Los autores agradecen el apoyo de la Fundación de la Familia Thomas E. y Pamela M. Mischell a S.S. y el financiamiento de la Fundación Harold C. Schott de la Cátedra Harold C. Schott de la Facultad de Medicina de la UC, a S.S.

Direccionamiento farmacológico de los canales iónicos para el tratamiento de tumores sólidos

<ol>
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F., Elghajiji, A., Tosh, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasensitive+system+for+electrophysiology+of+cancer+cell+populations:+A+review.">Ultrasensitive system for electrophysiology of cancer cell populations: A review.</a> Bioelectricity. 1 (3), 131-138 (2019).</li><li>Sengupta, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=&#945;5-GABAA+receptors+negatively+regulate+MYC-amplified+medulloblastoma+growth.">&#945;5-GABAA receptors negatively regulate MYC-amplified medulloblastoma growth.</a> Acta Neuropathologica. 127 (4), 593-603 (2014).</li><li>Jonas, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=First+in+vivo+testing+of+compounds+targeting+Group+3+medulloblastomas+using+an+implantable+microdevice+as+a+new+paradigm+for+drug+development.">First in vivo testing of compounds targeting Group 3 medulloblastomas using an implantable microdevice as a new paradigm for drug development.</a> Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology. 12 (6), 1297-1302 (2016).</li><li>Kallay, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modulating+native+GABAA+receptors+in+medulloblastoma+with+positive+allosteric+benzodiazepine-derivatives+induces+cell+death.">Modulating native GABAA receptors in medulloblastoma with positive allosteric benzodiazepine-derivatives induces cell death.</a> Journal of Neurooncology. 142 (3), 411-422 (2019).</li><li>Pomeranz Krummel, D. 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Applications to electron microscopy.</a> Journal of Cell Biology. 66 (1), 198-200 (1975).</li><li>Wiatrak, B., Kubis-Kubiak, A., Piwowar, A., Barg, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PC12+cell+line:+Cell+types,+coating+of+culture+vessels,+differentiation+and+other+culture+conditions.">PC12 cell line: Cell types, coating of culture vessels, differentiation and other culture conditions.</a> Cells. 9 (4), 958 (2020).</li><li>Baker, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fixation+in+cytochemistry+and+electron-microscopy.">Fixation in cytochemistry and electron-microscopy.</a> Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry. 6 (5), 303-308 (1958).</li><li>Chung, J. 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A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+a+soluble+tetrazolium/formazan+assay+for+cell+growth+and+drug+sensitivity+in+culture+using+human+and+other+tumor+cell+lines.">Evaluation of a soluble tetrazolium/formazan assay for cell growth and drug sensitivity in culture using human and other tumor cell lines.</a> Cancer Research. 48 (17), 4827-4833 (1988).</li><li>Wang, P., Henning, S. M., Heber, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Limitations+of+MTT+and+MTS-based+assays+for+measurement+of+antiproliferative+activity+of+green+tea+polyphenols.">Limitations of MTT and MTS-based assays for measurement of antiproliferative activity of green tea polyphenols.</a> PLoS One. 5, e10202 (2010).</li><li>Berridge, M. V., Tan, A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+the+cellular+reduction+of+3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium+bromide+(MTT):+subcellular+localization,+substrate+dependence,+and+involvement+of+mitochondrial+electron+transport+in+MTT+reduction.">Characterization of the cellular reduction of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT): subcellular localization, substrate dependence, and involvement of mitochondrial electron transport in MTT reduction.</a> Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 303 (2), 474-482 (1993).</li><li>Plumb, J. A., Milroy, R., Kaye, S. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+the+pH+dependence+of+3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium+bromide-formazan+absorption+on+chemosensitivity+determined+by+a+novel+tetrazolium-based+assay.">Effects of the pH dependence of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide-formazan absorption on chemosensitivity determined by a novel tetrazolium-based assay.</a> Cancer Research. 49 (16), 4435-4440 (1989).</li><li>Chakrabarti, R., Kundu, S., Kumar, S., Chakrabarti, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vitamin+A+as+an+enzyme+that+catalyzes+the+reduction+of+MTT+to+formazan+by+vitamin+C.">Vitamin A as an enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of MTT to formazan by vitamin C.</a> Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 80 (1), 133-138 (2000).</li><li>Dong, G. 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D.A.P.K. es cofundador, presidente y director ejecutivo de Amlal Pharmaceuticals Inc. S.S. es cofundador de Amlal Pharmaceuticals Inc. y forma parte de la Junta de Supervisión de la Seguridad de los Medicamentos de Bexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Los cambios en la función de los canales iónicos alteran las cascadas de señalización intracelular, lo que puede afectar el funcionamiento general de una célula. Durante la última década, se ha vuelto cada vez más claro que los canales iónicos son importantes para el crecimiento y la metástasis de las células cancerosas. Es importante destacar que muchos canales iónicos son objetivos primarios para terapias aprobadas dirigidas a una amplia gama de trastornos24. Los investigadores han i...

Las proteínas transportadoras de membrana son fundamentales para la comunicación entre las células, así como para mantener la homeostasis celular. Entre las proteínas transportadoras de membrana, los canales iónicos sirven para impulsar el crecimiento y desarrollo de las células y para mantener el estado de las células en entornos desafiantes y cambiantes. También se ha descrito que los canales iónicos impulsan y apoyan el desarrollo de tumores sólidos, tanto sistémicamente como en el sistema nervioso central (SNC)1,2. Por ejemplo, los canales KCa3.1 son responsables de regular el potencial de membrana y controlar el volumen celular, lo cual es importante en la regulación del ciclo celular. Se ha descrito que los canales defectuosos de KCa3.1 contribuyen a la proliferación anormal de las células tumorales3. Además, los canales iónicos pueden contribuir a la diseminación metastásica de los cánceres. Los canales de potencial receptor transitorio (TRP), por ejemplo, están implicados en la entrada de Ca 2+ y Mg2+; Esta afluencia activa varias quinasas y proteínas de choque térmico que funcionan para regular la matriz extracelular que rodea a un tumor, lo que a su vez es importante para iniciar la metástasis del cáncer4.
Dado que los canales iónicos pueden contribuir al desarrollo de cánceres, también pueden ser objetivos para el tratamiento del cáncer relacionado con medicamentos. Por ejemplo, la resistencia a las modalidades de tratamiento, incluida la quimioterapia y la inmunoterapia novedosa, está relacionada con la desregulación de la función de los canales iónicos 5,6,7. Además, los canales iónicos están emergiendo como importantes dianas farmacológicas para impedir el crecimiento y el desarrollo de cánceres, con fármacos de moléculas pequeñas reutilizados (aprobados por la FDA) que se están examinando, así como biopolímeros, incluidos los anticuerpos monoclonales 1,2,8,9. Si bien ha habido muchos avances en este frente, el descubrimiento de fármacos contra el cáncer por canales iónicos sigue estando poco desarrollado. Esto se debe en parte a los desafíos únicos de estudiar los canales iónicos en las células cancerosas. Por ejemplo, existen limitaciones técnicas en la configuración de ensayos electrofisiológicos para compuestos de acción lenta y diferencias temporales en la activación del canal y la acción del fármaco. Además, la solubilidad de los compuestos también puede impedir el progreso, ya que la mayoría de los sistemas de electrofisiología automatizados que se utilizan habitualmente hoy en día utilizan sustratos hidrófobos, que pueden contribuir a la formación de artefactos como resultado de la adsorción de los compuestos. Además, las terapias moleculares bioorgánicas de gran tamaño, como los productos naturales, los péptidos y los anticuerpos monoclonales, son técnicamente difíciles de cribar mediante ensayos de electrofisiología convencionales10. Por último, las propiedades bioeléctricas de las células cancerosas siguen siendo poco conocidas11.
Mientras tanto, la tinción por inmunofluorescencia de los canales iónicos suele ser un reto. Esto se debe, en parte, a la complejidad de sus estructuras y su contexto en la membrana, que afectan a la capacidad de generar y emplear anticuerpos para estudios de microscopía. Es especialmente importante que los anticuerpos utilizados para teñir los canales iónicos sean validados en cuanto a especificidad, afinidad y reproducibilidad. Los anticuerpos comerciales para los canales iónicos deben considerarse en función de su estrategia de validación y su historial de publicación. Los experimentos deben incluir controles negativos para demostrar la falta de unión inespecífica por knockdown o knockout de la proteína diana. Alternativamente, las líneas celulares en las que la proteína diana está ausente o en baja abundancia en función de las determinaciones de ARNm o proteínas pueden servir como controles negativos. Por ejemplo, este estudio muestra la localización de la subunidad del receptor (GABA) Gabra5 en una línea celular de meduloblastoma (D283). Las células D283 con una eliminación de siRNA y las células Daoy, otra línea celular de meduloblastoma cerebeloso, se tiñeron para Gabra5 y no mostraron tinción apreciable (datos no mostrados).
Aquí, se presentan métodos para analizar y ensayar la función de los canales iónicos, así como el efecto de los moduladores de los canales iónicos en las células cancerosas. Se proporcionan protocolos para (1) teñir células para un canal iónico, (2) probar el estado polarizado de las mitocondrias, (3) establecer la función del canal iónico mediante electrofisiología y (4) validación in vitro del fármaco. Estos protocolos enfatizan los estudios del receptor 2,12,13,14,15,16 del ácido gamma-aminobutírico tipo A (GABAA), un canal de anión cloruro y un receptor de neurotransmisor inhibidor mayor. Sin embargo, los métodos presentados aquí se aplican al estudio de muchas otras células cancerosas y canales iónicos.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>ABS SpectraMax Plate Reader</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>ABS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Accutase</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>00-4555-56</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Flor 488</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A32723</td>
			<td>Goat Anti-Rabbit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibiotic-Antimycotic</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15240-062</td>
			<td>100x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B27 Supplement</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>12587-010</td>
			<td>Lacks vitamin A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biosafety Cabinet</td>
			<td>LABCONCO</td>
			<td>302381101</td>
			<td>Class II, Type A2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP1606-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CO2 Incubator</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-998-211</td>
			<td>Heracell VIOS 160i</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium Chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>C7902</td>
			<td>Dihydrate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Culture Dishes, 150 mm</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-600-004</td>
			<td>Cell culture treated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Culture Flasks, 75 cm2</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>430641U</td>
			<td>Cell culture treated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Culture Plates, 6 well</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>353046</td>
			<td>Cell culture treated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Culture Plates, 96 well</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>353072</td>
			<td>Cell culture treated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>EP-5804R</td>
			<td>Refrigerated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning CoolCell</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>07-210-0006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coverslips, 22 x 22 mm</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-553-450</td>
			<td>Corning brand</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D283 Med</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>HTB-185</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DABCO Mounting Media</td>
			<td>EMS</td>
			<td>17989-97</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-Glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma Life Sciences</td>
			<td>D9434</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethyl Sulfoxide</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>D2650</td>
			<td>Cell culture grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM/F12, base media</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>11330-032</td>
			<td>With phenol red</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM/F12, phenol red free</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>21041-025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGTA</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>E4378</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epidermal Growth Factor</td>
			<td>STEMCELL</td>
			<td>78006.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FCCP</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>AB120081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum, Qualified</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10437-028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fibroblast Growth Factor, Basic</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>GF003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GARBA5 Antibody</td>
			<td>Aviva</td>
			<td>ARP30687_P050</td>
			<td>Rabbit Polyclonal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glutamax</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>35050-061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol Mounting Medium</td>
			<td>EMS</td>
			<td>17989-60</td>
			<td>With DAPI+DABCO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemocytometer</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heparin</td>
			<td>STEMCELL</td>
			<td>7980</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>HyClone</td>
			<td>SH3023701</td>
			<td>Solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP310-500</td>
			<td>Solid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ImageJ</td>
			<td>Open platform</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>With Fiji plugins</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Immuno Mount DAPI</td>
			<td>EMS</td>
			<td>17989-97</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KRM-II-08</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>experimental compounds not available from a commercial source</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leica Application Suite X</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leukemia Inhibitory Factor</td>
			<td>Novus</td>
			<td>N276314100U</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Glutamine</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25030-081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium Chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>M9272</td>
			<td>Hexahydrate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope, Confocal</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>SP8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope, Light</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>76382-982</td>
			<td>DMiL Inverted</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MTS - Promega One Step</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>G3581</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multi-channel pipette, 0.5-10 &#181;L</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>Z683914</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multi-channel pipette, 10-100 &#181;L</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>Z683930</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multi-channel pipette, 30-300 &#181;L</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>Z683957</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nest-O-Patch</td>
			<td>Heka</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neurobasal-A Medium</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10888022</td>
			<td>Without vitamin A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neurobasal-A Medium</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>12348-017</td>
			<td>Phenol red free</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Non-Essential Amino Acids</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11140-050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NOR-QH-II-66</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>experimental compounds not available from a commercial source</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Parafilm</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>50-998-944</td>
			<td>4 inch width</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>EMS</td>
			<td>RT-15710</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PATHCHMASTER</td>
			<td>Heka</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Perfusion System</td>
			<td>Nanion</td>
			<td>4000120</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PFA</td>
			<td>EMS</td>
			<td>RT-15710</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Bufered Saline</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AAJ75889K2</td>
			<td>Reagent grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly-D-Lysine</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A3890401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly-L-Lysine</td>
			<td>Sigma Life Sciences</td>
			<td>P4707</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Port-a-Patch</td>
			<td>Nanion</td>
			<td>21000072</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma Life Sciences</td>
			<td>P5405</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primary Antibody</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>MA5-34653</td>
			<td>Rabbit Monoclonal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prism</td>
			<td>GraphPad</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Propofol</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NC0758676</td>
			<td>1 mL ampule</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QH-II-66</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>experimental compounds not available from a commercial source</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reagent Reservoirs</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>89094-664</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Slides, 75 x 25 mm</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-544-7</td>
			<td>Frosted one side</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>25-035-Cl</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S271-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Pyruvate</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11360-070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Synth-a-Freeze Medium</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>R00550</td>
			<td>Cryopreservation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TMRE</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>50-196-4741</td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TMRE Kit</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>AB113852</td>
			<td>Kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>NC0704309</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan Blue</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15-250-061</td>
			<td>Solution, 0.4%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin/EDTA</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25200-072</td>
			<td>Solution, 0.25%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vortex Mixer</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>97043-562</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Whatman Filter Paper</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>09-927-841</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

screening ion channels in cancer cells

Los canales iónicos son fundamentales para el desarrollo celular y el mantenimiento de la homeostasis celular. La perturbación de la función de los canales iónicos contribuye al desarrollo de una amplia gama de trastornos o canalopatías. Las células cancerosas utilizan canales iónicos para impulsar su propio desarrollo, así como para mejorar como tumor y asimilarse en un microambiente que incluye varias células no cancerosas. Además, los aumentos en los niveles de factores de crecimiento y hormonas dentro del microambiente tumoral pueden resultar en una mayor expresión de canales iónicos, lo que contribuye a la proliferación y supervivencia de las células cancerosas. Por lo tanto, la focalización farmacológica de los canales iónicos es potencialmente un enfoque prometedor para el tratamiento de neoplasias malignas sólidas, incluidos los cánceres cerebrales primarios y metastásicos. En este trabajo se describen protocolos para caracterizar la función de los canales iónicos en células cancerosas y enfoques para analizar los moduladores de los canales iónicos para determinar su impacto en la viabilidad del cáncer. Estos incluyen la tinción de una célula para un canal iónico, la prueba del estado polarizado de las mitocondrias, el establecimiento de la función del canal iónico mediante electrofisiología y la realización de ensayos de viabilidad para evaluar la potencia del fármaco.

Membrane transport proteins are critical for communication between cells, as well as for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Amongst the membrane transport proteins, ion channels serve to drive the growth and development of cells and to maintain the state of cells in challenging and changing environments. Ion channels have also been reported to drive and support the development of solid tumors, both systemically and in the central nervous system (CNS)1,2. For example, KCa3.1 channels are responsible for regulating membrane potential and controlling cell volume, which is important in cell-cycle regulation. Defective KCa3.1 channels have been reported to contribute to the abnormal proliferation of tumor cells3. Further, ion channels may contribute to the metastatic dissemination of cancers. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, for example, are involved in Ca2+ and Mg2+ influx; this influx activates several kinases and heat shock proteins that function to regulate the extracellular matrix surrounding a tumor, which is, in turn, important for initiating cancer metastasis4.
Since ion channels can contribute to the development of cancers, they may also be targets for drug-related cancer treatment. For example, resistance to treatment modalities, including chemotherapy and novel immunotherapy, is related to ion channel function dysregulation5,6,7. In addition, ion channels are emerging as important drug targets to impede the growth and development of cancers, with repurposed small molecule (FDA-approved) drugs being examined, as well as biopolymers, including monoclonal antibodies1,2,8,9. While there has been much progress on this front, ion channel cancer drug discovery remains underdeveloped. This is partly due to the unique challenges of studying ion channels in cancer cells. For example, there are technical limitations in setting up electrophysiology assays for slow-acting compounds and temporal differences in channel activation and drug action. Further, the solubility of compounds can also impede progress, as most of the automated electrophysiology systems commonly in use today utilize hydrophobic substrates, which may contribute to artifacts as a result of compound adsorption. In addition, large bioorganic molecular therapeutics such as natural products, peptides, and monoclonal antibodies are technically challenging to screen using conventional electrophysiology assays10. Finally, the bioelectrical properties of cancer cells remain poorly understood11.
Meanwhile, the immunofluorescence staining of ion channels is often challenging. This is due, in part, to the complexity of their structures and their context in the membrane, which impact the ability to both generate and employ antibodies for microscopy studies. It is especially important that the antibodies used to stain ion channels are validated for specificity, affinity, and reproducibility. Commercial antibodies for ion channels should be considered based on their validation strategy and publication record. Experiments should include negative controls to demonstrate the lack of nonspecific binding by either knockdown or knockout of the target protein. Alternatively, cell lines in which the target protein is absent or in low abundance based on mRNA or protein determinations may serve as negative controls. For example, this study shows the localization of the (GABA) receptor&#160;subunit Gabra5 in a medulloblastoma cell line (D283). D283 cells with an siRNA knockdown and Daoy&#160;cells, another cerebellar medulloblastoma cell line, were stained for Gabra5 and showed no appreciatable staining (data not shown).
Here, methods are presented to analyze and assay ion channel function, as well as the effect of ion channel modulators on cancer cells. Protocols are provided for (1) staining cells for an ion channel, (2) testing the polarized state of mitochondria, (3) establishing ion channel function using electrophysiology, and (4) in vitro drug validation. These protocols emphasize studies of the type A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptor2,12,13,14,15,16, a chloride anion channel and major inhibitory neurotransmitter receptor. However, the methods presented here apply to studying many other cancer cells and ion channels.

Autor destacado: Explorando el papel de los canales iónicos en el cáncer: caracterización y posibles enfoques de tratamiento 

Detección de canales iónicos en células cancerosas

The function of ion channels is crucial in cell biology and significantly impacts cancer growth. Our team is focused on targeting ion channels to aid cancer treatments. The field has recently gained a greater understanding of the tumor microenvironment and how cancer cells take hold in healthy tissue, highlighting the importance of ion channels in cancer.One of the biggest challenges in current experiment is the availability of immune-competent animal model that can effectively test therapeutic treatments. We have established that GABA A receptor is a therapeutic vulnerability to disparate cancers and identified a new class of GABA A receptor activators that effectively impair cancer cells. Ion channels play a crucial role in regulating cancer cell behavior, and they hold great potential as target for cancer treatment.Our research has highlighted how an established class of drug can be employed to treat cancer effectively.

Arriba se presentan procedimientos seleccionados que se pueden emplear para caracterizar los canales iónicos en las células cancerosas. El primer protocolo destaca la tinción de un canal iónico. Como se ha detallado, existen muchos retos a la hora de teñir un canal iónico o, para el caso, cualquier proteína que esté presente en la membrana extracelular. En la Figura 1 se muestra la tinción de una subunidad del receptor pentámero GABAA. El segundo protocolo destaca los re...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Exploring the Role of Ion Channels in Cancer: Characterization and Potential Treatment Approaches at JoVE.com

La focalización farmacológica de los canales iónicos es un enfoque prometedor para el tratamiento de tumores sólidos. Se proporcionan protocolos detallados para caracterizar la función de los canales iónicos en las células cancerosas y analizar los efectos de los moduladores de los canales iónicos en la viabilidad del cáncer.

Ion channels are critical for cell development and maintaining cell homeostasis. The perturbation of ion channel function contributes to the development ...

La función de los canales iónicos es crucial en la biología celular y tiene un impacto significativo en el crecimiento del cáncer. Nuestro equipo se centra en dirigirse a los canales iónicos para ayudar en los tratamientos contra el cáncer. Recientemente, el campo ha adquirido una mayor comprensión del microambiente tumoral y de cómo las células cancerosas se arraigan en el tejido sano, lo que pone de relieve la importancia de los canales iónicos en el cáncer.Uno de los mayores desafíos en el experimento actual es la disponibilidad de modelos animales inmunocompetentes que puedan probar tratamientos terapéuticos de manera efectiva. Hemos establecido que el receptor GABA A es una vulnerabilidad terapéutica a cánceres dispares e identificado una nueva clase de activadores del receptor GABA A que dañan eficazmente las células cancerosas. Los canales iónicos desempeñan un papel crucial en la regulación del comportamiento de las células cancerosas y tienen un gran potencial como diana para el tratamiento del cáncer.Nuestra investigación ha puesto de relieve cómo se puede emplear una clase establecida de fármacos para tratar el cáncer de forma eficaz.

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

Screening Ion Channels in Cancer Cells

1.4K vistas.  University of Cincinnati College of Medicine. La función de los canales iónicos es crucial en la biología celular y tiene un impacto significativo en el crecimiento del cáncer. Nuestro equipo se centra en dirigirse a los canales iónicos para ayudar en los tratamientos contra el cáncer. Recientemente, el campo ha adquirido una mayor comprensión del microambiente tumoral y de cómo las células cancerosas se arraigan en el tejido sano, lo que pone de relieve la importancia de los canales iónicos en el cáncer.Uno de los mayo...

Video: Autor destacado: Explorando el papel de los canales iónicos en el cáncer: caracterización y posibles enfoques de tratamiento 

Ion channels are critical for cell development and maintaining cell homeostasis. The perturbation of ion channel function contributes to the development of a broad range of disorders or channelopathies. Cancer cells utilize ion channels to drive their own development, as well as to improve as a tumor and to assimilate in a microenvironment that includes various non-cancerous cells. Furthermore, increases in levels of growth factors and hormones within the tumor microenvironment can result in enhanced ion channel expression, which contributes to cancer cell proliferation and survival. Thus, the pharmacological targeting of ion channels is potentially a promising approach to treating solid malignancies, including primary and metastatic brain cancers. Herein, protocols to characterize the function of ion channels in cancerous cells and approaches to analyze modulators of ion channels to determine their impact on cancer viability are described. These include staining a cell(s) for an ion channel(s), testing the polarized state of mitochondria, establishing ion channel function using electrophysiology, and performing viability assays to assess drug potency.

The pharmacological targeting of ion channels is a promising approach to treating solid tumors. Detailed protocols are provided for characterizing ion channel function in cancer cells and assaying the effects of ion channel modulators on cancer viability.

Investigación

Investigación sobre el cáncer

Testing the Polarized State of Mitochondria to Analyze the Ion Channel Function in Cancer Cells 

To begin, maintain cells in a 75-square-centimeter culture flask. Aspirate the culture medium and rinse the cells with PBS without calcium and magnesium. Next, add two milliliters of 0.25%trypsin EDTA to detach adherence cells.Incubate for five minutes at room temperature and resuspend the cells in 10 milliliters of medium. Next, collect the cells from the flask into a 15-milliliter centrifuge tube. Centrifuge at 480 G for five minutes at room temperature and aspirate the medium.Resuspend the cells in 5 to 10 milliliters of medium based on the original confluency of the culture. Remove 100 microliters of cells and add to a 1.5-milliliter tube with 100 microliters of 0.4%trypan blue. Add the cells to the hemocytometer, and count them by observing under the microscope and using the manual tally counter.Dilute the cells to three times 10 to the fourth cells per milliliter in the culture medium without phenol red. Add 2.5 milliliters of the cell suspension to each well of a six-well plate with poly-D-lysine-coated cover slip per the manufacturer's directions. Grow the cells overnight at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide in a humidified incubator to enable cell attachment to the cover slip.The next day, examine cell attachment under an inverted microscope using a 20X objective. Prepare the treatment stock solutions at the desired concentrations and create a media-only control, a vehicle-only control at a concentration that matches the test compound, and a control with the ionophore FCCP and the test compounds. Working with one cover slip at a time, add 1.8 milliliters of medium for the condition under the study to the cells.Incubate the cells treated with either the control or test compound at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide in a humidified environment for the desired time. Following the treatment period, add 200 microliters of 10X TMRE to the cells. Incubate for 15 to 30 minutes at 37 degrees Celsius in a 5%carbon dioxide humidified environment.Gently aspirate the medium and rinse the cells two times with PBS to minimize background interference. Then invert the cover slip onto a microscope slide labeled with the treatment conditions. Image the cells live at 549 nanometers excitation and 575 nanometers emission.Utilize a confocal microscope to capture several Z-stack fields with high-speed image capture before the cell integrity is lost. Save and store the image file for later analysis. The cells with active mitochondria retained TMRE staining and showed high fluorescence.Depolarized or inactive mitochondria have reduced membrane potential, fail to retain TMRE, and show a low fluorescence signal.

Prueba del estado polarizado de las mitocondrias para analizar la función de los canales iónicos en las células cancerosas 

In Vitro Drug Validation to Assay Ion Channel Function in Cancer Cells

To begin, plate the cells in 75 microliters per well of antibiotic-free medium without HEPES buffer to determine the IC50. On the second day, prepare the control solution and the test solutions by performing serial dilutions of high-concentration stock solutions. After adding control and test solutions to the cells, incubate the cells at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide in a humidified environment for 48 hours.Begin the cell proliferation assay by first vortexing the MTS reagent to fully dissolve any precipitated reagent before usage on day three of the experiment transfer the thawed MTS reagents into a sterile, 25-milliliter reagent reservoir. Pipette 20 microliters of MTS reagent into each well of the 96-well plate containing samples and 100 microliters of culture medium. Incubate the plate at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide in a humidified environment for one to four hours.Then, centrifuge the plate at room temperature to remove any bubbles that may interfere with the absorbance reading. Measure the absorbance at 490 nanometers with a microplate reader or spectrophotometer. A 96-well plate showing the calorimetric results of an MTS assay with increasing drug concentrations is presented.The dose response curve showed that the test agent impairs the viability of the cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner.