions. Tissue morphogenesis goes in hand with molecular and structural changes at the single cell level that result in variations of subcellular mechanical properties. As a consequence, even within the same cell, different organelles and compartments resist differently to mechanical stresses; and mechanotransduction pathways can actively regulate their mechanical properties. The ability of a cell to adapt to the microenvironment of the tissue niche thus is in part due to the ability to sense and respond to mechanical stresses. We recently proposed a new mechanosensation paradigm in which nuclear deformation and positioning enables a cell to gauge the physical 3D environment and endows the cell with a sense of proprioception to decode changes in cell shape. In this article, we describe a new method to measure the forces and material properties that shape the cell nucleus inside living cells, exemplified on adherent cells and mechanically confined cells. The measurements can be performed non-invasively with optical traps inside cells, and the forces are directly accessible through calibration-free detection of light momentum. This allows measuring the mechanics of the nucleus independently from cell surface deformations and allowing dissection of exteroceptive and interoceptive mechanotransduction pathways. Importantly, the trapping experiment can be combined with optical microscopy to investigate the cellular response and subcellular dynamics using fluorescence imaging of the cytoskeleton, calcium ions, or nuclear morphology. The presented method is straightforward to apply, compatible with commercial solutions for force measurements, and can easily be extended to investigate the mechanics of other subcellular compartments, e.g., mitochondria, stress-fibers, and endosomes.

Here, we present a protocol to investigate the intracellular mechanical properties of isolated embryonic zebrafish cells in three-dimensional confinement with direct force measurement by an optical trap.

Mediciones directas de la fuerza de la mecánica subcelular en confinamiento utilizando pinzas ópticas

During the development of a multicellular organism, a single fertilized cell divides and gives rise to multiple tissues with diverse functions. Tissue ...

Biología del Desarrollo

Using a Microfluidics Device for Mechanical Stimulation and High Resolution Imaging of C. elegans

One central goal of mechanobiology is to understand the reciprocal effect of mechanical stress on proteins and cells. Despite its importance, the influence of mechanical stress on cellular function is still poorly understood. In part, this knowledge gap exists because few tools enable simultaneous deformation of tissue and cells, imaging of cellular activity in live animals, and efficient restriction of motility in otherwise highly mobile model organisms, such as the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The small size of C. elegans makes them an excellent match to microfluidics-based research devices, and solutions for immobilization have been presented using microfluidic devices. Although these devices allow for high-resolution imaging, the animal is fully encased in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and glass, limiting physical access for delivery of mechanical force or electrophysiological recordings. Recently, we created a device that integrates pneumatic actuators with a trapping design that is compatible with high-resolution fluorescence microscopy. The actuation channel is separated from the worm-trapping channel by a thin PDMS diaphragm. This diaphragm is deflected into the side of a worm by applying pressure from an external source. The device can target individual mechanosensitive neurons. The activation of these neurons is imaged at high-resolution with genetically-encoded calcium indicators. This article presents the general method using C. elegans strains expressing calcium-sensitive activity indicator (GCaMP6s) in their touch receptor neurons (TRNs). The method, however, is not limited to TRNs nor to calcium sensors as a probe, but can be expanded to other mechanically-sensitive cells or sensors.

Using a Microfluidics Device for Mechanical Stimulation and High Resolution Imaging of C. elegans

New tools for mechanobiology research are needed to understand how mechanical stress activates biochemical pathways and elicits biological responses. Here, we showcase a new method for selective mechanical stimulation of immobilized animals with a microfluidic trap allowing high-resolution imaging of cellular responses.

Usando un dispositivo de microfluidos para la estimulación mecánica y alta resolución de imagen de C. elegans

One central goal of mechanobiology is to understand the reciprocal effect of mechanical stress on proteins and cells. Despite its importance, the ...

Neurociencias

Visualizing Membrane Ruffle Formation using Scanning Electron Microscopy

Membrane ruffling is the formation of motile plasma membrane protrusions containing a meshwork of newly polymerized actin filaments. Membrane ruffles may form spontaneously or in response to growth factors, inflammatory cytokines, and phorbol esters. Some of the membrane protrusions may reorganize into circular membrane ruffles that fuse at their distal margins and form cups that close and separate into the cytoplasm as large, heterogeneous vacuoles called macropinosomes. During the process, ruffles trap extracellular fluid and solutes that internalize within macropinosomes. High-resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a commonly used imaging technique to visualize and quantify membrane ruffle formation, circular protrusions, and closed macropinocytic cups on the cell surface. The following protocol describes the cell culture conditions, stimulation of the membrane ruffle formation in vitro, and how to fix, dehydrate, and prepare cells for imaging using SEM. Quantification of membrane ruffling, data normalization, and stimulators and inhibitors of membrane ruffle formation are also described. This method can help answer key questions about the role of macropinocytosis in physiological and pathological processes, investigate new targets that regulate membrane ruffle formation, and identify yet uncharacterized physiological stimulators as well as novel pharmacological inhibitors of macropinocytosis.

Macropinocytosis is a highly conserved endocytic process initiated by the formation of F-actin-rich sheet-like membrane projections, also known as membrane ruffles. Increased rate of macropinocytotic solute internalization has been implicated in various pathological conditions. This protocol presents a method to quantify membrane ruffle formation in vitro using scanning electron microscopy.

Visualización de la formación de volantes de membrana mediante microscopía electrónica de barrido

Membrane ruffling is the formation of motile plasma membrane protrusions containing a meshwork of newly polymerized actin filaments. Membrane ruffles may ...