Financé par le NIH P40 OD010952, la Fondation Korein, l&#39;Université de Miami Bourse de SLC et une bourse de Maytag à ATK. Les auteurs tiennent à remercier le personnel de la ressource nationale pour l&#39;aplysie, ainsi que Lauren Simonitis et Hannah Peck, qui a fourni microscope pour un chiffre.

1. Préparation des cellules <ol><li> Le Jour 1, peser et anesthésier des animaux. <ol><li> Peser un g-1 kg animale 30. Anesthésier des volumes d&#39;animaux 5-10 de 1:1 eau de mer: MgCl isotonique. 6H 2 0 pendant 1 h sous aération, comme une pompe à air d&#39;aquarium électrique avec airstone joint. </li></ol></li><li> Préparer les fournitures de dissection. <ol><li> Assembler le plateau de dissection propre avec des épingles droites en acier inoxydable, tels que des broches en tissu. Assembler plusieurs boîtes de Pétri contenant l&#39;eau de mer artificielle (ASW; voir les tableaux 1 et 3) + pénicilline / streptomycine (P / S). </li><li> Soyez prêt à un microscope de faible puissance. Disposer d&#39;instruments de dissection propre prête, comme le nez nervuré et pinces chirurgicales fines, et de fin et de grands ciseaux chirurgicaux. Vaporiser les instruments avec 70% d&#39;alcool isopropol avant utilisation et laisser sécher. </li></ol></li><li> animaux de la position sur le plateau de dissection. <ol><li> Position animaux face ventrale vers le bas dans le bac de dissection. Pin animauxtravers des bords de la paroi du corps et les frontières parapodiale, mais il faut éviter la queue et la tête, pour exposer la surface dorsale et la gorge génitales </li><li> Rincer la surface dorsale dans l&#39;eau à exécution lente robinet d&#39;eau froide. Appliquez un léger courant d&#39;alcool à 70% isopropol d&#39;une pissette le long de la rainure génitales et sur le dessus de la tête. </li></ol></li><li> Faire l&#39;incision initiale. <ol><li> En utilisant un microscope de faible puissance (voir tableau 2) et la lumière réfléchie pour observer l&#39;endroit où la gorge génitale provient de la marge de coquille antérieure, maintenez tendue avec une pince à côtes-nez un pli de tissu à la gauche de cette origine, alors coupant une faible terrer tout au long de l&#39;, zone plane et lisse de la paroi du corps juste à droite de la gorge génitales avec des ciseaux coudés fines. </li><li> Hémolymphe doit être observé pour verser du trou, parfois entraînant avec lui le ganglion abdominal et de l&#39;estomac. </li></ol></li><li> Développez l&#39;incision. <ol><li> Utilisez de grands ciseaux pour étendre èmee incision en avant jusqu&#39;à un point situé entre les rhinophores, tout en tirant vers le haut par la lame inférieure afin d&#39;éviter d&#39;entailler le tube digestif. Les organes internes seront observées à déborder hors de l&#39;incision. </li></ol></li><li> Retirer les noyaux. <ol><li> Repositionner le plateau et de recentrer le microscope sur la région de la tête. </li><li> En utilisant des pinces et ciseaux propres fins, enlever les ganglions de la tête en coupant à un moment donné les nerfs qui forment les ganglions de la tête dans un anneau autour de l&#39;œsophage pour enlever pleural-pédale et cérébrale ganglions tant que groupe. </li><li> Retirez le ganglion buccal qui adhère à la face ventrale de l&#39;œsophage. </li><li> Retirez le ganglion abdominal en coupant les 4 grandes conjonctions nerveuses que d&#39;émission de ce ganglion. </li></ol></li><li> Isoler ganglions d&#39;intérêt. <ol><li> Garniture ganglions de la tête en dehors, en laissant une longueur de connecteurs attachés à chaque ganglion d&#39;intérêt qui est égale à au moins le diamètre du ganglion, ce qui va ralentir la digestion enzymatique sur-des cellules d&#39;intérêt dans l&#39;étape suivante. </li><li> Mettez chaque ganglion cible par 2 rinçages de ASW + P / S, se déplaçant entre rinçages avec pinces propres. </li><li> Si le ciblage des cellules PVC, laisser le droit hemiganglion pleural attachée au droit hemiganglion de la pédale, et même laisser le hemiganglion pleural gauche attachée à la hemiganglion de la pédale gauche. </li><li> Jeter les ganglions non désirées et le reste de l&#39;animal, selon la pratique de la recherche acceptée. </li></ol></li><li> Enzymatique digérer les ganglions. <ol><li> Pour chaque ganglion, préparer 1 ml de solution d&#39;enzymes consistant en 3,75 mg dispase, 1 mg de hyaluronidase et 0,3 g de la collagénase de type XI par ml de ASW + P / S dans un tube conique de polypropylène de 15 ml. </li><li> Lieu rincé ganglions dans une solution d&#39;enzyme et fixez le bouchon. Placer le tube sur le côté sur un agitateur rotatif (voir le tableau 2) à vitesse lente pour 13-5 h pendant la nuit à environ 23 ° C (température ambiante). </li></ol></li><li> Préparer l&#39;des boîtes de culture. <ol><li> Avant de microdissection (Jour 2), préparer poly-D-lysine (PDL) revêtus des boîtes de culture dans une hotte de culture de tissus. Ajouter 0,5 ml ~ PDL (0,2 mg / ml d&#39;eau stérile) au centre d&#39;une boîte de 35 mm à environ 25 min. </li><li> Rincer PDL 3x avec de l&#39;eau stérile. Laisser sécher. UV-stériliser les plaques. </li></ol></li><li> Jour 2 Isoler les neurones. <ol><li> Remplissez le centre de 35 mm plats qui étaient PDL-couché et UV stérilisés avec environ 0,5 ml d&#39;ASW + P / S pour créer un îlot de support dans le plat autrement sec. Ceci peut être effectué sur le banc, en dehors de la hotte de culture de tissus. Un plat doit être préparé pour chaque groupe de cellules provenant d&#39;un hemiganglion. </li><li> Soyez prêt à un diamètre plat de dissection 100 mm faite par Sylgard revêtement et le durcissement d&#39;un mm surface de dissection profonde 5, équipé avec des épingles de dissection fines de plusieurs tailles pour être utilisés comme des épingles et des sondes (voir le tableau 3). Rincez ce plat avec 70% d&#39;alcool isopropol, puis avec ASW + P / S, et enfin fill avec ASW + P / S. </li></ol></li><li> Préparer microdissection des ganglions digéré. <ol><li> Verser la solution contenant l&#39;enzyme la pleural pédale et buccale ganglions digéré dans le plat de dissection. </li><li> Placez le plat sur la platine du microscope sur une surface noir sous une lumière réfléchie. </li><li> Utilisation du tissu conjonctif joint, épingler chaque côté dorsal hemiganglion pleural pédale vers le haut. Les tissus seront doux et intolérant d&#39;étirement. </li></ol></li><li> Microdissect neurones PVC. <ol><li> Utilisation de deux paires de pinces fines propres, et tenant une tige de dissection fine dans une paire de pinces en tant que sonde, d&#39;isoler les cellules à partir d&#39;un PVC hemiganglion pleural. Enzyme de digestion aura enlevé ou brisé en dehors de la gaine de tissu conjonctif recouvrant la grappe de PVC, mais les cellules adhèrent les unes aux autres. </li><li> Utilisez la sonde pour détacher ces cellules du conjonctif pédale pleural 18, puis de laisser tomber la grappe de cellules au fond de la dissectionAntenne. </li></ol></li><li> Transfert neurones à plat de la culture. <ol><li> Transférer le groupe de cellules à un mm boîte de culture préparé 35 en aspirant doucement le cluster dans la pointe d&#39;un incendie poli jetable pipette Pasteur en verre légèrement, puis distribuer lentement dans l&#39;île médias dans une boîte de culture, en prenant soin d&#39;éviter d&#39;introduire des bulles d&#39;air dans la pipette. Répétez l&#39;isolement de la grappe PVC de l&#39;autre hemiganglion et le placer dans une boîte de culture distincte. </li></ol></li><li> Microdissect et transférer neurones BSC. <ol><li> Pin sur la face ventrale du ganglion buccal vers le haut, avec un soin d&#39;épargner les cellules d&#39;intérêt. Répétez l&#39;étape 1.12 avec les 2 groupes de cellules BSC du ganglion buccal 10. </li><li> Isolation des neurones PVC et BSC produira 4 boîtes de culture contenant des amas de neurones: 2 plats contenant des groupes BSC et 2 plats avec des grappes de PVC. Jeter le reste des ganglions et mettre de côté le plat 100 mm de dissection. </li></ol></li><li> Dissociate les amas cellulaires. <ol><li> Placez une boîte de culture contenant des cellules sur la scène du microscope de faible puissance et retirez le couvercle. </li><li> Dissocier le groupe PVC en tapotant doucement le bas de la boîte de culture à côté de l&#39;amas de cellules avec une épingle de dissection très bien tenus avec des pinces. Flicking est de creuser la pointe de la broche dans la matière plastique du fond de la boîte comme pour essayer de creuser une tache de plastique. Lorsque friction avec le plastique libère le point de tige, une onde de percussion est produite par le média qui se brise le massif voisin de cellules. </li><li> 5-10 films peuvent être nécessaires pour près de dissocier complètement les cellules, mais il est préférable de laisser de petits amas de cellules plutôt que de feuilleter trop peur que les cellules soient détruits par pure mécanique. </li><li> Replacer le couvercle et répéter avec d&#39;autres boîtes de culture. </li></ol></li><li> Stockez des cultures cellulaires. <ol><li> Placez les boîtes de culture contenant des îles médias dans leurs centres avec des cellules dissociées enun grand conteneur qui permet la circulation d&#39;air, tel qu&#39;un x 25 mm ronde boîte de Pétri en matière plastique 150, et de placer ce plat dans un incubateur réglé à 17 ° C. </li><li> Installation dans la chambre d&#39;un récipient ouvert d&#39;eau comme source d&#39;humidité. Laisser reposer une nuit. Les cellules adhèrent à la couche de poly-D-lysine dans le centre du plat. </li></ol></li><li> des boîtes de culture de crue. <ol><li> Au jour 3, inonder doucement les plats avec 2,5 ml d&#39;ASW + P / S. Examiner, pour compter le nombre de cellules à l&#39;aide d&#39;un microscope de culture cellulaire inversée. Stocker dans le 17 ° C incubateur. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Électrophysiologie La méthode est raccordement standard de serrage qui a été décrit dans de nombreux textes (par exemple Sakmann et Neher, 1995) 16. Ce protocole va travailler sur les cellules ≤ 100 pF de capacité, ou des cellules &lt;60 um de diamètre lors des journées 3 et 4 du protocole. Cellules sans processus sont optimales pour l&#39;enregistrement. L&#39;EXAMEN spéciale suivanteions s&#39;appliquent: <ol><li> Grandes cellules peuvent être logés avec le paramètre de configuration sur l&#39;amplificateur 200B Axopatch mis à β = 0,1. Activation de très grandes quantités de courant peut provoquer des cellules d&#39;échapper à la pince de tension. Solutions ASW substitué à la teneur en sel (par exemple une fraction du NaCl substitué avec imperméable chlorure de N-méthyl-D-glucamine) peut être utilisée pour réduire l&#39;ensemble des amplitudes de courant de cellule. </li><li> Fibre remplis de pipettes de patch borosilicate tiré sur un extracteur pipette et remblayé à mi-chemin avec une solution intracellulaire (ICS) composé de 450 mM KCl et d&#39;autres sels (voir tableau 1) sont adaptés, et doivent avoir une résistance d&#39;environ 0,5-1 MOhms. Si l&#39;isolement des courants ioniques spécifiques est souhaitée, par exemple Na + courants, en l&#39;absence de courants K, K + dans cette solution peut être remplacé par d&#39;autres ions tels que Cs +. Cl - remplacement des ICS avec un anion imperméants est également justifiée si un ICS plus naturelle est souhaitée9. </li><li> Les cellules sont robustes&gt; 1 hr-longs enregistrements possibles à la température ambiante. L&#39;enregistrement est optimal aux jours 3 et 4 du protocole, ce qui correspond à 24-48 heures en culture. Après 48 heures il ya difficulté à former des joints de gigaohm, peut-être en raison de l&#39;élaboration d&#39;un glycocalyx sur la surface de la cellule, et les problèmes de blocage de l&#39;espace causés par excroissance du processus. Les cellules sont cependant utile, pour les études de serrage non-patch, comme la toxicologie, qui peuvent être terminés dans &lt;14 d. </li><li> ASW et d&#39;autres solutions pour être distribuée à partir du dispositif de la solution d&#39;alimentation par gravité, ainsi que la solution intracellulaire, doivent être filtrées à travers une seringue montée sur 0,2 um filtre Acrodisk (tableau 3) pour éliminer les fines particules qui interfèrent avec la formation du joint d&#39;étanchéité gigaohm. </li><li> Désensibilisation lors de l&#39;utilisation des agonistes tels que D-aspartate (D-Asp), donc ~ 1-2 min entre les applications d&#39;agonistes est recommandée. En revanche, la potentialisation est souvent observé avec application répétée rapidecation d&#39;agonistes tels que la L-glutamate (L-Glu). </li><li> courants activés agonistes tels que la L-Glu peuvent être étudiés en appliquant des agonistes de la pipette Picospritzer. Cette pipette est tiré le même que celui de la pipette de patch et contient agoniste à ASW. Lorsque l&#39;extrémité de cette pipette est positionnée au-dessous du tuyau de décharge du dispositif de la solution d&#39;alimentation par gravité, et à un angle de 45 ° à partir de la conduite d&#39;écoulement de sortie (figure 2F), agoniste sera rapidement éliminé par lavage à partir de la cellule, et la désensibilisation sera minimisé. La pipette d&#39;agoniste doit créer un angle de 90 ° ou plus par rapport à la pipette de patch. </li></ol>

<ol>
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Les auteurs déclarent qu&#39;ils n&#39;ont aucun intérêt financier concurrents.

Les techniques décrites ici dissociation rendement des cultures de neurones sensoriels contenant 50-100 neurones isolés parsemés de petits nombres de cellules gliales et d&#39;autres cellules non identifiés. Les étapes les plus critiques dans le protocole sont les temps les ganglions restent en solution enzymatique, et en tapotant, la dissociation des amas de cellules digérées pour briser la grappe en cellules individuelles. digestion par des enzymes (étape 1.8) doit être optimisée à la température disponibl...

Le mollusque opistobranch marin, l&#39;aplysie, a été un modèle neurobiologique utile pour de nombreuses décennies. Il est surtout connu comme un modèle d&#39;habituation et le conditionnement classique 7, 8. Les études sur l&#39;apprentissage et la mémoire dans ce modèle a remporté le prix Nobel de physiologie ou médecine en 2000 pour Eric R. Kandel, dans un prix qu&#39;il a partagé avec Arvid Carlsson et Paul Greengard 10. Les études portant sur ​​les enregistrements électriques de réduction des préparations, dans lequel les éléments du système nerveux de cet invertébré sont disséqués à partir de l&#39;animal avec les nerfs et les muscles laissée en place, ont contribué à élucider le rôle des neurones individuels chez l&#39;aplysie. Identification des mécanismes moléculaires précis qui constituent l&#39;apprentissage chez l&#39;aplysie cependant souvent utilisé une autre technique, à long terme des co-cultures d&#39;un neurone sensoriel et un motoneurone, obtenu un par un à partir d&#39;animaux de chaque donateur et a permis de former une synapse à la boîte de culture 21 . Nous et d&#39;autres 1, 3, 6, 14, 15, 16 ont exploité la facilité avec laquelle les neurones identifiés peuvent être ciblés dans ce modèle ainsi que leur endurance dans des expériences à long terme pour rendre les cultures à court terme dissociées de groupes de neurones théoriquement homogènes dans lequel nous étudions courants ioniques sous la bride de tension dans la configuration de patch-clamp. Beaucoup de neurones aplysie résistent à des cycles répétés de patch-clamp pour laisser le temps aux manipulations expérimentales de longue durée. La technique est utile pour les neurones, comme les cellules de sac neurosécrétoires du ganglion abdominal, et les neurones sensoriels des ganglions pleural et buccale dont dissociation que nous décrivons ici, mais pas pour les très grands neurones&gt; 60 um de diamètre, comme L7 ou R2 le ganglion abdominal. Nous n&#39;employons pas aplysie sérum dans nos cultures, à la différence des co-cultures sensori-motoneurones décrites ailleurs. La plupart des neurones obtenus en utilisant cette procédure seront sans processus de til 48 premières heures de culture, ce qui facilite l&#39;enregistrement complet de la tension de la cellule, mais sera ensuite germer et élaborer des axones et d&#39;autres processus pour environ 14 jours avant de mourir d&#39;un manque de nutriments et / ou des facteurs de croissance. Cette technique permet de produire des cultures primaires de neurones 50-100 par boîte de régions physiologiquement documentés des ganglions buccale et pleural. Ce protocole est utile pour les chercheurs qui étudient les aspects de la physiologie de la cellule unique dans les expériences qui nécessitent de nombreuses expérimental reproduit par animal. Il produit une paire assortie des cultures dues à la séparation anatomique des cellules cibles dans hemiganglia gauche et droite, permettant des études qui bénéficient d&#39;un traitement adapté et les cultures témoins. Le protocole vise buccales S cluster (BSC) des neurones du ganglion buccal et ventrocaudal (PVC) des neurones du ganglion pleural pleurale. Ces cellules sont d&#39;une taille appropriée pour l&#39;ensemble des enregistrements de tension cellulaires et ROBUS d&#39;affichaget réponses glutamatergique. La méthodologie discuté est approprié pour la plupart des ganglions du système nerveux chez l&#39;aplysie.

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name of Reagent/Material</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalog Number</td>
 <td>Comments</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Artificial seawater ASW</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>assorted</td>
 <td>(mM): 417 NaCl, 10 KCl, 10 CaCl2 (2 H2O), 5MgCl2 (6H2O), 15 HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.6</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Intracellular solution</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>assorted</td>
 <td>(mM): 450 KCl, 2.9 CaCl2 (2 H2O), 2.5 MgCl2 (6 H2O), 5 Na2ATP, 10 EGTA, and 40 HEPES-KOH, pH 7.4</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Poly-D-lysine</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>P6407</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>penicillin/streptomycin added to ASW at 1:100</td>
 <td>Lonzo Walkersville, Inc.</td>
 <td>17-603E</td>
 <td>5,000 Units/ml penicillin plus 5,000 mg/ml streptomycin</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Neutral dispase II</td>
 <td>Roche Diagnostics</td>
 <td>10165859001</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>hyaluronidase</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>H4272</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>collagenase type XI</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>C9407</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>L-Glutamate (L-Glu)</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>49601-100G</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>D-Aspartate (D-Asp)</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>11200-10G</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)</td>
 <td>Biomol</td>
 <td>100002-268</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>L-Asp</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>A6683-25G</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>alpha-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA)</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>A6816-5MG</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>L-Glu R antagonists</td>
 <td>various</td>
 <td>various</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>agar</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>kynurenate</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>61250</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>APV</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>A5282</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>DL-2-Amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (NMDAR antagonist)</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>2-propanol</td>
 <td>VWRSP</td>
 <td>BDH1133</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Chloriding solution</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>assorted</td>
 <td>25 g FeCl3 + 25 ml concentrated HCl + 50 ml H2O</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sylgard silicone 2-part polymer</td>
 <td>World Precision Instruments (WPI)</td>
 <td>SYL184</td>
 <td>Provides pin-out surface for small dissection dishes</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>0-40x zoom magnification microscope for dissections</td>
 <td>Wild</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Techniquip 150 Watts Fiber Optic Illuminator</td>
 <td>Microoptics of Florida</td>
 <td>TQ FOI-150</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>RotoMix 50800 orbital mixer</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Nikon Diaphot inverted phase-contrast microscope with 4x, 20x (optional) &amp; 40x objectives</td>
 <td>SR Research Ltd.</td>
 <td>Eyelink II</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Tektronix digital oscilloscope</td>
 <td>SR Research Ltd.</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>pClamp 10 data acquisition and analysis software</td>
 <td>Molecular Devices</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>PC with Windows XP or higher operating system</td>
 <td>PC Solutions</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>Thinkserver with solid state hard drives (80GB) and low noise monitors</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Flaming/Brown P87 micropipette puller</td>
 <td>Sutter Instruments, Novato, CA</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Axon Instruments Axopatch 200B clamp amplifier with a capacitance compensation range of 1-1000 pF; preamplifier</td>
 <td>Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Axon instruments electrode holder assembly for Axopatch 200B preamplifier</td>
 <td>Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA</td>
 <td>CV203BU</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Digidata 1200 A/D converter</td>
 <td>Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Picospritzer, powered by N2 adjustable for pressure and duration</td>
 <td>Parker Hannifin, Cleveland, OH</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>TMC Micro-G Vibration isolation table</td>
 <td>Ametek</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Faraday cage</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>custom manufacture</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Burleigh Piezoelectric Clamshell Micromanipulators</td>
 <td>Burleigh Instruments; Thorlabs</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>presently PCS-5000; -6000 series + mounts</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Narishige M-152 manual manipulators (for perfusion system and picospritzer)</td>
 <td>Narishige USA</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Filament pipette glass,1.5 mm OD, 0.84 mm ID -</td>
 <td>WPI</td>
 <td>1B150-3</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>3 inch length</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Ag/AgCl half cell</td>
 <td>WPI</td>
 <td>EP4</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>15 ml centrifuge tubes, 35-2097 BD Falcon* Centrifuge Tubes</td>
 <td>VWRSP</td>
 <td>21008-918</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Angled Scissors</td>
 <td>Fine Science Tools</td>
 <td>15006-09</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Dumostar Fine forceps</td>
 <td>Fine Science Tools</td>
 <td>11295-00</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>35 mm falcon tissue culture dishes</td>
 <td>VWRSP</td>
 <td>25382-064</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>falcon 150 x 25 mm tissue culture dishes; 1013</td>
 <td>VWRSP</td>
 <td>1013</td>
 <td>also can be made into small dissection dishes with sylgard</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>sylgard</td>
 <td>WPI</td>
 <td>SYL184</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>animal dissection tray</td>
 <td>various</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>15 ml centrifuge tubes, 35-2097 BD Falcon</td>
 <td>VWRSP</td>
 <td>21008-918</td>
 <td>For 6-bore gravity-fed perfusion system</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Aluminum clips with screw hole ends</td>
 <td>hardware store</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>For perfusion system</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>23 gauge needles (manually file off points)</td>
 <td>VWRSP</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>For perfusion system</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Polyethylene tubing 0.022"ID x 0.042"OD; 427411</td>
 <td>Becton-Dickinson</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>For perfusion system</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>H-7 pipette stand/holder for microcap perfusion array</td>
 <td>Narishige USA</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>For perfusion system</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>one-way valves</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>For perfusion system</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Drummond Microcaps 1 &mu;l</td>
 <td>VWRSP</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>For perfusion system</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>18 gauge needles for suction (filed off points)</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Polyethylene tubing</td>
 <td>Cole Parmer</td>
 <td>4.27436E+11</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>fine dissection pins</td>
 <td>Fine Science Tools</td>
 <td>26002-20</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>capillary tubes</td>
 <td>Kimble 71900-100</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>fire-polished and U-shaped in a Bunsen burner flame and filled with 3% agar in ECS</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>modeling clay</td>
 <td>craft store</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>dish holder for microscope stage with isolated ground bath</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>Custom manufacture</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>pasteur pipettes</td>
 <td>VWRSP</td>
 <td>14672-412</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>pipette bulbs</td>
 <td>VWRSP</td>
 <td>53283-911</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>acrodisk syringe filters</td>
 <td>VWRSP</td>
 <td>28144-040</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>thick-walled 1.5 mm diameter borosilicate filament glass</td>
 <td>WPI</td>
 <td>1B150F-3</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>High purity nitrogen cylinder and bifurcating regulator</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>
Tables 1-3. Lists of Reagents, Materials, and Equipment.

isolation of sensory neurons of aplysia californica for patch clamp recordings of glutamatergic currents

Le mollusque gastéropode marin Aplysia californica a une histoire vénérable comme un modèle de fonctionnement du système nerveux, avec une importance particulière dans les études sur l&#39;apprentissage et la mémoire. Les préparations typiques de ces études sont ceux dans lesquels le sensoriel et motoneurones sont laissées intactes chez un animal très peu disséqué, ou une co-culture neuronale techniquement complexe d&#39;sensorielle individuelle et motoneurones. Moins commun est la préparation neuronale isolée dans laquelle de petits groupes de neurones théoriquement homogènes sont dissociées en cellules isolées en culture à court terme. Ces cellules isolées sont utiles pour la caractérisation biophysique des courants ioniques en utilisant des techniques de patch-clamp, et la modulation ciblée de ces conductances. Un protocole pour la préparation de ces cultures est décrite. Le protocole met à profit les neurones sensoriels glutamatergique facilement identifiables des ganglions pleural et buccale, et décrit leur dissociation et un entretien minimal in culture pendant plusieurs jours sans sérum.

Les emplacements des neurones sensoriels dans les ganglions qui sont ciblés dans ce protocole, les neurones BSC et PVC sont présentés dans la figure 1. Les neurones BSC sont situés dans deux grappes ovales symétriques sur le côté ventral du ganglion buccal, la surface qui est opposé à la masse dans le ganglion vestibulaire intacte (figure 1A). Les neurones de PVC, forment des grappes en forme de V bilatéraux qui s&#39;enroulent autour de la surface dorsale du ganglion pleural ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Sensory Neurons of Aplysia californica for Patch Clamp Recordings of Glutamatergic Currents at JoVE.com

Isolation of Sensory Neurons of Aplysia californica for Patch Clamp Recordings of Glutamatergic Currents

Nous décrivons la dissection du système nerveux du lièvre marin mer<em&gt; Aplysie</em&gt; Après anesthésie, l&#39;isolement de neurones pour la culture des tissus court terme, et des enregistrements de courants ioniques de cellules isolées par la technique de patch-clamp.

Isolation des neurones sensoriels de<em&gt; Aplysia californica</em&gt; Patch pour les enregistrements de serrage des courants glutamatergiques

The marine gastropod mollusk Aplysia californica has a venerable  history as a model of nervous system function, with particular significance in  studies ...

isolation-sensory-neurons-aplysia-californica-for-patch-clamp

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Isolation of Sensory Neurons of Aplysia californica for Patch Clamp Recordings of Glutamatergic Currents

12.2K vues.  University of Miami. Nous décrivons la dissection du système nerveux du lièvre marin mer Aplysie Après anesthésie, l'isolement de neurones pour la culture des tissus court terme, et des enregistrements de courants ioniques de cellules isolées par la technique de patch-clamp.

Vidéo: Isolation of Sensory Neurons of Aplysia californica for Patch Clamp Recordings of Glutamatergic Currents

Electrode Fabrication and Implantation in Aplysia californica for Multi-channel Neural and Muscular Recordings in Intact, Freely Behaving Animals

Recording from key nerves and muscles of Aplysia during feeding behavior allows us to study the patterns of neural control in an intact animal. Simultaneously recording from multiple nerves and muscles gives us precise information about the timing of neural activity. Previous recording methods have worked for two electrodes, but the study of additional nerves or muscles required combining and averaging the recordings of multiple animals, which made it difficult to determine fine details of timing and phasing, because of variability from response to response, and from animal to animal. Implanting four individual electrodes has a very low success rate due to the formation of adhesions that prevent animals from performing normal feeding movements. We developed a new method of electrode fabrication that reduces the bulk of the electrodes inside the animal allowing for normal feeding movements. Using a combination of glues to attach the electrodes results in a more reliable insulation of the electrode which lasts longer, making it possible to record for periods as long as a week. The fabrication technique that we describe could be extended to incorporate several additional electrodes, and would be applicable to vertebrate animals.

Electrode Fabrication and Implantation in Aplysia californica for Multi-channel Neural and Muscular Recordings in Intact, Freely Behaving Animals

A technique is described for implanting four in vivo electrodes to monitor the neuromuscular control of feeding behavior in Aplysia californica.

Fabrication des électrodes et l&#39;implantation de Aplysia californica Des enregistrements multi-canaux neuronaux et musculaires au Intact, Animaux Librement Behaving

Recording from key nerves and muscles of Aplysia during feeding behavior allows us to study the patterns of neural control in an intact animal.  ...

Recherche

Neurosciences

Patch Clamp Recordings from Mouse Retinal Neurons in a Dark-adapted Slice Preparation

Our visual experience is initiated when the visual pigment in our retinal photoreceptors absorbs photons of light energy and initiates a cascade of intracellular events that lead to closure of cyclic-nucleotide-gated channels in the cell membrane. The resulting change in membrane potential leads in turn to reductions in the amount of neurotransmitter release from both rod and cone synaptic terminals. To measure how the light-evoked change in photoreceptor membrane potential leads to downstream activity in the retina, scientists have made electrophysiological recordings from retinal slice preparations for decades1,2. In the past these slices have been cut manually with a razor blade on retinal tissue that is attached to filter paper; in recent years another method of slicing has been developed whereby retinal tissue is embedded in low gelling temperature agar and sliced in cool solution with a vibrating microtome3,4. This preparation produces retinal slices with less surface damage and very robust light-evoked responses. Here we document how this procedure can be done under infrared light to avoid bleaching the visual pigment.

Here we describe a procedure for generating dark-adapted slices of the mouse retina for electrophysiological recordings.

Enregistrements Patch Clamp à partir de neurones rétiniens souris dans une préparation adaptés à l&#39;obscurité Slice

Our visual experience is initiated when the visual pigment in our retinal photoreceptors absorbs photons of light energy and initiates a cascade of ...

Live-imaging of PKC Translocation in Sf9 Cells and in Aplysia Sensory Neurons

Protein kinase Cs (PKCs) are serine threonine kinases that play a central role in regulating a wide variety of cellular processes such as cell growth and learning and memory. There are four known families of PKC isoforms in vertebrates: classical PKCs (&alpha;, &beta;I, &beta;II and &gamma;), novel type I PKCs (&#949; and &eta;), novel type II PKCs (&delta; and &theta;), and atypical PKCs (&zeta; and &iota;). The classical PKCs are activated by Ca2+ and diacylclycerol (DAG), while the novel PKCs are activated by DAG, but are Ca2+-independent. The atypical PKCs are activated by neither Ca2+ nor DAG. In Aplysia californica, our model system to study memory formation, there are three nervous system specific PKC isoforms one from each major class, namely the conventional PKC Apl I, the novel type I PKC Apl II and the atypical PKC Apl III. PKCs are lipid-activated kinases and thus activation of classical and novel PKCs in response to extracellular signals has been frequently correlated with PKC translocation from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane. Therefore, visualizing PKC translocation in real time in live cells has become an invaluable tool for elucidating the signal transduction pathways that lead to PKC activation. For instance, this technique has allowed for us to establish that different isoforms of PKC translocate under different conditions to mediate distinct types of synaptic plasticity and that serotonin (5HT) activation of PKC Apl II requires production of both DAG and phosphatidic acid (PA) for translocation 1-2. Importantly, the ability to visualize the same neuron repeatedly has allowed us, for example, to measure desensitization of the PKC response in exquisite detail 3. In this video, we demonstrate each step of preparing Sf9 cell cultures, cultures of Aplysia sensory neurons have been described in another video article 4, expressing fluorescently tagged PKCs in Sf9 cells and in Aplysia sensory neurons and live-imaging of PKC translocation in response to different activators using laser-scanning microscopy.

In this video, we demonstrate visualization of PKC translocation in living cells using fluorescently tagged PKCs.

Live-imagerie de la translocation de la PKC dans les cellules Sf9 et dans les neurones sensoriels aplysie

Protein kinase Cs (PKCs) are serine threonine kinases that play a central role in regulating a wide variety of cellular processes such as cell growth and ...

Patch Clamp Recordings in Inner Ear Hair Cells Isolated from Zebrafish

Patch clamp analyses of the voltage-gated channels in sensory hair cells isolated from a variety of species have been described previously1-4 but this video represents the first application of those techniques to hair cells from zebrafish. Here we demonstrate a method to isolate healthy, intact hair cells from all of the inner ear end-organs: saccule, lagena, utricle and semicircular canals. Further, we demonstrate the diversity in hair cell size and morphology and give an example of the kinds of patch clamp recordings that can be obtained. The advantage of the use of this zebrafish model system over others stems from the availability of zebrafish mutants that affect both hearing and balance. In combination with the use of transgenic lines and other techniques that utilize genetic analysis and manipulation, the cell isolation and electrophysiological methods introduced here should facilitate greater insight into the roles hair cells play in mediating these sensory modalities.

The purpose of this video is to demonstrate procedures for obtaining healthy, intact hair cells from the inner ear organs of adult zebrafish and then using them for patch clamp studies aimed at characterizing the biophysical properties of their voltage-gated channels.

Les enregistrements de patch-clamp en cellules ciliées de l&#39;oreille Isolé du poisson zèbre

Patch  clamp analyses of the voltage-gated channels in sensory hair cells isolated  from a variety of species have been described previously1-4 but this  ...

F1FO ATPase Vesicle Preparation and Technique for Performing Patch Clamp Recordings of Submitochondrial Vesicle Membranes

Mitochondria are involved in many important cellular functions including metabolism, survival1, development and, calcium signaling2. Two of the most important mitochondrial functions are related to the efficient production of ATP, the energy currency of the cell, by oxidative phosphorylation, and the mediation of signals for programmed cell death3.
The enzyme primarily responsible for the production of ATP is the F1FO-ATP synthase, also called ATP synthase4-5. In recent years, the role of mitochondria in apoptotic and necrotic cell death has received considerable attention. In apoptotic cell death, BCL-2 family proteins such as Bax enter the mitochondrial outer membrane, oligomerize and permeabilize the outer membrane, releasing pro-apoptotic factors into the cytosol6. In classic necrotic cell death, such as that produced by ischemia or excitotoxicity in neurons, a large, poorly regulated increase in matrix calcium contributes to the opening of an inner membrane pore, the mitochondrial permeability transition pore or mPTP. This depolarizes the inner membrane and causes osmotic shifts, contributing to outer membrane rupture, release of pro-apoptotic factors, and metabolic dysfunction. Many proteins including Bcl-xL7 interact with F1FO ATP synthase, modulating its function. Bcl-xL interacts directly with the beta subunit of F1FO ATP synthase, and this interaction decreases a leak conductance within the F1FOATPasecomplex, increasing the net transport of H+ by F1FO during F1FO ATPase activity8 and thereby increasing mitochondrial efficiency. To study the activity and modulation of the ATP synthase, we isolated from rodent brain submitochondrial vesicles (SMVs) containing F1FO ATPase. The SMVs retain the structural and functional integrity of the F1FO ATPase as shown in Alavian et al. Here, we describe a method that we have used successfully for the isolation of SMVs from rat brain and we delineate the patch clamp technique to analyze channel activity (ion leak conductance) of the SMVs.

F1FO ATPase Vesicle Preparation and Technique for Performing Patch Clamp Recordings of Submitochondrial Vesicle Membranes

A method to isolate submitochondrial vesicles enriched in F1FO ATP synthase complexes from rat brain is described. These vesicles allow the study of the activity of F1FO ATPase complex and its modulation using the technique of patch clamp recording.

<sub&gt; 1</sub&gt; F<sub&gt; O</sub&gt; ATPase Vesicle Préparation et Technique for the Performing Patch enregistrements de serrage des membranes des vésicules submitochondriales

Mitochondria are involved in many important cellular  functions including metabolism, survival1, development and, calcium signaling2. Two of the most ...

Extracellularly Identifying Motor Neurons for a Muscle Motor Pool in Aplysia californica

In animals with large identified neurons (e.g. mollusks), analysis of motor pools is done using intracellular techniques1,2,3,4. Recently, we developed a technique to extracellularly stimulate and record individual neurons in Aplysia californica5. We now describe a protocol for using this technique to uniquely identify and characterize motor neurons within a motor pool.
This extracellular technique has advantages. First, extracellular electrodes can stimulate and record neurons through the sheath5, so it does not need to be removed. Thus, neurons will be healthier in extracellular experiments than in intracellular ones. Second, if ganglia are rotated by appropriate pinning of the sheath, extracellular electrodes can access neurons on both sides of the ganglion, which makes it easier and more efficient to identify multiple neurons in the same preparation. Third, extracellular electrodes do not need to penetrate cells, and thus can be easily moved back and forth among neurons, causing less damage to them. This is especially useful when one tries to record multiple neurons during repeating motor patterns that may only persist for minutes. Fourth, extracellular electrodes are more flexible than intracellular ones during muscle movements. Intracellular electrodes may pull out and damage neurons during muscle contractions. In contrast, since extracellular electrodes are gently pressed onto the sheath above neurons, they usually stay above the same neuron during muscle contractions, and thus can be used in more intact preparations.
To uniquely identify motor neurons for a motor pool (in particular, the I1/I3 muscle in Aplysia) using extracellular electrodes, one can use features that do not require intracellular measurements as criteria: soma size and location, axonal projection, and muscle innervation4,6,7. For the particular motor pool used to illustrate the technique, we recorded from buccal nerves 2 and 3 to measure axonal projections, and measured the contraction forces of the I1/I3 muscle to determine the pattern of muscle innervation for the individual motor neurons.
We demonstrate the complete process of first identifying motor neurons using muscle innervation, then characterizing their timing during motor patterns, creating a simplified diagnostic method for rapid identification. The simplified and more rapid diagnostic method is superior for more intact preparations, e.g. in the suspended buccal mass preparation8 or in vivo9. This process can also be applied in other motor pools10,11,12 in Aplysia or in other animal systems2,3,13,14.

Extracellularly Identifying Motor Neurons for a Muscle Motor Pool in Aplysia californica

In animals with large identified neurons (e.g. mollusks), analysis of motor pools is done using intracellular techniques1,2,3,4. Recently, we developed a technique to extracellularly stimulate and record individual neurons in Aplysia californica5. We now describe a protocol for using this technique to uniquely identify and characterize motor neurons within a motor pool.

Identifier les motoneurones extracellulaire d&#39;un Motor Pool musculaire dans<em&gt; Aplysia californica</em

In animals with large  identified neurons (e.g. mollusks), analysis of motor pools is done using  intracellular techniques1,2,3,4. Recently,  we developed ...

Patch Clamp Recordings from Embryonic Zebrafish Mauthner Cells

Mauthner cells (M-cells) are large reticulospinal neurons located in the hindbrain of teleost fish. They are key neurons involved in a characteristic behavior known as the C-start or escape response that occurs when the organism perceives a threat. The M-cell has been extensively studied in adult goldfish where it has been shown to receive a wide range of excitatory, inhibitory and neuromodulatory signals1. We have been examining M-cell activity in embryonic zebrafish in order to study aspects of synaptic development in a vertebrate preparation. In the late 1990s Ali and colleagues developed a preparation for patch clamp recording from M-cells in zebrafish embryos, in which the CNS was largely intact2,3,4. The objective at that time was to record synaptic activity from hindbrain neurons, spinal cord neurons and trunk skeletal muscle while maintaining functional synaptic connections within an intact brain-spinal cord preparation. This preparation is still used in our laboratory today. To examine the mechanisms underlying developmental synaptic plasticity, we record excitatory (AMPA and NMDA-mediated)5,6 and inhibitory (GABA and glycine) synaptic currents from developing M-cells. Importantly, this unique preparation allows us to return to the same cell (M-cell) from preparation to preparation to carefully examine synaptic plasticity and neuro-development in an embryonic organism. The benefits provided by this preparation include 1) intact, functional synaptic connections onto the M-cell, 2) relatively inexpensive preparations, 3) a large supply of readily available embryos 4) the ability to return to the same cell type (i.e. M-cell) in every preparation, so that synaptic development at the level of an individual cell can be examined from fish to fish, and 5) imaging of whole preparations due to the transparent nature of the embryos.

We have developed an intact brain-spinal cord preparation to record and monitor electrical activity via patch clamp recording from the Mauthner neurons and other reticulospinal cells in zebrafish embryos. Thus, we are able to record excitatory and inhibitory synaptic currents, voltage-gated channel activity and action potentials from key neurons in a developing embryo.

Patch-clamp enregistrements de cellules embryonnaires de poisson zèbre Mauthner

Mauthner cells (M-cells) are large  reticulospinal neurons located in the hindbrain of teleost fish. They are key  neurons involved in a characteristic ...

Perforated Patch-clamp Recording of Mouse Olfactory Sensory Neurons in Intact Neuroepithelium: Functional Analysis of Neurons Expressing an Identified Odorant Receptor

Analyzing the physiological responses of olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) when stimulated with specific ligands is critical to understand the basis of olfactory-driven behaviors and their modulation. These coding properties depend heavily on the initial interaction between odor molecules and the olfactory receptor (OR) expressed in the OSNs. The identity, specificity and ligand spectrum of the expressed OR are critical. The probability to find the ligand of the OR expressed in an OSN chosen randomly within the epithelium is very low. To address this challenge, this protocol uses genetically tagged mice expressing the fluorescent protein GFP under the control of the promoter of defined ORs. OSNs are located in a tight and organized epithelium lining the nasal cavity, with neighboring cells influencing their maturation and function. Here we describe a method to isolate an intact olfactory epithelium and record through patch-clamp recordings the properties of OSNs expressing defined odorant receptors. The protocol allows one to characterize OSN membrane properties while keeping the influence of the neighboring tissue. Analysis of patch-clamp results yields&#160;a precise quantification of ligand/OR interactions, transduction pathways and pharmacology, OSNs&#39; coding properties and their modulation at the membrane level.&#160;

Analyzing the physiological properties of olfactory sensory neurons still faces technical limitations. Here we record them through perforated patch-clamp in an intact preparation of the olfactory epithelium in gene-targeted mice. This technique allows the characterization of membrane properties and responses to specific ligands of neurons expressing defined olfactory receptors.

Perforé patch-clamp enregistrement des souris neurones sensoriels olfactifs dans neuroépithélium Intact: Analyse fonctionnelle des neurones exprimant un récepteur odorant Identifié

Analyzing the physiological responses of olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) when stimulated with specific ligands is critical to understand the basis of ...

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings in Brain Slices

Whole-cell patch-clamp recording is an electrophysiological technique that allows the study of the&#160;electrical properties of a substantial part of the neuron. In this configuration, the micropipette is in tight contact with the cell membrane, which prevents current leakage and thereby provides more accurate ionic current measurements than the previously used intracellular sharp electrode recording method. Classically, whole-cell recording can be performed on neurons in various types of preparations, including cell culture models, dissociated neurons, neurons in brain slices, and in intact anesthetized or awake animals. In summary, this technique has immensely contributed to the understanding of passive and active biophysical properties of excitable cells. A major advantage of this technique is that it provides information on how specific manipulations (e.g., pharmacological, experimenter-induced plasticity) may alter specific neuronal functions or channels in real-time. Additionally, significant opening of the plasma membrane allows the internal pipette solution to freely diffuse into the cytoplasm, providing means for introducing drugs, e.g., agonists or antagonists of specific intracellular proteins, and manipulating these targets without altering their functions in neighboring cells. This article will focus on whole-cell recording performed on neurons in brain slices,&#160;a preparation that has the advantage of recording neurons in relatively well preserved brain circuits, i.e., in a physiologically relevant context. In particular,&#160;when combined with appropriate pharmacology, this technique is a powerful tool allowing identification of specific neuroadaptations that occurred following any type of experiences, such as learning, exposure to drugs of abuse, and stress. In summary, whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in brain slices provide means to measure in ex vivo preparation long-lasting changes in neuronal functions that have developed in intact awake animals.

This protocol describes basic procedural steps for performing whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. This technique allows the study of&#160;the electrical behavior of neurons, and when performed in brain slices, allows the assessment of various neuronal functions from neurons that are still integrated in relatively well preserved brain circuits.

Recordings cellules entières Patch-clamp en tranches cérébrales

Whole-cell patch-clamp recording is an electrophysiological technique that allows the study of the&#160;electrical properties of a substantial part of the ...

Subcellular Patch-clamp Recordings from the Somatodendritic Domain of Nigral Dopamine Neurons

Dendrites of dopaminergic neurons receive and convey synaptic input, support action potential back-propagation and neurotransmitter release. Understanding these fundamental functions will shed light on the information transfer in these neurons. Dendritic patch-clamp recordings provide the possibility to directly examine the electrical properties of dendrites and underlying voltage-gated ion channels. However, these fine structures are not easily accessible to patch pipettes because of their small diameter. This report describes a step-by-step procedure to collect stable and reliable recordings from the dendrites of dopaminergic neurons in acute slices. Electrophysiological measurements are combined with post hoc recovery of cell morphology. Successful experiments rely on improved preparation of slices, solutions and pipettes, adequate adjustment of the optics and stability of the pipette in contact with the recorded structure. Standard principles of somatic patch-clamp recording are applied to dendrites but with a gentler approach of the pipette. These versatile techniques can be implemented to address various questions concerning the excitable properties of dendrites.

Subcellular patch-clamp recordings offer the possibility to investigate the functional properties of dendrites. However these fine structures are not easily accessible due to their small diameter. The protocol described here aims to facilitate the collection of stable and reliable recordings from the dendrites of dopamine neurons in slices in vitro.

Subcellulaires Recordings Patch-clamp du Domaine somato de nigrales Dopamine Neurones

Dendrites of dopaminergic neurons receive and convey synaptic input, support action potential back-propagation and neurotransmitter release. Understanding ...