Soutenu par NIH HD052670.

1. Revêtement des plaques avec des protéines ECM <ol><li> Dans des conditions stériles, mélanger 120 ug de la laminine avec 12 ml de PBS stérile à froid 1X par plaque. </li><li> Prenez Bioflex plaques non traitées et ajoutez 2 ml de la solution dans chaque puits (concentration finale de la laminine est de 2 pg / cm 2). Alternativement, d&#39;autres protéines de la MEC pourrait être utilisé, comme le collagène-1 [10 pg / cm 2], la fibronectine [5 ug / cm 2], la vitronectine [0,5 pg / cm 2] ou de l&#39;élastine [10 pg / cm 2]. La technique de revêtement est similaire à ce qu&#39;elle est décrite pour la laminine-revêtement. Assurez-vous que les puits sont complètement couvertes par la solution. </li><li> Envelopper les plaques de matière plastique et mis à 4 ° C sur une surface plane pendant une nuit à permettre la laminine pour adsorber au fond des puits. Dans ces conditions, les plaques peuvent être stockés pendant au moins une semaine, tout en conservant la fonction ECM en bon état. </li><li> Le lendemain, dans des conditions stériles, se laver les puits 3 fois avec du PBS 1X. </li><li&gt; Ajouter 1 ml de BSA 1% dans du PBS 1X à chaque puits et incuber à 37 ° C pendant 1h pour bloquer les sites non spécifiques de liaison sur les membranes. </li><li> Rincer les plaques 3 fois avec du PBS 1X pour éliminer les protéines non adsorbées. </li><li> Garder les assiettes à 37 ° C dans du DMEM jusqu&#39;à cellules sont isolées de l&#39;étape 2.14. </li></ol> 2. Isolement des foetus de rongeurs des cellules pulmonaires épithéliales de type II Le jour avant l&#39;isolement ont des tasses écran avec différentes mailles en nylon taille autoclavés et prêt. <ol><li> Obtenir les poumons du fœtus à partir cadencée enceinte de la souris / rat sur E17-19 de la gestation. Transfert le tissu dans un tube de 50 ml conique contenant du milieu DMEM et le placer sur la glace. </li><li> Assurez-tampon de digestion dans un tube de 50 ml conique: (10 ml). Pour ce volume, le tissu pulmonaire d&#39;environ 20 fœtus de rat / souris est utilisée. 8,5 ml de DMEM 0,5 ml 500 mM pH 7,4 HEPES 5 mg collagénase 1 5 mg collagénase 1A 1 ml de sérum de poulet, inactivé par la chaleur </li><li>Mélangez bien jusqu&#39;à ce que tous les composants sont dissous et le filtre à travers un filtre de 0,2 micron seringue à l&#39;intérieur de la hotte stérile. Placer le tube conique contenant le tampon de digestion dans un bain d&#39;eau à 37 ° C. </li><li> Retirez le milieu DMEM du tube conique de l&#39;étape 2.1 et de transférer le tissu dans un boîte de Pétri stérile. </li><li> Hacher les poumons et avec des ciseaux stériles ou lame de rasoir pour fabriquer des pièces de tissu inférieure à 1 mm et transférer le tissu dans le tube conique contenant le tampon de digestion préchauffée de l&#39;étape 2.3. </li><li> Digèrent le tissu par aspiration et refoulement: 100 fois avec pipette de 10 ml 100 fois avec 5 ml pipette 100 fois avec une pipette Pasteur </li><li> Centrifuger l&#39;homogénat à 1300 tours par minute pendant 5 minutes à température ambiante. </li><li> Retirez délicatement le surnageant par aspiration et remettre en suspension le culot contenant les cellules dans 15 ml de DMEM plus 20% de FBS. </li><li> Sortez les coupes d&#39;écran de 100 -, 30 - et mailles en nylon de 15 microns et e placeem sur béchers stériles de 150 ml. </li><li> Ajouter homogénat cellulaire de l&#39;étape 2.8 et séquentielle filtrer à travers 100 -, 30 -, et 15 microns tasses grillage. </li><li> Recueillir agglomérés non-filtrés cellules des années 30 - et 15-micron mailles après plusieurs lavages avec du DMEM plus 10% de FBS pour faciliter la filtration des cellules non épithéliales. </li><li> Jeter le filtrat de la grille de 15 microns qui contient surtout des fibroblastes. </li><li> Purifier d&#39;autres cellules de type II par incubation des cellules de l&#39;étape 2.11 du 75-cm 2 flacons pour 30 min (approximatelly10 ml de suspension cellulaire par flacon). </li><li> Recueillir le surnageant et centrifuger à 1300 tours par minute pendant 5 minutes à température ambiante pour obtenir un culot des cellules. </li><li> Retirez délicatement le surnageant par aspiration et remettre en suspension le culot contenant les cellules dans du DMEM sans sérum. Le volume de la remise en suspension dépend de la quantité de tissu traitée. Environ, nous plaque l&#39;équivalent de cellules obtenues à partir d&#39;un fœtus dans chaque puits (2 ml) de manière à achiveille entre 60-70% de confluence le jour suivant. </li><li> Plaque de la cellule de suspension sur Bioflex six des plaques pré-revêtu avec la laminine ou la fibronectine. </li></ol> 3. Isolement des fibroblastes pulmonaires fœtales chez les rongeurs <ol><li> Suivez les étapes décrites ci-dessus pour les cellules d&#39;isolement de type II à 2.11. </li><li> Prendre le filtrat de la grille de 15 microns (sans lavage préalable; volume approximatif est de 10-15 ml) et la plaque sur 75 cm 2 à 37 ° C pendant 30-60 min pour permettre d&#39;adhérer fibroblastes. </li><li> Aspirer le surnageant et le remplacer par du DMEM sans sérum et incuber pendant la nuit. </li><li> Le lendemain, la récolte des cellules avec 0,25% (poids / volume) de la trypsine dans 0,4 mM EDTA et les plaque sur des plaques Bioflex préenduites avec de la fibronectine. </li></ol> 4. Système expérimental pour fournir une stimulation mécanique des cellules pulmonaires <ol><li> Ensemencer les cellules (environ 50% de confluence) sur des plaques de culture Bioflex en DMEM sans sérum (2 ml / puits) et les laisser attacher et spreannonce pendant au moins 6h avant les expériences. En général, notre laboratoire conserve des cellules en culture pendant environ 24h avant d&#39;appliquer une contrainte mécanique. Si un certain nombre de cellules sont nécessaires pour les expériences, après l&#39;isolement, les cellules de type II sont maintenus dans DMEM sans sérum de 75 cm 2 flacons et le lendemain, les cellules sont traitées à la trypsine, comptés puis ensemencé. </li><li> Le lendemain, les médias sont remplacés par des frais DMEM sans sérum (2 ml / puits) et des plaques bioflex sont montés dans une unité de Flexcell FX-5000 Strain. Monocouches ne devrait pas être supérieure à 80% de confluence avant le début des expériences. </li><li> Souche équibiaxiale est appliquée aux membranes. Le schéma de la souche varie en fonction de simulation de forces mécaniques in vivo (voir la discussion). </li><li> Les cellules cultivées sur la non-étirés membranes cultivées en parallèle sont utilisés comme témoins. </li><li> A la fin des expériences, des monocouches peuvent être traitées pour analyser les changements sur l&#39;expression des gènes (pour la protéine C par exemple tensio-actif)par l&#39;abondance des protéines en temps réel-PCR, par Western blot, etc En outre, les monocouches peut être fixé pour des expériences d&#39;immunocytochimie. Pour cette technique, après la fixation, des membranes en silastique sont découpés dans des plaques et monté sur des lames de verre à l&#39;aide de 10 à 20 pi d&#39;eau comme agent de montage avant de perméabilisation et l&#39;incubation avec des anticorps. Le surnageant peut également être utilisé pour rechercher la présence de facteurs de croissance, des cytokines, etc </li></ol> 5. Les résultats représentatifs Figure 1 et Figure 2 montrent représentatives en contraste de phase des photographies de cellules fœtales de souris E18 de type II isolé en utilisant la technique décrite dans ce manuscrit. La figure 3 montre que la souche mécanique induit la différenciation des cellules fœtales épithéliales de type II en utilisant tensioactif protéine C en tant que marqueur. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3543/3543fig1.jpg" /> Figure 1. Repsentant à contraste de phase photo prise juste après l&#39;isolement montrant l&#39;aspect agglomérées de cellules fœtales de type II. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3543/3543fig2.jpg" /> Figure 2. E18 fœtales des cellules de type II épithéliales ont été isolés comme décrit ici et plaquée sur des plaques recouvertes de laminine bioflex. Photographie a été prise le lendemain, après la non-tendues cellules ont été fixées dans du paraformaldéhyde. La pureté des cellules a été évaluée à 90 ± 5% par analyse microscopique de la morphologie des cellules épithéliales et immunomarquage pour le SP-C. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3543/3543fig3.jpg" /> Figure 3. Foetales cellules de type II épithéliales ont été exposés à la déformation cyclique de 5% à 40 cycles par minute pendant 16 heures. Un blot) Nord de la protéine C du surfactant (SP-C) indiquant que l&#39;expression d&#39;ARNm induit la différenciation souche de type II à l&#39;aide de cellules différente ECM substrats . + / - Signes représentent l&#39;exposition ou non à l&#39;artformer, respectivement. Les données sont présentées sous forme de moyenne + / - SEM, n = 3; * P &lt;0,05 B) images immunocytochimie fluorescence démontrant la teneur en protéines SP-C (vert) dans cellules fœtales de type II ou non exposées (contrôle) à une contrainte mécanique.. Les noyaux ont été DAPI (bleu). Bar, 10 um. C) les résultats du Western blot à partir de trois expériences montrant que stretch mécanique augmente SP-protéine C. N = 3; * P &lt;0,05.

<ol>
	<li>Sanchez-Esteban, J., Tsai, S. W., Sang, J., Qin, J., Torday, J. S., Rubin, L. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+mechanical+forces+on+lung-specific+gene+expression.">Effects of mechanical forces on lung-specific gene expression.</a> Am. J. Med. Sci. 316, 200-204 (1998).</li><li>Sanchez-Esteban, J., Cicchiello, L. A., Wang, Y., Tsai, S. W., Williams, L. K., Torday, J. S., Rubin, L. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+stretch+promotes+alveolar+epithelial+type+II+cell+differentiation.">Mechanical stretch promotes alveolar epithelial type II cell differentiation.</a> J. Appl. Physiol. 91, 589-595 (2001).</li><li>Sanchez-Esteban, J., Wang, Y., Cicchiello, L. A., Rubin, L. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cyclic+mechanical+stretch+inhibits+cell+proliferation+and+induces+apoptosis+in+fetal+rat+lung+fibroblasts.">Cyclic mechanical stretch inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in fetal rat lung fibroblasts.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Lung. Cell. Mol. Physiol. 282, L448-L456 (2002).</li><li>Sanchez-Esteban, J., Wang, Y., Cicchiello, L. A., Rubin, L. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cyclic+mechanical+stretch+inhibits+cell+proliferation+and+induces+apoptosis+in+fetal+rat+lung+fibroblasts.">Cyclic mechanical stretch inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in fetal rat lung fibroblasts.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Lung. Cell. Mol. Physiol. 282, L448-L456 (2002).</li><li>Sanchez-Esteban, J., Wang, Y., Gruppuso, P. A., Rubin, L. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+stretch+induces+fetal+type+II+cell+differentiation+via+an+epidermal+growth+factor+receptor-extracellular-regulated+protein+kinase+signaling+pathway.">Mechanical stretch induces fetal type II cell differentiation via an epidermal growth factor receptor-extracellular-regulated protein kinase signaling pathway.</a> Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. 30, 76-83 (2004).</li><li>Wang, Y., Maciejewski, B. S., Lee, N., Silbert, O., McKnight, N. L., Frangos, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strain-induced+fetal+type+II+epithelial+cell+differentiation+is+mediated+via+cAMP-PKA-dependent+signaling+pathway.">Strain-induced fetal type II epithelial cell differentiation is mediated via cAMP-PKA-dependent signaling pathway.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Lung. Cell. Mol. Physiol. 291, L820-L827 (2006).</li><li>Sanchez-Esteban, J., Wang, Y., Filardo, E. J., Rubin, L. P., Ingber, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrins+{beta}1,+{alpha}6,+and+{alpha}3+contribute+to+mechanical+strain-induced+differentiation+of+fetal+lung+type+II+epithelial+cells+via+distinct+mechanisms.">Integrins {beta}1, {alpha}6, and {alpha}3 contribute to mechanical strain-induced differentiation of fetal lung type II epithelial cells via distinct mechanisms.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Lung. Cell. Mol. Physiol. 290, L343-L350 (2006).</li><li>Wang, Y., Maciejewski, B. S., Soto-Reyes, D., Lee, H. S., Warburton, D., Sanchez-Esteban, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+stretch+promotes+fetal+type+II+epithelial+cell+differentiation+via+shedding+of+HB-EGF+and+TGF-alpha.">Mechanical stretch promotes fetal type II epithelial cell differentiation via shedding of HB-EGF and TGF-alpha.</a> J. Physiol. 587, 1739-1753 (2009).</li><li>Wang, Y., Maciejewski, B. S., Drouillard, D., Santos, M., Hokenson, M. A., Hawwa, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+role+for+caveolin-1+in+mechanotransduction+of+fetal+type+II+epithelial+cells.">A role for caveolin-1 in mechanotransduction of fetal type II epithelial cells.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Lung. Cell. Mol. Physiol. 298, L775-L783 (2010).</li><li>Lee, H. S., Wang, Y., Maciejewski, B. S., Esho, K., Fulton, C., Sharma, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interleukin-10+protects+cultured+fetal+rat+type+II+epithelial+cells+from+injury+induced+by+mechanical+stretch.">Interleukin-10 protects cultured fetal rat type II epithelial cells from injury induced by mechanical stretch.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Lung. Cell. Mol. Physiol. 294, L225-L232 (2008).</li><li>Hawwa, R. L., Hokenson, M. A., Wang, Y., Huang, Z., Sharma, S., Sanchez-Esteban, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=IL-10+inhibits+inflammatory+cytokines+released+by+fetal+mouse+lung+fibroblasts+exposed+to+mechanical+stretch.">IL-10 inhibits inflammatory cytokines released by fetal mouse lung fibroblasts exposed to mechanical stretch.</a> Pediatric Pulmonology. , (2011).</li><li>Kitterman, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+mechanical+forces+on+fetal+lung+growth.">The effects of mechanical forces on fetal lung growth.</a> Clin. Perinatol. 23, 727-740 (1996).</li><li>Harding, R., Crystal, R. G., West, J. B., Banes, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fetal+breathing+movements.">Fetal breathing movements.</a> The Lung: Scientific Fountations. , 2093-2104 (1997).</li><li>Harding, R., Liggins, G. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+in+thoracic+dimensions+induced+by+breathing+movements+in+fetal+sheep.">Changes in thoracic dimensions induced by breathing movements in fetal sheep.</a> Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 8, 117-124 (1996).</li></ol>

Pas de conflits d&#39;intérêt déclarés.

Dans ce manuscrit, nous décrivons une méthode pour isoler les cellules de type II fœtales épithéliales et les fibroblastes et de les exposer à une stimulation mécanique en utilisant l&#39;appareil souche Flexcell. Nous avons utilisé cette technique pour évaluer la différenciation des cellules épithéliales 1,2 et d&#39;étudier les voies de signalisation du récepteur et activés par l&#39;étirement 3-9. En outre, cette méthode peut également être utilisée pour étudier les réponse...

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of the reagent</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalogue number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D5648</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H3375</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase 1</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C0130</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase 1A</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C9891</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chicken serum</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C5405</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Screen cups</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>CD1-1KT</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe filters</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>09-754-25</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 micron nylon mesh</td>
			<td>Small Parts, INC</td>
			<td>CMN-100-D</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>30 micron mesh</td>
			<td>Small Parts, INC</td>
			<td>CMN-30-D</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 micron mesh</td>
			<td>Dynamic Aqua-Supply Ltd.</td>
			<td>NTX15</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laminin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>L2020</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagen-1</td>
			<td>Collagen Biomed</td>
			<td>PC0701</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fibronectin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F1141</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vitronectin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>V-0132</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Elastin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>E-6402</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bioflex plate</td>
			<td>Flexcell International</td>
			<td>BF-3001U</td>
			<td>Uncoated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flexcell Strain Unit</td>
			<td>Flexcell International</td>
			<td>FX-5000</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an experimental system to study mechanotransduction in fetal lung cells

Les forces mécaniques générées in utero par répétitives de respiration-comme des mouvements et par la distension de fluide sont essentiels pour le développement normal des poumons. Un élément clé du développement du poumon est la différenciation des cellules alvéolaires de type II épithéliales, la principale source de surfactant pulmonaire. Ces cellules participent également à l&#39;homéostasie du fluide dans les alvéoles du lumen, défense de l&#39;hôte, et la réparation des blessures. En outre, distales du poumon cellules du parenchyme peut être directement exposés à l&#39;étirement exagéré pendant la ventilation mécanique après la naissance. Cependant, les mécanismes moléculaires précis et cellulaires par lesquels les cellules pulmonaires détectent des stimuli mécaniques pour influencer le développement des poumons et de promouvoir des lésions pulmonaires ne sont pas complètement compris. Ici, nous donnons une méthode simple et la pureté élevée pour isoler des cellules de type II et les fibroblastes de poumons des rongeurs fœtaux. Puis, nous décrivons un système in vitro, L&#39;Unité de la souche Flexcell, pour fournir une stimulation mécanique des cellules foetales, simulant des forces mécaniques dansle développement des poumons du foetus ou des lésions pulmonaires. Ce système expérimental fournit un excellent outil pour étudier les mécanismes moléculaires et cellulaires dans les cellules pulmonaires fœtales exposées à étirer. En utilisant cette approche, notre laboratoire a identifié plusieurs récepteurs et des protéines de signalisation qui participent à la mécanotransduction dans le développement des poumons du foetus et les lésions pulmonaires.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Experimental System to Study Mechanotransduction in Fetal Lung Cells at JoVE.com

An Experimental System to Study Mechanotransduction in Fetal Lung Cells

Les forces mécaniques jouent un rôle clé dans le développement du poumon et des lésions pulmonaires. Ici, nous décrivons une méthode pour isoler les rongeurs fœtales du poumon cellules de type II épithéliales et les fibroblastes et de les exposer à une stimulation mécanique en utilisant un<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Système.

Un système expérimental pour étudier mécanotransduction dans les cellules des poumons du foetus

Mechanical forces generated in utero by repetitive breathing-like movements and by fluid distension are critical for normal lung development. A key ...

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Bioengineering

12.9K vues.  Alpert Medical School of Brown University. Les forces mécaniques jouent un rôle clé dans le développement du poumon et des lésions pulmonaires. Ici, nous décrivons une méthode pour isoler les rongeurs fœtales du poumon cellules de type II épithéliales et les fibroblastes et de les exposer à une stimulation mécanique en utilisant un In vitro Système.

Vidéo: An Experimental System to Study Mechanotransduction in Fetal Lung Cells

Axon Stretch Growth: The Mechanotransduction of Neuronal Growth

During pre-synaptic embryonic development, neuronal processes traverse short distances to reach their targets via growth cone. Over time, neuronal somata are separated from their axon terminals due to skeletal growth of the enlarging organism (Weiss 1941; Gray, Hukkanen et al. 1992). This mechanotransduction induces a secondary mode of neuronal growth capable of accommodating continual elongation of the axon (Bray 1984; Heidemann and Buxbaum 1994; Heidemann, Lamoureux et al. 1995; Pfister, Iwata et al. 2004).
Axon Stretch Growth (ASG) is conceivably a central factor in the maturation of short embryonic processes into the long nerves and white matter tracts characteristic of the adult nervous system. To study ASG in vitro, we engineered bioreactors to apply tension to the short axonal processes of neuronal cultures (Loverde, Ozoka et al. 2011). Here, we detail the methods we use to prepare bioreactors and conduct ASG. First, within each stretching lane of the bioreactor, neurons are plated upon a micro-manipulated towing substrate. Next, neurons regenerate their axonal processes, via growth cone extension, onto a stationary substrate. Finally, stretch growth is performed by towing the plated cell bodies away from the axon terminals adhered to the stationary substrate; recapitulating skeletal growth after growth cone extension.
Previous work has shown that ASG of embryonic rat dorsal root ganglia neurons are capable of unprecedented growth rates up to 10mm/day, reaching lengths of up to 10cm; while concurrently resulting in increased axonal diameters (Smith, Wolf et al. 2001; Pfister, Iwata et al. 2004; Pfister, Bonislawski et al. 2006; Pfister, Iwata et al. 2006; Smith 2009). This is in dramatic contrast to regenerative growth cone extension (in absence of mechanical stimuli) where growth rates average 1mm/day with successful regeneration limited to lengths of less than 3cm (Fu and Gordon 1997; Pfister, Gordon et al. 2011). Accordingly, further study of ASG may help to reveal dysregulated growth mechanisms that limit regeneration in the absence of mechanical stimuli.

A unique tissue engineering method was developed to elongate numerous nerve fibers in culture by recapitulating axon stretch growth; a form of nervous system growth whereby nerves elongate in conjunction with growth of the enlarging body.

Croissance stretch Axon: La mécanotransduction de croissance neuronale

During pre-synaptic embryonic development, neuronal processes traverse short distances to reach their targets via growth cone. Over time, neuronal somata ...

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Bio-ingénierie

Design of a Cyclic Pressure Bioreactor for the Ex Vivo Study of Aortic Heart Valves

The aortic valve, located between the left ventricle and the aorta, allows for unidirectional blood flow, preventing backflow into the ventricle. Aortic valve leaflets are composed of interstitial cells suspended within an extracellular matrix (ECM) and are lined with an endothelial cell monolayer. The valve withstands a harsh, dynamic environment and is constantly exposed to shear, flexion, tension, and compression. Research has shown calcific lesions in diseased valves occur in areas of high mechanical stress as a result of endothelial disruption or interstitial matrix damage1-3. Hence, it is not surprising that epidemiological studies have shown high blood pressure to be a leading risk factor in the onset of aortic valve disease4. 
The only treatment option currently available for valve disease is surgical replacement of the diseased valve with a bioprosthetic or mechanical valve5. Improved understanding of valve biology in response to physical stresses would help elucidate the mechanisms of valve pathogenesis. In turn, this could help in the development of non-invasive therapies such as pharmaceutical intervention or prevention. Several bioreactors have been previously developed to study the mechanobiology of native or engineered heart valves6-9. Pulsatile bioreactors have also been developed to study a range of tissues including cartilage10, bone11 and bladder12. The aim of this work was to develop a cyclic pressure system that could be used to elucidate the biological response of aortic valve leaflets to increased pressure loads. 
The system consisted of an acrylic chamber in which to place samples and produce cyclic pressure, viton diaphragm solenoid valves to control the timing of the pressure cycle, and a computer to control electrical devices. The pressure was monitored using a pressure transducer, and the signal was conditioned using a load cell conditioner. A LabVIEW program regulated the pressure using an analog device to pump compressed air into the system at the appropriate rate. The system mimicked the dynamic transvalvular pressure levels associated with the aortic valve; a saw tooth wave produced a gradual increase in pressure, typical of the transvalvular pressure gradient that is present across the valve during diastole, followed by a sharp pressure drop depicting valve opening in systole. The LabVIEW program allowed users to control the magnitude and frequency of cyclic pressure. The system was able to subject tissue samples to physiological and pathological pressure conditions. This device can be used to increase our understanding of how heart valves respond to changes in the local mechanical environment.

Design of a Cyclic Pressure Bioreactor for the Ex Vivo Study of Aortic Heart Valves

A cyclic pressure bioreactor capable of subjecting heart valve tissue to physiological and pathological pressure conditions has been designed. A LabVIEW program allows users to control pressure magnitude, amplitude and frequency. This device can be used to study the mechanobiology of heart valve tissue or isolated cells.

Conception d&#39;un bioréacteur pour la pression cyclique Ex Vivo Étude des valves cardiaques aortiques

The aortic valve, located between the left ventricle and the aorta, allows for unidirectional blood flow, preventing backflow into the ventricle. Aortic ...

Constructing a Low-budget Laser Axotomy System to Study Axon Regeneration in C. elegans

Laser axotomy followed by time-lapse microscopy is a sensitive assay for axon regeneration phenotypes in C. elegans1. The main difficulty of this assay is the perceived cost ($25-100K) and technical expertise required for implementing a laser ablation system2,3. However, solid-state pulse lasers of modest costs (&lt;$10K) can provide robust performance for laser ablation in transparent preparations where target axons are "close" to the tissue surface. Construction and alignment of a system can be accomplished in a day. The optical path provided by light from the focused condenser to the ablation laser provides a convenient alignment guide. An intermediate module with all optics removed can be dedicated to the ablation laser and assures that no optical elements need be moved during a laser ablation session. A dichroic in the intermediate module allows simultaneous imaging and laser ablation. Centering the laser beam to the outgoing beam from the focused microscope condenser lens guides the initial alignment of the system. A variety of lenses are used to condition and expand the laser beam to fill the back aperture of the chosen objective lens. Final alignment and testing is performed with a front surface mirrored glass slide target. Laser power is adjusted to give a minimum size ablation spot (&lt;1um). The ablation spot is centered with fine adjustments of the last kinematically mounted mirror to cross hairs fixed in the imaging window. Laser power for axotomy will be approximately 10X higher than needed for the minimum ablation spot on the target slide (this may vary with the target you use). Worms can be immobilized for laser axotomy and time-lapse imaging by mounting on agarose pads (or in microfluidic chambers4). Agarose pads are easily made with 10% agarose in balanced saline melted in a microwave. A drop of molten agarose is placed on a glass slide and flattened with another glass slide into a pad approximately 200 um thick (a single layer of time tape on adjacent slides is used as a spacer). A "Sharpie" cap is used to cut out a uniformed diameter circular pad of 13mm. Anesthetic (1ul Muscimol 20mM) and Microspheres (Chris Fang-Yen personal communication) (1ul 2.65% Polystyrene 0.1 um in water) are added to the center of the pad followed by 3-5 worms oriented so they are lying on their left sides. A glass coverslip is applied and then Vaseline is used to seal the coverslip and prevent evaporation of the sample.

Constructing a Low-budget Laser Axotomy System to Study Axon Regeneration in C. elegans

Laser axotomy followed by time-lapse imaging is a sensitive way to assay the effects of mutations in C. elegans on axon regeneration. A high quality, but inexpensive, laser ablation system can be easily added to most microscopes. Time lapse imaging over 15 hours requires careful immobilization of the worm.

Construire un petit budget laser axotomie système pour étudier la régénération des axones dans le C. elegans</em

Laser axotomy followed by time-lapse microscopy is a sensitive assay for axon regeneration phenotypes in C. elegans1.  The main difficulty of this assay ...

Luminescence Resonance Energy Transfer to Study Conformational Changes in Membrane Proteins Expressed in Mammalian Cells

Luminescence Resonance Energy Transfer, or LRET, is a powerful technique used to measure distances between two sites in proteins within the distance range of 10-100 &#197;. By measuring the distances under various ligated conditions, conformational changes of the protein can be easily assessed. With LRET, a lanthanide, most often chelated terbium, is used as the donor fluorophore, affording advantages such as a longer donor-only emission lifetime, the flexibility to use multiple acceptor fluorophores, and the opportunity to detect sensitized acceptor emission as an easy way to measure energy transfer without the risk of also detecting donor-only signal. Here, we describe a method to use LRET on membrane proteins expressed and assayed on the surface of intact mammalian cells. We introduce a protease cleavage site between the LRET fluorophore pair. After obtaining the original LRET signal, cleavage at that site removes the specific LRET signal from the protein of interest allowing us to quantitatively subtract the background signal that remains after cleavage. This method allows for more physiologically relevant measurements to be made without the need for purification of protein.

We describe here an improved Luminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (LRET) method where we introduce a protease cleavage site between the donor and acceptor fluorophore sites. This modification allows us to obtain specific LRET signals arising from membrane proteins of interest, allowing for the study of membrane proteins without protein purification.

Luminescence Resonance Energy Transfer pour étudier les changements conformationnels dans des protéines membranaires exprimés dans les cellules de mammifères

Luminescence Resonance Energy Transfer, or LRET, is a powerful technique used to measure distances between two sites in proteins within the distance range ...

Electrotaxis Studies of Lung Cancer Cells using a Multichannel Dual-electric-field Microfluidic Chip

The behavior of directional cell migration under a direct current electric-field (dcEF) is referred to as electrotaxis. The significant role of physiological dcEF in guiding cell movement during embryo development, cell differentiation, and wound healing has been demonstrated in many studies. By applying microfluidic chips to an electrotaxis assay, the investigation process is shortened and experimental errors are minimized. In recent years, microfluidic devices made of polymeric substances (e.g., polymethylmethacrylate, PMMA, or acrylic) or polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) have been widely used in studying the responses of cells to electrical stimulation. However, unlike the numerous steps required to fabricate a PDMS device, the simple and rapid construction of the acrylic micro&#64258;uidic chip makes it suitable for both device prototyping and production. Yet none of the reported devices facilitate the efficient study of the simultaneous chemical and dcEF effects on cells. In this report, we describe our design and fabrication of an acrylic-based multichannel dual-electric-field (MDF) chip to investigate the concurrent effect of chemical and electrical stimulation on lung cancer cells. The MDF chip provides eight combinations of electrical/chemical stimulations in a single test. The chip not only greatly shortens the required experimental time but also increases accuracy in electrotaxis studies.

Many microfluidic devices have been developed for use in the study of electrotaxis. Yet, none of these chips allows the efficient study of the simultaneous chemical and electric-field (EF) effects on cells. We developed a polymethylmethacrylate-based device that offers better-controlled coexisting EF and chemical stimulation for use in electrotaxis research.

Électrotaxie l&#39;étude des cellules du cancer du poumon à l&#39;aide d&#39;un double-Multichannel champ électrique microfluidique Chip

The behavior of directional cell migration under a direct current electric-field (dcEF) is referred to as electrotaxis. The significant role of ...

Generation of ESC-derived Mouse Airway Epithelial Cells Using Decellularized Lung Scaffolds

Lung lineage differentiation requires integration of complex environmental cues that include growth factor signaling, cell-cell interactions and cell-matrix interactions. Due to this complexity, recapitulation of lung development in vitro to promote differentiation of stem cells to lung epithelial cells has been challenging. In this protocol, decellularized lung scaffolds are used to mimic the 3-dimensional environment of the lung and generate stem cell-derived airway epithelial cells. Mouse embryonic stem cell are first differentiated to the endoderm lineage using an embryoid body (EB) culture method with activin A. Endoderm cells are then seeded onto decellularized scaffolds and cultured at air-liquid interface for up to 21 days. This technique promotes differentiation of seeded cells to functional airway epithelial cells (ciliated cells, club cells, and basal cells) without additional growth factor supplementation. This culture setup is defined, serum-free, inexpensive, and reproducible. Although there is limited contamination from non-lung endoderm lineages in culture, this protocol only generates airway epithelial populations and does not give rise to alveolar epithelial cells. Airway epithelia generated with this protocol can be used to study cell-matrix interactions during lung organogenesis and for disease modeling or drug-discovery platforms of airway-related pathologies such as cystic fibrosis.

This protocol efficiently directs mouse embryonic stem cell-derived definitive endoderm to mature airway epithelial cells. This differentiation technique uses 3-dimensional decellularized lung scaffolds to direct lung lineage specification, in a defined, serum-free culture setting.

Génération de cellules de souris Airway épithéliales ESC dérivés Utilisation décellularisé Lung échafauds

Lung lineage differentiation requires integration of complex environmental cues that include growth factor signaling, cell-cell interactions and ...

An Experimental Protocol for Assessing the Performance of New Ultrasound Probes Based on CMUT Technology in Application to Brain Imaging

The possibility to perform an early and repeatable assessment of imaging performance is fundamental in the design and development process of new ultrasound (US) probes. Particularly, a more realistic analysis with application-specific imaging targets can be extremely valuable to assess the expected performance of US probes in their potential clinical field of application.
The experimental protocol presented in this work was purposely designed to provide an application-specific assessment procedure for newly-developed US probe prototypes based on Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducer (CMUT) technology in relation to brain imaging.
The protocol combines the use of a bovine brain fixed in formalin as the imaging target, which ensures both realism and repeatability of the described procedures, and of neuronavigation techniques borrowed from neurosurgery. The US probe is in fact connected to a motion tracking system which acquires position data and enables the superposition of US images to reference Magnetic Resonance (MR) images of the brain. This provides a means for human experts to perform a visual qualitative assessment of the US probe imaging performance and to compare acquisitions made with different probes. Moreover, the protocol relies on the use of a complete and open research and development system for US image acquisition, i.e. the Ultrasound Advanced Open Platform (ULA-OP) scanner.
The manuscript describes in detail the instruments and procedures involved in the protocol, in particular for&#160;the calibration, image acquisition and registration of US and MR images. The obtained results prove the effectiveness of the overall protocol presented, which is entirely open (within the limits of the instrumentation involved), repeatable, and covers the entire set of acquisition and processing activities for US images.

The development of new ultrasound (US) probes based on Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducer (CMUT) technology requires an early realistic assessment of imaging capabilities. We describe a repeatable experimental protocol for US image acquisition and comparison with magnetic resonance images, using an ex vivo bovine brain as an imaging target.

Un protocole expérimental pour évaluer la Performance des nouvelles sondes ultrasons basés sur la technologie CMUT en Application à l’imagerie cérébrale

The possibility to perform an early and repeatable assessment of imaging performance is fundamental in the design and development process of new ...

DNA Nanotubes as a Versatile Tool to Study Semiflexible Polymers

Mechanical properties of complex, polymer-based soft matter, such as cells or biopolymer networks, can be understood in neither the classical frame of flexible polymers nor of rigid rods. Underlying filaments remain outstretched due to their non-vanishing backbone stiffness, which is quantified via the persistence length (lp), but they are also subject to strong thermal fluctuations. Their finite bending stiffness leads to unique, non-trivial collective mechanics of bulk networks, enabling the formation of stable scaffolds at low volume fractions while providing large mesh sizes. This underlying principle is prevalent in nature (e.g., in cells or tissues), minimizing the high molecular content and thereby facilitating diffusive or active transport. Due to their biological implications and potential technological applications in biocompatible hydrogels, semiflexible polymers have been subject to considerable study. However, comprehensible investigations remained challenging since they relied on natural polymers, such as actin filaments, which are not freely tunable. Despite these limitations and due to the lack of synthetic, mechanically tunable, and semiflexible polymers, actin filaments were established as the common model system. A major limitation is that the central quantity lp cannot be freely tuned to study its impact on macroscopic bulk structures. This limitation was resolved by employing structurally programmable DNA nanotubes, enabling controlled alteration of the filament stiffness. They are formed through tile-based designs, where a discrete set of partially complementary strands hybridize in a ring structure with a discrete circumference. These rings feature sticky ends, enabling the effective polymerization into filaments several microns in length, and display similar polymerization kinetics as natural biopolymers. Due to their programmable mechanics, these tubes are versatile, novel tools to study the impact of lp on the single-molecule as well as the bulk scale. In contrast to actin filaments, they remain stable over weeks, without notable degeneration, and their handling is comparably straightforward.

Semiflexible polymers display unique mechanical properties that are extensively applied by living systems. However, systematic studies on biopolymers are limited since properties such as polymer rigidity are inaccessible. This manuscript describes how this limitation is circumvented by programmable DNA nanotubes, enabling experimental studies on the impact of filament rigidity.

Nanotubes d’ADN comme un outil polyvalent pour l’étude des polymères semi-flexibles

Mechanical properties of complex, polymer-based soft matter, such as cells or biopolymer networks, can be understood in neither the classical frame of ...

An Orbital Shaking Culture of Mammalian Cells in O-shaped Vessels to Produce Uniform Aggregates

Suspension cultures of mammalian cell aggregates are required for various applications in medical and biotechnological fields. The disposable bag-based method is one of the simplest techniques for the mass production of cellular aggregates, but it does not protect the cultures against over-aggregation, which occurs when they gather at the bottom center of the culture vessel. To solve this problem, we developed an O-shaped dish and an O-shaped bag, neither of which contains a central region. Aggregates grown in either O-shaped culture vessel were noticeably more uniform in size than aggregates grown in conventional vessels. Histological analyses showed that aggregates in conventional culture dishes contained necrotic cores most likely caused by a poor oxygen supply. In contrast, aggregates that were grown in the O-shaped bag, even those with similar diameters to aggregates in conventional culture dishes, did not show necrotic cores. These results suggest that the O-shaped bag provides sufficient oxygen to the aggregates due to the oxygen permeability of the bag material. We, therefore, propose that this novel gas-permeable O-shaped culture bag is suitable for the mass production of uniform aggregates that are necessary in various biotechnological fields.

Here we present a protocol for using O-shaped vessels, specialized for suspension cultures of cellular aggregates, with orbital shaking. The HEK293 cells grown in this bag form more homogeneous aggregates than those grown in conventional culture vessels.

Une orbitale secouant la Culture des cellules de mammifères dans les vaisseaux en forme de O pour produire des agrégats uniformes

Suspension cultures of mammalian cell aggregates are required for various applications in medical and biotechnological fields. The disposable bag-based ...

A Novel Surgical Technique As a Foundation for In Vivo Partial Liver Engineering in Rat

Organ engineering is a novel strategy to generate liver organ substitutes that can potentially be used in transplantation. Recently, in vivo liver engineering, including in vivo organ decellularization followed by repopulation, has emerged as a promising approach over ex vivo liver engineering. However, postoperative survival was not achieved. The aim of this study is to develop a novel surgical technique of in vivo selective liver lobe perfusion in rats as a prerequisite for in vivo liver engineering. We generate a circuit bypass only through the left lateral lobe. Then, the left lateral lobe is perfused with heparinized saline. The experiment is performed with 4 groups (n = 3 rats per group) based on different perfusion times of 20 min, 2 h, 3 h, and 4 h. Survival, as well as the macroscopically visible change of color and the histologically determined absence of blood cells in the portal triad and the sinusoids, is taken as an indicator for a successful model establishment. After selective perfusion of the left lateral lobe, we observe that the left lateral lobe, indeed, turned from red to faint yellow. In a histological assessment, no blood cells are visible in the branch of the portal vein, the central vein, and the sinusoids. The left lateral lobe turns red after reopening the blocked vessels. 12/12 rats survived the procedure for more than one week. We are the first to report a surgical model for in vivo single liver lobe perfusion with a long survival period of more than one week. In contrast to the previously published report, the most important advantage of the technique presented here is that perfusion of 70% of the liver is maintained throughout the whole procedure. The establishment of this technique provides a foundation for in vivo partial liver engineering in rats, including decellularization and recellularization.

A Novel Surgical Technique As a Foundation for In Vivo Partial Liver Engineering in Rat

We establish a novel surgical technique for an in vivo single liver lobe perfusion model in rat as a prerequisite for further studying in vivo partial liver engineering in the future.