Name: calculating heart rate variability from ecg data from youth with cerebral palsy during active video game sessions
Uploaded: 2019-06-05T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Calculating Heart Rate Variability from ECG Data from Youth with Cerebral Palsy During Active Video Game Sessions at JoVE.com

The authors thank the participants and their families for their time and effort expended for participation in the study. As well, the authors acknowledge Dr. Yichuan Liu and Dr. Hasan Ayaz for their assistance with the timing calculation of the HR monitoring and Dr. Paul Diefenbach for development of the KOLLECT Active Video Gaming software. Funding for this work was provided by Coulter Foundation Grants #00006143 (O&#8217;Neil; Diefenbach, PIs) and #00008819 (O&#8217;Neil; Diefenbach, PIs).

&#160;&#160;Institutional Review Board approval was obtained. All youth provided written assent and parents provided consent prior to participation.
1.&#160;AVG data collection sessions
<ol>
	<li>The AVG game session
	<ol>
		<li>In this study, have youth with CP participate in an AVG session which is comprised of three 20 min games. See Table 5 for Youth Demographics. It was expected that a total of 30 games would be played; however, 29 games were completed because one subject only played 2 game...

<ol>
	<li>Winter, S., Autry, A., Boyle, C., Yeargin-Allsopp, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trends+in+the+prevalence+of+cerebral+palsy+in+a+population-based+study.">Trends in the prevalence of cerebral palsy in a population-based study.</a> Pediatrics. 110 (6), 1220-1225 (2002).</li><li>Fowler, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Promotion+of+physical+fitness+and+prevention+of+secondary+conditions+for+children+with+cerebral+palsy:+Section+on+Pediatrics+Research+Summit+Proceedings.">Promotion of physical fitness and prevention of secondary conditions for children with cerebral palsy: Section on Pediatrics Research Summit Proceedings.</a> Physical Therapy. 87 (11), 1495-1510 (2007).</li><li>Rosenbaum, P., Paneth, N., Leviton, A., Goldstein, M., Bax, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+report:+The+definition+and+classification+of+cerebral+palsy:+April+2006.">A report: The definition and classification of cerebral palsy: April 2006.</a> Developmental Medicine &amp; 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A focus on autonomic cardiac response.</a> Disability and Rehabilitation: An International Multidisciplinary Journal. 36 (2), 155-162 (2014).</li><li>Muralikrishnan, K., Balakrishnan, B., Balasubramanian, K., Visnegarawla, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+the+effect+of+Isha+Yoga+on+cardiac+autonomic+nervous+system+using+short-term+heart+rate+variability.">Measurement of the effect of Isha Yoga on cardiac autonomic nervous system using short-term heart rate variability.</a> Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine. 33 (2), 279-283 (2012).</li><li>Yadav, R. K., Gupta, R., Deepak, K. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+pilot+study+on+short+term+heart+rate+variability+&amp;+its+correlation+with+disease+activity+in+Indian+patients+with+rheumatoid+arthritis.">A pilot study on short term heart rate variability &amp; its correlation with disease activity in Indian patients with rheumatoid arthritis.</a> Indian Journal of Medical Research. 136 (4), 593-598 (2012).</li><li>Thuraisingham, R. 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R., Naveen, K. V., Manjunath, N. K., Kumar, S., Subramanya, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+in+autonomic+variables+following+two+meditative+states+described+in+yoga+texts.">Changes in autonomic variables following two meditative states described in yoga texts.</a> Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 19 (1), 35-42 (2013).</li><li>Ki&#269;merov&#225;, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Methods for Detection and Classification in ECG Analysis. Doctoral thesis. , (2009).</li><li>Murai, K., Hayashi, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+mental+workload+for+ship+handling+using+physiological+indices.">Evaluation of mental workload for ship handling using physiological indices.</a> , 604-608 (2009).</li><li>Taelman, J., Vandeput, S., Spaepen, A., Van Huffel, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+mental+stress+on+heart+rate+and+heart+rate+variability.">Influence of mental stress on heart rate and heart rate variability.</a> Heart. 29 (1), 1366-1369 (2009).</li><li>Durantin, G., Gagnon, J. F., Tremblay, S., Dehais, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+near+infrared+spectroscopy+and+heart+rate+variability+to+detect+mental+overload.">Using near infrared spectroscopy and heart rate variability to detect mental overload.</a> Behavioural Brain Research. 259, 16-23 (2014).</li><li>Buchheit, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monitoring+training+status+with+HR+measures:+Do+all+roads+lead+to+Rome?.">Monitoring training status with HR measures: Do all roads lead to Rome?.</a> Frontiers in Physiology. 5, (2014).</li><li>Achten, J., Jeukendrup, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heart+rate+monitoring:+Applications+and+limitations.">Heart rate monitoring: Applications and limitations.</a> Sports Medicine. 33 (8), 517-538 (2012).</li><li>Amichai, T., Katz-Leurer, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heart+rate+variability+with+cerebral+palsy:+Review+of+literature+and+meta-analysis.">Heart rate variability with cerebral palsy: Review of literature and meta-analysis.</a> NeuroRehabilitation. 35, 113-122 (2014).</li><li>Billman, G., Haikuri, H., Sacha, J., Trimmel, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+introduction+to+heart+rate+variability:+Methodological+considerations+and+clinical+applications.">An introduction to heart rate variability: Methodological considerations and clinical applications.</a> Frontiers in Physiology. 6, (2015).</li><li>Beffara, B., Bret, A., Vermeulen, N., Mermillod, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resting+high+frequency+heart+rate+variability+selectively+predicts+cooperative+behavior.">Resting high frequency heart rate variability selectively predicts cooperative behavior.</a> Physiology &amp; Behavior. 164, 417-428 (2016).</li><li>Fogt, D., Cooper, P., Freeman, C., Kalns, J., Cooke, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heart+rate+variability+to+assess+combat+readiness.">Heart rate variability to assess combat readiness.</a> Military Medicine. 174, 491-495 (2009).</li><li>Kerppers, I. 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Ten youth with CP participated in this study (mean + SD) [ age (yrs) = 15.53 &#177; 3.57 ; height (cm) 154.8 &#177; 12.6; weight (kg) 50.69 &#177; 11.1; body mass index (BMI) 50.46 &#177; 29.2; mHR 9 bpm) = 186.8 &#177; 12.4]. Please see Table 5 for patient demographics.
There are some considerations for use of HR monitors and the associated measures of HR and HRV which relate to modifications and troubleshooting. Two issues that are apparent, regardless of the technology empl...

Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common physical disability of childhood1. CP is caused by a neurologic insult to the developing brain and is associated with motor impairments such as muscle weakness, spasticity, deconditioning, and decreased motor control and balance2,3. CP is a non-progressive condition but with age, children become less physically active and more sedentary compared to their peers with typical development (TD) mostly because of the increased demands of growth on their compromised neuromuscular and musculoskeletal systems4.
Youth with CP usually receive physical therapy (PT) services to improve functional mobility and promote physical activity and fitness (e.g. aerobic and muscular endurance)2. Oftentimes, there is limited access to PT services and community resources to achieve and sustain these PT goals5,6.Active video games (AVGs) may be a feasible strategy in activity-based PT interventions in clinic, home or community settings7,8. Commercial AVGs have limited flexibility to adapt game play and meet the specific needs and PT goals for youth with CP9. However, customized AVGs provide flexible gaming parameters to challenge youth with CP while promoting physical activity and fitness10.
Our team has developed a customized AVG (called KOLLECT) to examine youth exercise responses (e.g., physical activity and aerobic fitness). The game uses a motion sensor to track youth motion during game play. The goal of the game is to &#39;collect&#39; as many objects as possible for a high score and to avoid the hazards to avoid losing points. Objects may be collected with hand and/or feet icons as determined by the therapist in the flexible game parameters.
Designing activity-based PT interventions that dose physical activity intensity to promote aerobic fitness is critical for youth with CP11. Custom AVGs may be an effective strategy to dose intensity and engage youth in physical activity to promote fitness10. Heart rate (HR) monitors are often used in clinical PT practice to determine aerobic performance and activity intensity. Therefore, HR monitors will help determine feasibility of AVGs in dosing physical activity intensity to promote aerobic fitness9.&#160;ECG data generated from a HR monitor can be used to calculate heart rate variability (HRV). Analytic methods were used to generate HRV from ECG data to examine aerobic workload. Recent applications of HRV indicate that short-term measurements (5 min bouts) are appropriate and that HRV biofeedback may help improve symptoms and the quality of life in a variety of health conditions32,33,34. The application of short-term HRV measures is an appropriate means of assessing cardiovascular function during AVG sessions. Given that HRV is derived from the R-R interval of an ECG, we used selected time-domain and frequency-domain measures. Time-domain measure of HRV quantify the amount of variablility in the interbeat intervals which represents the time between successive heartbeats. We used the AVNN (average NN interval), RMSSD (root mean square of successive differences), SDNN (standard deviation of NN interval), NN50 (number of NN intervals &#62;50 ms) and PNN50 (percentage of NN intervals). Frequency domain measures estimate the distributionof absolute or relative power into possibly four frequency bands, we specifically addressed on two bands, low frequency (LF) power and high frequency (HF) power along with the LF/HF ratio. Although HR is a well-accepted clinical measure, HRV may be useful because it provides information about autonomic system function, recovery, adaptation, and provides an estimate of aerobic workload during an AVG session28.
The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility of using AVG strategies to promote physical activity and fitness. A second purpose was to present the AVG data collection protocol and the methodology to calculate HRV from ECG data obtained via a HR monitor. These measures and this protocol may prove relevant to clinicians to monitor and dose PT intervention sessions.

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:352px;">BioHarness Bluetooth Module (Electronics sensor)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Zephyr</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:159px;">9800.0189</td>
			<td style="width:475px;">Detects Heart Rate, Resiration Rate, Posture, and Skin Temperature.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:352px;">BioHarness Chest Strap</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Zephyr</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">9600.0189, 9600.0190</td>
			<td>Sizes Small XS-M, Large M-XL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:352px;">BioHarness Charge Cradle &#38; USB Cable</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Zephyr</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:159px;">9600.0257</td>
			<td>Used to Transfer Data from the Module to a Computer for Analysis.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:352px;">BioHarness Echo Gateway</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Zephyr</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:159px;">9600.0254</td>
			<td>Allows for Realtime Viewing of Subject&#39;s Heart Rate.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:352px;">MATLAB R2016a</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Mathworks</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">1.7.0_.60</td>
			<td>Used for All Programming.</td>
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calculating heart rate variability from ecg data from youth with cerebral palsy during active video game sessions

The aim of this study was to generate a method for calculating heart rate variability (HRV) from electrocardiogram (ECG) waveforms. The waveforms were recorded by a HR monitor that participants (youth with cerebral palsy (CP)) wore during active video game (AVG) sessions. The AVG sessions were designed to promote physical activity and fitness (aerobic performance) in participants. The goal was to evaluate the feasibility of AVGs as a physical therapy (PT) intervention strategy. The maximum HR (mHR) was determined for each participant and the Target Heart Rate Zone (THRZ) was calculated for each of three exercise phases in the 20 min AVG session: (warm-up at 40-60% mHR, conditioning at 60-80% mHR, and cool down at 40-60% mHR). Each participant played three 20 min games during the AVG session. All games were played while sitting on a bench because many youth with CP cannot stand for extended periods of time. Each game condition differed with participants using hand icons only, hand and feet icons together or feet icons only to collect objects. The objective of the game (called KOLLECT) is to collect objects to gain points and avoid hazards to not lose points. Hazards were used in the warm-up and cool down phases only to promote slower, controlled movement to maintain HR in the target heart rate zone (THRZ). There were no hazards in the conditioning phase to promote higher levels and more intense physical activity. Analytic methods were used to generate HRV (selected time-domain and frequency-domain measures) from ECG data to examine aerobic workload. Recent applications of HRV indicate that short-term measurements (5 min bouts) are appropriate and that HRV biofeedback may help improve symptoms and the quality of life in a variety of health conditions. Although HR is a well-accepted clinical measure to examine aerobic performance and intensity in PT interventions, HRV may provide information of the autonomic system functions, recovery and adaptation during AVG sessions.

This method provides data for use in analyzing the effect that a newly developed method has on the subject&#39;s Heart Rate Variability (HRV). It does this by locating the R portion of the QRS waveform of a subject&#39;s ECG data, as shown in Figure 6, and by calculating various HRV values from it. If the HR monitor is making proper contact with the subject, the data will be uniform, substantially reducing the need for corrections (as seen in <strong class="x...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Calculating Heart Rate Variability from ECG Data from Youth with Cerebral Palsy During Active Video Game Sessions at JoVE.com

Calculating Heart Rate Variability from ECG Data from Youth with Cerebral Palsy During Active Video Game Sessions

This protocol describes a method for calculating Heart Rate Variability (HRV) from electrocardiogram (ECG) waveforms. Waveforms from continuous heart rate (HR) recordings during active video game (AVG) sessions were used to measure the aerobic performance of youth with cerebral palsy (CP).

The aim of this study was to generate a method for calculating heart rate variability (HRV) from electrocardiogram (ECG) waveforms. The waveforms were ...

Protocol provides an analytical method for measuring heart rate variability using electrocardiogram data to determine aerobic function. And with this, it will help us gain insight into the autonomic system functions within physical therapy protocols. This technique may be used to measure aerobic workload, demands and physical therapy strategies for youth with cerebral palsy.For example, when in physical therapy, we're doing techniques to promote health and fitness using active video games. Heart rate variability measures aerobic workload and provides cardiovascular function measures in patients and allows us to dose physical therapy at the level that meets and challenges the patient most appropriately. The methodology is useful in cardiac care and cardio rehabilitation.And with that, the calculations could be integrated into cardiac monitoring devices where they would provide heart rate variability from ECG or electrocardiograms as an outcome. The calculations can be challenging at first. But by creating a training video, we can aid clinicians and researchers in better utilizing these measures for evaluating the effectiveness of cardiac care.For active video game data collection sessions, select active video games with hand icons only, feet icons only, or both hand and feet icons for object collection to determine which game is more effective in promoting physical activity and fitness without being too demanding and causing early undue fatigue. To equip the youth subjects with cerebral palsy with a heart rate monitor, first plug a fully charged Bluetooth module into the data computer, be it the charge cradle, and open the config tool. Use a wet hand to moisten the conductive areas on the heart rate monitor chest strap.Place the Bluetooth module into the chest strap with the conductive surfaces of the module lined up with those of the chest strap. The monitor will click into place. Then apply the heart rate monitor chest strap and Bluetooth module to the subject with the module aligned with the left mid axillary line and the strap just under the pectoral muscles.Once properly positioned, tighten the device so that it will not move during the session but is not uncomfortable for the subject. Have the subject sit on a bench with their feet flat on the floor and with their knees and hips flexed to 90 degrees for postural support and stability. Plug the connector into the USB port of the computer that will be used to view the data and use the live mode tab to monitor the heart rate, respiratory rate and posture of the subject in real time.Then record the subject for a period of rest to obtain a baseline recording of the subject's heart rate before starting the first active video game for the subject. At the end of the gaming session, download the electrocardiogram data from the heart rate monitor and remove the strap from the subject. To calculate the heart rate variability from the electrocardiogram data, open MATLAB and organize the data into five-minute intervals to ensure comparable data between phases.Calculate the rest period as the five minutes prior to the game start and the recovery phase as the five minutes after the end of the cool down phase to perform R peak detection on the raw electrocardiogram signal. Once these times have been obtained, identify the location of the game phase of interest within the ECG file and select the five-minute section of interest. Calculate a threshold for peak detection based upon the average and standard deviation of the waveform.And along with the minimum height for the R peak, assign a minimum distance of 0.3 seconds between the peaks to minimize the detection of incorrect peaks around the desired R.Once the threshold has been set, run peakdetection. m to process the waveform and attempt to discern all of the R peaks for the inter beat interval and heart rate variability calculations. Generate a preliminary plot so that it can be reviewed for irregularities as illustrated.Many data sessions are fairly uniform and will therefore only require a few corrections. Some cases however are fairly messy and require more time to review and obtain the proper R locations. To correct these irregularities, manually edit the detection variable that contains the microvolt reading of the peak in column one and the location in the current game session in column two.In most cases, the proper R peaks can easily be found by zooming in to the problem location. Obtain the matrix of intervals ignoring any interval greater than 1.5 seconds and save these inter beat intervals for further calculations in the verification of data. Then use these intervals to calculate the root mean square of the successive differences.Prior to calculating heart rate variability measures, open a waveform to check for correct peak detection. Use the magnifying tool to select an area of the plot that is output zooming in or out if the window is not easily inspected visually. Use the data tips tool to find the location of the missed peak as necessary.For peak correction, locate the detection variable and double-click in the workspace to correct the incorrectly detected or missing peaks. If the point is a false positive, remove the point from the array and change the values of any incorrectly marked peaks adjacent to unmarked peaks to that of the unmarked peaks. Then to obtain heart rate variability measure calculations, run hrvmeasures.m and open the heart rate variability variable from the workspace window. This method provides data for analyzing the effect that the newly developed active video gaming method has on the heart rate variability of a specific subject by locating the R portion of the QRS waveform in the subject's ECG data. If the heart rate monitor makes proper contact with the subject, the data will be uniform substantially reducing the need for corrections.If the data are sufficiently variable due to momentary changes in the heart rate monitor skin contact, the initial analysis may incorrectly label the peaks as indicated. Altering the threshold levels in the minimum time between the peaks can also help to clean up the detection values for the production and adjusted plot. It is important to pan through each waveform to ensure proper peak detection, remove false positives, and shift mislabeled peaks prior to calculating heart rate variability data.Other considerations and influences using heart rate variability measurements include physiological considerations, hydration status, and environmental influences. This method is useful in activity-based physical therapy interventions as in the past decade there's been a movement from disability-based interventions to more health promotion and fitness and this method allows us to measure fitness and function mobility. Before applying the heart rate monitor, you want to ensure that the skin is not irritated and that the device is in good repair to avoid skin abrasions.

calculating-heart-rate-variability-from-ecg-data-from-youth-with

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

Method for Simultaneous fMRI/EEG Data Collection during a Focused Attention Suggestion for Differential Thermal Sensation

In the present work, we demonstrate a method for concurrent collection of EEG/fMRI data. In our setup, EEG data are collected using a high-density 256-channel sensor net. The EEG amplifier itself is contained in a field isolation containment system (FICS), and MRI clock signals are synchronized with EEG data collection for subsequent MR artifact characterization and removal. We demonstrate this method first for resting state data collection. Thereafter, we demonstrate a protocol for EEG/fMRI data recording, while subjects listen to a tape asking them to visualize that their left hand is immersed in a cold-water bath and referred to, here, as the cold glove paradigm. Thermal differentials between each hand are measured throughout EEG/fMRI data collection using an MR compatible temperature sensor that we developed for this purpose. We collect cold glove EEG/fMRI data along with simultaneous differential hand temperature measurements both before and after hypnotic induction. Between pre and post sessions, single modality EEG data are collected during the hypnotic induction and depth assessment process. Our representative results demonstrate that significant changes in the EEG power spectrum can be measured during hypnotic induction, and that hand temperature changes during the cold glove paradigm can be detected rapidly using our MR compatible differential thermometry device.

We present a protocol for concurrent collection of EEG/fMRI data, and synchronized MR clock signal recording. We demonstrate this method using a unique paradigm whereby subjects receive &#x2018;cold glove&#x2019; instructions during scanning, and EEG/fMRI data are recorded along with hand temperature measurements both before and after hypnotic induction.

In the present work, we demonstrate a method for concurrent collection of EEG/fMRI data. In our setup, EEG data are collected using a high-density ...

Best Current Practice for Obtaining High Quality EEG Data During Simultaneous fMRI

Simultaneous EEG-fMRI allows the excellent temporal resolution of EEG to be combined with the high spatial accuracy of fMRI. The data from these two modalities can be combined in a number of ways, but all rely on the acquisition of high quality EEG and fMRI data. EEG data acquired during simultaneous fMRI are affected by several artifacts, including the gradient artefact (due to the changing magnetic field gradients required for fMRI), the pulse artefact (linked to the cardiac cycle) and movement artifacts (resulting from movements in the strong magnetic field of the scanner, and muscle activity). Post-processing methods for successfully correcting the gradient and pulse artifacts require a number of criteria to be satisfied during data acquisition. Minimizing head motion during EEG-fMRI is also imperative for limiting the generation of artifacts.
Interactions between the radio frequency (RF) pulses required for MRI and the EEG hardware may occur and can cause heating. This is only a significant risk if safety guidelines are not satisfied. Hardware design and set-up, as well as careful selection of which MR sequences are run with the EEG hardware present must therefore be considered.
The above issues highlight the importance of the choice of the experimental protocol employed when performing a simultaneous EEG-fMRI experiment. Based on previous research we describe an optimal experimental set-up. This provides high quality EEG data during simultaneous fMRI when using commercial EEG and fMRI systems, with safety risks to the subject minimized. We demonstrate this set-up in an EEG-fMRI experiment using a simple visual stimulus. However, much more complex stimuli can be used. Here we show the EEG-fMRI set-up using a Brain Products GmbH (Gilching, Germany) MRplus, 32 channel EEG system in conjunction with a Philips Achieva (Best, Netherlands) 3T MR scanner, although many of the techniques are transferable to other systems.

Simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and functional Magnetic Resonance imaging (fMRI) is a powerful neuroimaging tool. However, the inside of an MRI scanner forms a difficult environment for EEG data recording and safety must be considered whenever operating EEG equipment inside a scanner. Here, we present an optimised EEG-fMRI data acquisition protocol.

Simultaneous  EEG-fMRI allows the excellent temporal resolution of EEG to be combined with the  high spatial accuracy of fMRI. The data  from these two ...

Examination of Rapid Dopamine Dynamics with Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry During Intra-oral Tastant Administration in Awake Rats

Rapid, phasic dopamine (DA) release in the mammalian brain plays a critical role in reward processing, reinforcement learning, and motivational control. Fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) is an electrochemical technique with high spatial and temporal (sub-second) resolution that has been utilized to examine phasic DA release in several types of preparations. In vitro experiments in single-cells and brain slices and in vivo experiments in anesthetized rodents have been used to identify mechanisms that mediate dopamine release and uptake under normal conditions and in disease models. Over the last 20 years, in vivo FSCV experiments in awake, freely moving rodents have also provided insight of dopaminergic mechanisms in reward processing and reward learning. One major advantage of the awake, freely moving preparation is the ability to examine rapid DA fluctuations that are time-locked to specific behavioral events or to reward or cue presentation. However, one limitation of combined behavior and voltammetry experiments is the difficulty of dissociating DA effects that are specific to primary rewarding or aversive stimuli from co-occurring DA fluctuations that mediate reward-directed or other motor behaviors. Here, we describe a combined method using in vivo FSCV and intra-oral infusion in an awake rat to directly investigate DA responses to oral tastants. In these experiments, oral tastants are infused directly to the palate of the rat &#8211; bypassing reward-directed behavior and voluntary drinking behavior &#8211; allowing for direct examination of DA responses to tastant stimuli.

Rapid fluctuations in extracellular dopamine (DA) mediate both reward processing and motivated behavior in mammals. This manuscript describes the combined use of fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) and intra-oral tastant administration to determine how tastants alter rapid dopamine release in awake, freely moving rats.

Rapid, phasic dopamine (DA) release in the mammalian brain plays a critical role in reward processing, reinforcement learning, and motivational control. ...

Event-related Potentials During Target-response Tasks to Study Cognitive Processes of Upper Limb Use in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral motor impairments that are frequently dominated in the upper limb. In addition to a reduced movement capacity of the affected upper limb, several children with unilateral CP show a reduced awareness of the remaining movement capacity of that limb. This phenomenon of disregarding the preserved capacity of the affected upper limb is regularly referred to as Developmental Disregard (DD). Different theories have been postulated to explain DD, each suggesting slightly different guidelines for therapy. Still, cognitive processes that might additionally contribute to DD in children with unilateral CP have never been directly studied. The current protocol was developed to study cognitive aspects involved in upper limb control in children with unilateral CP with and without DD. This was done by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) extracted from the ongoing EEG during target-response tasks asking for a hand-movement response. ERPs consist of several components, each of them associated with a well-defined cognitive process (e.g., the N1 with early attention processes, the N2 with cognitive control and the P3 with cognitive load and mental effort). Due to its excellent temporal resolution, the ERP technique enables to study several covert cognitive processes preceding overt motor responses and thus allows insight into the cognitive processes that might contribute to the phenomenon of DD. Using this protocol adds a new level of explanation to existing behavioral studies and opens new avenues to the broader implementation of research on cognitive aspects of developmental movement restrictions in children.

Several children with unilateral Cerebral Palsy seem to disregard the preserved capacity of their affected upper limb. This Developmental Disregard is extensively described in the literature but the involved cognitive processes have not been studied. To study underlying cognitive factors of upper limb control, an event-related potential protocol was developed.

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral ...

Mobile Game-based Virtual Reality Program for Upper Extremity Stroke Rehabilitation

Stroke rehabilitation requires repetitive, intensive, goal-oriented therapy. Virtual reality (VR) has the potential to satisfy these requirements. Game-based therapy can promote patients&#39; engagement in rehabilitation therapy as a more interesting and a motivating tool. Mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet PCs can provide personalized home-based therapy with interactive communication between patients and clinicians. In this study, a mobile VR upper extremity rehabilitation program using game applications was developed. The findings from the study show that the mobile game-based VR program effectively promotes upper extremity recovery in patients with stroke. In addition, patients completed two weeks of treatment using the program without adverse effects and were generally satisfied with the program. This mobile game-based VR upper extremity rehabilitation program can substitute for some parts of the conventional therapy that are delivered one-on-one by an occupational therapist. This time-efficient, easy to implement, and clinically effective program would be a good candidate tool for tele-rehabilitation for upper extremity recovery in patients with stroke. Patients and therapists can collaborate remotely through these e-health rehabilitation programs while reducing economic and social costs.

Here, we present a protocol to develop and apply a mobile game-based virtual reality program for the recovery of upper limb dysfunction in patients with stroke. The present study shows that the mobile program is feasible and effectively promotes upper limb recovery in stroke patients.

Stroke rehabilitation requires repetitive, intensive, goal-oriented therapy. Virtual reality (VR) has the potential to satisfy these requirements. ...

The (Spatial) Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

The memory game paradigm is a behavioral procedure to explore the relationship between language, spatial memory, and object knowledge. Using two different versions of the paradigm, spatial language use and memory for object location are tested under different, experimentally manipulated conditions. This allows us to tease apart proposed models explaining the influence of object knowledge on spatial language (e.g., spatial demonstratives), and spatial memory, as well as understanding the parameters that affect demonstrative choice and spatial memory more broadly. Key to the development of the method was the need to collect data on language use (e.g., spatial demonstratives: &#34;this/that&#34;) and spatial memory data under strictly controlled conditions, while retaining a degree of ecological validity. The language version (section 3.1) of the memory game tests how conditions affect language use. Participants refer verbally to objects placed at different locations (e.g., using spatial demonstratives: &#34;this/that red circle&#34;). Different parameters can be experimentally manipulated: the distance from the participant, the position of a conspecific, and for example whether the participant owns, knows, or sees the object while referring to it. The same parameters can be manipulated in the memory version of the memory game (section 3.2). This version tests the effects of the different conditions on object-location memory. Following object placement, participants get 10 seconds to memorize the object&#39;s location. After the object and location cues are removed, participants verbally direct the experimenter to move a stick to indicate where the object was. The difference between the memorized and the actual location shows the direction and strength of the memory error, allowing comparisons between the influences of the respective parameters.

The Spatial Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

We present a protocol to explore the relationship between spatial language production, spatial memory, and object knowledge. The procedure allows experimental manipulation of, and control over, conditions of object knowledge, language at instruction, and physical location, thus teasing apart cognitive and linguistic models describing interactions between these variables.

The memory game paradigm is a behavioral procedure to explore the relationship between language, spatial memory, and object knowledge. Using two different ...

Measuring Active and Passive Tameness Separately in Mice

Domesticated animals such as dogs and laboratory mice show a high level of tameness, which is important for humans to handle them easily. Tameness has two behavioral components: a reluctance to avoid humans (passive tameness) and a motivation to approach humans (active tameness). To quantify these components in mice, we previously developed behavioral tests for active tameness, passive tameness, and the willingness to stay on a human hand, each designed to be completed within 3 min. The data obtained were used for selective breeding, with a large number of mice analyzed per generation. The active tameness test measures the movement of the mouse toward a human hand and the contact it engages in. The passive tameness test measures the duration of time that a mouse tolerates human touch. In the stay-on-hand test, a mouse is placed on a human hand and touched slowly using the thumb of that hand; the duration of time that the animal remains on the hand is measured. Here, we describe the test set-up and apparatus, explain the procedures, and discuss the appropriate data analysis. Finally, we explain how to interpret the results.

Tameness in animals includes a reduction of avoidance responses to humans (passive tameness) and an increase in active approaches to humans (active tameness). Here, we describe detailed protocols for three behavioral tests (active tameness, passive tameness, and stay-on-hand tests) to separately measure the active and passive tameness of mice.

Domesticated animals such as dogs and laboratory mice show a high level of tameness, which is important for humans to handle them easily. Tameness has two ...

Modified Blood Collection from Tail Veins of Non-anesthetized Mice with a Vacuum Blood Collection System and Eyeglass Magnifier

Blood sample collection is the basis of experimental animal research. It is of importance to obtain adequate blood samples for various research purposes. The tail veins of mice are small, and it is sometimes difficult to obtain the required blood volume by conventional puncture methods. This study investigates the superiority of repeated blood sample collection from tail veins of mice through use of a vacuum blood collection system and eyeglass magnifier (experimental group) compared to conventional blood sampling methods (conventional group), performed by beginners and experts, respectively. With the help of an eyeglass magnifier, a butterfly needle tip is inserted into the tail vein of each mouse in the experimental group. When the vein is penetrated successfully, a blood sample is collected in the vacuum collection tube by insertion of the rubber end of a butterfly needle into the vacuum blood collection tube. The plunger is then used to collect blood without the help of the eyeglass magnifier in the conventional group. Success rates of blood sample collection by the beginners and experts were shown to be 70% vs. 100% (p &#60; 0.01) in the experimental group and 35% vs. 85% (p &#60; 0.01) in the conventional group. For both beginners and experts, puncture times required for obtaining required blood sample were significantly lower in the experimental group compared to the conventional group (2.40 &#177; 0.75 vs. 2.90 &#177; 0.31, p &#60; 0.05; 1.15 &#177; 0.37 vs. 1.55 &#177; 0.76, p &#60; 0.05). In conclusion, the presented blood sampling technique is feasible and easy to practice and enables frequent sampling of adequate blood volumes from non-anesthetized mice.&#160;

This study reports blood sampling from tail vein in mice using a vacuum extraction tube system with eyeglass magnifier. Our method is easy to practice and could be used for repeat blood sampling in mice.

Blood sample collection is the basis of experimental animal research. It is of importance to obtain adequate blood samples for various research purposes. ...

Applying Incongruent Visual-Tactile Stimuli during Object Transfer with Vibro-Tactile Feedback

The application of incongruent sensory signals that involves disrupted tactile feedback is rarely explored, specifically with the presence of vibrotactile feedback (VTF). This protocol aims to test the effect of VTF on the response to incongruent visual-tactile stimuli. The tactile feedback is acquired by grasping a block and moving it across a partition. The visual feedback is a real-time virtual presentation of the moving block, acquired using a motion capture system. The congruent feedback is the reliable presentation of the movement of the block, so that the subject feels that the block is grasped and see it move along with the path of the hand. The incongruent feedback appears as the movement of the block diverts from the actual movement path, so that it seems to drop from the hand when it is actually still held by the subject, thereby contradicting the tactile feedback. Twenty subjects (age 30.2 &#177; 16.3) repeated 16 block transfers, while their hand was hidden. These were repeated with VTF and without VTF (total of 32 block transfers). Incongruent stimuli were presented randomly twice within the 16 repetitions in each condition (with and without VTF). Each subject was asked to rate the difficulty level of performing the task with and without the VTF. There were no statistically significant differences in the length of the hand paths and durations between transfers recorded with congruent and incongruent visual-tactile signals &#8211; with and without the VTF. The perceived difficulty level of performing the task with the VTF significantly correlated with the normalized path length of the block with VTF (r = 0.675, p = 0.002). This setup is used to quantify the additive or reductive value of VTF during motor function that involves incongruent visual-tactile stimuli. Possible applications are prosthetics design, smart sport-wear, or any other garments that incorporate VTF.

We present a protocol to apply incongruent visual-tactile stimuli during an object transfer task. Specifically, during block transfers, performed while the hand is hidden, a virtual presentation of the block shows random occurrences of false block drops. The protocol also describes adding vibrotactile feedback while performing the motor task.

The application of incongruent sensory signals that involves disrupted tactile feedback is rarely explored, specifically with the presence of vibrotactile ...

The Collective Trust Game: An Online Group Adaptation of the Trust Game Based on the HoneyComb Paradigm

The need to understand trust in groups holistically has led to a surge in new approaches to measuring collective trust. However, this construct is often not fully captured in its emergent qualities by the available research methods. In this paper, the Collective Trust Game (CTG) is presented, a computer-based, multi-agent trust game based on the HoneyComb paradigm, which enables researchers to assess the emergence of collective trust. The CTG builds on previous research on interpersonal trust and adapts the widely known Trust Game to a group setting in the HoneyComb paradigm. Participants take on the role of either an investor or trustee; both roles can be played by groups. Initially, investors and trustees are endowed with a sum of money. Then, the investors need to decide how much, if any, of their endowment they want to send to the trustees. They communicate their tendencies as well as their final decision by moving back and forth on a playfield displaying possible investment amounts. At the end of their decision time, the amount the investors have agreed upon is multiplied and sent to the trustees. The trustees have to communicate how much of that investment, if any, they want to return to the investors. Again, they do so by moving on the playfield. This procedure is repeated for multiple rounds so that collective trust can emerge as a shared construct through repeated interactions. With this procedure, the CTG provides the opportunity to follow the emergence of collective trust in real time through the recording of movement data. The CTG is highly customizable to specific research questions and can be run as an online experiment with little, low cost equipment. This paper shows that the CTG combines the richness of group interaction data with the high internal validity and time-effectiveness of economic games.

The Collective Trust Game is a computer-based, multi-agent trust game based on the HoneyComb paradigm, which enables researchers to assess the emergence of collective trust and related constructs, such as fairness, reciprocity, or forward-signaling. The game allows detailed observations of group processes through movement behavior in the game.

The need to understand trust in groups holistically has led to a surge in new approaches to measuring collective trust. However, this construct is often ...