Los autores desean agradecer al Sr. Pascal Lejeune por su apoyo técnico durante todos los procedimientos.

El protocolo presentado se utiliza para las yeguas presentadas en el hospital equino y sigue las pautas institucionales de cuidado de animales.
NOTA: Realizar fotoablación de quistes endometriales antes del anestro: los calores observados a finales de julio o agosto parecen así más fiables. No realice este procedimiento demasiado tarde en la temporada de reproducción, ya que puede limitar el número de estros disponibles para tratar una posible endometritis.
1. Durante el estro anterior
<ol><li>Realice un examen completo de la solidez reproductiva de la yegua, incluida una biopsia endometrial1 (no descrita aquí) para garantizar que la yegua pueda quedar embarazada después del procedimiento.</li>
	<li>En caso de mala estadificación de la biopsia endometrial de acuerdo con la clasificación1de Kenney, dé preferencia al programa de transferencia de embriones o inyección intracitoplasmática de espermatozoides (ICSI) sobre la fotoabalización de quistes endometriales.</li>
</ol>2. Durante el diestro precedente
<ol><li>Una vez que el recto está vacío, cuente, mida y mapee los quistes endometriales de la yegua en el útero utilizando una ecografía transrectal guiada por palpación rectal con una sonda rectal lineal de 7.5 o 5 MHz y pinzas en la pantalla (Figura 3) en una acción de contención.</li>
	<li>Administrar 250 μg de cloprostenol por vía intramuscular para inducir el estro dentro de los 2 o 3 días posteriores al día 6\u20127 después de la ovulación.</li>
	<li>Diariamente, realice una ecografía de rutina común y palpación del cuello uterino para observar los signos de estro, incluido el edema endometrial significativo, el folículo antral de 35 mm y el cuello uterino suavizado y abierto.</li>
</ol>3. Preparación cuando la yegua está en celo
<ol><li>Restrinja el acceso a la sala de operaciones a las personas que usan anteojos de protección ocular.</li>
	<li>Después de vaciar el recto, envuelva la cola y limpie la vulva asépticamente con yodo-povidona.</li>
	<li>Para garantizar una fácil manipulación y comodidad de la yegua, administre detomidina (10 μg/kg) y butorfanol (0,1 mg/kg) por vía intravenosa en la vena yugular con una aguja de 21 G.</li>
	<li>Por vagina, instale el catéter de recolección de embriones a través del cuello uterino e insufla el balón con 40 ml de aire.</li>
	<li>Infundir el útero con 1,5 L de solución salina estéril (0,9% NaCl) para inflar el útero.</li>
	<li>Desinfle el balón y retire el catéter.</li>
	<li>Pase el endoscopio asépticamente a través del cuello uterino dentro de una manga estéril.</li>
</ol>4. Técnica
<ol><li>Conecte la fibra de cuarzo de 600 μm a un láser de diodo que funcione a 980 nm. Establezca la potencia en 20\u201225 W en modo continuo.</li>
	<li>Pase la fibra de cuarzo flexible a través del canal de biopsia de un videoendoscopio de 10 mm de diámetro hasta que se puedan identificar 3\u20124 cm de fibra libre en la pantalla. Un mínimo de 10 mm desde el extremo de la fibra debe ser visible.</li>
	<li>Active el láser para perforar el quiste idealmente en su ápice: un pedal dedicado está disponible en el dispositivo para mantener las manos libres. En algunos casos, se necesita múltiples punciones en varios lugares para lograr la micción completa del quiste. El líquido quístico se drena pasivamente hacia el útero.</li>
	<li>Después de que el revestimiento del quiste se haya colapsado alrededor de la fibra, despliegue el láser hasta que la membrana se encoja.</li>
	<li>Realizar ecografía transrectal del útero tantas veces como sea necesario durante el procedimiento para confirmar que los quistes endometriales han desaparecido.</li>
</ol>5. Tratamientos postoperatorios
<ol><li>Administrar tratamiento antibiótico general: 22.000 UI/kg de suspensión de penicilina-procaína, intramuscularmente, dos veces al día, durante 3 días.</li>
	<li>Justo después de la intervención, realice el lavado uterino como se describió anteriormente (ver pasos 3.4-3.6).<ol>
<li>Recoja el líquido infundido en el útero antes del procedimiento endoscópico a través de un catéter con manguito estéril.</li>
		<li>Enjuague el útero con instilaciones sucesivas de solución isotónica estéril de 1 L (0,9% naCl) hasta que se recoja un líquido transparente.</li>
		<li>Al final del procedimiento, administre 20 UI de oxitocina por vía intravenosa.</li>
		<li>Realizar una ecografía transrectal del útero de la yegua al día siguiente: con frecuencia se observa líquido libre intraluminal (ver paso 2.1).</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Siempre que se observe líquido intra-luminal libre mediante ecografía transrectal y hasta el final del calor, realice lavados uterinos diariamente con el procedimiento descrito anteriormente (pasos 3.4-3.6). A veces, el líquido manchado de color amarillo, similar al suero se recoge durante varios días. NOTA: Administrar inyecciones intramusculares repetidas de oxitocina (20 UI) cada 4 h o menos cuando la yegua está en celo puede evitar la acumulación de líquido y reducir el riesgo de contaminación bacteriana en el útero.</li>
	<li>Realizar ecografía uterina trans-rectal durante el siguiente diestro para confirmar la desaparición de los quistes endometriales y la ausencia de líquido libre intraluminal. NOTA: Si se observa líquido intraluminal libre, se recomienda la inyección de prostaglandinas para inducir un nuevo estro, diagnosticar una eventual endometritis posterior y tratarla.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Kenney, R. M., Ganjam, V. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selected+pathological+changes+of+the+mare+uterus+and+ovary.">Selected pathological changes of the mare uterus and ovary.</a> Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. (23), 335-339 (1975).</li><li>Bracher, V., Mathias, S., Allen, W. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Videoendoscopic+evaluation+of+the+mare's+uterus:+II.+Findings+in+subfertile+mares.">Videoendoscopic evaluation of the mare's uterus: II. Findings in subfertile mares.</a> Equine Veterinary Journal. 24 (4), 279-284 (1992).</li><li>Kaspar, B., Kahn, W., Laging, C., Leidl, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endometrial+cysts+in+the+mare.+1.+Post-mortem+studies:+occurrence+and+morphology.">Endometrial cysts in the mare. 1. Post-mortem studies: occurrence and morphology.</a> Tier&#228;rztliche Praxis. 15 (2), 161-166 (1987).</li><li>Leidl, W., Kaspar, B., Kahn, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endometrial+cysts+in+the+mare.+2.+Clinical+studies:+occurrence+and+significance.">Endometrial cysts in the mare. 2. Clinical studies: occurrence and significance.</a> Tier&#228;rztliche Praxis. 15 (3), 281-289 (1987).</li><li>Mather, E. C., Refsal, K. R., Gustafsson, B. K., Seguin, B. E., Whitmore, H. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+fibre-optic+techniques+in+clinical+diagnosis+and+visual+assessment+of+experimental+intrauterine+therapy+in+mares.">The use of fibre-optic techniques in clinical diagnosis and visual assessment of experimental intrauterine therapy in mares.</a> Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. (27), 293-297 (1979).</li><li>Stanton, M. E., Mc Kinnon, A. O., Squires, E. L., Vaala, W. E., Varner, D. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Equine Reproduction Vol. 2. , 2665-2668 (2011).</li><li>Bracher, V., Mathias, S., Allen, W. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+chronic+degenerative+endometritis+(endometrosis)+on+placental+development+in+the+mare.">Influence of chronic degenerative endometritis (endometrosis) on placental development in the mare.</a> Equine Veterinary Journal. 28 (3), 180-188 (1996).</li><li>Tannus, R. J., Thun, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+endometrial+cysts+on+conception+rate+of+mares.">Influence of endometrial cysts on conception rate of mares.</a> Zentralbl Veterinarmed A. 42 (4), 275-283 (1995).</li><li>Pipers, F. S., Zent, W., Holder, R., Asbury, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasonography+as+an+adjunct+to+pregnancy+assessments+in+the+mare.">Ultrasonography as an adjunct to pregnancy assessments in the mare.</a> Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 184 (3), 328-334 (1984).</li><li>LeBlanc, M., Mc Kinnon, A. O., Mc Kinnon, A. O., Squires, E. L., Vaala, W. E., Varner, D. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Equine Reproduction Vol. 2. , 2620-2642 (2011).</li><li>van Ittersum, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+electrosurgical+treatment+of+endometrial+cysts+in+the+mare.">The electrosurgical treatment of endometrial cysts in the mare.</a> Tijdschr Diergeneeskd. 124 (21), 630-633 (1999).</li><li>Rambags, B. P., Stout, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcervical+endoscope-guided+emptying+of+a+transmural+uterine+cyst+in+a+mare.">Transcervical endoscope-guided emptying of a transmural uterine cyst in a mare.</a> Vet Record. 156 (21), 679-682 (2005).</li><li>Blikslager, A. T., Tate, L. P., Weinstock, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+neodymium:yttrium+aluminum+garnet+laser+irradiation+on+endometrium+and+on+endometrial+cysts+in+six+mares.">Effects of neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser irradiation on endometrium and on endometrial cysts in six mares.</a> Veterinary Surgery. 22 (5), 351-356 (1993).</li><li>Bartmann, C. P., Stief, B., Schoon, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thermal+injury+and+wound+healing+of+the+endometrium+subsequent+to+minimally+invasive+transendoscopic+use+of+Nd:YAG-laser-and+electrosurgery+in+horses.">Thermal injury and wound healing of the endometrium subsequent to minimally invasive transendoscopic use of Nd:YAG-laser-and electrosurgery in horses.</a> Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 110 (7), 271-280 (2003).</li><li>Conley, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Review+of+the+reproductive+endocrinology+of+the+pregnant+and+parturient+mare.">Review of the reproductive endocrinology of the pregnant and parturient mare.</a> Theriogenology. 86 (1), 355-365 (2016).</li><li>Guzeloglu, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+enzymes+and+receptors+of+leukotriene+pathway+genes+in+equine+endometrium+during+the+estrous+cycle+and+early+pregnancy.">Expression of enzymes and receptors of leukotriene pathway genes in equine endometrium during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy.</a> Theriogenology. 80 (2), 145-152 (2013).</li><li>Senger, P. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Pathways to pregnancy and parturition, 3rd edn. , (2015).</li></ol>

Todos los autores están totalmente empleados por la Clínica Equina de la Universidad de Lieja y no tienen conflictos de intereses con ninguna empresa que comercialice uno de los productos mencionados anteriormente.

La histeroscopia y fotoablación con láser de quistes endometriales es un procedimiento fácil para reducir los quistes intraluminales grandes en la yegua, como se sugirió anteriormente14. Técnicamente, este método se mejora cuando se realiza en una yegua en celo. Inflar el útero con solución salina estéril mejoró la visibilidad en comparación con el llenado de aire y la aspiración continua mientras se realizaba el procedimiento.  Los quistes intra parietales pequeños (<10 mm) son más...

Los quistes endometriales en yeguas fueron descritos histopatológicamente en los años setenta por Kenney1. A finales de los años ochenta, el uso de la histeroscopia y la ecografía condujo a su descripción clínica y ayudó a comprender sus consecuencias sobre la fertilidad2,3,4,5.
En las primeras etapas, los quistes endometriales se han asociado con una degeneración del endometrio ahora llamada endometrosis1,3,4,6,7,8 y actualmente se acepta que losquistes pequeños (<1 cm) están relacionados con la fibrosis de las glándulas endometriales cuando los quistes más grandes están relacionados con la dilatación linfática6 . Estos grandes quistes son los más propensos a perturbar la migración embrionaria equina entre el día 6,5 y el día 17, disminuyendo así la fertilidad al perjudicar el reconocimiento materno1,3,4,6,8. Los quistes endometriales también pueden interferir con el diagnóstico precoz del embarazo, especialmente si son redondos y tienen un tamaño similar al de una vesícula embrionaria3,4,6,9 (ver Figura 1). Por lo tanto, pueden aumentar potencialmente el intervalo entre dos inseminaciones al retrasar la primera ecografía embrionaria y la evaluación de la gestación gemelar (ver Figura 2). Los quistes endometriales también pueden interferir mecánicamente con la recolección de líquido durante el lavado uterino realizado para tratar la endometritis o para recolectar el embrión. En consecuencia, los quistes endometriales tienen efectos sobre la fertilidad de la yegua observada, con posibles consecuencias económicas en las granjas de cría.
Además de los intentos de tratar la endometrosis subyacente10,se han propuesto tratamientos focales guiados endoscópicamente de los quistes. Se ha descrito cauterización electroquirúrgica, pero la exposición al calor podría dañar el endometrio alrededor del quiste11. La aspiración del quiste solo es eficiente si la estructura secretoa no está más activa en el momento de la punción12. La irradiación láser con un láser de diodo de 980 nm con una fibra de contacto parece mostrar cicatrices endometriales posteriores más pequeñas6,13. La mejora de los dispositivos y procedimientos láser6 nos permite ahora proponer esta técnica segura y eficiente en la práctica clínica equina. Sin embargo, los propietarios de yeguas deben ser informados sobre los límites de esta opción. La fotoablación de los quistes aumentará el reconocimiento embrionario en algunas yeguas, adelantará el diagnóstico del embarazo en algunos casos y podría limitar el efecto mecánico negativo de los quistes endometriales en el lavado uterino realizado para tratar la endometritis o para recolectar embriones. Sin embargo, nunca tratará la endometriosis o endometritis subyacente concomitante.
Este informe tiene como objetivo describir un procedimiento eficiente para realizar la ablación de quistes con láser de diodo guiada por histeroscopia en yeguas. La preparación y los procedimientos se describirán prácticamente para una aplicación clínica.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Butorphanol</td><td>Animedica</td><td>Morphasol 10 mg/mL</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Detomidine</td><td>Dechra</td><td>Domidine 10 mg/mL</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Endoscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td>Vet 170-10 SN2012729</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Endoscope Vid&amp;eacute;o Tower</td><td>Olympus</td><td>CLE-E &amp;amp; CV-E</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laser device</td><td>Wuhan Giga Optronics</td><td>Velas II-60B GA19-V3186</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaCl 0.9%</td><td>Baxter</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>P&amp;eacute;nicilline-proca&amp;iuml;ne</td><td>Kela</td><td>PENI-Kel 300.00 UI/ml</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ultrasonography</td><td>Aloka</td><td>Aloka 500 &amp;amp; 5mHz transrectal probe</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

endoscopy guided photoablation of endometrial cysts using a 980 nm laser with a contact fiber in mares

En las yeguas, los quistes endometriales están asociados con la endometriosis y pueden causar fallas en el reconocimiento materno o comprometer y retrasar los diagnósticos del embarazo. Los tratamientos históricos fueron invasivos y tuvieron efectos adversos sobre el endometrio. La terapia con láser guiada histeroscópicamente es fácil y efectiva para la resección de quistes endometriales, sin efectos nocivos para el endometrio.
Un endoscopio de 110 cm de largo y 1,0 cm de ancho se introduce estérilmente en el útero a través del cuello uterino abierto de una yegua estral después de la limpieza vulvar. El útero se infunde lentamente con menos de 1 L de solución fisiológica y la fibra láser se inserta en el canal de biopsia del endoscopio. Los quistes se cauterizan con el láser de diodo de 980 nm con una fibra de contacto establecida a 20\u20122 5W en modo continuo. Cada quiste se perfora hasta la micción completa del quiste y la reducción de la pared del quiste alrededor de la fibra. Los lavados uterinos con solución salina estéril se realizan directamente después de la cirugía y durante uno o dos días como líquido no inflamatorio.
Este procedimiento es fácil y se realiza rápidamente, sin efectos perjudiciales obvios. La resección de quistes facilita el diagnóstico del embarazo por ultrasonido y, en algunos casos, podría restaurar la migración embrionaria adecuada en los cuernos uterinos entre el día 6.5 y 17. Sin embargo, este tratamiento no mejora las lesiones histológicas subyacentes relacionadas con la endometriosis. Estas consideraciones deben expresarse claramente al obtentor antes de este procedimiento.

Se realizaron cirugías en yeguas con quistes con diámetros superiores a 15 mm. Sin embargo, si otros quistes más pequeños también estaban presentes, se intentó la fotoablación de los otros quistes. Generalmente, estos quistes grandes estaban en la bifurcación o la base de los cuernos. Sin embargo, algunos de ellos estaban presentes en el cuerpo del útero y fueron tratados por igual.
En nuestra experiencia, los quistes intraluminales son muy fáciles de localizar con el endoscopio. Ade...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Endoscopy Guided Photoablation of Endometrial Cysts using a 980 nm Laser with a Contact Fiber in Mares at JoVE.com

Endoscopy Guided Photoablation of Endometrial Cysts using a 980 nm Laser with a Contact Fiber in Mares

El objetivo de este informe es describir la fotoablación de quistes endometriales en la yegua utilizando un dispositivo láser endoscópico, y discutir el interés y las limitaciones de este nuevo enfoque para tratar los problemas de baja fertilidad.

Fotoablación guiada por endoscopia de quistes endometriales utilizando un láser de 980 nm con una fibra de contacto en yeguas

In mares, endometrial cysts are associated with endometriosis and can cause maternal recognition failure or compromise and delay pregnancy diagnoses. ...

endoscopy-guided-photoablation-endometrial-cysts-using-980-nm-laser

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

4.3K vistas.  Liège University. El objetivo de este informe es describir la fotoablación de quistes endometriales en la yegua utilizando un dispositivo láser endoscópico, y discutir el interés y las limitaciones de este nuevo enfoque para tratar los problemas de baja fertilidad.

Video: Endoscopy Guided Photoablation of Endometrial Cysts using a 980 nm Laser with a Contact Fiber in Mares

Photoacoustic Cystography

Conventional pediatric cystography, which is based on diagnostic X-ray using a radio-opaque dye, suffers from the use of harmful ionizing radiation. The risk of bladder cancers in children due to radiation exposure is more significant than many other cancers. Here we demonstrate the feasibility of nonionizing and noninvasive photoacoustic (PA) imaging of urinary bladders, referred to as photoacoustic cystography (PAC), using near-infrared (NIR) optical absorbents (i.e. methylene blue, plasmonic gold nanostructures, or single walled carbon nanotubes) as an optical-turbid tracer. We have successfully imaged a rat bladder filled with the optical absorbing agents using a dark-field confocal PAC system. After transurethral injection of the contrast agents, the rat's bladders were photoacoustically visualized by achieving significant PA signal enhancement. The accumulation was validated by spectroscopic PA imaging. Further, by using only a laser pulse energy of less than 1 mJ/cm2 (1/20 of the safety limit), our current imaging system could map the methylene-blue-filled-rat-bladder at the depth of beyond 1 cm in biological tissues in vivo. Both in vivo and ex vivo PA imaging results validate that the contrast agents were naturally excreted via urination. Thus, there is no concern regarding long-term toxic agent accumulation, which will facilitate clinical translation.

Photoacoustic cystography (PAC) has a great potential to map urinary bladders, a radiation sensitive internal organ in pediatric patients, without using any ionizing radiation or toxic contrast agent. Here we demonstrate the use of PAC for mapping urinary bladders with an injection of optical-opaque tracers in rats in vivo.

Cistografía fotoacústica

Conventional pediatric cystography, which is based on diagnostic X-ray using a radio-opaque dye, suffers from the use of harmful ionizing radiation. The ...

Investigación

Bioingeniería

One Minute, Sub-One-Watt Photothermal Tumor Ablation Using Porphysomes, Intrinsic Multifunctional Nanovesicles

We recently developed porphysomes as intrinsically multifunctional nanovesicles. A photosensitizer, pyropheophorbide &alpha;, was conjugated to a phospholipid and then self-assembled to liposome-like spherical vesicles. Due to the extremely high density of porphyrin in the porphyrin-lipid bilayer, porphysomes generated large extinction coefficients, structure-dependent fluorescence self-quenching, and excellent photothermal efficacy. In our formulation, porphysomes were synthesized using high pressure extrusion, and displayed a mean particle size around 120 nm. Twenty-four hr post-intravenous injection of porphysomes, the local temperature of the tumor increased from 30 &deg;C to 62 &deg;C rapidly upon one minute exposure of 750 mW (1.18 W/cm2), 671 nm laser irradiation. Following the complete thermal ablation of the tumor, eschars formed and healed within 2 weeks, while in the control groups the tumors continued to grow and all reached the defined end point within 3 weeks. These data show how porphysomes can be used as potent photothermal therapy (PTT) agents.

We developed novel intrinsic multifunctional nanovesicles called porphysomes, which have structure-dependent fluorescence self-quenching and unique photothermal properties, thus functioning as potent photothermal therapy agents. We formulated porphysomes using high pressure extrusion and investigated their photothermal therapy efficacy in a xenograft tumor model.

Un Minuto, Sub-Uno-Watt fototérmica Ablación Usando Porphysomes, Intrinsic Multifuncional nanovesículas

We recently developed porphysomes as intrinsically multifunctional nanovesicles. A photosensitizer, pyropheophorbide &alpha;, was conjugated to a ...

Multi-Photon Laser Ablation of Cytoplasmic Microtubule Organizing Centers in Mouse Oocytes

The fidelity of oocyte meiosis is critical for generating developmentally competent euploid eggs. In mammals, the oocyte undergoes a lengthy arrest at prophase I of the first meiotic division. After puberty and upon meiotic resumption, the nuclear membrane disassembles (nuclear envelope breakdown), and the spindle is assembled mainly at the oocyte center. Initial central spindle positioning is essential to protect against abnormal kinetochore-microtubule (MT) attachments and aneuploidy. The centrally positioned spindle migrates in a time-sensitive manner toward the cortex, and this is a necessary process to extrude a tiny polar body. In mitotic cells, spindle positioning relies on the interaction between centrosome-mediated astral MTs and the cell cortex. On the contrary, mouse oocytes lack classic centrosomes and, instead, contain numerous acentriolar MT organizing centers (MTOCs). At the metaphase I stage, mouse oocytes have two different sets of MTOCs: (1) MTOCs that are clustered and sorted to assemble spindle poles (polar MTOCs), and (2) metaphase cytoplasmic MTOCs (mcMTOCs) that remain in the cytoplasm and do not contribute directly to spindle formation but play a crucial role in regulating spindle positioning and timely spindle migration. Here, a multi-photon laser ablation method is described to selectively deplete endogenously labeled mcMTOCs in oocytes collected from Cep192-eGfp reporter mice. This method contributes to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying spindle positioning and migration in mammalian oocytes.

An optimized protocol is presented that enables the depletion of cytoplasmic microtubule organizing centers in mouse oocytes during metaphase I using a near-infrared femtosecond laser.

Ablación con láser multifotón de centros organizadores de microtúbulos citoplasmáticos en ovocitos de ratón

The fidelity of oocyte meiosis is critical for generating developmentally competent euploid eggs. In mammals, the oocyte undergoes a lengthy arrest at ...

Biología del Desarrollo

Photoselective Vaporesection of the Prostate via an End-firing Lithium Triborate Crystal Laser

The occurrence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common problem with a high incidence in the aging male population. Although it is not a life-threatening disease, BPH causes problems that seriously impact the quality of life. Here, we introduce a new technique called photoselective vaporesection of the prostate (PVRP) in treating BPH, which can be seen as a variation of photoselective vaporization of the prostate (PVP). This procedure presents several advantages compared to the PVP technique including less laser energy loss, less intraoperative complications as well as more tissue resection rate.

Here we present a protocol to perform Photoselective Vaporesection of the Prostate (PVRP) for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) treatment.

Vaporesection fotoselectiva de la próstata a través de un láser de cristal Triborate litio de disparo final

The occurrence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common problem with a high incidence in the aging ...

Medicina

Enucleation of the Prostate for the Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Using a 980 nm Diode Laser

In the aging male population, the occurrence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common problem. Here, we introduce a new technique called 980 nm diode laser enucleation (DiLEP) to treat BPH1. Diode lasers can absorb both water and hemoglobin at the same time, so they are good for cutting and hemostasis2. The diode laser was approved by the FDA in 2007, and has been used in the treatment of BPH because of its effective cutting and hemostasis effect3. DiLEP presents several advantages over other techniques, such as TURP, HoLEP, and PVP. During the procedure, we define the boundary of a high-volume prostate and separate it into three lobes with a diode laser by burning two rings and one groove (like a Cupid&#39;s arrow). Compared to other procedures, mDiLEP has fewer intraoperative complications, a shorter learning curve, and achieves more tissue resection.

Here, we present a protocol for modified 980 nm diode laser enucleation to treat large volume benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Enucleación de la próstata para el tratamiento de la hiperplasia prostática benigna mediante un láser de diodo de 980 nm

In the aging male population, the occurrence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common problem. ...

Development of a Noninvasive, Laser-Assisted Experimental Model of Corneal Endothelial Cell Loss

Nd:YAG lasers have been used to perform noninvasive intraocular surgery, such as capsulotomy for several decades now. The incisive effect relies on the optical breakdown at the laser focus. Acoustic shock waves and cavitation bubbles are generated, causing tissue rupture. Bubble sizes and pressure amplitudes vary with pulse energy and position of the focal point. In this study, enucleated porcine eyes were positioned in front of a commercially available Nd:YAG laser. Variable pulse energies as well as different positions of the focal spots posterior to the cornea were tested. Resulting lesions were evaluated by two-photon microscopy and histology to determine the best parameters for an exclusive detachment of corneal endothelial cells (CEC) with minimum collateral damage. The advantages of this method are the precise ablation of CEC, reduced collateral damage, and above all, the non-contact treatment.

Here, we present a protocol to detach corneal endothelial cells (CEC) from Descemet&#8217;s membrane (DM) using a neodymium:YAG (Nd:YAG) laser as an ex vivo disease model for bullous keratopathy (BK).

Desarrollo de un Modelo Experimental No Invasivo, Asistido por Láser de Pérdida Celular Endotelial Corneal

Nd:YAG lasers have been used to perform noninvasive intraocular surgery, such as capsulotomy for several decades now. The incisive effect relies on the ...

Focal Laser Ablation of Prostate Cancer: An Office Procedure

In this article, we describe and illustrate an outpatient procedure for focal laser ablation (FLA) of prostate cancer (PCa). The procedure is conceptually similar to a fusion biopsy and is performed under local anesthesia in a clinic setting; treatment time is usually less than one hour. Laser insertion is guided by ultrasound; lesion targeting is via magnetic resonance imaging-ultrasound (MRI/US) fusion, as in targeted prostate biopsy. Real-time ablation monitoring is achieved utilizing a thermal probe adjacent to the laser fiber. The video demonstrates procedure planning, patient preparation, various steps during the procedure, and treatment monitoring. Safety, feasibility, and efficacy of this approach have been established during a previous trial. Outpatient FLA under local anesthesia is an option for management of intermediate risk prostate cancer.

This article presents and describes an outpatient treatment for prostate cancer using focal laser ablation. Laser catheter placement is guided by MRI-ultrasound fusion imaging in a fashion similar to prostate needle biopsy. Treatment is monitored in real-time with a thermal probe, placed adjacent to the laser fiber.

Ablación focal del laser del cáncer de próstata: Un procedimiento de la oficina

In this article, we describe and illustrate an outpatient procedure for focal laser ablation (FLA) of prostate cancer (PCa). The procedure is conceptually ...

Surgical Techniques to Optimize Ovarian Reserve during Laparoscopic Cystectomy for Ovarian Endometrioma

Surgical management of ovarian endometrioma in patients desiring fertility is complicated by the need to balance maximal resection of disease with efforts to spare normal ovarian cortex. Optimization of tubal anatomy is another frequent consideration. Fertility-sparing laparoscopic techniques at the time of cystectomy for ovarian endometrioma seek to limit iatrogenic surgical damage to the ovarian cortex and strategically assess and respond to genital tract patency. Surgical candidates frequently desire relief from endometriosis-associated pain while also seeking to optimize spontaneous or assisted conception rates. Operative benefits include potential for surgical and histopathologic diagnosis of endometriosis, evaluation of genital tract patency, and treatment of visualized lesions. Resection of ovarian endometrioma nonetheless poses significant risks, including surgical injury, blood loss, post-surgical decline in ovarian reserve and post-operative inflammation with adhesion formation, both of which may impair folliculogenesis.
We present the case of a 32-year-old woman with known endometriosis and continued pain refractory to medical management who opted for surgical management of her disease tailored toward optimizing her chances at future conception. Using this case as an example, we describe techniques and considerations for diagnostic laparoscopy, adhesiolysis, ovarian cystectomy, chromopertubation, and salpingectomy with a focus on maintaining a fertility-preserving approach.

This protocol presents techniques to laparoscopically excise ovarian endometrioma, to perform adhesiolysis with sparing electrosurgical application, and to employ intraoperative chromopertubation to assess for genital tract patency. This systematic approach will facilitate optimal endometriosis management, guide concomitant adnexal surgeries, and enhance post-surgical fertility outcomes.

Técnicas quirúrgicas para optimizar la reserva ovárica durante la cistectomía laparoscópica para el endometrioma ovárico

Surgical management of ovarian endometrioma in patients desiring fertility is complicated by the need to balance maximal resection of disease with efforts ...

Fertility Sparing Procedure using Carbon Dioxide Fiber Laser Vaporization of Ovarian Endometrioma

The surgical management of endometrioma is still a matter of debate. Cystectomy, which is recognized as the standard technique, seems to be associated with a potential reduction in the ovarian reserve due to the inadvertent removal and thermal damage of healthy ovarian tissue. New ablative techniques with reduced tissue penetration depth and less thermal spread to the surrounding parenchyma may represent a viable alternative to cystectomy. For these reasons, the aim of this manuscript is to demonstrate the ablation of the endometrioma capsule using a CO2 fiber laser technique and discuss the clinical outcomes. Once the cyst has been drained and washed, a biopsy is taken. After cyst eversion, vaporization of the inner surface of the cyst is performed using a CO2 fiber laser. The technique is simple and reproducible as even young surgeons without any surgical experience were more confident in performing laser CO2 vaporization instead of cystectomy. The positive effects of CO2 technology are reported in a randomized controlled trial, where the postoperative changes in the antral follicular count (AFC) and antimullerian hormone (AMH) levels were compared between patients who had their endometrioma excised (cystectomy) and those who had undergone endometrioma vaporization with CO2 laser. The patients treated with CO2 laser showed significantly increased AFC without a reduction in serum AMH levels as compared to the cystectomy group, in which both parameters were significantly reduced. The postoperative pregnancy rate was also assessed, and comparable pregnancy rates were found after both treatments. On the contrary, patients treated with the CO2 fiber laser technique had more favorable in-vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes compared to cystectomy.
In conclusion, the CO2 fiber laser technique may represent a viable alternative to cystectomy in the surgical treatment of endometrioma in terms of ovarian preservation, pregnancy rates, and IVF outcomes. Moreover, it has the advantage of being independent of the surgeon's skills and personal experience.

In this protocol, CO2 fiber laser technique is demonstrated for the surgical treatment of ovarian endometriosis, which represents a viable alternative in terms of fertility preservation with the major advantage of not being dependent on the surgeon's skills and personal experience.

Procedimiento de preservación de la fertilidad utilizando la vaporización con láser de fibra de dióxido de carbono del endometrioma ovárico

The surgical management of endometrioma is still a matter of debate. Cystectomy, which is recognized as the standard technique, seems to be associated ...

Técnica histeroscópica con microtijeras y pinzas para la extirpación de pólipos

Improved Hysteroscopic Resection of Endometrial Polyps Using 6-Fr Micro-Scissors and Forceps

Endometrial polyps commonly contribute to female infertility, and hysteroscopic resection is the established surgical approach for their treatment. Numerous resection methods are available, with the most used and cost-effective options being cold resection employing micro-scissors or hot resection using an electric loop. However, both methods involve sharp resection, posing a challenge in achieving complete polyp removal while avoiding damage to the uterine endometrium. To address this issue, this study proposes an innovative approach: the combined use of the 6 Fr micro-scissors and forceps under hysteroscopy. The method entails utilizing 6 Fr micro-scissors to initially remove large polyps, followed by using 6 Fr micro-forceps to extract the remaining polyp tissue expeditiously and bluntly near the basal layer of the endometrium. This approach not only prevents surgical damage to the basal layer of the endometrium but also mitigates the risk of residual polyps resulting from incomplete resection. This method is particularly suitable for women with fertility requirements, offering additional considerations for the selection of treatment options for endometrial polyp resection.

Autor destacado: Un enfoque de histeroscopia reproductiva para la extirpación completa de pólipos endometriales y una receptividad endometrial mejorada

The novel technique presented here employs a combination of 6-Fr micro-scissors and forceps for hysteroscopic treatment of endometrial polyps, demonstrating encouraging outcomes for infertile patients afflicted with this condition.

Resección histeroscópica mejorada de pólipos endometriales con microtijeras y pinzas de 6 FR

Endometrial polyps commonly contribute to female infertility, and hysteroscopic resection is the established surgical approach for their treatment. ...