Cette étude a été soutenue par le «Fonds médicale, scientifique et du maire de la ville de Vienne» et Ethicon biochirurgie, Inc New Jersey, USA. Les auteurs expriment leurs remerciements au Professeur Heber Ferraz-Leite, directeur de l&#39;Atelier européen sur Microchirurgie et Cerebral revascularisation »à l&#39;Université médicale de Vienne, en Autriche, pour son enseignement de microchirurgie précieux.

1. Positionnement et préparation de l&#39;animal Les expériences ont été approuvés par le comité chargé d&#39;éthique local et réalisée selon les directives FELASA. <ol><li> Démarrer une anesthésie générale de la femelle du lapin blanc de Nouvelle-Zélande (2,5-3,5 kg) avec une injection intramusculaire de kétamine (30mg/kg) et de xylazine (6mg/kg) et se poursuivre après l&#39;intubation mécanique (4mm de diamètre du tube, longueur 18mm) avec une anesthésie au gaz ( ) isoflurane sous surveillance ECG. Effectuer le suivi douleur via pincement de l&#39;orteil toutes les 15 minutes et d&#39;adapter l&#39;anesthésie en cas de réponse positive. </li><li> Fixer le lapin en position couchée sur une plaque bodywarm. </li><li> Préparer la zone de la chirurgie par l&#39;enlèvement de cheveux de l&#39;angle de la mâchoire jusqu&#39;au milieu du thorax. Effectuez toutes les procédures dans des conditions stériles. </li></ol> 2. Préparation de la veine jugulaire externe <ol><li> Effectuer une incision médiane sous l&#39;angle de la mâchoire jusqu&#39;à la manubrium sternal. </li><li> En utilisant le microscope opération, sélectionnez un segment de 1 cm de long de la veine jugulaire gauche externe sans branches veineuses et de l&#39;isoler microchirurgie (figure 1a). Pendant toute l&#39;opération s&#39;appliquent fréquemment à 4% papavérine solution de HCl et la solution antibiotique (5mg/ml sulfate de néomycine) topique sur les vaisseaux et les anastomoses de prévenir les infections vasospasme et local. </li><li> Ligaturer la veine proximale et distale avec des sutures polyfilament 4-0 (Vicryl, Ethicon Inc, New Jersey, USA), alors il réséquer et le garder dans une solution saline héparinée (1000 UI d&#39;héparine dans 20 ml de solution saline à 0,9% et 1 ml de 4% papavérine HCl ). </li></ol> 3. Préparation des deux artères carotides communes (ACC) <ol><li> Préparer un segment de la gauche du CCA allant de la bifurcation carotidienne jusqu&#39;à la crosse aortique. Préserver autant que possible les branches artérielles courir en dedans et l&#39;approvisionnement des structures laryngées et trachéales ainsi que toutes les structures nerveuses. </li><li> Préparer le droit du CCA. C&#39;est mobiliser jusqu&#39;à la bifurcation carotidienne et le bas du tronc bracchiocephalic. </li><li> Administrer 1000 UI d&#39;héparine par voie intraveineuse. </li><li> Clip le droit de DPA temporairement juste en dessous de la bifurcation carotidienne. </li><li> Ligaturer le droit CCA proximale directement au-dessus du tronc brachiocéphalique. Couper le droit du CCA-dessus de la ligature et irriguer la souche avec du sérum physiologique hépariné. </li><li> Couper et réséquer attentivement l&#39;adventice à l&#39;extrémité libre du droit du CCA. Gratuit minutieusement le segment de la gauche du CCA prévue pour l&#39;anastomose de l&#39;adventice et il pince distale et proximale. </li></ol> 4. Anastomose des deux CCA <ol><li> Effectuer une artériotomie elliptique de la gauche du CCA entre les clips en fonction de la taille de l&#39;anastomose prévue avec le droit du CCA et de la poche veineuse. Rincer la gauche du CCA avec une solution saline héparinée. (Figure 1b) </li><li> Suture postérieure de la circonférence du droit à l&#39;ACC moignon dans l&#39;artériotomie de la gauche du CCA, à l&#39;aide de quatre à cinq non résorbable 10-0 sutures monofil (Ethilon 10-0, Ethicon Inc, New Jersey, USA). </li><li> Faites une coupe longitudinale dans le moignon du droit du CCA de s&#39;adapter à la moitié de la circonférence de la poche veineuse. S&#39;anastomosent l&#39;arrière du mur de poche veineuse d&#39;abord avec l&#39;artériotomie dans la gauche du CCA, en utilisant à nouveau 4-5 10-0 sutures. Puis s&#39;anastomosent l&#39;arrière de la pochette veineuse avec l&#39;arrière de la droite CCA avec 3 à 4 points de suture. (Figure 1c) </li><li> Effectuer l&#39;anastomose dans le même ordre à la face antérieure. (Figure 1d) </li><li> Retirez le clip distale sur le droit du CCA. L&#39;anévrisme est généralement pas complètement étanche, donc lavage à l&#39;air piégées et les débris. </li><li> Joint les lignes de suture autour de l&#39;anastomose et le cou avec un anévrisme graisses pad et la colle de fibrine (Evicel, Ethicon Biosurgery Inc, New Jersey, USA). Retirez les clips restants. </li><li> Utilisez 4-0 sutures résorbables (Monocryl, Ethicon Inc, New Jersey, USA) pour les sutures sous-cutanées interrompue et ensuite pour une suture cutaneus cours d&#39;exécution. </li></ol> 5. Prise en charge postopératoire <ol><li> Administrer 10 mg / kg d&#39;acide acétylsalicylique par voie intraveineuse, et 60 ml de glucose à 5% sous-cutanée. </li><li> Appliquer transdermiques de fentanyl matrice libérant 12,5 pg / heure dans la région du cou rasé des animaux pour l&#39;analgésie efficace pendant 72 heures. </li><li> Administrer 250 UI / kg d&#39;héparine de bas poids moléculaire sous-cutanée quotidienne pendant 2 semaines. </li></ol> 6. Les résultats représentatifs: Si la procédure est faite correctement, l&#39;anévrisme va rester brevets et les animaux se rétablissent en 3 jours environ. Dans notre expérience, une des procédures d&#39;imagerie doit être effectuée au minimum une semaine plus tard. Sinon, les animaux éventuellement ne tolérera pas la procédure et pourrait être perdu. Pour l&#39;embolisation, nous recommandons d&#39;attendre environ 4 semaines pour garantir compléendothélialisation te de l&#39;anévrisme neck.Using les techniques présentées et de la gestion, les auteurs pourraient atteindre la perméabilité anévrisme dans 85,7% et aucune mortalité dans leur série publiée récemment 14. Afin de minimiser le taux élevé de complications intestinales rapporté jusqu&#39;à 20%, 12 nous avons fourni une prise en charge postopératoire prolongée analgésique de 72 heures que l&#39;analgésie par rapport à la gestion de routine analgesia.This 24 heures intensifié entraîné aucune complication gastrique. La gestion de l&#39;anticoagulation agressif est important d&#39;atteindre les taux de perméabilité suffisante anévrisme. Cela va de pair avec les résultats de Grunwald et al. montrant les effets positifs de l&#39;anticoagulation combinés. 17 En raison de l&#39;anticoagulation agressif, il est crucial d&#39;avoir une étanchéité efficace de l&#39;anastomose. Nous avons fait une très bonne expérience en utilisant de nouveaux colle de fibrine (Evicel, Ethicon Biosurgery Inc, New Jersey, USA). En outre, nous recommandons l&#39;utilisation de petits lapins (maximum 3,5 kg), comme dans notre expérience de complications sont souvent liées à des sujets en surpoids.

<ol>
	<li>Molyneux, A., Kerr, R., Yu, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=International+subarachnoid+aneurysm+trial+(ISAT)+of+neurosurgical+clipping+versus+endovascular+coiling+in+2143+patients+with+ruptured+intracranial+aneurysms:+a+randomised+comparison+of+effects+on+survival,+dependency,+seizures,+rebleeding,+subgroups,+and+aneurysm+occlusion.">International subarachnoid aneurysm trial (ISAT) of neurosurgical clipping versus endovascular coiling in 2143 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms: a randomised comparison of effects on survival, dependency, seizures, rebleeding, subgroups, and aneurysm occlusion.</a> Lancet. 366, 809-817 (2005).</li><li>Mitchell, P., Kerr, R., Mendelow, A., Molyneux, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Could+late+rebleeding+overturn+the+superiority+of+cranial+aneurysm+coil+embolization+over+clip+ligation+seen+in+the+International+Subarachnoid+Aneurysm+Trial.">Could late rebleeding overturn the superiority of cranial aneurysm coil embolization over clip ligation seen in the International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial.</a> J Neurosur. 108, 437-442 (2008).</li><li>Bavinzski, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histopathological+findings+in+experimental+aneurysms+embolized+with+conventional+and+thrombogenic/antithrombolytic+Guglielmi+coils.">Histopathological findings in experimental aneurysms embolized with conventional and thrombogenic/antithrombolytic Guglielmi coils.</a> Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 42, 167-174 (1999).</li><li>Bocher-Schwarz, H. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histological+findings+in+coil-packed+experimental+aneurysms+3+months+after+embolization.">Histological findings in coil-packed experimental aneurysms 3 months after embolization.</a> Neurosurgery. 50, 379-384 (2002).</li><li>Sherif, C., Plenk, H., Grossschmidt, K., Kanz, F., Bavinzski, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Computer-assisted+quantification+of+occlusion+and+coil+densities+on+angiographic+and+histological+images+of+experimental+aneurysms.">Computer-assisted quantification of occlusion and coil densities on angiographic and histological images of experimental aneurysms.</a> Neurosurgery. 58, 559-566 (2006).</li><li>Massoud, T., Guglielmi, G., Ji, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experiemental+saccular+aneurysms.+1.+Review+of+surgically+constructed+models+and+their+laboratory+applications.">Experiemental saccular aneurysms. 1. Review of surgically constructed models and their laboratory applications.</a> Neurorad. 36, 537-546 (1994).</li><li>Anidjar, S., Salzmann, J., Gentric, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Elastase+induced+experimental+aneurysms+in+rats.">Elastase induced experimental aneurysms in rats.</a> Circulation. 82, 973-981 (1990).</li><li>Wakhloo, A., Schellhammer, F., de Vries, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-expanding+and+balloon-expandable+stents+in+the+treatment+of+carotid+aneurysms:+an+experimental+study+in+a+canine+model.">Self-expanding and balloon-expandable stents in the treatment of carotid aneurysms: an experimental study in a canine model.</a> AJNR. 15, 493-502 (1994).</li><li>Dai, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histopathologic+and+immunohistochemical+comparison+of+human,+rabbit,+and+swine+aneurysms+embolized+with+platinum+coils.">Histopathologic and immunohistochemical comparison of human, rabbit, and swine aneurysms embolized with platinum coils.</a> AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 26, 2560-2568 (2005).</li><li>Shin, Y. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Creation+of+four+experimental+aneurysms+with+different+hemodynamics+in+one+dog.">Creation of four experimental aneurysms with different hemodynamics in one dog.</a> AJNR. 26, 1764-1767 (2005).</li><li>Abruzzo, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histologic+and+morphologic+comparison+of+experimental+aneurysms+with+human+intracranial+aneurysms.">Histologic and morphologic comparison of experimental aneurysms with human intracranial aneurysms.</a> AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 19, 1309-1314 (1998).</li><li>Bavinzski, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+bifurcation+aneurysm:+a+model+for+in+vivo+evaluation+of+endovascular+techniques.">Experimental bifurcation aneurysm: a model for in vivo evaluation of endovascular techniques.</a> Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 41, 129-132 (1998).</li><li>Spetzger, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microsurgically+produced+bifurcation+aneurysms+in+a+rabbit+model+for+endovascular+coil+embolization.">Microsurgically produced bifurcation aneurysms in a rabbit model for endovascular coil embolization.</a> J Neurosurg. 85, 488-495 (1996).</li><li>Sherif, C., Marbacher, S., Erhardt, S., Fandino, J., J, . <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+microsurgical+creation+of+venous-pouch+arterial-bifurcation+aneurysms+in+rabbits.">Improved microsurgical creation of venous-pouch arterial-bifurcation aneurysms in rabbits.</a> AJNR. , .</li><li>Marbacher, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complex+Bi-Lobular,+Bi-Saccular,+and+Broad-Necked+Microsurgical+Aneurysms+Formation+in+the+Rabbit+Bifurcation+Model+for+the+Study+of+Upcoming+Endovascular+Techniques.">Complex Bi-Lobular, Bi-Saccular, and Broad-Necked Microsurgical Aneurysms Formation in the Rabbit Bifurcation Model for the Study of Upcoming Endovascular Techniques.</a> AJNR. , .</li><li>Sherif, C., Plenk, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+angiographic+and+histopathologic+evaluation+of+experimental+aneurysms.">Quantitative angiographic and histopathologic evaluation of experimental aneurysms.</a> AJNR. , .</li><li>Grunwald, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anticoagulation+regimes+and+their+influence+on+the+occlusion+rate+of+aneurysms:+an+experimental+study+in+rabbits.">Anticoagulation regimes and their influence on the occlusion rate of aneurysms: an experimental study in rabbits.</a> Neurosurg. 57, 1048-1054 (2005).</li><li>Forrest, M. D., O'Reilly, G. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Production+of+experimental+aneurysms+at+a+surgically+created+arterial+bifurcation.">Production of experimental aneurysms at a surgically created arterial bifurcation.</a> AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 10, 400-402 (1989).</li></ol>

Les auteurs recommandent aux prévenants suivantes critiques chirurgicale étapes clés pour obtenir de bons résultats et les anévrismes de brevets: <ol><li> Une dissection minutieuse d&#39;un long segment de la gauche DPA pour anastomose facile sans destruction des nerfs et des vaisseaux de petite taille. </li><li> L&#39;élimination soigneuse des tissus fibreux periadventitial hautement thrombogène avant la création de l&#39;anastomose. </li><li> Création d&#39;une anastomose sans tension. </li><li> Moins de ...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><th> Nom du réactif </th><th> Société </th><th> Numéro de catalogue </th><th> Commentaires </th></tr><tr><td> Vicryl4-0 polyfilament sutures restaurables </td><td> Ethicon Inc </td><td> J386H </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Ethilon 10-0 monofil non résorbable sutures </td><td> Ethicon Inc </td><td> 2814 </td><td> aiguille à pointe conique </td></tr><tr><td> Evicel BioGlue </td><td> Ethicon Inc Biosurgery </td><td> 3901 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Le fentanyl patch dermique 12,5 pg / h </td><td></td><td></td><td> Toute genericon </td></tr><tr><td> Héparine </td><td></td><td></td><td> Toute genericon </td></tr><tr><td> Saline à 0,9% </td><td></td><td></td><td> Toute genericon </td></tr><tr><td> 4% papavérine HCl </td><td></td><td></td><td> Toute genericon </td></tr><tr><td> Le sulfate de néomycine 5 mg / ml </td><td></td><td></td><td> Toute genericon </td></tr><tr><td> Kétamine 50mg/ml </td><td></td><td></td><td> Toute genericon </td></tr><tr><td> Xylazine 20mg/ml </td><td></td><td></td><td> Toute genericon </td></tr></tbody></table>

microsurgical venous pouch arterial-bifurcation aneurysms in the rabbit model: technical aspects

Pour la rupture des anévrismes cérébraux humains embolisation endovasculaire est devenu une alternative équivalente à écrêtage anévrisme. 1 Cependant, les grands essais cliniques ont montré décevant résultats à long terme avec des taux élevés inacceptables de la recanalisation des anévrismes et de rupture d&#39;anévrisme retardée. 2 Pour surmonter ces problèmes, des études expérimentales animales sont cruciales pour le développement de meilleurs dispositifs endovasculaires. 3-5 Plusieurs modèles animaux chez des rats, des lapins, des canines et porcine sont disponibles. 6-8 Les comparaisons des différents modèles animaux ont montré la supériorité du modèle de lapin à l&#39;égard de l&#39;hémodynamique et la comparabilité du système de coagulation et de coût-efficacité. 9-11 La poche veineuse bifurcations artérielles modèle chez le lapin est formé par une poche veineuse suturés en une bifurcation créé artificiellement vraie des deux artères carotides communes (ACC). Le principal avantage de ce modèle sont de véritables hémodynamique bifurcational. 12 Les principaux inconvénients sont les exigences de microchirurgie sofar haute technicité et une forte morbidité et de mortalité allant jusqu&#39;à 50%. 13 Ces limites ont entraîné une utilisation moins fréquente des anévrismes de ce modèle dans le récent ans. Ces lacunes pourraient être surmontés grâce à l&#39;amélioration des procédures chirurgicales et modifiés péri-et post-opératoire de gestion analgésique et l&#39;anticoagulation 14-16. Nos techniques rapportées dans ce document démontrent cette technique optimisée pour la création de microchirurgie des anévrismes de bifurcation artérielle.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Microsurgical Venous Pouch Arterial-Bifurcation Aneurysms in the Rabbit Model: Technical Aspects at JoVE.com

Microsurgical Venous Pouch Arterial-Bifurcation Aneurysms in the Rabbit Model: Technical Aspects

Une technique optimisée pour la création de microchirurgie des anévrismes de bifurcation bifurcation artérielle imitant humaine anévrismes cérébraux est décrite. Une pochette veineux est suturé dans une bifurcation créé artificiellement vraie des deux artères carotides communes. Techniques microchirurgicales facilité et agressif anticoagulation postopératoire et analgésie conduire à des taux de morbidité et de minimiser les taux élevés de perméabilité anévrisme.

Microchirurgie veineuse Pouch artériel Bifurcation anévrismes dans le modèle du lapin: Aspects techniques

For ruptured human cerebral aneurysms endovascular embolization has become an equivalent alternative to aneurysm clipping.1 However, large clinical trials ...

microsurgical-venous-pouch-arterial-bifurcation-aneurysms-rabbit

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JoVE Journal

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13.9K vues.  Hospital Rudolfstiftung. Une technique optimisée pour la création de microchirurgie des anévrismes de bifurcation bifurcation artérielle imitant humaine anévrismes cérébraux est décrite. Une pochette veineux est suturé dans une bifurcation créé artificiellement vraie des deux artères carotides communes. Techniques microchirurgicales facilité et agressif anticoagulation postopératoire et analgésie conduire à des taux de morbidité et de minimiser les taux élevés de perméabilité...

Vidéo: Microsurgical Venous Pouch Arterial-Bifurcation Aneurysms in the Rabbit Model: Technical Aspects

Technical Aspects of the Mouse Aortocaval Fistula

Technical aspects of creating an arteriovenous fistula in the mouse are discussed. Under general anesthesia, an abdominal incision is made, and the aorta and inferior vena cava (IVC) are exposed. The proximal infrarenal aorta and the distal aorta are dissected for clamp placement and needle puncture, respectively. Special attention is paid to avoid dissection between the aorta and the IVC. After clamping the aorta, a 25 G needle is used to puncture both walls of the aorta into the IVC. The surrounding connective tissue is used for hemostatic compression. Successful creation of the AVF will show pulsatile arterial blood flow in the IVC. Further confirmation of successful AVF can be achieved by post-operative Doppler ultrasound.

The goal is to produce an arteriovenous fistula that is simple and reproducible. This method does not use sutures or glue adhesive. Therefore the samples can be used with the least amount of foreign materials for analysis.

Aspects techniques de la fistule aorto-cave de la souris

Technical aspects of creating an arteriovenous fistula in the mouse are discussed. Under general anesthesia, an abdominal incision is made, and the aorta ...

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Médecine

The Helsinki Rat Microsurgical Sidewall Aneurysm Model

Experimental saccular aneurysm models are necessary for testing novel surgical and endovascular treatment options and devices before they are introduced into clinical practice. Furthermore, experimental models are needed to elucidate the complex aneurysm biology leading to rupture of saccular aneurysms.
Several different kinds of experimental models for saccular aneurysms have been established in different species. Many of them, however, require special skills, expensive equipment, or special environments, which limits their widespread use. A simple, robust, and inexpensive experimental model is needed as a standardized tool that can be used in a standardized manner in various institutions.
The microsurgical rat abdominal aortic sidewall aneurysm model combines the possibility to study both novel endovascular treatment strategies and the molecular basis of aneurysm biology in a standardized and inexpensive manner. Standardized grafts by means of shape, size, and geometry are harvested from a donor rat&#39;s descending thoracic aorta and then transplanted to a syngenic recipient rat. The aneurysms are sutured end-to-side with continuous or interrupted 9-0 nylon sutures to the infrarenal abdominal aorta.
We present step-by-step procedural instructions, information on necessary equipment, and discuss important anatomical and surgical details for successful microsurgical creation of an abdominal aortic sidewall aneurysm in the rat.

Microsurgical sidewall aneurysms in rats are created by end-to-side anastomosis of an aortic graft to the abdominal aorta. We present step-by-step instructions and discuss anatomical and surgical details for successful experimental saccular aneurysm creation.

Le Helsinki Rat microchirurgie flanc anévrisme modèle

Experimental saccular aneurysm models are necessary for testing novel surgical and endovascular treatment options and devices before they are introduced ...

The Rabbit Blood-shunt Model for the Study of Acute and Late Sequelae of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Technical Aspects

Early brain injury and delayed cerebral vasospasm both contribute to unfavorable outcomes after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Reproducible and controllable animal models that simulate both conditions are presently uncommon. Therefore, new models are needed in order to mimic human pathophysiological conditions resulting from SAH.
This report describes the technical nuances of a rabbit blood-shunt SAH model that enables control of intracerebral pressure (ICP). An extracorporeal shunt is placed between the arterial system and the subarachnoid space, which enables examiner-independent SAH in a closed cranium. Step-by-step procedural instructions and necessary equipment are described, as well as technical considerations to produce the model with minimal mortality and morbidity. Important details required for successful surgical creation of this robust, simple and consistent ICP-controlled SAH rabbit model are described.

The experimental intracranial pressure-controlled blood shunt subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) model in the rabbit combines the standard procedures &#8212; subclavian artery cannulation and transcutaneous cisterna magna puncture, which enables close mimicking of human pathophysiological conditions after SAH. We present step-by-step instructions and discuss key surgical points for successful experimental SAH creation.

Le lapin de sang-shunt modèle pour l&#39;étude de aiguë et les séquelles tardives de hémorragie méningée: Aspects techniques

Early brain injury and delayed cerebral vasospasm both contribute to unfavorable outcomes after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Reproducible and ...

A Murine Model of Arterial Restenosis: Technical Aspects of Femoral Wire Injury

Cardiovascular disease caused by atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death in the developed world. Narrowing of the vessel lumen, due to atherosclerotic plaque development or the rupturing of established plaques, interrupts normal blood flow leading to various morbidities such as myocardial infarction and stroke. In the clinic endovascular procedures such as angioplasty are commonly performed to reopen the lumen. However, these treatments inevitably damage the vessel wall as well as the vascular endothelium, triggering an excessive healing response and the development of a neointimal plaque that extends into the lumen causing vessel restenosis (re-narrowing). Restenosis remains a major cause of failure of endovascular treatments for atherosclerosis. Thus, preclinical animal models of restenosis are vitally important for investigating the pathophysiological mechanisms as well as translational approaches to vascular interventions. Among several murine experimental models, femoral artery wire injury is widely accepted as the most suitable for studies of post-angioplasty restenosis because it closely resembles the angioplasty procedure that injures both endothelium and vessel wall. However, many researchers have difficulty utilizing this model due to its high degree of technical difficulty. This is primarily because a metal wire needs to be inserted into the femoral artery, which is approximately three times thinner than the wire, to generate sufficient injury to induce prominent neointima. Here, we describe the essential surgical details to effectively overcome the major technical difficulties of this model. By following the presented procedures, performing the mouse femoral artery wire injury becomes easier. Once familiarized, the whole procedure can be completed within 20 min.

The mouse femoral artery wire injury model of restenosis is technically challenging. In this protocol we show the key technical details essential for successfully performing wire injury to induce consistent&#160;neointima for studies of restenosis.

Un modèle murin de la resténose artérielle: les aspects techniques de fémur fil blessures

Cardiovascular disease caused by atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death in the developed world. Narrowing of the vessel lumen, due to ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

Mesure de la contractilité isométrique de l’artère mésentérique de souris à l’aide de fil myographie

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...

Transthoracic Echocardiographic Examination in the Rabbit Model

Large animal models such as the rabbit are valuable for translational preclinical research. Rabbits have a similar cardiac electrophysiology compared to that of humans and that of other large animal models such as dogs and pigs. However, the rabbit model has the additional advantage of lower maintenance costs compared to other large animal models. The longitudinal evaluation of cardiac function using echocardiography, when appropriately implemented, is a useful methodology for preclinical assessment of novel therapies for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (e.g. cardiac regeneration). The correct use of this non-invasive tool requires the implementation of a standardized examination protocol following international guidelines. Here we describe, step by step, a detailed protocol supervised by veterinary cardiologists for performing echocardiography in the rabbit model, and demonstrate how to correctly obtain the different echocardiographic views and imaging planes, as well as the different imaging modes available in a clinical echocardiography system routinely used in human and veterinary patients.

Here we describe, step by step, a detailed protocol for performing echocardiography in the rabbit model. We show how to correctly obtain the different echocardiographic views and imaging planes, as well as the different imaging modes available in a clinical echocardiography system routinely used in human and veterinary patients.

Examen échocardiographique transthoracique dans le modèle lapin

Large animal models such as the rabbit are valuable for translational preclinical research. Rabbits have a similar cardiac electrophysiology compared to ...

A Rabbit Venous Interposition Model Mimicking Revascularization Surgery using Vein Grafts to Assess Intimal Hyperplasia under Arterial Blood Pressure

Although vein grafts have been commonly used as autologous grafts in revascularization surgeries for ischemic diseases, the long-term patency remains poor because of the acceleration of intimal hyperplasia due to the exposure to arterial blood pressure. The present protocol is designed for the establishment of experimental venous intimal hyperplasia by interposing rabbit jugular veins to the ipsilateral carotid arteries. The protocol does not require surgical procedures deep in the body trunk and the extent of the incision is limited, which is less invasive for the animals, allowing long-term observation after implantation. This simple procedure enables researchers to investigate strategies to attenuate the progression of intimal hyperplasia of the implanted vein grafts. Using this protocol, we reported the effects transduction of microRNA-145 (miR-145), which is known to control the phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from the proliferative to the contractile state, into harvested vein grafts. We confirmed the attenuation of intimal hyperplasia of vein grafts by transducing miR-145 before implantation surgery through the phenotype change of the VSMCs. Here we report a less invasive experimental platform to investigate the strategies that can be used to attenuate intimal hyperplasia of vein grafts in revascularization surgeries.

The present protocol aims to experimentally create venous intimal hyperplasia by subjecting veins to arterial blood pressure for developing strategies to attenuate venous intimal hyperplasia following revascularization surgery using vein grafts.

Un modèle d’interposition veineuse de lapin imitant la chirurgie de revascularisation utilisant des greffes de veine pour évaluer l’hyperplasie intimale sous la tension artérielle

Although vein grafts have been commonly used as autologous grafts in revascularization surgeries for ischemic diseases, the long-term patency remains poor ...

Creation of Two Saccular Elastase-Digested Aneurysms with Different Hemodynamics in One Rabbit

Preclinical animal models with hemodynamic, morphologic, and histologic characteristics close to human intracranial aneurysms play a key role in the understanding of the pathophysiological processes and the development and testing of new therapeutic strategies. This study aims to describe a new rabbit aneurysm model that allows the creation of two elastase-digested saccular aneurysms with different hemodynamic conditions within the same animal.
Five female New Zealand white rabbits with a mean weight of 4.0 (&#177; 0.3) kg and mean age of 25 (&#177;5) weeks underwent microsurgical stump and bifurcation aneurysm creation. One aneurysm (stump) was created by right common carotid artery (CCA) exposure at its origin at the brachiocephalic trunk. A temporary clip was applied at the CCA origin and another, 2 cm above. This segment was treated with a local injection of 100 U of elastase for 20 min. A second aneurysm (bifurcation) was created by suturing an elastase-treated arterial pouch into the end-to-side anastomosis of the right CCA to left CCA. Patency was controlled by fluorescence angiography immediately after creation.
The average duration of surgery was 221 min. The creation of two aneurysms in the same animal was successful in all rabbits without complication. All aneurysms were patent immediately after surgery except for one bifurcation aneurysm, which showed an extreme tissue reaction due to elastase incubation and an immediate intraluminal thrombosis. No mortality was observed during surgery and up to one-month follow-up. Morbidity was limited to a transient vestibular syndrome (one rabbit), which recovered spontaneously within one day.
Demonstrated here for the first time is the feasibility of creating a two-aneurysm rabbit model with stump and bifurcation hemodynamic characteristics and highly degenerated wall conditions. This model allows the study of the natural course and potential treatment strategies on the basis of aneurysm biology under different flow conditions.

This protocol describes the steps for the creation of a rabbit model with two elastase-digested aneurysms with different hemodynamics (stump and bifurcation constellation). This allows the testing of novel endovascular devices in aneurysms with different angioarchitecture and hemodynamic conditions within a single animal.

Création de deux anévrismes digérés par l’élastase sacculaire avec une hémodynamique différente chez un lapin

Preclinical animal models with hemodynamic, morphologic, and histologic characteristics close to human intracranial aneurysms play a key role in the ...

Isolated Lung Perfusion System in the Rabbit Model

The isolated lung perfusion system has been widely used in pulmonary research, contributing to elucidate the lungs&#39; inner workings, both micro and macroscopically. This technique is useful in the characterization of pulmonary physiology and pathology by measuring metabolic activities and respiratory functions, including interactions between circulatory substances and the effects of inhaled or perfused substances, as in drug testing. While in vitro methods involve the slicing and culturing of tissues, the isolated ex vivo lung perfusion system allows to work with a complete functional organ making possible the study of a continuous physiological function while recreating ventilation and perfusion. However, it should be noted that the effects of the absence of central innervation and lymphatic drainage still have to be fully assessed. This protocol aims to describe the assembly of the isolated lung apparatus, followed by the surgical extraction and cannulation of lungs and heart from experimental lab animals, as well as to display the perfusion technique and signal processing of data. The average viability of the isolated lung ranges between 5-8 h; during this period, the pulmonary capillary permeability increases, causing edema and lung injury. The functionality of preserved pulmonary tissue is measured by the capillary filtration coefficient (Kfc), used to determine the extent of pulmonary edema through time.

The isolated rabbit lung preparation is a gold standard tool in pulmonary research. This publication aims to describe the technique as developed for the study of physiological and pathological mechanisms involved in airway reactivity, lung preservation, and preclinical research in lung transplantation and pulmonary edema.

Système de perfusion pulmonaire isolé dans le modèle de lapin

The isolated lung perfusion system has been widely used in pulmonary research, contributing to elucidate the lungs&#39; inner workings, both micro and ...

A Rabbit Aortic Valve Stenosis Model Induced by Direct Balloon Injury

Animal models are emerging as an important tool to understand the pathologic mechanisms underlying aortic valve stenosis (AVS) because of the lack of access to reliable sources of diseased human aortic valves. Among the various animal models, AVS rabbit models are one of the most commonly used in large animal studies. However, traditional AVS rabbit models require a long-term period of dietary supplementation and genetic manipulation to induce significant stenosis in the aortic valve, limiting their use in experimental studies. To address these limitations, a new AVS rabbit model is proposed, in which stenosis is induced by a direct balloon injury to the aortic valve. The present protocol describes a successful technique for inducing AVS in New Zealand white (NZW) rabbits, with step-by-step procedures for the preparation, the surgical procedure, and the post-operative care. This simple and reproducible model offers a promising approach for studying the initiation and progression of AVS and provides a valuable tool for investigating the underlying pathological mechanisms of the disease.

An appropriate animal model is needed to understand the pathologic mechanisms underlying aortic valve stenosis (AVS) and to evaluate the efficacy of therapeutic interventions. The present protocol describes a new procedure for developing the AVS rabbit model via a direct balloon injury in vivo.

Un modèle de sténose valvulaire aortique de lapin induite par une lésion directe par ballonnet

Animal models are emerging as an important tool to understand the pathologic mechanisms underlying aortic valve stenosis (AVS) because of the lack of ...