<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Evaluación de la interacción y localización de proteínas en el daño del ADN

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	<li>Xiao, W., Samson, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+evidence+for+endogenous+DNA+alkylation+damage+as+a+source+of+spontaneous+mutation+in+eukaryotic+cells.">In vivo evidence for endogenous DNA alkylation damage as a source of spontaneous mutation in eukaryotic cells.</a> Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A. 90 (6), 2117-2121 (1993).</li><li>Lindahl, T., Barnes, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Repair+of+endogenous+DNA+damage.">Repair of endogenous DNA damage.</a> Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 65, 127-134 (2000).</li><li>Hoeijmakers Jan, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DNA+damage,+aging,+and+cancer.">DNA damage, aging, and cancer.</a> N Engl J Med. 361 (15), 1475-1485 (2009).</li><li>Giglia-Mari, G., Zotter, A., Vermeulen, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DNA+damage+response.">DNA damage response.</a> Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 3 (1), a000745 (2011).</li><li>Ciccia, A., Elledge, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+DNA+damage+response:+Making+it+safe+to+play+with+knives.">The DNA damage response: Making it safe to play with knives.</a> Mol Cell. 40 (2), 179-204 (2010).</li><li>Chatterjee, N., Walker, G. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+DNA+damage,+repair+and+mutagenesis.">Mechanisms of DNA damage, repair and mutagenesis.</a> EnvironMol Mutagen. 58 (5), 235-263 (2017).</li><li>Mah, L. J., El-Osta, A., Karagiannis, T. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GammaH2AX:+a+sensitive+molecular+marker+of+DNA+damage+and+repair.">GammaH2AX: a sensitive molecular marker of DNA damage and repair.</a> Leukemia. 24 (4), 679-686 (2010).</li><li>Paull, T. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+critical+role+for+histone+H2AX+in+recruitment+of+repair+factors+to+nuclear+foci+after+DNA+damage.">A critical role for histone H2AX in recruitment of repair factors to nuclear foci after DNA damage.</a> Curr Biol. 10 (15), 886-895 (2000).</li><li>Nakamura, A. J., Rao, V. A., Pommier, Y., Bonner, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+complexity+of+phosphorylated+H2AX+foci+formation+and+DNA+repair+assembly+at+DNA+double-strand+breaks.">The complexity of phosphorylated H2AX foci formation and DNA repair assembly at DNA double-strand breaks.</a> Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex). 9 (2), 389-397 (2010).</li><li>Karchugina, S., Chernoff, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+heterodimerization+of+protein+isoforms+using+an+in+situ+proximity+ligation+assay.">Detection of heterodimerization of protein isoforms using an in situ proximity ligation assay.</a> J Vis Exp. (140), (2018).</li><li>Tubbs, E., Rieusset, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Study+of+endoplasmic+reticulum+and+mitochondria+interactions+by+in+situ+proximity+ligation+assay+in+fixed+cells.">Study of endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria interactions by in situ proximity ligation assay in fixed cells.</a> J Vis Exp. (118), (2016).</li><li>Nguyen, C. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nek4+regulates+entry+into+replicative+senescence+and+the+response+to+DNA+damage+in+human+fibroblasts.">Nek4 regulates entry into replicative senescence and the response to DNA damage in human fibroblasts.</a> Mol CellBiol. 32 (19), 3963-3977 (2012).</li><li>Basei, F. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+interaction+partners+for+Nek4.1+and+Nek4.2+isoforms:+from+the+DNA+damage+response+to+RNA+splicing.">New interaction partners for Nek4.1 and Nek4.2 isoforms: from the DNA damage response to RNA splicing.</a> Proteome Sci. 13 (1), 11 (2015).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Animal Cell Culture Guide. , (2024).</li><li>Soubeyrand, S., Pope, L., Hach&#233;, R. J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Topoisomerase+II&#945;-dependent+induction+of+a+persistent+DNA+damage+response+in+response+to+transient+etoposide+exposure.">Topoisomerase II&#945;-dependent induction of a persistent DNA damage response in response to transient etoposide exposure.</a> MolOncol. 4 (1), 38-51 (2010).</li><li>Wei, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Etoposide-induced+DNA+damage+affects+multiple+cellular+pathways+in+addition+to+DNA+damage+response.">Etoposide-induced DNA damage affects multiple cellular pathways in addition to DNA damage response.</a> Oncotarget. 9 (35), 24122-24139 (2018).</li><li>Schindelin, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fiji:+an+open-source+platform+for+biological-image+analysis.">Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis.</a> Nat Methods. 9 (7), 676-682 (2012).</li><li>Melo-Hanchuk, T. D., Slepicka, P. F., Pelegrini, A. L., Menck, C. F. M., Kobarg, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NEK5+interacts+with+topoisomerase+II&#946;+and+is+involved+in+the+DNA+damage+response+induced+by+etoposide.">NEK5 interacts with topoisomerase II&#946; and is involved in the DNA damage response induced by etoposide.</a> J Cell Biochem. 120 (10), 16853-16866 (2019).</li><li>George, J., Mittal, S., Kadamberi, I. P., Pradeep, S., Chaluvally-Raghavan, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimized+proximity+ligation+assay+(PLA)+for+detection+of+RNA-protein+complex+interactions+in+cell+lines.">Optimized proximity ligation assay (PLA) for detection of RNA-protein complex interactions in cell lines.</a> STAR Protoc. 3 (2), 101340 (2022).</li><li>Zhang, W., Xie, M., Shu, M. D., Steitz, J. A., DiMaio, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+proximity-dependent+assay+for+specific+RNA-protein+interactions+in+intact+cells.">A proximity-dependent assay for specific RNA-protein interactions in intact cells.</a> RNA. 22 (11), 1785-1792 (2016).</li><li>Hegazy, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proximity+ligation+assay+for+detecting+protein-protein+interactions+and+protein+modifications+in+cells+and+tissues+in+situ.">Proximity ligation assay for detecting protein-protein interactions and protein modifications in cells and tissues in situ.</a> Curr Protoc Cell Biol. 89 (1), e115 (2020).</li></ol>

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Black 384-well plates</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer Cell carrier plates</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donkey&#160; anti- Rabbit Alexa Fluor 488</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A21206</td>
			<td>1:300</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Duo link Donkey anti Mouse Minus</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>DUO92004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Duolink antibody diluent</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>DUO82008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Duolink blocking solution 1X</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>DUO82007</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Duolink Detection reagent Far red</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>DUO92013</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Duolink Donkey anti goat plus</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>DUO92003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Duolink Donkey anti rabbit plus</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>DUO92002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Etoposide</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>E1383</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti Nek4</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>SC-5517</td>
			<td>goat anti Nek4 was used at 1:50 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hoechst 33342</td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td>H1399</td>
			<td>0.6 &#181;g/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leica DMI microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse anti Ku70</td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td>MA5-13110</td>
			<td>mouse anti Ku70 was used at 1:100 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse anti TOPII&#946;</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>SC-365071</td>
			<td>1:25</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit anti Nek5</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>SC-84527</td>
			<td>1:25</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit anti Y H2AX</td>
			<td>Cell Signalling</td>
			<td>9718S</td>
			<td>1:100 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>U2OS cell line</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>HTB-96&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

proximity ligand assay to localize proteins in dna damage sites

Cellular DNA damage occurs daily because of the spontaneous chemical reactions and is also increased by exogenous factors such as genotoxic agents (radiation and chemicals such as etoposide) and oxidative stress1,2,3. The cells have a complex machinery that corrects a myriad of different types of DNA damage, from removal of bases to replicative fork torsion or interruption to the most deleterious lesion: the DNA double-strand break4,5.
Several proteins that participate in the DDR have already been characterized, and excellent revisions explore the pathways of non-homologous end join (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR), the main pathways implied in double-strand breaks (DSB) repair5,6. The phosphorylation of the histone H2A variant, H2AX, at serine 139 (thereafter named y-H2AX) has been used for many years as a sensitive and reliable marker of the double-strand break. The phosphorylation of H2AX is observed in the first minutes following the damage and can persist for hours7.
The advantage of using the immunofluorescence detection of &#947;-H2AX foci is the characterization of the temporal and spatial distribution of the foci, as well as its co-staining with other proteins. Moreover, immunofluorescence does not require lysis, which preserves cellular context information and makes it more informative. Besides, as &#947;-H2AX is formed de novo, it is not abundantly present in the absence of DNA damage, making it a specific marker7.
H2AX is mostly phosphorylated by protein kinase ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), the sensors of DSBs. Ku70/80 (XRCC6 X-ray repair cross-complementing 6/ XRCC5 X-ray repair cross-complementing 5) and DNA-protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) are responsible for DSB identification and the protection of DNA ends, whereas Artemis carries out end-processing to facilitate ligation by the XRCC4-Ligase IV complex. The phosphorylation of H2AX at sites flanking DSBs acts as a signal for the recruitment of several repair proteins and signaling for cell cycle arrest, death, or survival8.
The analysis of changes in y-H2AX foci is the most common assay for studying if the protein of interest is implicated in DNA damage response. Whether a direct role in the DNA damage site is expected, fluorescence microscopy is used to verify the co-localization of the protein of interest with y-H2AX foci. However, except for the new super-resolution fluorescence methods, concluding the local interaction with DNA damage sites can be tricky. Furthermore, immunofluorescence detection usually depends on many protein molecules at the DNA damage site, making it difficult to identify scarce proteins9.
Here, we show an assay to evaluate the localization of proteins involved in the DDR pathway using y-H2AX as a marker of the damage site. This assay can be used to characterize temporal localization under different insults that cause DNA damage.
The Proximity Ligand Assay (PLA) emerged as a tool for estimating interaction between proteins as well as spatial proximity among organelles or cellular structures10,11and allows the temporal localization and co-localization analysis under stress conditions, for instance. The method is simple because it is like conventional immunofluorescence and allows the simultaneous staining of organelle or cellular structure-specific markers, such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, PML bodies, or DNA double-strand marker, yH2AX. The use of PLA allows the identification of protein interaction during DNA damage in a sensitive, specific, and reliable manner that can be used to monitor the interaction during the cell cycle, in response to different stimuli, and at different times after genotoxic stress.
We show here the use of PLA concomitantly to conventional &#947;-H2AX immunofluorescence to localize Nek4-Ku70 interaction after etoposide-induced DNA damage. Nek4, a Nek (NIMA-related kinases) family member, has no clear role in DNA Damage response. In 2012, Nguyen and colleagues showed that Nek4 interacts with Ku70/Ku80 proteins, and in the Nek4 absence, these proteins are not recruited to the DNA damage site, and H2AX phosphorylation is impaired12. The cellular localization of this interaction is unknown so far. We have observed a reduction in Ku70 phosphorylation in cells expressing Nek4 kinase-dead mutant13but whether Nek4 phosphorylates directly Ku70 remains to be elucidated. Considering that Nek4 interaction with Ku70 is increased after etoposide treatment according to immunoprecipitation studies12, we attempt to localize this interaction using PLA and the &#947;-H2AX marker.
Usually, the interaction studies are based on immunoprecipitation assays, but these are in vitro and do not provide information about the location of the interaction. When possible, an immunoprecipitation of fractioned cells (nucleus, mitochondrial, cellular membrane, or cytosol) can be performed, but performing a time course of the interaction is costly and laborious. Immunofluorescence can give information about the cellular localization of the proteins, but proving the interaction can be difficult and depends on the resolution of the microscopes. Here, we show the advantage of using the Proximity Ligand Assay to monitor the interaction of two proteins in a DNA damage context.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Autor destacado: Combinación del ensayo de ligando de proximidad con la tinción Gamma-H2AX para caracterizar las interacciones de proteínas en la respuesta al daño

Ensayo de ligando de proximidad para localizar proteínas en sitios de daño en el ADN

The DNA damage response is a cellular system that maintains genome stability and integrity. Dysfunctions in this process cause several disease such as cancer, age-related disease, and chronic inflammation. Our goal is to identify proteins that cooperate in this process, which allows the identification of alternative targets for therapeutic integration.To characterize a protein's participation in the DNA damage response, immunofluorescence studies with the phosphorylated form of the H2AX histone, a marker of DNA damage, are usually applied. Moreover, protein collection assays such as co-immunoprecipitation can be performed after DNA damage to identify the protein's role in signaling. Interaction studies are usually based on immunoprecipitation assays, but these are in vitro and do not provide information about the location of the interaction.Immunofluorescence can give information about the cell localization of the proteins, but proving the interaction can be difficult and depends on the resolution of the microscope. We show here that a simple protocol combining proximity ligand assay with Gamma-H2AX staining allows the spatial and temporal characterizations of proteins'interaction in DNA damage context. Moreover, we have provided a user-friendly macro for data analysis.

The DNA damage response is a genetic information safeguard that protects cells from perpetuating damaged DNA. The characterization of the proteins that ...

proximity-ligand-assay-to-localize-proteins-in-dna-damage-sites

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Proximity Ligand Assay to Localize Proteins in DNA Damage Sites

236 vistas.  University of Campinas. La respuesta al daño del ADN es un sistema celular que mantiene la estabilidad e integridad del genoma. Las disfunciones en este proceso causan varias enfermedades, como el cáncer, las enfermedades relacionadas con la edad y la inflamación crónica. Nuestro objetivo es identificar proteínas que cooperen en este proceso, lo que permite la identificación de dianas alternativas para la integración terapéutica.Para caracterizar la participación de ...

Video: Autor destacado: Combinación del ensayo de ligando de proximidad con la tinción Gamma-H2AX para caracterizar las interacciones de proteínas en la respuesta al daño

The DNA damage response is a genetic information safeguard that protects cells from perpetuating damaged DNA. The characterization of the proteins that cooperate in this process allows the identification of alternative targets for therapeutic intervention in several diseases, such as cancer, aging-related diseases, and chronic inflammation. The Proximity Ligand Assay (PLA) emerged as a tool for estimating interaction between proteins as well as spatial proximity among organelles or cellular structures and allows the temporal localization and co-localization analysis under stress conditions, for instance. The method is simple because it is similar to conventional immunofluorescence and allows the staining of an organelle, cellular structure, or a specific marker such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, PML bodies, or DNA double-strand marker, yH2AX simultaneously. The phosphorylation of the S139 at Histone 2A variant, H2AX, then referred to as yH2AX, is widely used as a very sensitive and specific marker of DNA double-strand breaks. Each focus of yH2AX staining corresponds to one break in DNA that occurs a few minutes after the damage. The analysis of changes in yH2AX foci is the most common assay for studying if the protein of interest is implicated in DNA damage response (DDR). Whether a direct role in the DNA damage site is expected, fluorescence microscopy is used to verify the colocalization of the protein of interest with yH2AX foci. However, except for the new super-resolution fluorescence methods, to conclude, the local interaction with DNA damage sites can be a little subjective. Here, we show an assay to evaluate the localization of proteins in the DDR pathway using yH2AX as a marker of the damage site. This assay can be used to characterize the temporal localization under different insults that cause DNA damage.

Here, we present a simple and rapid protocol for the detection of protein interaction at DNA damage sites.

Investigación

Biología

Protocol for the Detection of Protein Interaction at DNA Damage Sites Using Proximity Ligand Assay

To begin, take cultured U2OS cells with 60%to 70%confluency and split them using 0.25%Trypsin-EDTA. Prepare 60 millimeter plates by adding round 13 millimeter cover slips. Plate 400, 000 cells in a 60 millimeter plate containing multiple 13 millimeter round cover slips.Then, remove the culture medium from the plates. Add culture medium containing 25 micromolar etoposide, and incubate cells for 20 minutes, 1 hour and 3 hours. After incubation, remove the medium from the plates.Wash the cells with PBS three times. To fix the cells, add ice cold methanol in enough volume to cover the cover slip surface, and incubate for 10 minutes at 20 degrees Celsius. Then, wash the cover slips with PBS three times and transfer them to a humidity chamber.After tapping off PBS, add 30 to 40 microliters of permeabilization buffer and incubate for 20 minutes at room temperature. After that, wash the cover slips three times with PBS. Then, tap off the PBS from the samples.Add 30 to 40 microliters of blocking solution provided in the PLA kit to each cover slip. Incubate the plate in a preheated humidity chamber at 37 degrees Celsius for 1 hour. Now dilute the primary antibodies in the antibody diluent provided in the kit.After tapping off the blocking solution, add the primary antibody solution to each cover slip and incubate at four degrees Celsius overnight in a humidity chamber. Dilute the minus and plus probes one to five in the antibody diluent. Use combinations like Donkey anti-Mouse MINUS with Donkey anti-Goat PLUS and Donkey anti-Mouse MINUS with Donkey anti-Rabbit PLUS.Now, tap off the primary antibody solution and wash once with TBST. After tapping off the excess TBST, add 20 microliters of the PLA probe solution to the cover slips. Then, incubate in the preheated humidity chamber at 37 degrees Celsius for 1 hour.Dilute the 5x ligation buffer in high purity water. Tap off the PLA probe solution and wash once with TBST. Now, add ligase to the ligation solution at 1:40 dilution immediately before applying it to the samples.Incubate in the preheated humidity chamber at 37 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes. Next, dilute the 5x amplification buffer in high purity water. Once the ligation solution is removed from the samples, wash the samples once with TBST.Add the polymerase to the amplification solution at 1:80 dilutions immediately before applying it to the samples. Incubate in the preheated humidity chamber at 37 degrees Celsius for 100 minutes. Tap off the amplification buffer, then wash two times with SSC buffer for 10 minutes each.After washing the samples two times with PBS, add the primary antibody solution to each cover slip and incubate at room temperature for 1 hour. At the end of the incubation, tap off the primary antibody solution and wash three times with TBST. Then, add the secondary antibody solution to each cover slip and incubate at room temperature for 20 minutes.Afterward, wash five times with TBST, two times with SSC buffer, and two times with 0.01x SSC buffer. Finally, acquire images from different wells or cover slips regions to avoid artifacts due to non homogeneous incubation, and save all the channels with the same name pattern.

Protocolo para la detección de la interacción de proteínas en sitios de daño en el ADN mediante ensayo de ligando de proximidad

Analyzing Nek4-Ku70 Interaction After Etoposide-Induced DNA Damage

After performing the PLA dot acquisition to localize protein interaction, open images from different conditions To adjust the parameters for analysis in ImageJ. Determine and specify these parameters along with the data in the macro program. To remove the background, click Process and Subtract Background.Use the preview function to test different rolling ball radii. For noise removal, click Process, Noise, and Despeckle. Then click Process and Smooth in the nucleus menu to apply the smooth function and improve filling.Now, click Image, then Type, and select 8-bit to convert to an 8-bit image. After that, adjust the threshold by going to Image, Adjust, and finally, Threshold. Adjust the threshold to visualize all the nuclei or dots in the image, while avoiding oversaturation and structures collapsing.Also, note the values and test in different images. To convert to a mask, click Process, Binary, and Convert to Mask. For the nucleus, click Process, Binary, and Fill Holes, followed by Process, Binary, and Watershed.For the PLA dots, click Process, Binary, and Watershed. For counting nuclei, measure the area or length of the different nuclei to estimate the average size. Use an approximate value to analyze particles by clicking Analyze and Analyze Particles.Set the size to 15 infinity and check the options. Show mask, display results, clear results, add to manager and exclude on edges. To count PLA dots, measure their area or radius to estimate their average size.For each ROI on the ROI manager, click in Analyze and Analyze Particles. Set the size to 0.02 to 3. Check the options, show mask, display results, clear results, summarize, and exclude on edges.Save the results showing the number of dots per nucleus in each nucleus present in the image. Nek4 Ku70 interaction increased in the nucleus following DNA damage after 20 minutes, one hour and three hours of etoposide treatment compared to control and DMSO treated cells. Etoposide treatment significantly increased Nek5 topoisomerase 2-beta interaction compared to the DMSO control.Gamma-H2AX staining increased after 20 minutes of etoposide treatment and remained elevated for up to three hours, indicating sustained DNA damage response.