Supportato da NIH concessione HD052670.

1. Rivestimento di piastre con proteine ​​ECM <ol><li> In condizioni sterili, miscelare 120 mg di laminina con 12 ml di freddo sterile 1X PBS per piastra. </li><li> Prendere BioFlex lastre non trattate e aggiungere 2 ml della soluzione in ogni pozzetto (concentrazione finale di laminina è 2 ug / cm 2). In alternativa, altre proteine ​​ECM potrebbero essere utilizzati, come collagene-1 [10 pg / cm 2], fibronectina [5 pg / cm 2], vitronectina [0,5 mg / cm 2] o elastina [10 pg / cm 2]. La tecnica di rivestimento è simile a quanto descritto per la laminina-rivestimento. Assicurarsi che i pozzetti sono completamente coperti dalla soluzione. </li><li> Avvolgere le piastre con plastica e mettere a 4 ° C su una superficie piana notte per consentire la laminina di adsorbire al fondo dei pozzetti. In queste condizioni, piastre possono essere conservate per almeno una settimana, pur mantenendo buona funzione ECM. </li><li> Il giorno dopo, in condizioni sterili, lavare i pozzetti per 3 volte con PBS 1X. </li><li&gt; Aggiungere 1 ml di 1% BSA in 1X PBS ad ogni pozzetto ed incubare a 37 ° C per 1 ora per bloccare i siti di legame non specifici sulle membrane. </li><li> Lavare le piastre 3 volte con PBS 1X per rimuovere le proteine ​​non adsorbito. </li><li> Conservare le piastre a 37 ° C in DMEM finché le cellule sono isolate dal passaggio 2,14. </li></ol> 2. Isolamento di cellule fetali di tipo roditore epiteliali polmonari II Il giorno prima di isolamento hanno le coppe dello schermo con diverse maglie in nylon dimensioni autoclave e pronto. <ol><li> Ottenere polmoni fetali da timed-incinta topo / ratto sulla E17-19 di gestazione. Trasferire il tessuto in una provetta da 50 ml contenenti terreno DMEM e posizionarlo sul ghiaccio. </li><li> Effettuare tampone digestione in una provetta da 50 ml: (10 ml). Per questo volume, il tessuto polmonare di circa 20 feti di topo / ratto viene utilizzato. 8,5 ml di DMEM 0,5 ml di 500 mM HEPES pH 7.4 5 mg Collagenasi 1 5 mg Collagenasi 1A 1 ml di siero di pollo, inattivato a caldo </li><li>Mescolare bene fino a quando tutti i componenti sono sciolti e filtrare attraverso un filtro da 0,2 micron siringa all&#39;interno della cappa sterile. Posizionare il tubo conico contenente il tampone di digestione in un bagno d&#39;acqua a 37 ° C. </li><li> Rimuovere il mezzo DMEM dal tubo conico da passo 2,1 e trasferire il tessuto in una piastra di Petri sterile. </li><li> Macinare i polmoni e con forbici sterili o lama di rasoio per rendere pezzi di tessuto meno di 1 mm e trasferire il tessuto nel tubo conico contenente preriscaldata dal passaggio tampone digestione 2,3. </li><li> Digerire il tessuto pipettando su e giù: 100 volte con 10 ml pipetta 100 volte con 5 ml pipetta 100 volte con pipetta Pasteur </li><li> Centrifugare l&#39;omogeneizzato a 1.300 rpm per 5 minuti a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Rimuovere con cautela il surnatante tramite aspirazione e risospendere il pellet contenente le cellule in 15 ml di DMEM più 20% FBS. </li><li> Togliere le tazze schermo con 100 -, 30 - e 15-micron in nylon e mesh ° postoem su sterili 150 ml bicchieri. </li><li> Aggiungi omogeneizzato cella dal punto 2.8 e filtrare in modo sequenziale attraverso il 100 -, 30 - e 15 micron tazze mesh. </li><li> Raccogliere aggregata non filtrati cellule dal 30 - e 15-micron maglie dopo numerosi lavaggi con DMEM + 10% FBS per facilitare la filtrazione di non-cellule epiteliali. </li><li> Eliminare il filtrato dai 15 micron in rete che contiene la maggior parte dei fibroblasti. </li><li> Purificare ulteriormente cellule di tipo II incubando le cellule da 2,11 a passo 75-cm 2 flaconi per 30 min (approximatelly10 ml di sospensione cellulare per pallone). </li><li> Raccogliere il supernatante e centrifugare a 1300 rpm per 5 minuti a temperatura ambiente per agglomerare le cellule. </li><li> Rimuovere con cautela il surnatante tramite aspirazione e risospendere il pellet contenente le cellule in DMEM privo di siero. Il volume di risospensione dipende dalla quantità di tessuto trattati. Approssimativamente, si piastra l&#39;equivalente di cellule ottenute da un feto in ciascun pozzetto (2 ml) per Achieve tra il 60-70% di confluenza il giorno seguente. </li><li> Piastra di sospensione della cella BioFlex sei pozzetti rivestiti con laminina e fibronectina. </li></ol> 3. Isolamento di fibroblasti fetali polmonari roditori <ol><li> Seguire la stessa procedura descritta in precedenza per l&#39;isolamento delle cellule di tipo II fino a 2.11. </li><li> Prendere il filtrato dal 15-micron mesh (senza lavaggio precedente; volume approssimativo è 10-15 ml) e sulla piastra 75-cm 2 a 37 ° C per 30-60 min per permettere fibroblasti di aderire. </li><li> Aspirare il supernantant e sostituirlo con DMEM privo di siero e incubare durante la notte. </li><li> Il giorno dopo, raccogliere le cellule con 0,25% (peso / vol) in tripsina 0,4 mM EDTA e piastra sulle placche BioFlex prerivestite con fibronectina. </li></ol> 4. Sistema sperimentale per fornire stimolazione meccanica alle cellule polmonari <ol><li> Seed le cellule (circa il 50% confluenti) su piastre di coltura BioFlex in DMEM privo di siero (2 ml / pozzetto) e farli attaccare e SPREad almeno 6 ore prima degli esperimenti. In generale il nostro laboratorio dispone di cellule in coltura per circa 24 ore prima di applicare sollecitazioni meccaniche. Se un numero specifico di cellule sono necessari per gli esperimenti, dopo l&#39;isolamento, cellule di tipo II sono mantenute in DMEM privo di siero da 75 cm 2 flaconi ed il giorno successivo, le cellule vengono tripsinizzate, contate e quindi seminate. </li><li> Il giorno dopo, vengono sostituiti con mezzi freschi DMEM privo di siero (2 ml / pozzetto) e le piastre BioFlex sono montati in un FX-5000 Flexcell unità Strain. Monostrati dovrebbe essere non superiore al 80% confluenti prima dell&#39;inizio degli esperimenti. </li><li> Ceppo Equibiaxial viene applicato alle membrane. Il regime di deformazione varia a seconda simulazione di forze meccaniche in vivo (si veda la discussione). </li><li> Le cellule cresciute su membrane non stirati coltivate in parallelo vengono usati come controlli. </li><li> Al termine degli esperimenti, monostrati possono essere elaborati per analizzare i cambiamenti di espressione genica (per esempio C proteina tensioattivo)dall&#39;abbondanza proteina-PCR in tempo reale, mediante Western blot, ecc Inoltre, monostrati può essere fissata per esperimenti immunocitochimica. Per questa tecnica, dopo la fissazione, membrane silastic vengono tagliati dalle piastre e montate su vetrini utilizzando 10-20 microlitri di acqua come agente di montaggio prima permeabilizzante e l&#39;incubazione con anticorpi. Il supernatante può anche essere usato per studiare la presenza di fattori di crescita, citochine, ecc </li></ol> 5. Rappresentativi risultati Figura 1 e Figura 2 mostrano rappresentativi contrasto di fase fotografie di E18 cellule fetali di topo di tipo II isolato impiegando la tecnica descritta in questo manoscritto. Figura 3 dimostra che induce sollecitazioni meccaniche differenziazione delle cellule fetali di tipo II epiteliali usando tensioattivo proteina-C come marcatore. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3543/3543fig1.jpg" /> Figura 1. Reppresentante a contrasto di fase fotografia scattata subito dopo l&#39;isolamento che illustra l&#39;aspetto agglomerato di cellule fetali di tipo II. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3543/3543fig2.jpg" /> Figura 2. E18 fetali di tipo II cellule epiteliali sono state isolate come descritto qui e piastrata su piastre rivestite con BioFlex laminina. Fotografia è stata scattata il giorno seguente, dopo non stirati cellule sono state fissate in paraformaldeide. La purezza delle cellule è stato determinato in 90 ± 5% mediante analisi microscopica della morfologia delle cellule epiteliali e immunocolorazione per SP-C. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3543/3543fig3.jpg" /> Figura 3. Fetali di tipo II, cellule epiteliali sono state esposte a deformazione ciclica del 5% a 40 cicli al minuto per 16 ore. A) Northern blot della proteina C surfattante (SP-C) espressione di mRNA mostrano che il ceppo induce la differenziazione delle cellule di tipo II utilizzando diversi substrati ECM . Segni + / - rappresentano l&#39;esposizione o di non sformare, rispettivamente. I dati sono presentati come media + / - SEM, n = 3; * P &lt;0,05 B) immagini Immunocitochimica fluorescenza che dimostrano SP livelli di proteina-C (verde) nelle cellule fetali di tipo II o non esposti (controllo) alle sollecitazioni meccaniche.. I nuclei sono state contrastate con DAPI (blu). Bar, 10 pm. C) i risultati Western Blot di tre esperimenti che mostrano che si estendono meccanica aumenta la proteina SP-C. N = 3; * P &lt;0,05.

<ol>
	<li>Sanchez-Esteban, J., Tsai, S. W., Sang, J., Qin, J., Torday, J. S., Rubin, L. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+mechanical+forces+on+lung-specific+gene+expression.">Effects of mechanical forces on lung-specific gene expression.</a> Am. J. Med. Sci. 316, 200-204 (1998).</li><li>Sanchez-Esteban, J., Cicchiello, L. A., Wang, Y., Tsai, S. W., Williams, L. K., Torday, J. S., Rubin, L. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+stretch+promotes+alveolar+epithelial+type+II+cell+differentiation.">Mechanical stretch promotes alveolar epithelial type II cell differentiation.</a> J. Appl. Physiol. 91, 589-595 (2001).</li><li>Sanchez-Esteban, J., Wang, Y., Cicchiello, L. A., Rubin, L. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cyclic+mechanical+stretch+inhibits+cell+proliferation+and+induces+apoptosis+in+fetal+rat+lung+fibroblasts.">Cyclic mechanical stretch inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in fetal rat lung fibroblasts.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Lung. Cell. Mol. Physiol. 282, L448-L456 (2002).</li><li>Sanchez-Esteban, J., Wang, Y., Cicchiello, L. A., Rubin, L. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cyclic+mechanical+stretch+inhibits+cell+proliferation+and+induces+apoptosis+in+fetal+rat+lung+fibroblasts.">Cyclic mechanical stretch inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in fetal rat lung fibroblasts.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Lung. Cell. Mol. Physiol. 282, L448-L456 (2002).</li><li>Sanchez-Esteban, J., Wang, Y., Gruppuso, P. A., Rubin, L. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+stretch+induces+fetal+type+II+cell+differentiation+via+an+epidermal+growth+factor+receptor-extracellular-regulated+protein+kinase+signaling+pathway.">Mechanical stretch induces fetal type II cell differentiation via an epidermal growth factor receptor-extracellular-regulated protein kinase signaling pathway.</a> Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. 30, 76-83 (2004).</li><li>Wang, Y., Maciejewski, B. S., Lee, N., Silbert, O., McKnight, N. L., Frangos, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strain-induced+fetal+type+II+epithelial+cell+differentiation+is+mediated+via+cAMP-PKA-dependent+signaling+pathway.">Strain-induced fetal type II epithelial cell differentiation is mediated via cAMP-PKA-dependent signaling pathway.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Lung. Cell. Mol. Physiol. 291, L820-L827 (2006).</li><li>Sanchez-Esteban, J., Wang, Y., Filardo, E. J., Rubin, L. P., Ingber, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrins+{beta}1,+{alpha}6,+and+{alpha}3+contribute+to+mechanical+strain-induced+differentiation+of+fetal+lung+type+II+epithelial+cells+via+distinct+mechanisms.">Integrins {beta}1, {alpha}6, and {alpha}3 contribute to mechanical strain-induced differentiation of fetal lung type II epithelial cells via distinct mechanisms.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Lung. Cell. Mol. Physiol. 290, L343-L350 (2006).</li><li>Wang, Y., Maciejewski, B. S., Soto-Reyes, D., Lee, H. S., Warburton, D., Sanchez-Esteban, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+stretch+promotes+fetal+type+II+epithelial+cell+differentiation+via+shedding+of+HB-EGF+and+TGF-alpha.">Mechanical stretch promotes fetal type II epithelial cell differentiation via shedding of HB-EGF and TGF-alpha.</a> J. Physiol. 587, 1739-1753 (2009).</li><li>Wang, Y., Maciejewski, B. S., Drouillard, D., Santos, M., Hokenson, M. A., Hawwa, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+role+for+caveolin-1+in+mechanotransduction+of+fetal+type+II+epithelial+cells.">A role for caveolin-1 in mechanotransduction of fetal type II epithelial cells.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Lung. Cell. Mol. Physiol. 298, L775-L783 (2010).</li><li>Lee, H. S., Wang, Y., Maciejewski, B. S., Esho, K., Fulton, C., Sharma, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interleukin-10+protects+cultured+fetal+rat+type+II+epithelial+cells+from+injury+induced+by+mechanical+stretch.">Interleukin-10 protects cultured fetal rat type II epithelial cells from injury induced by mechanical stretch.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Lung. Cell. Mol. Physiol. 294, L225-L232 (2008).</li><li>Hawwa, R. L., Hokenson, M. A., Wang, Y., Huang, Z., Sharma, S., Sanchez-Esteban, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=IL-10+inhibits+inflammatory+cytokines+released+by+fetal+mouse+lung+fibroblasts+exposed+to+mechanical+stretch.">IL-10 inhibits inflammatory cytokines released by fetal mouse lung fibroblasts exposed to mechanical stretch.</a> Pediatric Pulmonology. , (2011).</li><li>Kitterman, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+mechanical+forces+on+fetal+lung+growth.">The effects of mechanical forces on fetal lung growth.</a> Clin. Perinatol. 23, 727-740 (1996).</li><li>Harding, R., Crystal, R. G., West, J. B., Banes, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fetal+breathing+movements.">Fetal breathing movements.</a> The Lung: Scientific Fountations. , 2093-2104 (1997).</li><li>Harding, R., Liggins, G. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+in+thoracic+dimensions+induced+by+breathing+movements+in+fetal+sheep.">Changes in thoracic dimensions induced by breathing movements in fetal sheep.</a> Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 8, 117-124 (1996).</li></ol>

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In questo manoscritto, si descrive un metodo per isolare le cellule fetali di tipo II epiteliali e fibroblasti e di esporle alla stimolazione meccanica con l&#39;apparecchiatura di Strain Flexcell. Abbiamo utilizzato questa tecnica per valutare la differenziazione delle cellule epiteliali 1,2 e di studiare recettore e vie di segnalazione attivate da tratto 3-9. Inoltre, questo metodo può anche essere usato per studiare le risposte delle cellule indotte da lesioni meccaniche 10,11. La pr...

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of the reagent</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalogue number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D5648</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H3375</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase 1</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C0130</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase 1A</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C9891</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chicken serum</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C5405</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Screen cups</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>CD1-1KT</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe filters</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>09-754-25</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 micron nylon mesh</td>
			<td>Small Parts, INC</td>
			<td>CMN-100-D</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>30 micron mesh</td>
			<td>Small Parts, INC</td>
			<td>CMN-30-D</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 micron mesh</td>
			<td>Dynamic Aqua-Supply Ltd.</td>
			<td>NTX15</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laminin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>L2020</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagen-1</td>
			<td>Collagen Biomed</td>
			<td>PC0701</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fibronectin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F1141</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vitronectin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>V-0132</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Elastin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>E-6402</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bioflex plate</td>
			<td>Flexcell International</td>
			<td>BF-3001U</td>
			<td>Uncoated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flexcell Strain Unit</td>
			<td>Flexcell International</td>
			<td>FX-5000</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an experimental system to study mechanotransduction in fetal lung cells

Forze meccaniche generate in utero da ripetitivi respiro, come movimenti e dalla distensione fluida sono fondamentali per lo sviluppo polmonare normale. Una componente chiave dello sviluppo del polmone è la differenziazione delle cellule epiteliali alveolari di tipo II, la principale fonte del surfattante polmonare. Queste cellule partecipano anche l&#39;omeostasi del liquido nel lume alveolare, la difesa ospite, e la riparazione del pregiudizio. Inoltre, cellule parenchimatiche polmonari distali possono essere direttamente esposti al tratto esagerata durante la ventilazione meccanica dopo la nascita. Tuttavia, i precisi meccanismi molecolari e cellulari con cui le cellule polmonari rilevano stimoli meccanici di influenzare lo sviluppo del polmone e per promuovere danno polmonare non sono completamente compresi. Qui, forniamo un metodo semplice e di elevata purezza per isolare cellule di tipo II e fibroblasti dai polmoni fetali roditori. Poi, ci descrivono un sistema in vitro, The Unit Strain Flexcell, per fornire la stimolazione meccanica alle cellule fetali, la simulazione di forze meccaniche insviluppo fetale del polmone o lesioni ai polmoni. Questo sistema sperimentale fornisce un ottimo strumento per indagare i meccanismi molecolari e cellulari in cellule polmonari fetali esposte per allungare. Usando questo approccio, il nostro laboratorio ha identificato diversi recettori e proteine ​​di segnalazione che partecipano in meccanotrasduzione nello sviluppo del polmone fetale e danno polmonare.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Experimental System to Study Mechanotransduction in Fetal Lung Cells at JoVE.com

An Experimental System to Study Mechanotransduction in Fetal Lung Cells

Forze meccaniche svolgono un ruolo chiave nello sviluppo del polmone e danno polmonare. Qui, descriviamo un metodo per isolare i roditori le cellule fetali del polmone di tipo II epiteliali e fibroblasti e di esporle alla stimolazione meccanica con un<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Sistema.

Un sistema sperimentale per studiare meccanotrasduzione in cellule polmonari fetali

Mechanical forces generated in utero by repetitive breathing-like movements and by fluid distension are critical for normal lung development. A key ...

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12.9K Views.  Alpert Medical School of Brown University. Forze meccaniche svolgono un ruolo chiave nello sviluppo del polmone e danno polmonare. Qui, descriviamo un metodo per isolare i roditori le cellule fetali del polmone di tipo II epiteliali e fibroblasti e di esporle alla stimolazione meccanica con un In vitro Sistema.

Video: An Experimental System to Study Mechanotransduction in Fetal Lung Cells

Axon Stretch Growth: The Mechanotransduction of Neuronal Growth

During pre-synaptic embryonic development, neuronal processes traverse short distances to reach their targets via growth cone. Over time, neuronal somata are separated from their axon terminals due to skeletal growth of the enlarging organism (Weiss 1941; Gray, Hukkanen et al. 1992). This mechanotransduction induces a secondary mode of neuronal growth capable of accommodating continual elongation of the axon (Bray 1984; Heidemann and Buxbaum 1994; Heidemann, Lamoureux et al. 1995; Pfister, Iwata et al. 2004).
Axon Stretch Growth (ASG) is conceivably a central factor in the maturation of short embryonic processes into the long nerves and white matter tracts characteristic of the adult nervous system. To study ASG in vitro, we engineered bioreactors to apply tension to the short axonal processes of neuronal cultures (Loverde, Ozoka et al. 2011). Here, we detail the methods we use to prepare bioreactors and conduct ASG. First, within each stretching lane of the bioreactor, neurons are plated upon a micro-manipulated towing substrate. Next, neurons regenerate their axonal processes, via growth cone extension, onto a stationary substrate. Finally, stretch growth is performed by towing the plated cell bodies away from the axon terminals adhered to the stationary substrate; recapitulating skeletal growth after growth cone extension.
Previous work has shown that ASG of embryonic rat dorsal root ganglia neurons are capable of unprecedented growth rates up to 10mm/day, reaching lengths of up to 10cm; while concurrently resulting in increased axonal diameters (Smith, Wolf et al. 2001; Pfister, Iwata et al. 2004; Pfister, Bonislawski et al. 2006; Pfister, Iwata et al. 2006; Smith 2009). This is in dramatic contrast to regenerative growth cone extension (in absence of mechanical stimuli) where growth rates average 1mm/day with successful regeneration limited to lengths of less than 3cm (Fu and Gordon 1997; Pfister, Gordon et al. 2011). Accordingly, further study of ASG may help to reveal dysregulated growth mechanisms that limit regeneration in the absence of mechanical stimuli.

A unique tissue engineering method was developed to elongate numerous nerve fibers in culture by recapitulating axon stretch growth; a form of nervous system growth whereby nerves elongate in conjunction with growth of the enlarging body.

Axon crescita Stretch: Il meccanotrasduzione di crescita neuronale

During pre-synaptic embryonic development, neuronal processes traverse short distances to reach their targets via growth cone. Over time, neuronal somata ...

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Design of a Cyclic Pressure Bioreactor for the Ex Vivo Study of Aortic Heart Valves

The aortic valve, located between the left ventricle and the aorta, allows for unidirectional blood flow, preventing backflow into the ventricle. Aortic valve leaflets are composed of interstitial cells suspended within an extracellular matrix (ECM) and are lined with an endothelial cell monolayer. The valve withstands a harsh, dynamic environment and is constantly exposed to shear, flexion, tension, and compression. Research has shown calcific lesions in diseased valves occur in areas of high mechanical stress as a result of endothelial disruption or interstitial matrix damage1-3. Hence, it is not surprising that epidemiological studies have shown high blood pressure to be a leading risk factor in the onset of aortic valve disease4. 
The only treatment option currently available for valve disease is surgical replacement of the diseased valve with a bioprosthetic or mechanical valve5. Improved understanding of valve biology in response to physical stresses would help elucidate the mechanisms of valve pathogenesis. In turn, this could help in the development of non-invasive therapies such as pharmaceutical intervention or prevention. Several bioreactors have been previously developed to study the mechanobiology of native or engineered heart valves6-9. Pulsatile bioreactors have also been developed to study a range of tissues including cartilage10, bone11 and bladder12. The aim of this work was to develop a cyclic pressure system that could be used to elucidate the biological response of aortic valve leaflets to increased pressure loads. 
The system consisted of an acrylic chamber in which to place samples and produce cyclic pressure, viton diaphragm solenoid valves to control the timing of the pressure cycle, and a computer to control electrical devices. The pressure was monitored using a pressure transducer, and the signal was conditioned using a load cell conditioner. A LabVIEW program regulated the pressure using an analog device to pump compressed air into the system at the appropriate rate. The system mimicked the dynamic transvalvular pressure levels associated with the aortic valve; a saw tooth wave produced a gradual increase in pressure, typical of the transvalvular pressure gradient that is present across the valve during diastole, followed by a sharp pressure drop depicting valve opening in systole. The LabVIEW program allowed users to control the magnitude and frequency of cyclic pressure. The system was able to subject tissue samples to physiological and pathological pressure conditions. This device can be used to increase our understanding of how heart valves respond to changes in the local mechanical environment.

Design of a Cyclic Pressure Bioreactor for the Ex Vivo Study of Aortic Heart Valves

A cyclic pressure bioreactor capable of subjecting heart valve tissue to physiological and pathological pressure conditions has been designed. A LabVIEW program allows users to control pressure magnitude, amplitude and frequency. This device can be used to study the mechanobiology of heart valve tissue or isolated cells.

Progettazione di un bioreattore per la pressione ciclica Ex Vivo Studio delle valvole cardiache aortica

The aortic valve, located between the left ventricle and the aorta, allows for unidirectional blood flow, preventing backflow into the ventricle. Aortic ...

Constructing a Low-budget Laser Axotomy System to Study Axon Regeneration in C. elegans

Laser axotomy followed by time-lapse microscopy is a sensitive assay for axon regeneration phenotypes in C. elegans1. The main difficulty of this assay is the perceived cost ($25-100K) and technical expertise required for implementing a laser ablation system2,3. However, solid-state pulse lasers of modest costs (&lt;$10K) can provide robust performance for laser ablation in transparent preparations where target axons are "close" to the tissue surface. Construction and alignment of a system can be accomplished in a day. The optical path provided by light from the focused condenser to the ablation laser provides a convenient alignment guide. An intermediate module with all optics removed can be dedicated to the ablation laser and assures that no optical elements need be moved during a laser ablation session. A dichroic in the intermediate module allows simultaneous imaging and laser ablation. Centering the laser beam to the outgoing beam from the focused microscope condenser lens guides the initial alignment of the system. A variety of lenses are used to condition and expand the laser beam to fill the back aperture of the chosen objective lens. Final alignment and testing is performed with a front surface mirrored glass slide target. Laser power is adjusted to give a minimum size ablation spot (&lt;1um). The ablation spot is centered with fine adjustments of the last kinematically mounted mirror to cross hairs fixed in the imaging window. Laser power for axotomy will be approximately 10X higher than needed for the minimum ablation spot on the target slide (this may vary with the target you use). Worms can be immobilized for laser axotomy and time-lapse imaging by mounting on agarose pads (or in microfluidic chambers4). Agarose pads are easily made with 10% agarose in balanced saline melted in a microwave. A drop of molten agarose is placed on a glass slide and flattened with another glass slide into a pad approximately 200 um thick (a single layer of time tape on adjacent slides is used as a spacer). A "Sharpie" cap is used to cut out a uniformed diameter circular pad of 13mm. Anesthetic (1ul Muscimol 20mM) and Microspheres (Chris Fang-Yen personal communication) (1ul 2.65% Polystyrene 0.1 um in water) are added to the center of the pad followed by 3-5 worms oriented so they are lying on their left sides. A glass coverslip is applied and then Vaseline is used to seal the coverslip and prevent evaporation of the sample.

Constructing a Low-budget Laser Axotomy System to Study Axon Regeneration in C. elegans

Laser axotomy followed by time-lapse imaging is a sensitive way to assay the effects of mutations in C. elegans on axon regeneration. A high quality, but inexpensive, laser ablation system can be easily added to most microscopes. Time lapse imaging over 15 hours requires careful immobilization of the worm.

Costruzione di un laser a basso costo del sistema assotomia per studiare la rigenerazione assonale nel C. elegans</em

Laser axotomy followed by time-lapse microscopy is a sensitive assay for axon regeneration phenotypes in C. elegans1.  The main difficulty of this assay ...

Luminescence Resonance Energy Transfer to Study Conformational Changes in Membrane Proteins Expressed in Mammalian Cells

Luminescence Resonance Energy Transfer, or LRET, is a powerful technique used to measure distances between two sites in proteins within the distance range of 10-100 &#197;. By measuring the distances under various ligated conditions, conformational changes of the protein can be easily assessed. With LRET, a lanthanide, most often chelated terbium, is used as the donor fluorophore, affording advantages such as a longer donor-only emission lifetime, the flexibility to use multiple acceptor fluorophores, and the opportunity to detect sensitized acceptor emission as an easy way to measure energy transfer without the risk of also detecting donor-only signal. Here, we describe a method to use LRET on membrane proteins expressed and assayed on the surface of intact mammalian cells. We introduce a protease cleavage site between the LRET fluorophore pair. After obtaining the original LRET signal, cleavage at that site removes the specific LRET signal from the protein of interest allowing us to quantitatively subtract the background signal that remains after cleavage. This method allows for more physiologically relevant measurements to be made without the need for purification of protein.

We describe here an improved Luminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (LRET) method where we introduce a protease cleavage site between the donor and acceptor fluorophore sites. This modification allows us to obtain specific LRET signals arising from membrane proteins of interest, allowing for the study of membrane proteins without protein purification.

Luminescence Resonance Energy Transfer allo Studio conformazionale Cambiamenti nella membrana proteine ​​espresse in cellule di mammifero

Luminescence Resonance Energy Transfer, or LRET, is a powerful technique used to measure distances between two sites in proteins within the distance range ...

Electrotaxis Studies of Lung Cancer Cells using a Multichannel Dual-electric-field Microfluidic Chip

The behavior of directional cell migration under a direct current electric-field (dcEF) is referred to as electrotaxis. The significant role of physiological dcEF in guiding cell movement during embryo development, cell differentiation, and wound healing has been demonstrated in many studies. By applying microfluidic chips to an electrotaxis assay, the investigation process is shortened and experimental errors are minimized. In recent years, microfluidic devices made of polymeric substances (e.g., polymethylmethacrylate, PMMA, or acrylic) or polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) have been widely used in studying the responses of cells to electrical stimulation. However, unlike the numerous steps required to fabricate a PDMS device, the simple and rapid construction of the acrylic micro&#64258;uidic chip makes it suitable for both device prototyping and production. Yet none of the reported devices facilitate the efficient study of the simultaneous chemical and dcEF effects on cells. In this report, we describe our design and fabrication of an acrylic-based multichannel dual-electric-field (MDF) chip to investigate the concurrent effect of chemical and electrical stimulation on lung cancer cells. The MDF chip provides eight combinations of electrical/chemical stimulations in a single test. The chip not only greatly shortens the required experimental time but also increases accuracy in electrotaxis studies.

Many microfluidic devices have been developed for use in the study of electrotaxis. Yet, none of these chips allows the efficient study of the simultaneous chemical and electric-field (EF) effects on cells. We developed a polymethylmethacrylate-based device that offers better-controlled coexisting EF and chemical stimulation for use in electrotaxis research.

Electrotaxis Studi di polmone cellule tumorali usando un Multicanale Dual-campo elettrico Microfluidic Chip

The behavior of directional cell migration under a direct current electric-field (dcEF) is referred to as electrotaxis. The significant role of ...

Generation of ESC-derived Mouse Airway Epithelial Cells Using Decellularized Lung Scaffolds

Lung lineage differentiation requires integration of complex environmental cues that include growth factor signaling, cell-cell interactions and cell-matrix interactions. Due to this complexity, recapitulation of lung development in vitro to promote differentiation of stem cells to lung epithelial cells has been challenging. In this protocol, decellularized lung scaffolds are used to mimic the 3-dimensional environment of the lung and generate stem cell-derived airway epithelial cells. Mouse embryonic stem cell are first differentiated to the endoderm lineage using an embryoid body (EB) culture method with activin A. Endoderm cells are then seeded onto decellularized scaffolds and cultured at air-liquid interface for up to 21 days. This technique promotes differentiation of seeded cells to functional airway epithelial cells (ciliated cells, club cells, and basal cells) without additional growth factor supplementation. This culture setup is defined, serum-free, inexpensive, and reproducible. Although there is limited contamination from non-lung endoderm lineages in culture, this protocol only generates airway epithelial populations and does not give rise to alveolar epithelial cells. Airway epithelia generated with this protocol can be used to study cell-matrix interactions during lung organogenesis and for disease modeling or drug-discovery platforms of airway-related pathologies such as cystic fibrosis.

This protocol efficiently directs mouse embryonic stem cell-derived definitive endoderm to mature airway epithelial cells. This differentiation technique uses 3-dimensional decellularized lung scaffolds to direct lung lineage specification, in a defined, serum-free culture setting.

Generazione di cellule di topo Airway epiteliali ESC-derivati ​​dall&#39;uso di decellularized Lung Ponteggi

Lung lineage differentiation requires integration of complex environmental cues that include growth factor signaling, cell-cell interactions and ...

An Experimental Protocol for Assessing the Performance of New Ultrasound Probes Based on CMUT Technology in Application to Brain Imaging

The possibility to perform an early and repeatable assessment of imaging performance is fundamental in the design and development process of new ultrasound (US) probes. Particularly, a more realistic analysis with application-specific imaging targets can be extremely valuable to assess the expected performance of US probes in their potential clinical field of application.
The experimental protocol presented in this work was purposely designed to provide an application-specific assessment procedure for newly-developed US probe prototypes based on Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducer (CMUT) technology in relation to brain imaging.
The protocol combines the use of a bovine brain fixed in formalin as the imaging target, which ensures both realism and repeatability of the described procedures, and of neuronavigation techniques borrowed from neurosurgery. The US probe is in fact connected to a motion tracking system which acquires position data and enables the superposition of US images to reference Magnetic Resonance (MR) images of the brain. This provides a means for human experts to perform a visual qualitative assessment of the US probe imaging performance and to compare acquisitions made with different probes. Moreover, the protocol relies on the use of a complete and open research and development system for US image acquisition, i.e. the Ultrasound Advanced Open Platform (ULA-OP) scanner.
The manuscript describes in detail the instruments and procedures involved in the protocol, in particular for&#160;the calibration, image acquisition and registration of US and MR images. The obtained results prove the effectiveness of the overall protocol presented, which is entirely open (within the limits of the instrumentation involved), repeatable, and covers the entire set of acquisition and processing activities for US images.

The development of new ultrasound (US) probes based on Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducer (CMUT) technology requires an early realistic assessment of imaging capabilities. We describe a repeatable experimental protocol for US image acquisition and comparison with magnetic resonance images, using an ex vivo bovine brain as an imaging target.

Un protocollo sperimentale per valutare le prestazioni delle nuove sonde ad ultrasuoni basato sulla tecnologia CMUT nell'applicazione di formazione immagine del cervello

The possibility to perform an early and repeatable assessment of imaging performance is fundamental in the design and development process of new ...

DNA Nanotubes as a Versatile Tool to Study Semiflexible Polymers

Mechanical properties of complex, polymer-based soft matter, such as cells or biopolymer networks, can be understood in neither the classical frame of flexible polymers nor of rigid rods. Underlying filaments remain outstretched due to their non-vanishing backbone stiffness, which is quantified via the persistence length (lp), but they are also subject to strong thermal fluctuations. Their finite bending stiffness leads to unique, non-trivial collective mechanics of bulk networks, enabling the formation of stable scaffolds at low volume fractions while providing large mesh sizes. This underlying principle is prevalent in nature (e.g., in cells or tissues), minimizing the high molecular content and thereby facilitating diffusive or active transport. Due to their biological implications and potential technological applications in biocompatible hydrogels, semiflexible polymers have been subject to considerable study. However, comprehensible investigations remained challenging since they relied on natural polymers, such as actin filaments, which are not freely tunable. Despite these limitations and due to the lack of synthetic, mechanically tunable, and semiflexible polymers, actin filaments were established as the common model system. A major limitation is that the central quantity lp cannot be freely tuned to study its impact on macroscopic bulk structures. This limitation was resolved by employing structurally programmable DNA nanotubes, enabling controlled alteration of the filament stiffness. They are formed through tile-based designs, where a discrete set of partially complementary strands hybridize in a ring structure with a discrete circumference. These rings feature sticky ends, enabling the effective polymerization into filaments several microns in length, and display similar polymerization kinetics as natural biopolymers. Due to their programmable mechanics, these tubes are versatile, novel tools to study the impact of lp on the single-molecule as well as the bulk scale. In contrast to actin filaments, they remain stable over weeks, without notable degeneration, and their handling is comparably straightforward.

Semiflexible polymers display unique mechanical properties that are extensively applied by living systems. However, systematic studies on biopolymers are limited since properties such as polymer rigidity are inaccessible. This manuscript describes how this limitation is circumvented by programmable DNA nanotubes, enabling experimental studies on the impact of filament rigidity.

Nanotubi di DNA come un Versatile strumento per lo studio di polimeri semiflessibili

Mechanical properties of complex, polymer-based soft matter, such as cells or biopolymer networks, can be understood in neither the classical frame of ...

An Orbital Shaking Culture of Mammalian Cells in O-shaped Vessels to Produce Uniform Aggregates

Suspension cultures of mammalian cell aggregates are required for various applications in medical and biotechnological fields. The disposable bag-based method is one of the simplest techniques for the mass production of cellular aggregates, but it does not protect the cultures against over-aggregation, which occurs when they gather at the bottom center of the culture vessel. To solve this problem, we developed an O-shaped dish and an O-shaped bag, neither of which contains a central region. Aggregates grown in either O-shaped culture vessel were noticeably more uniform in size than aggregates grown in conventional vessels. Histological analyses showed that aggregates in conventional culture dishes contained necrotic cores most likely caused by a poor oxygen supply. In contrast, aggregates that were grown in the O-shaped bag, even those with similar diameters to aggregates in conventional culture dishes, did not show necrotic cores. These results suggest that the O-shaped bag provides sufficient oxygen to the aggregates due to the oxygen permeability of the bag material. We, therefore, propose that this novel gas-permeable O-shaped culture bag is suitable for the mass production of uniform aggregates that are necessary in various biotechnological fields.

Here we present a protocol for using O-shaped vessels, specialized for suspension cultures of cellular aggregates, with orbital shaking. The HEK293 cells grown in this bag form more homogeneous aggregates than those grown in conventional culture vessels.

Un orbitale scuotendo la coltura di cellule di mammifero in vasi O a forma di produrre aggregati uniformi

Suspension cultures of mammalian cell aggregates are required for various applications in medical and biotechnological fields. The disposable bag-based ...

A Novel Surgical Technique As a Foundation for In Vivo Partial Liver Engineering in Rat

Organ engineering is a novel strategy to generate liver organ substitutes that can potentially be used in transplantation. Recently, in vivo liver engineering, including in vivo organ decellularization followed by repopulation, has emerged as a promising approach over ex vivo liver engineering. However, postoperative survival was not achieved. The aim of this study is to develop a novel surgical technique of in vivo selective liver lobe perfusion in rats as a prerequisite for in vivo liver engineering. We generate a circuit bypass only through the left lateral lobe. Then, the left lateral lobe is perfused with heparinized saline. The experiment is performed with 4 groups (n = 3 rats per group) based on different perfusion times of 20 min, 2 h, 3 h, and 4 h. Survival, as well as the macroscopically visible change of color and the histologically determined absence of blood cells in the portal triad and the sinusoids, is taken as an indicator for a successful model establishment. After selective perfusion of the left lateral lobe, we observe that the left lateral lobe, indeed, turned from red to faint yellow. In a histological assessment, no blood cells are visible in the branch of the portal vein, the central vein, and the sinusoids. The left lateral lobe turns red after reopening the blocked vessels. 12/12 rats survived the procedure for more than one week. We are the first to report a surgical model for in vivo single liver lobe perfusion with a long survival period of more than one week. In contrast to the previously published report, the most important advantage of the technique presented here is that perfusion of 70% of the liver is maintained throughout the whole procedure. The establishment of this technique provides a foundation for in vivo partial liver engineering in rats, including decellularization and recellularization.

A Novel Surgical Technique As a Foundation for In Vivo Partial Liver Engineering in Rat

We establish a novel surgical technique for an in vivo single liver lobe perfusion model in rat as a prerequisite for further studying in vivo partial liver engineering in the future.