This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31871085), the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (21ZR1407300), the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project (2018SHZDZX01), ZJ Lab, and Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Technology.

This protocol received approval from the Animal Care and Use Committee at Fudan University and was conducted following the guidelines and regulations designed by the National Institutes of Health Guide for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. All possible measures were implemented to minimize the number of animals utilized in this study. The time required to perform each step is included in the respective steps.
1. Preparation of electrodes (Figure 1...

Flexible Multi-Region Neural Recording Device for Epilepsy Research

<ol>
	<li>Devinsky, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epilepsy.">Epilepsy.</a> Nat Rev Dis Primers. 4, 18024 (2018).</li><li>Piper, R. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Towards+network-guided+neuromodulation+for+epilepsy.">Towards network-guided neuromodulation for epilepsy.</a> Brain. 145 (10), 3347-3362 (2022).</li><li>Bertram, E. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuronal+circuits+in+epilepsy:+Do+they+matter.">Neuronal circuits in epilepsy: Do they matter.</a> Exp Neurol. 244, 67-74 (2013).</li><li>Goodman, A. M., Szaflarski, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+advances+in+neuroimaging+of+epilepsy.">Recent advances in neuroimaging of epilepsy.</a> Neurotherapeutics. 18 (2), 811-826 (2021).</li><li>Caciagli, L., Bernhardt, B. C., Hong, S. J., Bernasconi, A., Bernasconi, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+network+alterations+and+their+structural+substrate+in+drug-resistant+epilepsy.">Functional network alterations and their structural substrate in drug-resistant epilepsy.</a> Front Neurosci. 8, 411 (2014).</li><li>Dai, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+microelectrode+arrays+for+detecting+multi-region+epileptic+activities+in+the+hippocampus+in+the+latent+period+of+rat+model+of+temporal+lobe+epilepsy.">In vivo microelectrode arrays for detecting multi-region epileptic activities in the hippocampus in the latent period of rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy.</a> Micromachines (Basel). 12 (6), 659 (2021).</li><li>Staba, R. J., Stead, M., Worrell, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrophysiological+biomarkers+of+epilepsy.">Electrophysiological biomarkers of epilepsy.</a> Neurotherapeutics. 11 (2), 334-346 (2014).</li><li>Grienberger, C., Giovannucci, A., Zeiger, W., Portera-Cailliau, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-photon+calcium+imaging+of+neuronal+activity.">Two-photon calcium imaging of neuronal activity.</a> Nat Rev Methods Primers. 2 (1), 67 (2022).</li><li>Akerboom, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+of+a+gcamp+calcium+indicator+for+neural+activity+imaging.">Optimization of a gcamp calcium indicator for neural activity imaging.</a> J Neurosci. 32 (40), 13819-13840 (2012).</li><li>Zhang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fast+and+sensitive+gcamp+calcium+indicators+for+imaging+neural+populations.">Fast and sensitive gcamp calcium indicators for imaging neural populations.</a> Nature. 615 (7954), 884-891 (2023).</li><li>Wu, Z., Lin, D., Li, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pushing+the+frontiers:+Tools+for+monitoring+neurotransmitters+and+neuromodulators.">Pushing the frontiers: Tools for monitoring neurotransmitters and neuromodulators.</a> Nat Rev Neurosci. 23 (5), 257-274 (2022).</li><li>Vierock, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bipoles+is+an+optogenetic+tool+developed+for+bidirectional+dual-color+control+of+neurons.">Bipoles is an optogenetic tool developed for bidirectional dual-color control of neurons.</a> Nat Commun. 12 (1), 4527 (2021).</li><li>Luo, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acquiring+new+memories+in+neocortex+of+hippocampal-lesioned+mice.">Acquiring new memories in neocortex of hippocampal-lesioned mice.</a> Nat Commun. 13 (1), 1601 (2022).</li><li>Armstrong, C., Krook-Magnuson, E., Oijala, M., Soltesz, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Closed-loop+optogenetic+intervention+in+mice.">Closed-loop optogenetic intervention in mice.</a> Nat Protoc. 8 (8), 1475-1493 (2013).</li><li>Kraeuter, A. K., Guest, P. C., Sarnyai, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+open+field+test+for+measuring+locomotor+activity+and+anxiety-like+behavior.">The open field test for measuring locomotor activity and anxiety-like behavior.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 1916, 99-103 (2019).</li><li>Klapoetke, N. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Independent+optical+excitation+of+distinct+neural+populations.">Independent optical excitation of distinct neural populations.</a> Nat Methods. 11 (3), 338-346 (2014).</li><li>Vismer, M. S., Forcelli, P. A., Skopin, M. D., Gale, K., Koubeissi, M. Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+piriform,+perirhinal,+and+entorhinal+cortex+in+seizure+generation.">The piriform, perirhinal, and entorhinal cortex in seizure generation.</a> Front Neural Circuits. 9, 27 (2015).</li><li>Chen, T. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasensitive+fluorescent+proteins+for+imaging+neuronal+activity.">Ultrasensitive fluorescent proteins for imaging neuronal activity.</a> Nature. 499 (7458), 295-300 (2013).</li><li>Birling, M. C., Dierich, A., Jacquot, S., Herault, Y., Pavlovic, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Highly-efficient,+fluorescent,+locus+directed+cre+and+flpo+deleter+mice+on+a+pure+c57bl/6n+genetic+background.">Highly-efficient, fluorescent, locus directed cre and flpo deleter mice on a pure c57bl/6n genetic background.</a> Genesis. 50 (6), 482-489 (2012).</li><li>Huang, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identifying+the+pathways+required+for+coping+behaviours+associated+with+sustained+pain.">Identifying the pathways required for coping behaviours associated with sustained pain.</a> Nature. 565 (7737), 86-90 (2019).</li><li>Likhtik, E., Stujenske, J. M., Topiwala, M. A., Harris, A. Z., Gordon, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prefrontal+entrainment+of+amygdala+activity+signals+safety+in+learned+fear+and+innate+anxiety.">Prefrontal entrainment of amygdala activity signals safety in learned fear and innate anxiety.</a> Nat Neurosci. 17 (1), 106-113 (2014).</li><li>Tavares, L. C. S., Tort, A. B. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hippocampal-prefrontal+interactions+during+spatial+decision-making.">Hippocampal-prefrontal interactions during spatial decision-making.</a> Hippocampus. 32 (1), 38-54 (2022).</li><li>Lu, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optogenetic+dissection+of+ictal+propagation+in+the+hippocampal-entorhinal+cortex+structures.">Optogenetic dissection of ictal propagation in the hippocampal-entorhinal cortex structures.</a> Nat Commun. 7, 10962 (2016).</li><li>Liu, Q., Wu, Y., Wang, H., Jia, F., Xu, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Viral+tools+for+neural+circuit+tracing.">Viral tools for neural circuit tracing.</a> Neurosci Bull. 38 (12), 1508-1518 (2022).</li><li>Christenson Wick, Z., Krook-Magnuson, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Specificity,+versatility,+and+continual+development:+The+power+of+optogenetics+for+epilepsy+research.">Specificity, versatility, and continual development: The power of optogenetics for epilepsy research.</a> Front Cell Neurosci. 12, 151 (2018).</li><li>Paschen, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hippocampal+low-frequency+stimulation+prevents+seizure+generation+in+a+mouse+model+of+mesial+temporal+lobe+epilepsy.">Hippocampal low-frequency stimulation prevents seizure generation in a mouse model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy.</a> Elife. 9, e54518 (2020).</li><li>Gummadavelli, A., Zaveri, H. P., Spencer, D. D., Gerrard, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expanding+brain-computer+interfaces+for+controlling+epilepsy+networks:+Novel+thalamic+responsive+neurostimulation+in+refractory+epilepsy.">Expanding brain-computer interfaces for controlling epilepsy networks: Novel thalamic responsive neurostimulation in refractory epilepsy.</a> Front Neurosci. 12, 474 (2018).</li><li>Vandekerckhove, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Technological+challenges+in+the+development+of+optogenetic+closed-loop+therapy+approaches+in+epilepsy+and+related+network+disorders+of+the+brain.">Technological challenges in the development of optogenetic closed-loop therapy approaches in epilepsy and related network disorders of the brain.</a> Micromachines (Basel). 12 (1), 38 (2020).</li><li>Li, Z. J., Zhang, L. B., Chen, Y. X., Hu, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advancements+and+challenges+in+neuromodulation+technology:+Interdisciplinary+opportunities+and+collaborative+endeavors.">Advancements and challenges in neuromodulation technology: Interdisciplinary opportunities and collaborative endeavors.</a> Sci Bull (Beijing). 68 (18), 1978-1982 (2023).</li><li>Zhang, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+prototype+closed-loop+brain-machine+interface+for+the+study+and+treatment+of+pain.">A prototype closed-loop brain-machine interface for the study and treatment of pain.</a> Nat Biomed Eng. 7 (4), 533-545 (2023).</li><li>Varela, C., Wilson, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mpfc+spindle+cycles+organize+sparse+thalamic+activation+and+recently+active+ca1+cells+during+non-rem+sleep.">Mpfc spindle cycles organize sparse thalamic activation and recently active ca1 cells during non-rem sleep.</a> Elife. 9, e48881 (2020).</li><li>Adaikkan, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gamma+entrainment+binds+higher-order+brain+regions+and+offers+neuroprotection.">Gamma entrainment binds higher-order brain regions and offers neuroprotection.</a> Neuron. 102 (5), 929-943.e8 (2019).</li><li>Muthmann, J. O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spike+detection+for+large+neural+populations+using+high+density+multielectrode+arrays.">Spike detection for large neural populations using high density multielectrode arrays.</a> Front Neuroinform. 9, 28 (2015).</li></ol>

The authors declare no competing financial interests to disclose.

Here, we employed a self-made optrode device for in vivo neural signal recording across multiple regions. The feasibility of this system for simultaneous optogenetic stimulation, calcium signal recording, and electrophysiological recording has been validated. The electrode preparation method described herein is efficient and cost-effective. According to the experimental design, we could record signals from relevant brain regions. The strategic arrangement of optrodes allows for the potential extraction of abunda...

Epilepsy is a common neurological condition characterized by recurrent seizures, which manifest as convulsions, sensory disturbances, and loss of consciousness1. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying epilepsy are complex and involve multiple interconnected brain regions2,3. Recent advances in neuroimaging have shed light on the large-scale networks involved in epilepsy4,5. However, understanding of the intricate circuitry and network mechanisms underlying the generation and propagation of epilepsy remains limited, partly due to the insufficient application of multi-region neural recording techniques6. Therefore, developing a flexible, integrated method capable of simultaneously monitoring neural activity across disparate brain regions is imperative.
Electrophysiological recordings are conducted to capture seizures and determine the presence of epilepsy7. Except for recording electrophysiological activity, there is a growing emphasis on the precise calcium activity of specific&#160;neural populations in epilepsy studies8,9. Advancements in calcium indicator synthesis and various probe designs have prompted researchers to adopt fiber photometry for capturing changes in neuronal activity and neural substances within the brain10,11. The two independent methods of detecting neuronal activity, namely electrophysiology and fiber photometry recording, complement each other, facilitating a more comprehensive understanding of dynamic neuronal processes.
Additionally, synchronous recording and modulating neural activity are pivotal for gaining insights into the brain functioning at both network and cellular levels. This approach enables researchers to observe and manipulate the brain&#39;s complex processes in real-time. Optogenetics has emerged as an indispensable tool for probing neural signaling, owing to its distinctive ability for selective stimulation or inhibition12. Despite widespread applications of multi-site electrophysiological recording in neuroscience13, the integration of multi-region electrophysiological recording with fiber photometry and optogenetic manipulation remains limited. More importantly, current methods for fabricating and implanting multi-region electrodes lack flexibility14. These limitations hinder our capacity to dissect specific circuit functions and interactions across multiple regions. Here, we present a cost-effective and convenient multi-region in vivo recording approach that sheds light on neuronal processes across regions in kindling-induced seizures and other neuropsychiatric disorders.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>8-32 adapter</td>
			<td>Plexon</td>
			<td>Custom ordered</td>
			<td>Connect the female connector and headstage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AAV-CaMKII&#945;-ChrimsonR-mcherry</td>
			<td>Taitool Bioscience</td>
			<td>S0371-9</td>
			<td>4 x 1012 VG/mL&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AAV-hsyn-Gcamp6m</td>
			<td>Taitool Bioscience</td>
			<td>S0471-9</td>
			<td>4 x 1012 VG/mL&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>236276</td>
			<td>Titered 1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dental Cement</td>
			<td>New Century Dental</td>
			<td>430205</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrophysiological recordings system</td>
			<td>Plexon</td>
			<td>Omniplex</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Enameled wire</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Custom ordered</td>
			<td>Diameter = 0.2 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Female connector</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Custom ordered</td>
			<td>1.25 mm pitch</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glue</td>
			<td>Loctite</td>
			<td>45282</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laser</td>
			<td>Changchun New Industries</td>
			<td>BH81563</td>
			<td>635 nm&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MATLAB</td>
			<td>MathWorks</td>
			<td>R2021b</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microdrill</td>
			<td>RWD</td>
			<td>78001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multichannel fiber photometry</td>
			<td>ThinkerTech</td>
			<td>FPS-SS-MC-LED</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optical fiber</td>
			<td>Xi&#39;an Bogao</td>
			<td>L-200UM</td>
			<td>Select the appropriate fiber length based on the depth of the targeted brain regions.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PFA-Coated Tungsten wire</td>
			<td>A-M System</td>
			<td>795500</td>
			<td>Bare 0.002&#34;; Coated 0.0040&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Power meter</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>PM100D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereotaxic Fxrame</td>
			<td>RWD</td>
			<td>68807</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue adhesive</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td>1469SB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an integrated method for crafting flexible and convenient electrophysiological optrodes for multi-region in vivo recording

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by synchronized abnormal discharges involving multiple brain regions. Focal lesions facilitate the propagation of epileptic signals through associated neural circuits. Therefore, in vivo recording of local field potential (LFP) from the critical brain regions is&#160;essential for deciphering the circuits involved in seizure propagation. However, current methods for electrode fabrication and implantation lack flexibility. Here, we present a handy device designed for electrophysiological recordings (LFPs and electroencephalography [EEG]) across multiple regions. Additionally, we seamlessly integrated optogenetic manipulation and calcium signaling recording with LFP recording. Robust after-discharges were observed in several separate regions during epileptic seizures, accompanied by increasing&#160;calcium signaling. The approach used in this study offers a convenient and flexible strategy for synchronous neural recordings across diverse regions of the brain. It holds the potential for advancing research on neurological disorders by providing insights into the neural profiles of multiple regions involved in these disorders.

Author Spotlight: Unraveling Neural Communication and Circuit Interactions in Health and Disease

An Integrated Method for Crafting Flexible and Convenient Electrophysiological Optrodes for Multi-Region In Vivo Recording

We investigate brain networks and neural circuits using multimodal approaches which encompass techniques such as multichannel electrophysiological recording, fiber photometry, neuro modulation, and functional magnetic resonance imagery. We are trying to answer how different brain regions communicate and interact in vivo both in healthy and diseased states. We use methods for natural replication and implantation to connect the molecular cellular cycles and network layers.This comprehensive approach allowed us to study neurological disorders more effectively and a deep understanding of their underlying mechanisms. Our results pave the way for new scientific question about how flexible multiregion brain recordings can be, how different brain circuits interact in epilepsy, and how this could apply to other neurological disorders. It offers fringe insights into your neural activities across various brain regions.

We combined optogenetics with multiregional electrophysiological recording and calcium imaging to observe neuronal activity across various brain regions during optogenetic seizures. For this purpose, an adeno-associated virus (AAV) expressing ChrimsonR under the control of the CaMKII&#945; promoter (AAV-CaMKII&#945;-ChrimsonR-mcherry)16 was injected into a classical epileptogenic site, the piriform cortex (ROI 1)17, in rodents. Additionally, AAV-hsyn-Gcamp6m<sup class="xref...

We have developed a simplified and cost-effective approach for electrode fabrication and conducted recordings of signals across multiple regions in freely moving mice. Utilizing optogenetics, alongside multi-region electrophysiology and calcium signal recording, enabled the revelation of neuronal activities across regions in the seizure kindling model.

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by synchronized abnormal discharges involving multiple brain regions. Focal lesions facilitate the ...

an-integrated-method-for-crafting-flexible-convenient

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

352 vistas.  Fudan University. Investigamos las redes cerebrales y los circuitos neuronales utilizando enfoques multimodales que abarcan técnicas como el registro electrofisiológico multicanal, la fotometría de fibras, la neuromodulación y las imágenes de resonancia magnética funcional. Estamos tratando de responder cómo las diferentes regiones del cerebro se comunican e interactúan in vivo tanto en estados sanos como enfermos. Utilizamos métodos de replicación e implantación na...