Name: creation of cardiac tissue exhibiting mechanical integration of spheroids using 3d bioprinting
Uploaded: 2017-07-02T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Creation of Cardiac Tissue Exhibiting Mechanical Integration of Spheroids Using 3D Bioprinting at JoVE.com

The authors acknowledge the following funding sources: Magic That Matters Fund for Cardiovascular Research and the Maryland Stem Cell Research Fund (2016-MSCRFI-2735).

1. Preparation of Cardiomyocytes
<ol>
	<li>Generate and culture human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) on 6-well plates coated with basement membrane matrix as described10.</li>
	<li>Differentiate hiPSCs into hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) using previously described methods11,12.</li>
	<li>On Day 19 after differentiation, isolate the cardiomyocytes using 2 mL of Trypsin/EDTA 0.05% in each well for 5 min at room temperatu...

<ol>
	<li>Murphy, S. V., Atala, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3D+bioprinting+of+tissues+and+organs.">3D bioprinting of tissues and organs.</a> Nat Biotech. 32, 773-785 (2014).</li><li>Bajaj, P., Schweller, R. M., Khademhosseini, A., West, J. L., Bashir, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3D+biofabrication+strategies+for+tissue+engineering+and+regenerative+medicine.">3D biofabrication strategies for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.</a> Ann Rev Biomed Eng. 16, 247-276 (2014).</li><li>Patra, S., Young, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Review+of+3D+Printing+Techniques+and+the+Future+in+Biofabrication+of+Bioprinted+Tissue.">A Review of 3D Printing Techniques and the Future in Biofabrication of Bioprinted Tissue.</a> Cell Biochem Biophy. 74, 93-98 (2016).</li><li>Moldovan, N. 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T., Fontes, A., Vemuri, M. C., Macarthur, C. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells+with+CytoTune,+a+non-integrating+Sendai+virus.">Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells with CytoTune, a non-integrating Sendai virus.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 997, 45-56 (2013).</li><li>Li, S., Cheng, H., Tomaselli, G. F., Li, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanistic+basis+of+excitation-contraction+coupling+in+human+pluripotent+stem+cell-derived+ventricular+cardiomyocytes+revealed+by+Ca2++spark+characteristics:+direct+evidence+of+functional+Ca2+-induced+Ca2++release.">Mechanistic basis of excitation-contraction coupling in human pluripotent stem cell-derived ventricular cardiomyocytes revealed by Ca2+ spark characteristics: direct evidence of functional Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release.</a> Heart Rhythm. 11, 133-140 (2014).</li><li>Boheler, K. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Human+Pluripotent+Stem+Cell+Surface+N-Glycoproteome+Resource+Reveals+Markers,+Extracellular+Epitopes,+and+Drug+Targets.">A Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Surface N-Glycoproteome Resource Reveals Markers, Extracellular Epitopes, and Drug Targets.</a> Stem Cell Rep. 3, 185-203 (2014).</li><li>ScienCell Research Laboratories. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Human Cardiac Fibroblasts (adult ventricular) Product Sheet. , (2017).</li><li>Lonza Walkersville, Inc. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Endothelial Cell Systems - Technical Information &amp; Instructions.,. , (2015).</li><li>Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Immunofluorescence Method for IHC Detection. , (2017).</li><li>Murata, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+preliminary+study+of+osteochondral+regeneration+using+a+scaffold-free+three-dimensional+construct+of+porcine+adipose+tissue-derived+mesenchymal+stem+cells.">A preliminary study of osteochondral regeneration using a scaffold-free three-dimensional construct of porcine adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells.</a> J Orthop Surg Res. 10, (2015).</li><li>Mosadegh, B., Xiong, G., Dunham, S., Min, J. 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It is important to use beating, functional spheroids for 3D bioprinting. If spheroids are not beating, continuing to use them will invariably result in a non-functional 3D bioprinted patch.
One benefit of this approach is the ability to manipulate the cell content of the patch by varying the total number of cells and the percentage of cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts in the spheroids. This allows for many different types of cardiac patches to be printed, with varying histolog...

There are many different methods of 3D bioprinting1,2,3. 3D bioprinting is frequently classified by printing technology1, with examples such as inkjet bioprinting, microextrusion bioprinting, laser assisted bioprinting, a combination of methods, or newer approaches. 3D bioprinting can also be classified into scaffold-free or scaffold-dependent methods4. Most methods of 3D bioprinting are scaffold-dependent, where there is a need for biomaterials, e.g. bioinks5 or scaffolds6. However, scaffold-dependent 3D bioprinting face many issues and limitations4,7, such as immunogenicity of scaffolding material, cost of proprietary bioinks, slow speed and toxicity of degradation products.
Scaffold-free cardiac tissue engineering using spheroids has been attempted8, with the potential to overcome these disadvantages of scaffold-dependent tissue engineering. However, as acknowledged by the authors in that paper, it had been difficult to robustly handle and position spheroids in fixed locations, in the process of biofabrication. The concomitant use of 3D bioprinting and spheroid-based tissue engineering has the potential to overcome these difficulties. In this protocol, we describe 3D bioprinting of cardiac tissue without other biomaterials, using only cells in the form of spheroids.
Scaffold-free spheroid-based 3D bioprinters9 have the ability to pick up individual spheroids using vacuum suction and position them on a needle array. The concept of positioning spheroids on a needle array in 3D bioprinting, is inspired from the use of needle arrays (known as &#34;kenzan&#34;) in the ancient Japanese art of flower arrangement, ikebana. This system allows spheroids to be precisely positioned in any configuration and results in the individual spheroids fusing together over a short period to create a 3D bioprinted tissue. This method thus allows spheroids to be manipulated with ease, with potential implications for the future of scaffold-free organ biofabrication.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="587">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:176px;">Geltrex</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">Invitrogen&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">A1413202</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:176px;">Trypsin/EDTA 0.05%</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">15400054</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:176px;">Defined Trypsin inhibitor 0.0125%</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">R007100</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="65">
			<td height="65" style="height:65px;width:176px;">RPMI Cell Media</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">11875-093</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">RPMI supplemented with B27 constitutes HIPSC-CM culture media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:176px;">B-27 Supplement</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">17504044</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">RPMI supplemented with B27 constitutes HIPSC-CM culture media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:176px;">Countess Automated Cell Counter</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">C10227</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:176px;">Human cardiac fibroblasts (adult ventricular type)</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">Sciencell</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">6310</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:176px;">Human umbilical vein endothelial cells</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">Lonza</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">CC-2935</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:176px;">PrimeSurface ultra-low attachment 96-well U-bottom plates&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">Akita Sumitomo Bakelite Co.</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">MS-9096UZ</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:176px;">Regenova Bio 3D Printer</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">Cyfuse Biomedical K.K.</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">N/A</td>
			<td>www.cyfusebio.com/en/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Trypan Blue Solution, 0.4%</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">15250061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:176px;">Troponin T Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">701620</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:176px;">Connexin 43 (Cx43) Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">Chemicon</td>
			<td>MAB3068</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:176px;">ProLong Gold Antifade Mountant with DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">P36935</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

creation of cardiac tissue exhibiting mechanical integration of spheroids using 3d bioprinting

This protocol describes 3D bioprinting of cardiac tissue without the use of biomaterials, using only cells. Cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells and fibroblasts are first isolated, counted and mixed at desired cell ratios. They are co-cultured in individual wells in ultra-low attachment 96-well plates. Within 3 days, beating spheroids form. These spheroids are then picked up by a nozzle using vacuum suction and assembled on a needle array using a 3D bioprinter. The spheroids are then allowed to fuse on the needle array. Three days after 3D bioprinting, the spheroids are removed as an intact patch, which is already spontaneously beating. 3D bioprinted cardiac patches exhibit mechanical integration of component spheroids and are highly promising in cardiac tissue regeneration and as 3D models of heart disease.

At the end of step 4.4 (co-culture), the cells in each well should aggregate at the bottom of the ultra-low attachment 96-well U-bottom plates to form spheroids by gravity. These spheroids contain hiPSC-CM, HCFs, and HUVECs, and can be visually inspected under light microscopy, where they should appear circular by two-dimensional projection (Figure 1). At the end of step 6.3, the 3D bioprinted cardiac patch should contain tissue voids, due to needle holes cre...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Creation of Cardiac Tissue Exhibiting Mechanical Integration of Spheroids Using 3D Bioprinting at JoVE.com

Creation of Cardiac Tissue Exhibiting Mechanical Integration of Spheroids Using 3D Bioprinting

This protocol describes 3D bioprinting of cardiac tissue without the use of biomaterials. 3D bioprinted cardiac patches exhibit mechanical integration of component spheroids and are highly promising in cardiac tissue regeneration and as 3D models of heart disease.

This protocol describes 3D bioprinting of cardiac tissue without the use of biomaterials, using only cells. Cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells and ...

The purpose of this video is to demonstrate 3D bioprinting of cardiac tissue without the use of biomaterials, using only cells. Firstly, cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells and fibroblasts are isolated, counted and mixed at desired cell ratios. They're then distributed using a multi-channel pipette and to individual wells in ultra low attachment 96 well plates.The cells in the 96 well plates are incubated for three days, after three days, they form spheroids that beat spontaneously. Confocal microscopy reveals the expression of connects in 43, which is fluorescently labeled green in Troponin T positive cardiomyocytes, which are fluorescently labeled far red within the spheroids. The 96 well plates containing the spheroids are then loaded into the 3D bio-printer.The 3D bio-printer starts by transferring the 96 well plate to a location just beside the needle array using a moving platform. The 3D bio-printer then inspects all the spheroids in the 96 well plate to obtain relevant data regarding each spheroid such as its diameter and its shape. This is a close up view of the 3D bioprinting process.The spheroid is picked up from the 96 well plate on the left by a nozzle using vacuum suction and placed a specific location in a needle array on the right. This process is repeated until the 3D bioprinting process is complete. Until all the spheroids and 96 well plate have been bioprinted, then the 3D bioprinter will store the exising 96 well plate and load a new plate, using the moving platform.This is a timelapse video showing an aerial view of the 3D bioprinting of a nine by nine patch at 100 times speed, the needles in the needle array are arranged in a group formation and spheroids are loaded onto each needle from above. After three days under sterile conditions, the 3D bioprinter cardiac patch is very carefully removed from the needle array by gently sliding the piece of hard plastic in the needle array under the patch upwards. Lubrication with phosphate buffered saline or PBS, maybe applied to the needles during this step as needed, for smoother and easier removal.The 3D bioprinted cardiac patch is very fragile, immediately after removal from the needle array, so due care must be taken in order not to damage it. The 3D bioprinted cardiac patch is then transferred into a 35 millimeter tissue culture dish containing appropriate cell media. Immediately after removal from the needle array, it is noted that the patch is already beating, with the needle holes changing in size with each beat.The 3D bioprinted cardiac patch is allowed to mature, during which time, the tissue voids caused by the needle array are filled up by surrounding tissue. The 3D bioprinting cardiac patch continues to beat spontaneously. In conclusion, it is feasible to 3D bioprint cardiac tissue without the use of biomaterials.3D bioprinted cardiac patches exhibit mechanical integration of component spheroids. 3D bioprinting of cardiac tissue has promising clinical applications and cardiac tissue regeneration and has 3D models of heart tissue, replication in predictive pharmacology and toxicology and development of cell and genome directed therapies.

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Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Plasma Lithography Surface Patterning for Creation of Cell Networks

Systematic manipulation of a cell microenvironment with micro- and nanoscale resolution is often required for deciphering various cellular and molecular phenomena. To address this requirement, we have developed a plasma lithography technique to manipulate the cellular microenvironment by creating a patterned surface with feature sizes ranging from 100 nm to millimeters. The goal of this technique is to be able to study, in a controlled way, the behaviors of individual cells as well as groups of cells and their interactions.
This plasma lithography method is based on selective modification of the surface chemistry on a substrate by means of shielding the contact of low-temperature plasma with a physical mold. This selective shielding leaves a chemical pattern which can guide cell attachment and movement. This pattern, or surface template, can then be used to create networks of cells whose structure can mimic that found in nature and produces a controllable environment for experimental investigations. The technique is well suited to studying biological phenomenon as it produces stable surface patterns on transparent polymeric substrates in a biocompatible manner. The surface patterns last for weeks to months and can thus guide interaction with cells for long time periods which facilitates the study of long-term cellular processes, such as differentiation and adaption. The modification to the surface is primarily chemical in nature and thus does not introduce topographical or physical interference for interpretation of results. It also does not involve any harsh or toxic substances to achieve patterning and is compatible for tissue culture. Furthermore, it can be applied to modify various types of polymeric substrates, which due to the ability to tune their properties are ideal for and are widely used in biological applications. The resolution achievable is also beneficial, as isolation of specific processes such as migration, adhesion, or binding allows for discrete, clear observations at the single to multicell level.
This method has been employed to form diverse networks of different cell types for investigations involving migration, signaling, tissue formation, and the behavior and interactions of neurons arraigned in a network.

A versatile plasma lithography technique has been developed to generate stable surface patterns for guiding cellular attachment. This technique can be applied to create cell networks including those that mimic natural tissues and has been used for studying several, distinct cell types.

Systematic manipulation of a cell microenvironment with micro- and nanoscale resolution is often required for deciphering various cellular and molecular ...

Bioprinting Cellularized Constructs Using a Tissue-specific Hydrogel Bioink

Bioprinting has emerged as a versatile biofabrication approach for creating tissue engineered organ constructs. These constructs have potential use as organ replacements for implantation in patients, and also, when created on a smaller size scale as model "organoids" that can be used in in vitro systems for drug and toxicology screening.
Despite development of a wide variety of bioprinting devices, application of bioprinting technology can be limited by the availability of materials that both expedite bioprinting procedures and support cell viability and function by providing tissue-specific cues. Here we describe a versatile hyaluronic acid (HA) and gelatin-based hydrogel system comprised of a multi-crosslinker, 2-stage crosslinking protocol, which can provide tissue specific biochemical signals and mimic the mechanical properties of in vivo tissues. 
Biochemical factors are provided by incorporating tissue-derived extracellular matrix materials, which include potent growth factors. Tissue mechanical properties are controlled combinations of PEG-based crosslinkers with varying molecular weights, geometries (linear or multi-arm), and functional groups to yield extrudable bioinks and final construct shear stiffness values over a wide range (100 Pa to 20 kPa). Using these parameters, hydrogel bioinks were used to bioprint primary liver spheroids in a liver-specific bioink to create in vitro liver constructs with high cell viability and measurable functional albumin and urea output. This methodology provides a general framework that can be adapted for future customization of hydrogels for biofabrication of a wide range of tissue construct types.

We describe a set of protocols that together provide a tissue-mimicking hydrogel bioink with which functional and viable 3-D tissue constructs can be bioprinted for use in in vitro screening applications.

Bioprinting has emerged as a versatile biofabrication approach for creating tissue engineered organ constructs. These constructs have potential use as ...

Bioprinting of Cartilage and Skin Tissue Analogs Utilizing a Novel Passive Mixing Unit Technique for Bioink Precellularization

Bioprinting is a powerful technique for the rapid and reproducible fabrication of constructs for tissue engineering applications. In this study, both cartilage and skin analogs were fabricated after bioink pre-cellularization utilizing a novel passive mixing unit technique. This technique was developed with the aim to simplify the steps involved in the mixing of a cell suspension into a highly viscous bioink. The resolution of filaments deposited through bioprinting necessitates the assurance of uniformity in cell distribution prior to printing to avoid the deposition of regions without cells or retention of large cell clumps that can clog the needle. We demonstrate the ability to rapidly blend a cell suspension with a bioink prior to bioprinting of both cartilage and skin analogs. Both tissue analogs could be cultured for up to 4 weeks. Histological analysis demonstrated both cell viability and deposition of tissue specific extracellular matrix (ECM) markers such as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and collagen I respectively.

Cartilage and skin analogs were bioprinted using a nanocellulose-alginate based bioink. The bioinks were cellularized prior to printing via a single step passive mixing unit. The constructs were demonstrated to be uniformly cellularized, have high viability, and exhibit favorable markers of differentiation.

Bioprinting is a powerful technique for the rapid and reproducible fabrication of constructs for tissue engineering applications. In this study, both ...

A Net Mold-based Method of Scaffold-free Three-Dimensional Cardiac Tissue Creation

This protocol describes a novel and easy net mold-based method to create three-dimensional (3-D) cardiac tissues without additional scaffold material. Human-induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs), human cardiac fibroblasts (HCFs), and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) are isolated and used to generate a cell suspension with 70% iPSC-CMs, 15% HCFs, and 15% HUVECs. They are co-cultured in an ultra-low attachment "hanging drop" system, which contains micropores for condensing hundreds of spheroids at one time. The cells aggregate and spontaneously form beating spheroids after 3 days of co-culture. The spheroids are harvested, seeded into a novel mold cavity, and cultured on a shaker in the incubator. The spheroids become a mature functional tissue approximately 7 days after seeding. The resultant multilayered tissues consist of fused spheroids with satisfactory structural integrity and synchronous beating behavior. This new method has promising potential as a reproducible and cost-effective method to create engineered tissues for the treatment of heart failure in the future.

This protocol describes a net mold-based method to create three-dimensional scaffold-free cardiac tissues with satisfactory structural integrity and synchronous beating behavior.

This protocol describes a novel and easy net mold-based method to create three-dimensional (3-D) cardiac tissues without additional scaffold material. ...

Protocols of 3D Bioprinting of Gelatin Methacryloyl Hydrogel Based Bioinks

Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) has become a popular biomaterial in the field of bioprinting. The derivation of this material is gelatin, which is hydrolyzed from mammal collagen. Thus, the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) sequences and target motifs of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) remain on the molecular chains, which help achieve cell attachment and degradation. Furthermore, formation properties of GelMA are versatile. The methacrylamide groups allow a material to become rapidly crosslinked under light irradiation in the presence of a photoinitiator. Therefore, it makes great sense to establish suitable methods for synthesizing three-dimensional (3D) structures with this promising material. However, its low viscosity restricts GelMA's printability. Presented here are methods to carry out 3D bioprinting of GelMA hydrogels, namely the fabrication of GelMA microspheres, GelMA fibers, GelMA complex structures, and GelMA-based microfluidic chips. The resulting structures and biocompatibility of the materials as well as the printing methods are discussed. It is believed that this protocol may serve as a bridge between previously applied biomaterials and GelMA as well as contribute to the establishment of GelMA-based 3D architectures for biomedical applications.

Presented here is a method for the 3D bioprinting of gelatin methacryloyl.

Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) has become a popular biomaterial in the field of bioprinting. The derivation of this material is gelatin, which is hydrolyzed ...

Direct Bioprinting of 3D Multicellular Breast Spheroids onto Endothelial Networks

Bioprinting is emerging as a promising tool to fabricate 3D human cancer models that better recapitulate critical hallmarks of in vivo tissue architecture. In current layer-by-layer extrusion bioprinting, individual cells are extruded in a bioink together with complex spatial and temporal cues to promote hierarchical tissue self-assembly. However, this biofabrication technique relies on complex interactions among cells, bioinks and biochemical and biophysical cues. Thus, self-assembly may take days or even weeks, may require specific bioinks, and may not always occur when there is more than one cell type involved. We therefore developed a technique to directly bioprint pre-formed 3D breast epithelial spheroids in a variety of bioinks. Bioprinted pre-formed 3D breast epithelial spheroids sustained their viability and polarized architecture after printing. We additionally printed the 3D spheroids onto vascular endothelial cell networks to create a co-culture model. Thus, the novel bioprinting technique rapidly creates a more physiologically relevant 3D human breast model at lower cost and with higher flexibility than traditional bioprinting techniques. This versatile bioprinting technique can be extrapolated to create 3D models of other tissues in additional bioinks.

The goal of this protocol is to directly bioprint breast epithelial cells as multicellular spheroids onto pre-formed endothelial networks to rapidly create 3D breast-endothelial co-culture models which can be used for drug screening studies.

Bioprinting is emerging as a promising tool to fabricate 3D human cancer models that better recapitulate critical hallmarks of in vivo tissue ...

Fabrication of 3D Cardiac Microtissue Arrays using Human iPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes, Cardiac Fibroblasts, and Endothelial Cells

Generation of human cardiomyocytes (CMs), cardiac fibroblasts (CFs), and endothelial cells (ECs) from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has provided a unique opportunity to study the complex interplay among different cardiovascular cell types that drives tissue development and disease. In the area of cardiac tissue models, several sophisticated three-dimensional (3D) approaches use induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) to mimic physiological relevance and native tissue environment with a combination of extracellular matrices and crosslinkers. However, these systems are complex to fabricate without microfabrication expertise and require several weeks to self-assemble. Most importantly, many of these systems lack vascular cells and cardiac fibroblasts that make up over 60% of the nonmyocytes in the human heart. Here we describe the derivation of all three cardiac cell types from iPSCs to fabricate cardiac microtissues. This facile replica molding technique allows cardiac microtissue culture in standard multi-well cell culture plates for several weeks. The platform allows user-defined control over microtissue sizes based on initial seeding density and requires less than 3 days for self-assembly to achieve observable cardiac microtissue contractions. Furthermore, the cardiac microtissues can be easily digested while maintaining high cell viability for single-cell interrogation with the use of flow cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). We envision that this in vitro model of cardiac microtissues will help accelerate validation studies in drug discovery and disease modeling.

Here, we describe an easy-to-use methodology to generate 3D self-assembled cardiac microtissue arrays composed of pre-differentiated human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes, cardiac fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. This user-friendly and low cell requiring technique to generate cardiac microtissues can be implemented for disease modeling and early stages of drug development.

Generation of human cardiomyocytes (CMs), cardiac fibroblasts (CFs), and endothelial cells (ECs) from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has provided ...

Developing 3D Organized Human Cardiac Tissue within a Microfluidic Platform

The leading cause of death worldwide persists as cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, modeling the physiological and biological complexity of the heart muscle, the myocardium, is notoriously difficult to accomplish in vitro. Mainly, obstacles lie in the need for human cardiomyocytes (CMs) that are either adult or exhibit adult-like phenotypes and can successfully replicate the myocardium&#39;s cellular complexity and intricate 3D architecture. Unfortunately, due to ethical concerns and lack of available primary patient-derived human cardiac tissue, combined with the minimal proliferation of CMs, the sourcing of viable human CMs has been a limiting step for cardiac tissue engineering. To this end, most research has transitioned toward cardiac differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) as the primary source of human CMs, resulting in the wide incorporation of hiPSC-CMs within in vitro assays for cardiac tissue modeling.
Here in this work, we demonstrate a protocol for developing a 3D mature stem cell-derived human cardiac tissue within a microfluidic device. We specifically explain and visually demonstrate the production of a 3D in vitro anisotropic cardiac tissue-on-a-chip model from hiPSC-derived CMs. We primarily describe a purification protocol to select for CMs, the co-culture of cells with a defined ratio via mixing CMs with human CFs (hCFs), and suspension of this co-culture within the collagen-based hydrogel. We further demonstrate the injection of the cell-laden hydrogel within our well-defined microfluidic device, embedded with staggered elliptical microposts that serve as surface topography to induce a high degree of alignment of the surrounding cells and the hydrogel matrix, mimicking the architecture of the native myocardium. We envision that the proposed 3D anisotropic cardiac tissue-on-chip model is suitable for fundamental biology studies, disease modeling, and, through its use as a screening tool, pharmaceutical testing.

The goal of this protocol is to explain and demonstrate the development of a three-dimensional (3D) microfluidic model of highly aligned human cardiac tissue, composed of stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes co-cultured with cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) within a biomimetic, collagen-based hydrogel, for applications in cardiac tissue engineering, drug screening, and disease modeling.

The leading cause of death worldwide persists as cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, modeling the physiological and biological complexity of the heart ...

3D Bioprinting of Murine Cortical Astrocytes for Engineering Neural-Like Tissue

Astrocytes are glial cells with an essential role in the central nervous system (CNS), including neuronal support and functionality. These cells also respond to neural injuries and act to protect the tissue from degenerative events. In vitro studies of astrocytes&#39; functionality are important to elucidate the mechanisms involved in such events and contribute to developing therapies to treat neurological disorders. This protocol describes a method to biofabricate a neural-like tissue structure rich in astrocytes by 3D bioprinting astrocytes-laden bioink. An extrusion-based 3D bioprinter was used in this work, and astrocytes were extracted from C57Bl/6 mice pups&#39; brain cortices. The bioink was prepared by mixing cortical astrocytes from up to passage 3 to a biomaterial solution composed of gelatin, gelatin-methacryloyl (GelMA), and fibrinogen, supplemented with laminin, which presented optimal bioprinting conditions. The 3D bioprinting conditions minimized cell stress, contributing to the high viability of the astrocytes during the process, in which 74.08% &#177; 1.33% of cells were viable right after bioprinting. After 1 week of incubation, the viability of astrocytes significantly increased to 83.54% &#177; 3.00%, indicating that the 3D construct represents a suitable microenvironment for cell growth. The biomaterial composition allowed cell attachment and stimulated astrocytic behavior, with cells expressing the specific astrocytes marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and possessing typical astrocytic morphology. This&#160;reproducible protocol provides a valuable method to biofabricate 3D neural-like tissue rich in astrocytes that resembles cells&#39; native microenvironment, useful to researchers that aim to understand astrocytes&#39; functionality and their relation to the mechanisms involved in neurological diseases.

Here we report a method of 3D bioprinting murine cortical astrocytes for biofabricating neural-like tissues to study the functionality of astrocytes in the central nervous system and the mechanisms involving glial cells in neurological diseases and treatments.

Astrocytes are glial cells with an essential role in the central nervous system (CNS), including neuronal support and functionality. These cells also ...

Large-Scale, Automated Production of Adipose-Derived Stem Cell Spheroids for 3D Bioprinting

Adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs) are a subpopulation of cells found in the stromal vascular fraction of human subcutaneous adipose tissue recognized as a classical source of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells. Many studies have been published with ASCs for scaffold-based tissue engineering approaches, which mainly explored the behavior of these cells after their seeding on bioactive scaffolds. However, scaffold-free approaches are emerging to engineer tissues in vitro and in vivo, mainly by using spheroids, to overcome the limitations of scaffold-based approaches.
Spheroids are 3D microtissues formed by the self-assembly process. They can better mimic the architecture and microenvironment of native tissues, mainly due to the magnification of cell-to-cell and cell-to-extracellular matrix interactions. Recently, spheroids are mainly being explored as disease models, drug screening studies, and building blocks for 3D bioprinting. However, for 3D bioprinting approaches, numerous spheroids, homogeneous in size and shape, are necessary to biofabricate complex tissue and organ models. In addition, when spheroids are produced automatically, there is little chance for microbiological contamination, increasing the reproducibility of the method.
The large-scale production of spheroids is considered the first mandatory step for developing a biofabrication line, which continues in the 3D bioprinting process and finishes in the full maturation of the tissue construct in bioreactors. However, the number of studies that explored the large-scale ASC spheroid production are still scarce, together with the number of studies that used ASC spheroids as building blocks for 3D bioprinting. Therefore, this article aims to show the large-scale production of ASC spheroids using a non-adhesive micromolded hydrogel technique spreading ASC spheroids as building blocks for 3D bioprinting approaches.

Here, we describe the large-scale production of adipose-derived stromal/stem cell (ASC) spheroids using an automated pipetting system to seed the cell suspension, thus ensuring homogeneity of spheroid size and shape. These ASC spheroids can be used as building blocks for 3D bioprinting approaches.