Ce travail a été soutenu par des fonds des Instituts nationaux de la santé MH097163. Certaines souches ont été fournis par la CCG, qui est financé par le Bureau NIH des programmes d&#39;infrastructure de recherche (P40-OD010440).

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Les auteurs déclarent qu&#39;ils n&#39;ont aucun intérêt financier concurrents.

Nous avons décrit un protocole qui utilise une bibliothèque d&#39;alimentation ARNdb disponible dans le commerce pour effectuer les écrans de grande envergure dans C. elegans. Nous fournissons toutes les instructions pour dupliquer la bibliothèque et de l&#39;utiliser efficacement. Nous démontrons que cette approche permet d&#39;identifier des gènes impliqués dans divers processus biologiques dans différents tissus de l&#39;animal. Alors que les phénotypes que nous décrivons ici sont facilement observ...

Historiquement, les écrans génétiques dans C. elegans ont été réalisées par le traitement des animaux avec un agent mutagène chimique tel que le méthanesulfonate d&#39;éthyle pour créer des mutations aléatoires dans l&#39;ADN. Descendance ou grandprogeny des animaux ayant subi une mutagénèse sont ensuite isolés qui présentent un phénotype anormal souhaitée. La mutation responsable de causer le phénotype est alors identifié par une procédure de cartographie de main-d&#39;œuvre ou par séquençage de tout le génome du ver mutant. Il ya de nombreux avantages à l&#39;exécution de ces écrans de mutagenèse chimique car ils créent des lésions permanentes au sein du génome du ver qui peuvent résulter dans les deux phénotypes gain de fonction et la perte de fonction, mais la procédure de cartographie est lent et coûteux. Interférence de l&#39;ARN double brin (dsRNAi) fournit un autre moyen pour identifier les gènes impliqués dans des processus biologiques importants. Dans ce procédé, l&#39;ARN double brin correspondant à la séquence codante d&#39;un gène endogène est introduite dans la vis sans fin.L&#39;ARNdb est traitée in vivo pour générer de petites (21-22 nucléotides) ARN qui servent de guides pour trouver et se lient les ARNm endogènes correspondants, en les ciblant pour la destruction 1. Cette procédure est relativement rapide, mais parce que l&#39;ARN double brin cible ARNm plutôt que l&#39;ADN, seuls phénotypes réduction de fonction sont observées en utilisant cette approche. Introduction d&#39;ARN double brin dans un animal peut être réalisée par injection directe de l&#39;ARN double brin 2, en trempant les animaux dans ARNdb 3, ou par l&#39;alimentation des animaux des bactéries qui expriment des ARN double brin 4. Chacune de ces méthodes de livraison entraîner des effets systémiques knockdown que la plupart des cellules de l&#39;animal expriment SID-1, un canal transmembranaire capable d&#39;importer des ARN double brin 5. Initialement utilisé comme une approche de génétique inverse pour knockdown de l&#39;expression des gènes individuels un à la fois, le développement de deux bibliothèques d&#39;alimentation permet maintenant écrans génétiques à grande échelle. Les bibliothèques ARNdb disponibles dans le commerce contiennent baclones cterial représentant soit 55% ou 87% de l&#39;ensemble C. elegans gènes 6, 7. Malheureusement, écrans dsRNAi d&#39;alimentation à grande échelle se traduisent souvent par l&#39;efficacité de knockdown variables 8-10. Alors que le niveau absolu de knockdown par ARNi n&#39;est pas facile à mesurer, l&#39;efficacité de knockdown réduite observée dans de grands écrans d&#39;échelle doit être causé par des ARNm spécifiques du gène résiduelles qui échappent dégradation par ARNi. Ceci, à son tour, pourrait être une conséquence directe de la perte de l&#39;ARN double brin plasmidique à partir de bactéries à des animaux nourris dans ces écrans. L&#39;appui de cette idée, les animaux nourris des mélanges de bactéries, dont seulement 50% des bactéries exprimer ARNdb contre un gène ciblé, montrent considérablement réduit (le cas échéant) des effets knockdown par rapport aux animaux témoins nourris 11. L&#39;étendue de la inactivation génique devient une préoccupation essentielle lors de l&#39;exécution écrans dsRNAi que la plupart des gènes dans C. elegans sont haplosufficient et donc l&#39;expression des gènes doivent être réduites d&#39;au moins 50% to causer la perte de fonction de 12 phénotypes. Nous avons utilisé les protocoles d&#39;alimentation précédemment publiées pour effectuer grands écrans et trouvé les mêmes effets knockdown variables signalées par d&#39;autres 8-10. Dans une recherche des causes possibles, nous avons constaté que près de 60% des bactéries alimentation des animaux dans l&#39;écran avait perdu le plasmide ARN double brin. Nous avons développé une duplication et le dépistage protocole bibliothèque qui réduit considérablement ou élimine la perte de plasmide et améliore grandement l&#39;efficacité knockdown. Ce protocole est apte à effectuer de grands écrans d&#39;échelle dans C. elegans et peut être utilisé pour cribler une ou l&#39;autre des bibliothèques d&#39;ARNdb disponibles dans le commerce. En utilisant ce protocole, nous constatons que pratiquement 100% des bactéries alimentation des animaux pendant l&#39;écran de conserver le plasmide codant l&#39;ARN double brin et causer la perte robuste et très pénétrant de phénotypes de fonction dans tous les tissus examinés.

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Reagent/Material</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>96-well Falcon flat bottom plate </td>
 <td>Fisher Scientific</td>
 <td>353072</td>
 <td>sterile</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>adhesive foil</td>
 <td>USA Scientific</td>
 <td>2923-0100</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Nunc omniplate</td>
 <td>Fisher Scientific</td>
 <td>267060</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>2.0 ml deep 96-well polypropylene Masterblock</td>
 <td>USA Scientific</td>
 <td>5678-0285</td>
 <td>autoclavable</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Lids for deep well plates</td>
 <td>USA Scientific</td>
 <td>5665-6101</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>50 ml combitips</td>
 <td>USA Scientific</td>
 <td>4796-5000</td>
 <td>individually wrapped</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Reservoir</td>
 <td>USA Scientific</td>
 <td>2977-8500</td>
 <td>autoclavable</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>12-well plates</td>
 <td>USA Scientific</td>
 <td>CC7682-7512</td>
 <td>individually wrapped</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>dsRNA feeding library</td>
 <td>OpenBiosystems</td>
 <td>RCE1181</td>
 <td>store -80 &deg;C</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Ampicillin</td>
 <td>Fisher Scientific</td>
 <td>BP1760-5</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Tetracycline</td>
 <td>Fisher Scientific</td>
 <td>BP912-100</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Carbenicillin</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>allow 2-4 weeks for delivery <a href="http://www.biochemicaldirect.com" target="_blank">www.biochemicaldirect.com</a></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Bacteriolgical Agar Ultrapure grade A </td>
 <td>Affymetrix</td>
 <td>10906</td>
 <td>for worm plates</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Equipment</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Brayer roller</td>
 <td>USA Scientific</td>
 <td>9127-2940</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Boekel 96-pin replicator</td>
 <td>Fisher Scientific</td>
 <td>05-450-9</td>
 <td>autoclavable</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>microshaker</td>
 <td>Thomas Scientific</td>
 <td>1231A93</td>
 <td>3 mm orbit</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>12 channel multichannel pipet (0.5-10 &mu;l)</td>
 <td>USA Scientific</td>
 <td>7112-0510</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>12 channel multichannel pipet (30-300 &mu;l)</td>
 <td>USA Scientific</td>
 <td>7112-3300</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Repeater Plus manual pipettor</td>
 <td>USA Scientific</td>
 <td>4026-0201</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

large-scale gene knockdown in c. elegans using dsrna feeding libraries to generate robust loss-of-function phenotypes

L&#39;interférence ARN en se nourrissant de vers bactéries exprimant des ARN double brin a été un outil utile pour évaluer la fonction des gènes dans C. elegans. Bien que cette stratégie fonctionne bien quand un petit nombre de gènes sont ciblés pour effet de choc, écrans d&#39;alimentation à grande échelle montrent l&#39;efficacité de knockdown variables, ce qui limite leur utilité. Nous avons déconstruit protocoles de knockdown ARNi déjà publiées et a constaté que la principale source de l&#39;effet de choc réduite peut être attribuée à la perte de plasmides ARNdb codant des bactéries nourris aux animaux. Sur la base de ces observations, nous avons développé un protocole d&#39;alimentation ARN double brin qui réduit ou élimine la perte de plasmide de réaliser avec efficacité, effet de choc à haut débit grandement. Nous démontrons que ce protocole va produire robuste, reproductible coup bas de C. elegans gènes dans différents types de tissus multiples, y compris les neurones, et permettront knockdown efficace dans les grands écrans de grande envergure. Ce protocole utilise un ARN double brin alimentation disponible dans le commercebibliothèque et décrit toutes les étapes nécessaires pour reproduire la bibliothèque et effectuer écrans ARN double brin. Le protocole ne requiert pas l&#39;utilisation de tout équipement sophistiqué, et peut donc être réalisée par toute C. elegans laboratoire.

P0 phénotypes knockdown vont commencer à apparaître après 2-3 jours de l&#39;alimentation des animaux ARNdb exprimer bactéries. Certains des premiers phénotypes comprennent arrestation et la létalité des larves et doivent être respectées dans 2-3% de tous les puits d&#39;alimentation. Ces mêmes phénotypes seront également observées chez les animaux de la génération F1. La présence d&#39;œufs de F1 qui n&#39;ont pas éclos est un autre phénotype de F1 commun, et ensemble, ces trois phénotypes sera obs...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Large-scale Gene Knockdown in C. elegans Using dsRNA Feeding Libraries to Generate Robust Loss-of-function Phenotypes at JoVE.com

Large-scale Gene Knockdown in C. elegans Using dsRNA Feeding Libraries to Generate Robust Loss-of-function Phenotypes

Bien que l&#39;ARN double brin d&#39;alimentation en C. elegans est un outil puissant pour évaluer la fonction des gènes, les protocoles actuels pour les écrans d&#39;alimentation à grande échelle entraînent des économies de knockdown variables. Nous décrivons un protocole amélioré pour réaliser des écrans d&#39;alimentation d&#39;ARNi à grande échelle qui se traduit par effet de choc très efficace et reproductible de l&#39;expression génique.

À grande échelle Gene Knockdown dans<em&gt; C. elegans</em&gt; Utilisation ARNdb alimentation bibliothèques pour générer des phénotypes robustes perte de fonction

RNA interference by feeding worms bacteria expressing dsRNAs has been a useful tool to assess gene function in C. elegans. While this strategy works well ...

large-scale-gene-knockdown-c-elegans-using-dsrna-feeding-libraries-to

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Large-scale Gene Knockdown in C. elegans Using dsRNA Feeding Libraries to Generate Robust Loss-of-function Phenotypes

11.9K vues.  University of Massachusetts, Amherst.  Bien que l'ARN double brin d'alimentation en C. elegans est un outil puissant pour évaluer la fonction des gènes, les protocoles actuels pour les écrans d'alimentation à grande échelle entraînent des économies de knockdown variables. Nous décrivons un protocole amélioré pour réaliser des écrans d'alimentation d'ARNi à grande échelle qui se traduit par effet de choc très efficace et reproductible de l'expression génique. 

Vidéo: Large-scale Gene Knockdown in C. elegans Using dsRNA Feeding Libraries to Generate Robust Loss-of-function Phenotypes

Large-Scale Screens of Metagenomic Libraries

Metagenomic libraries archive large fragments of contiguous genomic sequences from microorganisms without requiring prior cultivation. Generating a streamlined procedure for creating and screening metagenomic libraries is therefore useful for efficient high-throughput investigations into the genetic and metabolic properties of uncultured microbial assemblages. Here, key protocols are presented on video, which we propose is the most useful format for accurately describing a long process that alternately depends on robotic instrumentation and (human) manual interventions. First, we employed robotics to spot library clones onto high-density macroarray membranes, each of which can contain duplicate colonies from twenty-four 384-well library plates. Automation is essential for this procedure not only for accuracy and speed, but also due to the miniaturization of scale required to fit the large number of library clones into highly dense spatial arrangements. Once generated, we next demonstrated how the macroarray membranes can be screened for genes of interest using modified versions of standard protocols for probe labeling, membrane hybridization, and signal detection. We complemented the visual demonstration of these procedures with detailed written descriptions of the steps involved and the materials required, all of which are available online alongside the video.

Grands écrans des banques métagénomiques

Metagenomic libraries archive large fragments of contiguous genomic sequences from microorganisms without requiring prior cultivation.  Generating a ...

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Biologie

Generation of Stable Transgenic C. elegans Using Microinjection

Transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans can be readily created via microinjection of a DNA plasmid solution into the gonad 1. The plasmid DNA rearranges to form extrachromosomal concatamers that are stably inherited, though not with the same efficiency as actual chromosomes 2. A gene of interest is co-injected with an obvious phenotypic marker, such as rol-6 or GFP, to allow selection of transgenic animals under a dissecting microscope. The exogenous gene may be expressed from its native promoter for cellular localization studies. Alternatively, the transgene can be driven by a different tissue-specific promoter to assess the role of the gene product in that particular cell or tissue. This technique efficiently drives gene expression in all tissues of C. elegans except for the germline or early embryo 3. Creation of transgenic animals is widely utilized for a range of experimental paradigms. This video demonstrates the microinjection procedure to generate transgenic worms. Furthermore, selection and maintenance of stable transgenic C. elegans lines is described.

This video demonstrates the technique of microinjection into the gonad of C. elegans to create transgenic animals.

Génération de Stable elegans transgéniques C. Utilisation de microinjection

Transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans can be readily created via microinjection of a DNA plasmid solution into the gonad 1.  The plasmid DNA rearranges to ...

Using an Automated Cell Counter to Simplify Gene Expression Studies: siRNA Knockdown of IL-4 Dependent Gene Expression in Namalwa Cells

The use of siRNA mediated gene knockdown is continuing to be an important tool in studies of gene expression.  siRNA studies are being conducted not only to study the effects of downregulating single genes, but also to interrogate signaling pathways and other complex interaction networks.  These pathway analyses require both the use of relevant cellular models and methods that cause less perturbation to the cellular physiology.  Electroporation is increasingly being used as an effective way to introduce siRNA and other nucleic acids into difficult to transfect cell lines and primary cells without altering the signaling pathway under investigation. There are multiple critical steps to a successful siRNA experiment, and there are ways to simplify the work while improving the data quality at several experimental stages.  To help you get started with your siRNA mediated gene knockdown project, we will demonstrate how to perform a pathway study complete from collecting and counting the cells prior to electroporation through post transfection real-time PCR gene expression analysis.  The following study investigates the role of the transcriptional activator STAT6 in IL-4 dependent gene expression of CCL17 in a Burkitt lymphoma cell line (Namalwa).  The techniques demonstrated are useful for a wide range of siRNA-based experiments on both adherent and suspension cells.  We will also show how to streamline cell counting with the TC10 automated cell counter, how to electroporate multiple samples simultaneously using the MXcell electroporation system, and how to simultaneously assess RNA quality and quantity with the Experion automated electrophoresis system.

This procedure describes a quick and easy workflow to introduce siRNA into difficult to transfect cell lines and follow gene expression by real-time PCR. Use of an automated cell counter, multi-well electroporation plate, and automated electrophoresis station provide quick and reliable results without the need for expensive robotic handling.

Aide d&#39;un compteur de cellules automatisé pour simplifier les études d&#39;expression génique: Knockdown siRNA de l&#39;IL-4 dans l&#39;expression des gènes dépendant cellules Namalwa

The use of siRNA mediated gene knockdown is continuing to be an important tool in studies of gene expression.  siRNA studies are being conducted not only ...

Large Scale Zebrafish-Based In vivo Small Molecule Screen

Given their small embryo size, rapid development, transparency, fecundity, and numerous molecular, morphological and physiological similarities to mammals, zebrafish has emerged as a powerful in vivo platform for phenotype-based drug screens and chemical genetic analysis. Here, we demonstrate a simple, practical method for large-scale screening of small molecules using zebrafish embryos.

Large Scale Zebrafish-Based In vivo Small Molecule Screen

Zebrafish has emerged as a powerful in vivo platform for phenotype-based drug screens and chemical genetic analysis. Here, we demonstrate a simple, practical method for large-scale screening of small molecules using zebrafish embryos.

Large Scale Zebrafish-Based In vivo Écran petites molécules

Given their small embryo size, rapid development, transparency, fecundity, and numerous molecular, morphological and physiological similarities to ...

RNAi Screening to Identify Postembryonic Phenotypes in C. elegans

C. elegans has proven to be a valuable model system for the discovery and functional characterization of many genes and gene pathways1. More sophisticated tools and resources for studies in this system are facilitating continued discovery of genes with more subtle phenotypes or roles. 
Here we present a generalized protocol we adapted for identifying C. elegans genes with postembryonic phenotypes of interest using RNAi2. This procedure is easily modified to assay the phenotype of choice, whether by light or fluorescence optics on a dissecting or compound microscope. This screening protocol capitalizes on the physical assets of the organism and molecular tools the C. elegans research community has produced. As an example, we demonstrate the use of an integrated transgene that expresses a fluorescent product in an RNAi screen to identify genes required for the normal localization of this product in late stage larvae and adults. First, we used a commercially available genomic RNAi library with full-length cDNA inserts. This library facilitates the rapid identification of multiple candidates by RNAi reduction of the candidate gene product. Second, we generated an integrated transgene that expresses our fluorecently tagged protein of interest in an RNAi-sensitive background. Third, by exposing hatched animals to RNAi, this screen permits identification of gene products that have a vital embryonic role that would otherwise mask a post-embryonic role in regulating the protein of interest. Lastly, this screen uses a compound microscope equipped for single cell resolution.

RNAi Screening to Identify Postembryonic Phenotypes in C. elegans

We describe a sensitized method to identify postembryonic regulators of protein expression and localization in C. elegans using an RNAi-based genomic screen and an integrated transgene that expresses a functional, fluorescently tagged protein.

Dépistage ARNi pour identifier les phénotypes postembryonnaires dans C. elegans</em

C. elegans has proven to be a valuable model system for the discovery and functional characterization of many genes and gene pathways1. More sophisticated ...

Using SecM Arrest Sequence as a Tool to Isolate Ribosome Bound Polypeptides

Extensive research has provided ample evidences suggesting that protein folding in the cell is a co-translational process1-5. However, the exact pathway that polypeptide chain follows during co-translational folding to achieve its functional form is still an enigma. In order to understand this process and to determine the exact conformation of the co-translational folding intermediates, it is essential to develop techniques that allow the isolation of RNCs carrying nascent chains of predetermined sizes to allow their further structural analysis.
SecM (secretion monitor) is a 170 amino acid E. coli protein that regulates expression of the downstream SecA (secretion driving) ATPase in the secM-secA operon6. Nakatogawa and Ito originally found that a 17 amino acid long sequence (150-FSTPVWISQAQGIRAGP-166) in the C-terminal region of the SecM protein is sufficient and necessary to cause stalling of SecM elongation at Gly165, thereby producing peptidyl-glycyl-tRNA stably bound to the ribosomal P-site7-9. More importantly, it was found that this 17 amino acid long sequence can be fused to the C-terminus of virtually any full-length and/or truncated protein thus allowing the production of RNCs carrying nascent chains of predetermined sizes7. Thus, when fused or inserted into the target protein, SecM stalling sequence produces arrest of the polypeptide chain elongation and generates stable RNCs both in vivo in E. coli cells and in vitro in a cell-free system. Sucrose gradient centrifugation is further utilized to isolate RNCs.
The isolated RNCs can be used to analyze structural and functional features of the co-translational folding intermediates. Recently, this technique has been successfully used to gain insights into the structure of several ribosome bound nascent chains10,11. Here we describe the isolation of bovine Gamma-B Crystallin RNCs fused to SecM and generated in an in vitro translation system.

We describe here a technique that is now routinely used to isolate stably bound ribosome nascent chain complexes (RNCs). This technique takes advantage of the discovery that a 17 amino acid long SecM "arrest sequence" can halt translation elongation in a prokaryotic (E. coli) system, when inserted into (or fused to the C-terminus) of virtually any protein.

Utilisation de la séquence d&#39;arrêt SecM comme un outil pour isoler les polypeptides Ribosome Bound

Extensive research has provided ample evidences suggesting that protein folding in the cell is a co-translational process1-5. However, the exact pathway ...

Using RNA-mediated Interference Feeding Strategy to Screen for Genes Involved in Body Size Regulation in the Nematode C. elegans

Double-strand RNA-mediated interference (RNAi) is an effective strategy to knock down target gene expression1-3. It has been applied to many model systems including plants, invertebrates and vertebrates. There are various methods to achieve RNAi in vivo4,5. For example, the target gene may be transformed into an RNAi vector, and then either permanently or transiently transformed into cell lines or primary cells to achieve gene knockdown effects; alternatively synthesized double-strand oligonucleotides from specific target genes (RNAi oligos) may be transiently transformed into cell lines or primary cells to silence target genes; or synthesized double-strand RNA molecules may be microinjected into an organism. Since the nematode C. elegans uses bacteria as a food source, feeding the animals with bacteria expressing double-strand RNA against target genes provides a viable strategy6. Here we present an RNAi feeding method to score body size phenotype. Body size in C. elegans is regulated primarily by the TGF- &beta; - like ligand DBL-1, so this assay is appropriate for identification of TGF-&beta; signaling components7. We used different strains including two RNAi hypersensitive strains to repeat the RNAi feeding experiments. Our results showed that rrf-3 strain gave us the best expected RNAi phenotype. The method is easy to perform, reproducible, and easily quantified. Furthermore, our protocol minimizes the use of specialized equipment, so it is suitable for smaller laboratories or those at predominantly undergraduate institutions.

Using RNA-mediated Interference Feeding Strategy to Screen for Genes Involved in Body Size Regulation in the Nematode C. elegans

We demonstrate how to use the RNAi feeding technique to knock down target genes and score body size phenotype in C. elegans. This method could be used for a large scale screen to identify potential genetic components of interest, such as those involved in body size regulation by DBL-1/TGF-&beta; signaling.

En utilisant l&#39;ARN médiée par la stratégie d&#39;alimentation interférences à l&#39;écran pour des gènes impliqués dans le règlement de la taille du corps du nématode<em&gt; C. elegans</em

Double-strand RNA-mediated interference (RNAi) is an effective strategy to knock down target gene expression1-3. It has been applied to many model systems ...

Antibody Staining in C. Elegans Using &quot;Freeze-Cracking&quot;

To stain C. elegans with antibodies, the relatively impermeable cuticle must be bypassed by chemical or mechanical methods. "Freeze-cracking" is one method used to physically pull the cuticle from nematodes by compressing nematodes between two adherent slides, freezing them, and pulling the slides apart. Freeze-cracking provides a simple and rapid way to gain access to the tissues without chemical treatment and can be used with a variety of fixatives. However, it leads to the loss of many of the specimens and the required compression mechanically distorts the sample. Practice is required to maximize recovery of samples with good morphology. Freeze-cracking can be optimized for specific fixation conditions, recovery of samples, or low non-specific staining, but not for all parameters at once. For antibodies that require very hard fixation conditions and tolerate the chemical treatments needed to chemically permeabilize the cuticle, treatment of intact nematodes in solution may be preferred. If the antibody requires a lighter fix or if the optimum fixation conditions are unknown, freeze-cracking provides a very useful way to rapidly assay the antibody and can yield specific subcellular and cellular localization information for the antigen of interest.

Antibody Staining in C. Elegans Using &quot;Freeze-Cracking&quot;

"Freeze-cracking," a method for exposing the inner tissues of the nematode C. elegans to antibodies for protein localization, is demonstrated.

Anticorps coloration dans<em&gt; C. Elegans</em&gt; Utilisation de «gel-Cracking&quot;

To stain C.  elegans with antibodies, the relatively impermeable cuticle must be  bypassed by chemical or mechanical methods.  "Freeze-cracking" is one ...

Methods to Assess Subcellular Compartments of Muscle in C. elegans

Muscle is a dynamic tissue that responds to changes in nutrition, exercise, and disease state. The loss of muscle mass and function with disease and age are significant public health burdens. We currently understand little about the genetic regulation of muscle health with disease or age. The nematode C. elegans is an established model for understanding the genomic regulation of biological processes of interest. This worm&#8217;s body wall muscles display a large degree of homology with the muscles of higher metazoan species. Since C. elegans is a transparent organism, the localization of GFP to mitochondria and sarcomeres allows visualization of these structures in vivo. Similarly, feeding animals cationic dyes, which accumulate based on the existence of a mitochondrial membrane potential, allows the assessment of mitochondrial function in vivo. These methods, as well as assessment of muscle protein homeostasis, are combined with assessment of whole animal muscle function, in the form of movement assays, to allow correlation of sub-cellular defects with functional measures of muscle performance. Thus, C. elegans provides a powerful platform with which to assess the impact of mutations, gene knockdown, and/or chemical compounds upon muscle structure and function. Lastly, as GFP, cationic dyes, and movement assays are assessed non-invasively, prospective studies of muscle structure and function can be conducted across the whole life course and this at present cannot be easily investigated in vivo in any other organism.

Methods to Assess Subcellular Compartments of Muscle in C. elegans

Skeletal muscle is essential for locomotion and is the bodies&#8217; main protein store. Muscle health measurements within C. elegans are described. Prospective changes to muscle structure and function are assessed using localized GFP and cationic dyes.

Méthodes d&#39;évaluation de Subcellular compartiments de muscle en<em&gt; C. elegans</em

Muscle is a dynamic tissue that responds to changes in nutrition, exercise, and disease state. The loss of muscle mass and function with disease and age ...

Measuring RAN Peptide Toxicity in C. elegans

C. elegans is commonly used to model age-related neurodegenerative diseases caused by repeat expansion mutations, such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Huntington&#8217;s disease. Recently, repeat expansion-containing RNA was shown to be the substrate for a novel type of protein translation called repeat-associated non-AUG-dependent (RAN) translation. Unlike canonical translation, RAN translation does not require a start codon and only occurs when repeats exceed a threshold length. Because there is no start codon to determine the reading frame, RAN translation occurs in all reading frames from both sense and antisense RNA templates that contain a repeat expansion sequence. Therefore, RAN translation expands the number of possible disease-associated toxic peptides from one to six. Thus far, RAN translation has been documented in eight different repeat expansion-based neurodegenerative and neuromuscular diseases. In each case, deciphering which RAN products are toxic, as well as their mechanisms of toxicity, is a critical step towards understanding how these peptides contribute to disease pathophysiology. In this paper, we present strategies to measure the toxicity of RAN peptides in the model system C. elegans. First, we describe procedures for measuring RAN peptide toxicity on the growth and motility of developing C. elegans. Second, we detail an assay for measuring postdevelopmental, age-dependent effects of RAN peptides on motility. Finally, we describe a neurotoxicity assay for evaluating the effects of RAN peptides on neuron morphology. These assays provide a broad assessment of RAN peptide toxicity and may be useful for performing large-scale genetic or small molecule screens to identify disease mechanisms or therapies.

Measuring RAN Peptide Toxicity in C. elegans

Repeat-associated non-ATG-dependent translational products are emerging pathogenic features of several repeat expansion-based diseases. The goal of the protocol described is to evaluate toxicity caused by these peptides using behavioral and cellular assays in the model system C. elegans.

Mesurer RAN Peptide Toxicity à C. elegans

C. elegans is commonly used to model age-related neurodegenerative diseases caused by repeat expansion mutations, such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ...