Le soutien financier de l&#39;Institut Motor Neuron Disease Research de l&#39;Australie (MNDRIA), Sylvia et Charles Viertel Charitable Foundation clinique subvention de chercheur, Fondation Ramaciotti et Santé nationale et du Conseil de recherches médicales de l&#39;Australie (numéro de subvention de projet APP1024915) est appréciée.

Une. Préparation du patient <ol><li> Recruter des patients de manière prospective et consécutive. Remarque: Le protocole suivant est approuvé par les services de santé humaines Les comités d&#39;éthique de la Région Ouest de Sydney. Le consentement éclairé a été fourni par tous les patients. Les patients ont été recrutés de façon prospective et consécutivement de la clinique de la SLA / neuromusculaire à l&#39;hôpital Westmead. </li><li> Déterminer la pertinence de patients atteints de SLA pour les tests. Exclure les patients qui ne sont pas diagnostiqués de la SLA ou d&#39;une maladie neuromusculaire. </li><li> Exclure les patients avec une neuropathie focale coexistent, neuropathie médian au niveau du poignet ou neuropathie ulnaire au coude. </li><li> Exclure les patients avec une neuropathie généralisée, telle que la polyneuropathie diabétique. </li><li> Largement enquêter et cliniquement les patients de suivi pour confirmer le diagnostic de la SLA imiter ou de troubles neuromusculaires. </li><li> Assurez-vous que le consentement éclairé est fourni par tous les patients, y compris la SLA et les patients atteints de troubles neuromusculaires imiter, pour all les procédures neurophysiologiques. </li></ol> 2. Évaluation clinique <ol><li> Déterminer le stade clinique de tous les patients atteints de SLA à l&#39;aide de la sclérose latérale amyotrophique Note échelle fonctionnelle révisée (ALSFRS-R) Note 18. </li><li> Déterminer le taux de progression de la maladie dans tous les patients atteints de SLA, selon la formule précédemment rapporté; (48-ALSFRS-R) / durée des symptômes) 19. </li><li> Déterminer la force musculaire chez tous les patients à l&#39;aide du Conseil de recherches médicales (CRM) l&#39;échelle d&#39;évaluation de 20. Développer un score total MRC comprenant membre supérieur (d&#39;abduction d&#39;épaule; la flexion du coude; extension du coude; poignet flexion dorsale; doigt enlèvement, l&#39;abduction du pouce, le score total de 60) et du membre inférieur (flexion de la hanche; extension de genou, la cheville en flexion dorsale score total de 30) groupes musculaires . Le score total de la MRC devrait être 90 si la force musculaire est normale. </li><li> Déterminer l&#39;emplacement de début de la maladie, définie comme bulbaire ou d&#39;un membre, dans tous les SLApatients. </li></ol> 3. Évaluation neurophysiologique <ol><li> Entreprendre des études de conduction de nerf de moteur sur le nerfs médian et cubital avec un potentiel d&#39;action musculaire composé (CMAP) réponses enregistrées à partir du court abducteur du pouce (APB), premier interosseux dorsal (IDE) et ravisseur chiffres Minimi (SMA) des muscles. </li><li> Préparer les sites de stimulation au niveau du poignet, par nettoyage de la surface de la peau avec un gel abrasif pour réduire la résistance de la peau, suivie de l&#39;application d&#39;un tampon imbibé d&#39;alcool. Réglez le courant de stimulation à 20% au-dessus de l&#39;intensité nécessaire pour produire une réponse CMAP maximale (courant supramaximal). </li><li> Assurez-vous que le site de stimulation choisi présente le seuil le plus bas pour la stimulation de telle sorte que le volume de conduction est évitée. </li><li> Préparation de l&#39;emplacement d&#39;enregistrement sur chaque muscle par le nettoyage de la surface de la peau avec un gel abrasif pour réduire la résistance de la peau, suivie de l&#39;application d&#39;un tampon imbibé d&#39;alcool. </li><li> Notez la taille du moteur composé actisur le potentiel (CMAP) de l&#39;APB, ADM, et l&#39;IDE muscles. Les réponses à enregistrer de 10 mm électrodes de disques d&#39;or placés dans un arrangement ventre de tendon sur chaque muscle. Plus précisément, la position de l&#39;électrode active sur le milieu du muscle respectif assurer un décollage négatif de la réponse CMAP, tandis que l&#39;électrode de référence à positionner sur la base du pouce (APB et enregistrements IDE CMAP) et la base du chiffre 5 (ADM enregistrements CMAP). </li><li> Réglez la distance entre la cathode et l&#39;électrode active stimulant pour APB et ADM composé action motrice réponses potentielles à 5 cm et la distance à l&#39;IDE à 8 cm. </li><li> Positionner la plaque neutre électro de terre sur la face dorsale de la main, entre la stimulation et G1 électrode, avec gel conducteur pour réduire artefact. Avant l&#39;application de la terre du neutre préparer le site par le nettoyage de la surface de la peau avec un gel abrasif pour réduire la résistance de la peau, suivie de l&#39;application d&#39;un tampon imbibé d&#39;alcool. </li><li>S&#39;assurer que les paramètres de filtrage sont entre 3 Hz (filtre basse fréquence) et 10 kHz (filtre à haute fréquence). </li><li> Faire en sorte que la vitesse de balayage est réglée à 20 ms, ou de 2 ms / division. </li><li> Assurez-vous que la sensibilité des réponses de l&#39;enregistrement CMAP est fixé à 5 mV. </li><li> Surveillance de la température au niveau du site de stimulation pendant toute l&#39;étude et veiller à ce que la température de la branche est maintenue à 32 ° C. </li></ol> 4. Analyse et interprétation <ol><li> Mesure de référence à crête amplitudes CMAP (mV) sur les muscles APB, IDE et ADM chez des patients atteints de SLA et les contrôles des maladies neuromusculaires imiter. </li><li> Calculer l&#39;indice fendus à la main (figure 1) en multipliant l&#39;amplitude CMAP enregistrée sur les muscles APB et l&#39;IDE, et en divisant ce produit par l&#39;amplitude CMAP enregistrée sur le muscle de SMA, comme suit: SI = APB CMAP * IDE CMAP _________________________ &amp; #160; ADM CMAP </li><li> Déterminer l&#39;utilité diagnostique de l&#39;indice de la main scission en comparant les valeurs SI entre patients atteints de SLA et troubles pathologiques imiter contrôles neuromusculaires selon les normes de présentation de l&#39;exactitude du diagnostic (STARD) des critères. </li><li> Déterminer les valeurs de coupure de diagnostic optimales pour l&#39;indice fendus à la main en utilisant le receiver operating characteristic (ROC) courbes. Dériver la courbe ROC en traçant la sensibilité (axe des y) et de 1-une spécificité (axe x) pour les valeurs SI dérivées de la SLA et patients souffrant de troubles neuromusculaires. </li></ol>

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Les auteurs n&#39;ont rien à révéler.

La présente étude rend compte de l&#39;utilitaire de diagnostic de l&#39;indice fendus à la main dans la SLA, un biomarqueur pour le diagnostic neurophysiologique roman. Le SI distingue de façon fiable la SLA de troubles neuromusculaires, avec une valeur de coupure de diagnostic optimal de 5,2. La réduction de l&#39;IS était plus important dans les membres d&#39;apparition patients atteints de SLA. Surtout, une proportion importante des patients atteints de SLA qui ont été classés dans la catégorie de diagnost...

La main scission, se réfère à une atrophie préférentiel du groupe complexe talon de muscles intrinsèques de la main [court abducteur du pouce (APB) et le premier interosseux dorsal (IDE)], avec conservation relative des muscles hypothénar, et est une caractéristique clinique spécifique et précoce des amyotrophique sclérose latérale (SLA) 1-4. La constatation que le signe fendus à la main est spécifique pour la SLA, suggère un rôle potentiel pour le signe fendus à la main comme un biomarqueur pour le diagnostic de la SLA 3. Quantification du signe fendus à la main, à travers le développement d&#39;un nouveau biomarqueur neurophysiologique, peut favoriser l&#39;aide au diagnostic de la SLA. Plus précisément, l&#39;indice fendus à la main (SI), qui quantifie le phénomène fendus à la main, est obtenue en multipliant le composé potentiel d&#39;action musculaire (CMAP) amplitude enregistrée sur les muscles complexes thénar (APB et IDE), et en divisant ce produit par l&#39;amplitude CMAP enregistré sur la hypmuscles othenar (à savoir le minimi digiti ravisseur, ADM) 5. Le diagnostic de la SLA repose en grande partie sur des critères basés sur le plan clinique englobant une combinaison de neurone moteur supérieur et inférieur signe 6. Ces critères, cependant, ont été considérés comme particulièrement insensible à établir un diagnostic de l&#39;ALS dans les premiers stades de l&#39;7-10 de processus de la maladie. Une modification récente des critères de diagnostic ont été développés 11, et bien que ces critères semblent augmenter la sensibilité diagnostique 12-16, l&#39;augmentation de sensibilité semble limitée à bulbaire d&#39;apparition de 15 patients atteints de SLA. En l&#39;absence d&#39;un test pathognomonique, le diagnostic de la SLA peut être retardé de manière significative 8. En fin de compte, l&#39;institution de traitements neuroprotecteurs et le recrutement dans les essais cliniques pourrait être retardé, peut-être au-delà de la période de fenêtre thérapeutique critique 9, 17. En conséquence, l&#39;utilitaire de diagnostic de l&#39;IS a été étudiée de manière prospective chez les patients SLA sporadique.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:125px;"></td>
			<td style="width:120px;"></td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:203px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Abrasive gel (Nu Prep)</td>
			<td>Weaver and Company</td>
			<td>N-TA\/P\H-3 ENG</td>
			<td>Skin preperation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"></td>
			<td colspan="2">(www.doweaver.com)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Alcohol wipe</td>
			<td>Triad Disposables</td>
			<td>103101</td>
			<td>Skin preperation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"></td>
			<td colspan="2">(www.triad-group.net)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Recording gel (Ten20 Conductive gel)</td>
			<td>Weaver and Company</td>
			<td>N-TA\/P\H-3 ENG</td>
			<td>Recording motor responses</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"></td>
			<td colspan="2">(www.doweaver.com)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis rating scale-revised questionnaire</td>
			<td>Publication&#160;</td>
			<td>Experimental builder</td>
			<td>Stage disease</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"></td>
			<td colspan="2">(see Methods and References)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Medical Research Council muscle strength scale</td>
			<td>Medical Research Council-UK</td>
			<td>Experimental builder</td>
			<td>Stage disease</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"></td>
			<td colspan="2">(see Methods and References)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td colspan="2" height="20" style="height:20px;">Table of equipment used</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Name of the equipment used</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Nerve conduction machine (Synergy/Nicolet EDX)</td>
			<td>CareFusion (www.carefusion.com/medical-products/neurology)</td>
			<td>SA110106M</td>
			<td>To measure split hand index</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Synergy software</td>
			<td>CareFusion</td>
			<td>765654679</td>
			<td>To measure split hand index</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"></td>
			<td colspan="3">(www.carefusion.com/medical-products/neurology)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Tem millimeter gold cup disc electrodes</td>
			<td>Grass Technologies</td>
			<td>F-E5GH-60</td>
			<td>To record motor responses</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"></td>
			<td colspan="2">(www.grasstechnologies.com)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Neural earth plate</td>
			<td>Westmead Hospital</td>
			<td>Experimental builder</td>
			<td>To record limb temperature</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Thermometer</td>
			<td>Westmead Hospital</td>
			<td>Experimental builder</td>
			<td>To record limb temperature</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

utility of dissociated intrinsic hand muscle atrophy in the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Le phénomène fendus à la main se réfère à une atrophie prédominante de thénariens muscles et est un signe précoce et spécifique de la sclérose latérale amyotrophique (SLA). Un indice roman aiguille de rattrapante (SI) a été développé pour quantifier le phénomène fendus à la main, et son utilitaire de diagnostic a été évaluée chez les patients SLA. L&#39;indice fendus à la main a été obtenu en divisant le produit du potentiel d&#39;action musculaire composé (CMAP) amplitude enregistrée sur le court abducteur du pouce et le premier interosseux dorsaux par l&#39;amplitude CMAP enregistrée sur le ravisseur digiti muscle minimi. Afin d&#39;évaluer l&#39;utilité diagnostique de l&#39;indice fendus à la main, patients atteints de SLA ont été prospectivement évalués et leurs résultats ont été comparés à des patients des troubles neuromusculaires. L&#39;index de la main scission a été significativement réduite dans la SLA, par rapport aux patients atteints de troubles neuromusculaires (P &lt;0,0001). Membre d&#39;apparition patients atteints de SLA ont montré la plus grande réduction de l&#39;indice fendus à la main, et une valeur5,2 ou moins fiable différenciées ALS d&#39;autres maladies neuromusculaires. Par conséquent, l&#39;indice fendus à la main semble être un biomarqueur pour le diagnostic de la SLA, peut-être faciliter un diagnostic plus précoce.

Le phénotype clinique Au total, 44 patients atteints de SLA ont été étudiés, dont 76% (N = 33) ont été classés comme certaine ou probable et 24% (N = 11) comme la SLA possibles selon les critères Awaji 11. Le diagnostic de la SLA a été confirmée dans la cohorte «possible» après de longues investigations et le suivi clinique pour 3 ans et 53% sont morts au cours de cette période. Maladie bulbaire apparition était évident dans 41%, tandis que le membre appar...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Utility of Dissociated Intrinsic Hand Muscle Atrophy in the Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis at JoVE.com

Utility of Dissociated Intrinsic Hand Muscle Atrophy in the Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

L&#39;atrophie des muscles dissocié intrinsèques de la main, appelée main séparée, apparaît comme une caractéristique spécifique de la sclérose latérale amyotrophique (SLA). Par conséquent, un nouveau test de diagnostic neurologique, appelée l&#39;indice fendus à la main, a été développé pour quantifier le phénomène clinique de la main scission, qui distingue la SLA de troubles imiter.

Utilitaire de dissocié intrinsèque main atrophie musculaire dans le diagnostic de la sclérose latérale amyotrophique

The split hand phenomenon refers to predominant wasting of thenar muscles and is an early and specific feature of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). A ...

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31.2K vues.  Westmead Hospital.  L'atrophie des muscles dissocié intrinsèques de la main, appelée main séparée, apparaît comme une caractéristique spécifique de la sclérose latérale amyotrophique (SLA). Par conséquent, un nouveau test de diagnostic neurologique, appelée l'indice fendus à la main, a été développé pour quantifier le phénomène clinique de la main scission, qui distingue la SLA de troubles imiter. 

Vidéo: Utility of Dissociated Intrinsic Hand Muscle Atrophy in the Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

Improved methods for assessing bulbar impairment are necessary for expediting diagnosis of bulbar dysfunction in ALS, for predicting disease progression across speech subsystems, and for addressing the critical need for sensitive outcome measures for ongoing experimental treatment trials. To address this need, we are obtaining longitudinal profiles of bulbar impairment in 100 individuals based on a comprehensive instrumentation-based assessment that yield objective measures. Using instrumental approaches to quantify speech-related behaviors is very important in a field that has primarily relied on subjective, auditory-perceptual forms of speech assessment1. Our assessment protocol measures performance across all of the speech subsystems, which include respiratory, phonatory (laryngeal), resonatory (velopharyngeal), and articulatory. The articulatory subsystem is divided into the facial components (jaw and lip), and the tongue. Prior research has suggested that each speech subsystem responds differently to neurological diseases such as ALS. The current protocol is designed to test the performance of each speech subsystem as independently from other subsystems as possible. The speech subsystems are evaluated in the context of more global changes to speech performance. These speech system level variables include speaking rate and intelligibility of speech.
The protocol requires specialized instrumentation, and commercial and custom software. The respiratory, phonatory, and resonatory subsystems are evaluated using pressure-flow (aerodynamic) and acoustic methods. The articulatory subsystem is assessed using 3D motion tracking techniques. The objective measures that are used to quantify bulbar impairment have been well established in the speech literature and show sensitivity to changes in bulbar function with disease progression. The result of the assessment is a comprehensive, across-subsystem performance profile for each participant. The profile, when compared to the same measures obtained from healthy controls, is used for diagnostic purposes. Currently, we are testing the sensitivity and specificity of these measures for diagnosis of ALS and for predicting the rate of disease progression. In the long term, the more refined endophenotype of bulbar ALS derived from this work is expected to strengthen future efforts to identify the genetic loci of ALS and improve diagnostic and treatment specificity of the disease as a whole. The objective assessment that is demonstrated in this video may be used to assess a broad range of speech motor impairments, including those related to stroke, traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson disease.

A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ALS

Objective assessments of the physiological mechanisms that support speech are needed to monitor disease onset and progression in persons with ALS and to quantify treatment effects in clinical trials. In this video, we present a comprehensive, instrumentation-based protocol for quantifying speech motor performance in clinical populations.

Un protocole pour l&#39;évaluation globale de la dysfonction bulbaire de la sclérose latérale amyotrophique (SLA)

Improved methods for assessing bulbar impairment are necessary for expediting diagnosis of bulbar dysfunction in ALS, for predicting disease progression ...

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Intraspinal Cell Transplantation for Targeting Cervical Ventral Horn in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury

Respiratory compromise due to phrenic motor neuron loss is a debilitating consequence of a large proportion of human traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) cases 1 and is the ultimate cause of death in patients with the motor neuron disorder, amyotrophic laterals sclerosis (ALS) 2.
ALS is a devastating neurological disorder that is characterized by relatively rapid degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons. Patients ultimately succumb to the disease on average 2-5 years following diagnosis because of respiratory paralysis due to loss of phrenic motor neuron innnervation of the diaphragm 3. The vast majority of cases are sporadic, while 10% are of the familial form. Approximately twenty percent of familial cases are linked to various point mutations in the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene on chromosome 21 4. Transgenic mice 4,5 and rats 6 carrying mutant human SOD1 genes (G93A, G37R, G86R, G85R) have been generated, and, despite the existence of other animal models of motor neuron loss, are currently the most highly used models of the disease.
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a heterogeneous set of conditions resulting from physical trauma to the spinal cord, with functional outcome varying according to the type, location and severity of the injury 7. Nevertheless, approximately half of human SCI cases affect cervical regions, resulting in debilitating respiratory dysfunction due to phrenic motor neuron loss and injury to descending bulbospinal respiratory axons 1. A number of animal models of SCI have been developed, with the most commonly used and clinically-relevant being the contusion 8.
Transplantation of various classes of neural precursor cells (NPCs) is a promising therapeutic strategy for treatment of traumatic CNS injuries and neurodegeneration, including ALS and SCI, because of the ability to replace lost or dysfunctional CNS cell types, provide neuroprotection, and deliver gene factors of interest 9.
Animal models of both ALS and SCI can model many clinically-relevant aspects of these diseases, including phrenic motor neuron loss and consequent respiratory compromise 10,11. In order to evaluate the efficacy of NPC-based strategies on respiratory function in these animal models of ALS and SCI, cellular interventions must be specifically directed to regions containing therapeutically relevant targets such as phrenic motor neurons. We provide a detailed protocol for multi-segmental, intraspinal transplantation of NPCs into the cervical spinal cord ventral gray matter of neurodegenerative models such as SOD1G93A mice and rats, as well as spinal cord injured rats and mice 11.

Neural precursor transplantation is a promising strategy for protecting and/or replacing lost/dysfunctional cervical phrenic motor neurons in spinal cord injury (SCI) and the motor neuron disorder, amyotrophic laterals sclerosis (ALS). We provide a protocol for cell delivery to cervical spinal cord ventral horn in rodent models of ALS and SCI.

Cell Transplantation intraspinale pour le ciblage du col corne ventrale de la sclérose latérale amyotrophique et les lésions de la moelle épinière

Respiratory compromise due to phrenic motor neuron loss is a debilitating consequence of a large proportion of human traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) ...

Clinical Testing and Spinal Cord Removal in a Mouse Model for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder resulting in progressive degeneration of motoneurons. Peak of onset is around 60 years for the sporadic disease and around 50 years for the familial disease. Due to its progressive course, 50% of the patients die within 30 months of symptom onset. In order to evaluate novel treatment options for this disease, genetic mouse models of ALS have been generated based on human familial mutations in the SOD gene, such as the SOD1 (G93A) mutation. Most important aspects that have to be evaluated in the model are overall survival, clinical course and motor function. Here, we demonstrate the clinical evaluation, show the conduction of two behavioural motor tests and provide quantitative scoring systems for all parameters. Because an in depth analysis of the ALS mouse model usually requires an immunohistochemical examination of the spinal cord, we demonstrate its preparation in detail applying the dorsal laminectomy method. Exemplary histological findings are demonstrated. The comprehensive application of the depicted examination methods in studies on the mouse model of ALS will enable the researcher to reliably test future therapeutic options which can provide a basis for later human clinical trials.

Clinical Testing and Spinal Cord Removal in a Mouse Model for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ALS

A mouse model for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is examined clinically and behaviorally. As a prerequisite for an accompanying immunohistological analysis the preparation of the spinal cord is depicted in detail.

Tests cliniques et retrait de la moelle épinière dans un modèle de souris pour la sclérose latérale amyotrophique (SLA)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder resulting in progressive degeneration of motoneurons. Peak of onset is around 60 ...

Real-time Digital Imaging of Leukocyte-endothelial Interaction in Ischemia-reperfusion Injury (IRI) of the Rat Cremaster Muscle

Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) has been implicated in a large array of pathological conditions such as cerebral stroke, myocardial infarction, intestinal ischemia as well as following transplant and cardiovascular surgery.1 Reperfusion of previously ischemic tissue, while essential for the prevention of irreversible tissue injury, elicits excessive inflammation of the affected tissue. Adjacent to the production of reactive oxygen species, activation of the complement system and increased microvascular permeability, the activation of leukocytes is one of the principle actors in the pathological cascade of inflammatory tissue damage during reperfusion.2, 3 Leukocyte activation is a multistep process consisting of rolling, firm adhesion and transmigration and is mediated by a complex interaction between adhesion molecules in response to chemoattractants such as complement factors, chemokines, or platelet-activating factor.4
While leukocyte rolling in postcapillary venules is predominantly mediated by the interaction of selectins5 with their counter ligands, firm adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelium is selectin-controlled via binding to intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAM) and vascular cellular adhesion molecules (VCAM).6, 7 
Gold standard for the in vivo observation of leukocyte-endothelial interaction is the technique of intravital microscopy, first described in 1968.8
Though various models of IRI (ischemia-reperfusion injury) have been described for various organs, 9-12 only few are suitable for direct visualization of leukocyte recruitment in the microvascular bed on a high level of image quality.8 
We here promote the digital intravital epifluorescence microscopy of the postcapillary venule in the cremasteric microcirculation of the rat 13 as a convenient method to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze leukocyte recruitment for IRI-research in striated muscle tissue and provide a detailed manual for accomplishing the technique. We further illustrate common pitfalls and provide useful tips which should enable the reader to truly appreciate, and safely perform the method.
In a step by step protocol we depict how to get started with respiration controlled anesthesia under sufficient monitoring to keep the animal firmly anesthetized for longer periods of time. We then describe the cremasteric preparation as a thin flat sheet for outstanding optical resolution and provide a protocol for leukocyte imaging in IRI that has been well established in our laboratories.

Real-time Digital Imaging of Leukocyte-endothelial Interaction in Ischemia-reperfusion Injury IRI of the Rat Cremaster Muscle

Digital intravital epifluorescence microscopy of postcapillary venules in the cremasteric microcirculation is a convenient method to gain insights into leukocyte-endothelial interaction in vivo in ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) of striated muscle tissue. We here provide a detailed protocol to safely perform the technique and discuss its applications and limitations.

En temps réel d&#39;imagerie numérique de leucocytes-endothélial interaction dans l&#39;ischémie-reperfusion (IRI) du muscle Cremaster Rat

Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) has been implicated in a large array of pathological conditions such as cerebral stroke, myocardial infarction, ...

Tibial Nerve Transection - A Standardized Model for Denervation-induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy in Mice

The tibial nerve transection model is a well-tolerated, validated, and reproducible model of denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in rodents. Although originally developed and used extensively in the rat due to its larger size, the tibial nerve in mice is big enough that it can be easily manipulated with either crush or transection, leaving the peroneal and sural nerve branches of the sciatic nerve intact and thereby preserving their target muscles. Thus, this model offers the advantages of inducing less morbidity and impediment of ambulation than the sciatic nerve transection model and also allows investigators to study the physiologic, cellular and molecular biologic mechanisms regulating the process of muscle atrophy in genetically engineered mice. The tibial nerve supplies the gastrocnemius, soleus and plantaris muscles, so its transection permits the study of denervated skeletal muscle composed of fast twitch type II fibers and/or slow twitch type I fibers. Here we demonstrate the tibial nerve transection model in the C57Black6 mouse. We assess the atrophy of the gastrocnemius muscle, as a representative muscle, at 1, 2, and 4 weeks post-denervation by measuring muscle weights and fiber type specific cross-sectional area on paraffin-embedded histologic sections immunostained for fast twitch myosin.

The tibial nerve transection model is a well-tolerated, validated, and reproducible model of skeletal muscle atrophy. The model surgical protocol is described and demonstrated in C57Black6 mice. &#160;

Tibial Nerve Transection - un modèle standardisé pour dénervation induit l&#39;atrophie musculaire chez les souris

The tibial nerve transection model is a well-tolerated, validated, and reproducible model of denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in rodents. ...

High-throughput Flow Cytometry Cell-based Assay to Detect Antibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor or Dopamine-2 Receptor in Human Serum

Over the recent years, antibodies against surface and conformational proteins involved in neurotransmission have been detected in autoimmune CNS diseases in children and adults. These antibodies have been used to guide diagnosis and treatment. Cell-based assays have improved the detection of antibodies in patient serum. They are based on the surface expression of brain antigens on eukaryotic cells, which are then incubated with diluted patient sera followed by fluorochrome-conjugated secondary antibodies. After washing, secondary antibody binding is then analyzed by flow cytometry. Our group has developed a high-throughput flow cytometry live cell-based assay to reliably detect antibodies against specific neurotransmitter receptors. This flow cytometry method is straight forward, quantitative, efficient, and the use of a high-throughput sampler system allows for large patient cohorts to be easily assayed in a short space of time. Additionally, this cell-based assay can be easily adapted to detect antibodies to many different antigenic targets, both from the central nervous system and periphery. Discovering additional novel antibody biomarkers will enable prompt and accurate diagnosis and improve treatment of immune-mediated disorders.

Over the recent years, live cell-based assays have been used successfully to detect antibodies against surface and conformational antigens. Here, we describe a method using high-throughput flow cytometry enabling the analysis of large cohorts of patients. Detection of novel antibodies will improve diagnosis and treatment of immune-mediated disorders.

Haut-débit cytométrie en flux test cellulaire pour détecter les anticorps de la N-méthyl-D-aspartate Receptor ou récepteur de la dopamine-2 dans le sérum humain

Over the recent years, antibodies against surface and conformational proteins involved in neurotransmission have been detected in autoimmune CNS diseases ...

Ischemic Tissue Injury in the Dorsal Skinfold Chamber of the Mouse: A Skin Flap Model to Investigate Acute Persistent Ischemia

Despite profound expertise and advanced surgical techniques, ischemia-induced complications ranging from wound breakdown to extensive tissue necrosis are still occurring, particularly in reconstructive flap surgery. Multiple experimental flap models have been developed to analyze underlying causes and mechanisms and to investigate treatment strategies to prevent ischemic complications. The limiting factor of most models is the lacking possibility to directly and repetitively visualize microvascular architecture and hemodynamics. The goal of the protocol was to present a well-established mouse model affiliating these before mentioned lacking elements. Harder et al. have developed a model of a musculocutaneous flap with a random perfusion pattern that undergoes acute persistent ischemia and results in ~50% necrosis after 10 days if kept untreated. With the aid of intravital epi-fluorescence microscopy, this chamber model allows repetitive visualization of morphology and hemodynamics in different regions of interest over time. Associated processes such as apoptosis, inflammation, microvascular leakage and angiogenesis can be investigated and correlated to immunohistochemical and molecular protein assays. To date, the model has proven feasibility and reproducibility in several published experimental studies investigating the effect of pre-, peri- and postconditioning of ischemically challenged tissue.

The window of the murine dorsal skinfold chamber presented visualizes a zone of acute persistent ischemia of a musculocutaneous flap. Intravital epi-fluorescence microscopy permits for direct and repetitive assessment of the microvasculature and quantification of hemodynamics. Morphologic and hemodynamic results can further be correlated with histological and molecular analyses.

Lésion tissulaire ischémique dans le pli de la Chambre Souris Dorsale: Un lambeau de peau modèle pour étudier l&#39;ischémie aiguë et persistante

Despite profound expertise and advanced surgical techniques, ischemia-induced complications ranging from wound breakdown to extensive tissue necrosis are ...

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer

Unilateral facial paralysis is a common disease that is associated with significant functional, aesthetic and psychological issues. Though idiopathic facial paralysis (Bell&#8217;s palsy) is the most common diagnosis, patients can also present with a history of physical trauma, infectious disease, tumor, or iatrogenic facial paralysis. Early repair within one year of injury can be achieved by direct nerve repair, cross-face nerve grafting or regional nerve transfer. It is due to muscle atrophy that in long lasting facial paralysis complex reconstructive methods have to be applied. Instead of one single procedure, different surgical approaches have to be considered to alleviate the various components of the paralysis.
The reconstruction of a spontaneous dynamic smile with a symmetric resting tone is a crucial factor to overcome the functional deficits and the social handicap that are associated with facial paralysis. Although numerous surgical techniques have been described, a two-stage approach with an initial cross-facial nerve grafting followed by a free functional muscle transfer is most frequently applied. In selected patients however, a single-stage reconstruction using the motor nerve to the masseter as donor nerve is superior to a two-stage repair. The gracilis muscle is most commonly used for reconstruction, as it presents with a constant anatomy, a simple dissection and minimal donor site morbidity.
Here we demonstrate the pre-operative work-up, the post-operative management, and precisely describe the surgical procedure of single-stage microsurgical reconstruction of the smile by free functional gracilis muscle transfer in a step by step protocol. We further illustrate common pitfalls and provide useful tips which should enable the reader to truly comprehend the procedure. We further discuss indications and limitations of the technique and demonstrate representative results.

The use of the masseteric nerve as donor nerve represents a single-stage alternative to the criterion standard two-stage procedure of cross-facial nerve grafting and free muscle transfer in facial paralysis. We provide a detailed description to safely perform this technique with a gracilis muscle transfer and discuss indications and limitations.

Une seule étape de la dynamique de réanimation Smile Irréversible paralysie faciale par Free fonctionnelle transfert musculaire

Unilateral facial paralysis is a common disease that is associated with significant functional, aesthetic and psychological issues. Though idiopathic ...

A Method of Trigonometric Modelling of Seasonal Variation Demonstrated with Multiple Sclerosis Relapse Data

This report describes a novel Stata-based application of trigonometric regression modelling to 55 years of multiple sclerosis relapse data from 46 clinical centers across 20 countries located in both hemispheres. Central to the success of this method was the strategic use of plot analysis to guide and corroborate the statistical regression modelling. Initial plot analysis was necessary for establishing realistic hypotheses regarding the presence and structural form of seasonal and latitudinal influences on relapse probability and then testing the performance of the resultant models. Trigonometric regression was then necessary to quantify these relationships, adjust for important confounders and provide a measure of certainty as to how plausible these associations were. Synchronization of graphing techniques with regression modelling permitted a systematic refinement of models until best-fit convergence was achieved, enabling novel inferences to be made regarding the independent influence of both season and latitude in predicting relapse onset timing in MS. These methods have the potential for application across other complex disease and epidemiological phenomena suspected or known to vary systematically with season and/or geographic location.

Combining plot analysis with trigonometric regression is a robust method for exploring complex, cyclical phenomena such as relapse onset timing in multiple sclerosis (MS). This method enabled unbiased characterisation of seasonal trends in relapse onset permitting novel inferences around the influence of seasonal variation, ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and latitude.

Une méthode de modélisation trigonométrique de variation saisonnière démontrée avec la sclérose en plaques Relapse données

This report describes a novel Stata-based application of trigonometric regression modelling to  55 years of multiple sclerosis relapse data from 46 ...

Design, Fabrication, and Administration of the Hand Active Sensation Test (HASTe)

The concept of personalizing neurologic rehabilitation, based on individual impairments, has experienced a recent surge. In parallel, the number of outcome measures of upper extremity motor performance has grown. However, clinicians and researchers lack practical, quantitative measures of the hand&#8217;s natural role as a receptor of the environment. The Hand Active Sensation Test (HASTe), developed by Williams and colleagues in 2006, is a valid and reliable measure of haptic performance. Though not available commercially, the HASTe can be fabricated from inexpensive materials, and it has been used successfully to identify impairments in haptic touch in individuals with stroke. (Williams, 2006). This paper presents the methods of design and fabrication of the HASTe testing kit, as well as a visual screen to be used during administration, and instructions for the tests administration and scoring.

Design, Fabrication, and Administration of the Hand Active Sensation Test HASTe

The Hand Active Sensation Test (HASTe) is a valid and reliable measure of haptic performance, which has been used successfully to identify impaired haptic touch in individuals with stroke. The purpose of this paper is to describe the design, fabrication and administration of the HASTe.

Conception, fabrication, et de l&#39;administration de la Main active Sensation Test (Hâte)

The concept of personalizing neurologic rehabilitation, based on individual impairments, has experienced a recent surge. In parallel, the number of ...