Soutenu par l&#39;examen du mérite # BX001026 du ministère des Anciens Combattants (LSQ), et l&#39;utilisation des ressources et des installations au système de soins de santé VA Puget Sound, le Core transgénique ressources de l&#39;Université de Washington Amortisseur central Nathan d&#39;excellence dans la biologie fondamentale du vieillissement (NIA # 5P30AG-013280), et l&#39;Université de Washington Diabète Endocrinologie Research Center (NIH # P30 DK-17047). Nous remercions Cynthia Pekow DVM et Kari L. Koszdin DVM, VA Puget Sound, ont fourni des commentaires utiles sur le manuscrit.

La procédure décrite ici a été approuvé par le Comité institutionnel de protection et son utilisation des animaux VA Puget, et conforme à la ILAR Guide pour le soin et l&#39;utilisation des animaux de laboratoire. 1 Préparation expérimentale <ol><li> Décidez à l&#39;avance si le sang ou un prélèvement de tissus peu de temps après l&#39;exercice est nécessaire, et si oui, déterminer l&#39;intervalle post-exercice pour la conduction de ces procédures. Les exemples incluent la détermination de l&#39;hormone de induite par l&#39;exercice ou la libération de cytokines dans la circulation (ce qui nécessite la collecte de sang), la détermination de l&#39;expression induite par l&#39;exercice des espèces d&#39;ARNm d&#39;intérêt (nécessitant l&#39;euthanasie, suivie par un prélèvement de tissus). Si immédiat après sang d&#39;exercice ou d&#39;une collection de tissus est indiqué, avoir du matériel pour ces procédures à portée de main dans la salle d&#39;opération. Recevez examen institutionnel approbation du conseil d&#39;administration et effectuer selon les directives réglementaires. Toutes les expériences nécessitent pas de sang après l&#39;exercice ou collecti de tissusur; une simple comparaison de course d&#39;endurance peut être tout ce qui est nécessaire. </li><li> Décidez à l&#39;avance sur les groupes expérimentaux et les procédures de post-exercice pour les souris (voir la description ci-dessus). </li><li> Placez le tapis roulant sur une table solide dans une pièce calme dédié pendant les essais en cours d&#39;exécution à cette procédure. </li><li> Installez le tapis roulant pour voies de souris de taille et à une inclinaison appropriée pour le protocole. L&#39;inclinaison de 5 o est utilisé ici pour éviter les dommages dus à l&#39;exercice excentrique (allongement du muscle en même temps que la contraction) des muscles qui se produit lors de la course de descente. </li><li> Placez un tampon absorbant en dessous de la ceinture de tapis roulant pour attraper les excréments. </li></ol> 2. acclimatation de souris sur le tapis roulant Décidez si un (pas d&#39;exercice) groupe «sédentaire» de la souris est nécessaire, et exposer des souris sédentaires au tapis de course sans courir, comme indiqué dans les étapes 2.1 à 2.5. Déterminer si 2 ou 4 groupes expérimentaux sont nécessaires,. exemple, sédentaire / Exercice (2 groupes); Contrôles exercés / levées de traitement (2 groupes, pas d&#39;animaux sédentaires); ou, sédentaire / Levées x Contrôle / Traitement (4 groupes). Le «traitement» peut être un génotype transgénique ou knock-out, un régime pharmacologique, régime spécial, ou autre intervention expérimentale. <ol><li> Laissez la souris pour s&#39;acclimater à la salle d&#39;intervention dans sa cage de transport domicile, avec leurs compagnons de cage, pour 1 - 2 h. </li><li> Sélectionnez une seule souris et un nombre record d&#39;étiquette; peser la souris et le poids record. </li><li> Placez la souris sur le tapis roulant sans le moteur allumé pour l&#39;acclimatation, environ 5 min. Mettre sous tension, sans la ceinture de tapis roulant en marche, et laissez la souris s&#39;acclimater au bruit de la machine pour un autre 5 min. </li><li> Retirer les souris dans les groupes «sédentaires» (s&#39;il est utilisé, voir la note 1) du tapis de course à ce moment et les renvoyer dans leur cage ou de mener les procédures post-levée que par la conception expérimentale (voir note 2). </li></ol><ol><li> Après acclimatation, de tourner la courroie à basse vitesse (10 m / min) lorsque l&#39;animal explore la ceinture et non sur la plate-forme. </li><li> Appuyer ou soulever l&#39;arrière-train de la souris avec un abaisse-langue, une à trois fois, pour encourager les animaux réticents à rester sur le tapis roulant et courir doucement. REMARQUE: La plupart des souris se déroulera facilement, mais ils s&#39;arrêtent parfois pour de courtes périodes. Lorsque cela se produit, utilisez l&#39;abaisse-langue à taper doucement ou soulever l&#39;arrière de l&#39;animal à encourager la reprise de la course. Souvent, les souris n&#39;ont pas besoin d&#39;être touché par l&#39;abaisse-langue; remarquant la main avec l&#39;abaisse-langue venir vers eux provoque les souris à courir un peu plus. </li><li> Lancer une minuterie de laboratoire une fois que la souris est en marche à la vitesse initiale de 10 m / min. </li><li> Tournez la vitesse lentement lorsque la souris est au sommet (fin vers le haut) de la bande, par incréments de 1 m / min, à propos de toutes les 2 min. </li><li> Tournez la vitesse à laréglage précédent si la souris fonctionne à plusieurs reprises dans des éclats courts et pas à un rythme soutenu. </li><li> Déterminer la vitesse maximale soutenue fonctionnement de chaque souris (habituellement 14 à 17 m / min pour les souris C57BL / 6) par l&#39;ajustement de la vitesse et en regardant la souris. Enregistrer cette vitesse. REMARQUE: L&#39;emplacement de l&#39;animal sur le tapis roulant Queues de l&#39;enquêteur quant à la volonté de l&#39;animal afin de fonctionner à une vitesse supérieure. Si la souris est à l&#39;extrême (en montée) fin et sur le point de courir dans le mur, il est prêt à fonctionner à une vitesse supérieure. Si la souris est en cours d&#39;exécution à un rythme régulier dans le milieu du tapis roulant, il peut être à sa vitesse maximale, ou peut avoir besoin de réglage, en fonction de la qualité de l&#39;analyse. </li></ol> 4. Endpoints et souris qui d&#39;arrêt <ol><li> Utilisez l&#39;abaisse-langue à taper doucement ou soulever l&#39;arrière-train des animaux qui s&#39;arrêtent, pour encourager la reprise de la course (voir note 3.2). Ne pas arrêter le chronomètre des interruptions temporaires dans la course. </li><li> Identifier et REMOVsouris e qui refusent de fonctionner. Indiquer sur la feuille de données. En fonction de votre modèle expérimental, les souris qui refusent peuvent être testés à nouveau sur un autre jour NOTE: Certaines souris seront complètement refuser de fonctionner. Ces souris se déroulera dans des éclats courts, puis arrêter de toiletter ou «pédale», c&#39;est-à s&#39;asseoir sur la plate-forme et d&#39;utiliser leurs pattes avant sur le tapis. La posture de ces souris est voûté, avec les quatre pieds plantés sous l&#39;animal pour éviter d&#39;être repoussé sur le tapis roulant par l&#39;abaisse-langue. De temps en temps une souris devient agressif envers l&#39;abaisse-langue quand réticents à courir, mordre l&#39;abaisse-langue ou grimper comme un moyen d&#39;évasion. Il est clair dans les 5 premières minutes de l&#39;essai si la souris, ou ne sera pas, de fonctionner. Retirer les souris qui refusent de courir à partir de l&#39;analyse, mais ne les comptent pas comme des souris «sédentaires». </li><li> Identifier souris épuisés et arrêter le chronomètre. REMARQUE: Epuisement est définie par trois arrêts successifs et le refus de resume en cours d&#39;exécution en dépit des encouragements doux, plus les signes physiques de fatigue tels que respiration laborieuse et la posture évasée. Souris remettre de l&#39;épuisement dans 30 à 60 min. </li><li> Notez le montant total de temps passé à exécuter à toutes les vitesses. </li><li> Selon la conception expérimentale, soit retourner la souris est dans sa cage, ou mener des procédures de post-exercice immédiats tels que le sang ou un prélèvement de tissus selon les directives institutionnelles. </li><li> Essuyez la bande nettoyer avec une lingette germicide après l&#39;essai de chaque souris individuelle de sorte que le parfum de la souris précédente n&#39;influence pas le comportement des souris testées ultérieures. </li><li> Testez la prochaine souris. Utilisez une nouvelle abaisse-langue pour chaque souris. Les souris qui se trouvent dans la même cage peuvent être testés séquentiellement dans la même journée sans acclimatation supplémentaire à la salle d&#39;intervention. </li></ol>

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Les auteurs n&#39;ont aucun conflit d&#39;intérêt à déclarer.

Décrit ici est un procédé pour évaluer l&#39;endurance de roulement volontaire chez la souris de laboratoire au moyen d&#39;un tapis roulant motorisé sans l&#39;utilisation d&#39;une grille de choc. Cette méthode peut révéler des différences entre les sous-lignes de souris C57BL / 6 qui diffèrent dans l&#39;expression de la cytokine IL-15, qui à son tour provoque des différences dans l&#39;expression de facteurs sous-jacents à l&#39;exercice d&#39;endurance 16,17. En accord avec les principes de ...

L&#39;obésité, la résistance à l&#39;insuline, et le diabète de type 2 sont des troubles métaboliques interdépendantes qui exercent des effets profonds sur la santé des États-Unis et les populations mondiales 1-4. Endurance exercice peut prévenir, ainsi que pour traiter, ces conditions 5,6. En outre, l&#39;évaluation de la vitesse de marche et l&#39;endurance sont utilisés comme tests cliniques de diagnostic pour la fragilité, la sarcopénie, et les conséquences d&#39;autres troubles tels que la maladie pulmonaire obstructive chronique, chez des sujets humains 7. Les voies biochimiques sous-jacents aux effets bénéfiques de l&#39;exercice d&#39;endurance sur la composition corporelle et la sensibilité à l&#39;insuline commencent à être élucidés, en utilisant des souris génétiquement ou pharmacologiquement modifiés affichage amélioré ou réduit la capacité d&#39;effort 8-11. Cependant, nombre de ces études ont utilisé des tapis roulants motorisés équipés de grilles de choc pour forcer la souris pour lancer 8-11. Les animaux qui quittent la course sont poussés parla courroie mobile du tapis de course sur une grille qui délivre un choc électrique pied; d&#39;échapper au stimulus négatif, les souris retournent à courir sur la courroie. Ces procédures peuvent introduire un stress psychologique et le comportement d&#39;évitement comme facteurs de confusion touchant paramètres expérimentaux 12. D&#39;autres méthodes de mesure de l&#39;endurance, comme la quantification de l&#39;activité ambulatoire en utilisant un appareil faisceau-break ou la quantification des en-cage roue tourne, peuvent être confondus par la modulation des rythmes circadiens, l&#39;anxiété, la formation par inadvertance, ou de la nourriture comportement de recherche 12-16. De plus, ces procédures nécessitent un hébergement individuel, une autre source de stress psychologique chez la souris. Par conséquent, une mesure directe de l&#39;exercice d&#39;endurance pas confondu par le stress est nécessaire. Pour remédier à ces préoccupations, notre laboratoire a développé et validé une méthode pour évaluer la capacité de fonctionnement maximale et durable vitesse de course chez les souris non formés, naïfs en utilisant un tapis roulant motorisé pas équipé avec une grille de choc. L&#39;espace à la fin de la courroie, où la grille de choc réside habituellement, devient alors une plate-forme pour les souris pour se reposer, et fournit un endroit pour les souris qui refusent de fonctionner à siéger jusqu&#39;à l&#39;enlèvement de l&#39;appareil. Les souris sont encouragées à utiliser par un observateur humain en utilisant tapotant doucement ou de toucher avec un abaisse-langue, couplé avec une sensibilité à la volonté volontaire pour fonctionner sur la partie de la souris. Cette méthode a été utilisée pour quantifier les différences dans l&#39;exercice d&#39;endurance entre les souris C57BL / 6, génétiquement modifiée et à contrôler qui diffèrent dans l&#39;expression de la cytokine muscle dérivé de l&#39;interleukine-15 (IL-15) 16,17. Cette méthode est une amélioration humaine qui diminue les effets confondants de renforcement négatif causé par l&#39;utilisation d&#39;une grille de choc.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="667">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Open Rodent Treadmill Exer-3/6</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">Columbus Instruments, Columbus OH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1050RM</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">This catalog number is for models without shock grid. Shock grids can be removed manually from older models (Eco 3/6)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Sani Cloth Germicidal Towlettes</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">PDI- Professional Disposables, Inc., Orangeburg, NY</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a; usually ordered through local facility</td>
			<td>Contains 10% isopropyl alcohol; any equivalent product can be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tongue depressors</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">any local supplier</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Laboratory timer</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">any supplier</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">IL-15 TG mice*</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">JAX, Bar Harbor, ME</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">o11002</td>
			<td>Murine IL-15 transgene expressed from modified human alpha-skeletal actin promotor with altered signal sequence to facilitate secretion.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">C57BL/6J mice (wild-type)*</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">JAX, Bar Harbor, ME</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ooo664</td>
			<td>Control mice for IL-15 TG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">IL-15 KO mice*</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">Taconic Farms, Germantown, NY</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4269-M</td>
			<td>Homozygous IL-15 &#34;knockout&#34; mice on C57BL/6 background</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">C57BL/6NTac (wild-type)*</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">Taconic Farms, Germantown, NY</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">B6-M</td>
			<td>Control mice for IL-15 KO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">*Optional; mouse lines and treatments can be specific to the experimental protocol.</td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

assessment of murine exercise endurance without the use of a shock grid: an alternative to forced exercise

En utilisant des modèles de souris de laboratoire, les voies moléculaires responsables des avantages métaboliques de l&#39;exercice d&#39;endurance commencent à être défini. La méthode la plus courante pour évaluer l&#39;exercice d&#39;endurance chez les souris utilise des contraint courir sur un tapis roulant motorisé équipé d&#39;une grille de choc. Les animaux qui quittent la course sont poussées par la ceinture mobile du tapis de course sur une grille qui délivre un choc électrique pied; d&#39;échapper au stimulus négatif, les souris retournent à courir sur la courroie. Cependant, le comportement d&#39;évitement et de stress psychologique en raison de l&#39;utilisation d&#39;un appareil de choc peuvent interférer avec la quantification de la course d&#39;endurance, ainsi que des mesures de confondre hormones et cytokines taux sériques après l&#39;exercice. Ici, nous démontrons et de valider une méthode raffinée de mesurer course d&#39;endurance dans naïfs souris C57BL / 6 en laboratoire sur un tapis roulant motorisé sans l&#39;utilisation d&#39;une grille de choc. Lorsque les souris sont preacclimated sur le tapis roulant, ils courent volontairement démarche vitesses spécifiques à chaque mouse. Utilisation de la grille de choc est remplacé par un encouragement douce par un opérateur humain en utilisant un abaisse-langue, couplé avec une sensibilité à la volonté volontaire pour fonctionner sur la partie de la souris. Critères d&#39;évaluation clairs pour quantifier le temps à l&#39;épuisement pour chaque souris exécution sont définis et pris en compte dans des signes comportementaux d&#39;épuisement tels que la posture évasée et une respiration laborieuse. Cette méthode est une amélioration humaine qui diminue également les effets confondants de stress sur les paramètres expérimentaux.

Ce procédé de mesure de l&#39;endurance physique reflète fidèlement le profil moléculaire et métabolique de différentes souches de souris C57BL / 6 qui diffèrent dans l&#39;expression de la cytokine IL-15 16,17. Les souris transgéniques qui surexpriment l&#39;IL-15 (IL-15 TG souris) exposition a augmenté considérablement les temps d&#39;exécution à épuisement par rapport aux témoins de même portée, alors que les souris que l&#39;IL-15 (IL-15 KO souris) exposition n&#39;ont pas réduit consid?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessment of Murine Exercise Endurance Without the Use of a Shock Grid: An Alternative to Forced Exercise at JoVE.com

Assessment of Murine Exercise Endurance Without the Use of a Shock Grid: An Alternative to Forced Exercise

A method to assess exercise endurance in laboratory mice without the use of a shock grid is demonstrated. This method is a humane refinement that can decrease the confounding effects of stress on experimental parameters.

Évaluation des murin exercice d&#39;endurance sans l&#39;utilisation d&#39;une grille de choc: une alternative à l&#39;exercice forcé

Using laboratory mouse models, the molecular pathways responsible for the metabolic benefits of endurance exercise are beginning to be defined. The most ...

assessment-murine-exercise-endurance-without-use-shock-grid-an

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

18.9K vues.  VA Puget Sound Health Care System. A method to assess exercise endurance in laboratory mice without the use of a shock grid is demonstrated. This method is a humane refinement that can decrease the confounding effects of stress on experimental parameters.

Vidéo: Assessment of Murine Exercise Endurance Without the Use of a Shock Grid: An Alternative to Forced Exercise

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior

We present an operant system for the detection of pain in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) assesses pain behaviors in a more clinically relevant way by not relying on reflex-based measures of nociception. Food fasted, hairless (or shaved) rodents are placed into a Plexiglas chamber which has two Peltier-based thermodes that can be programmed to any temperature between 7 &deg;C and 60 &deg;C. The rodent is trained to make contact with these in order to access a reward bottle. During a session, a number of behavioral pain outcomes are automatically recorded and saved. These measures include the number of reward bottle activations (licks) and facial contact stimuli (face contacts), but custom measures like the lick/face ratio (total number of licks per session/total number of contacts) can also be created. The stimulus temperature can be set to a single temperature or multiple temperatures within a session. The OPAD is a high-throughput, easy to use operant assay which will lead to better translation of pain research in the future as it includes cortical input instead of relying on spinal reflex-based nociceptive assays.

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device OPAD to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior

We present a user-friendly, high-throughput operant system for the evaluation of pain behaviors in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) can assess pain through a reward/conflict paradigm thus providing a more humane way of testing. This protocol will yield more clinically relevant and translational data from rodents.

L&#39;utilisation de l&#39;appareil Orofacial d&#39;évaluation de la douleur opérant (OPAD) pour mesurer les changements dans le comportement nociceptif

We present an operant  system for the detection of pain in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial  Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) assesses pain behaviors ...

Recherche

Sciences du comportement

An Alternative to the Traditional Cold Pressor Test: The Cold Pressor Arm Wrap

Recently research on the relationship between stress and cognition, emotion, and behavior has greatly increased. These advances have yielded insights into important questions ranging from the nature of stress&#39; influence on addiction1 to the role of stress in neural changes associated with alterations in decision-making2,3. As topics being examined by the field evolve, however, so too must the methodologies involved. In this article a practical and effective alternative to a classic stress induction technique, the cold pressor test (CPT), is presented: the cold pressor arm wrap (CPAW). CPT typically involves immersion of a participant&#39;s dominant hand in ice-cold water for a period of time4. The technique is associated with robust activation of the sympatho-adrenomedullary (SAM) axis (and release of catecholamines; e.g.&#160;adrenaline and noradrenaline) and mild-to-moderate activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis with associated glucocorticoid (e.g.&#160;cortisol) release. While CPT has been used in a wide range of studies, it can be impractical to apply in some research environments. For example use of water during, rather than prior to, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has the potential to damage sensitive and expensive equipment or interfere with acquisition of MRI signal. The CPAW is a practical and effective alternative to the traditional CPT. Composed of a versatile list of inexpensive and easily acquired components, CPAW makes use of MRI-safe gelpacs cooled to a temperature similar to CPT rather than actual water. Importantly CPAW is associated with levels of SAM and HPA activation comparable to CPT, and can easily be applied in a variety of research contexts. While it is important to maintain specific safety protocols when using the technique, these are easy to implement if planned for. Creation and use of the CPAW will be discussed.

The cold pressor test is a classic stress induction task used in a wide range of research examining the relationship between stress and cognition, emotion, and behavior. In this article, a practical and versatile alternative to the traditional cold pressor test is presented: the cold pressor arm wrap.

Une alternative au test traditionnel de presse à froid: l’enveloppe de bras de presse à froid

Recently research on the relationship between stress and cognition, emotion, and behavior has greatly increased. These advances have yielded insights into ...

Getting to Compliance in Forced Exercise in Rodents: A Critical Standard to Evaluate Exercise Impact in Aging-related Disorders and Disease

There is a major increase in the awareness of the positive impact of exercise on improving several disease states with neurobiological basis; these include improving cognitive function and physical performance. As a result, there is an increase in the number of animal studies employing exercise. It is argued that one intrinsic value of forced exercise is that the investigator has control over the factors that can influence the impact of exercise on behavioral outcomes, notably exercise frequency, duration, and intensity of the exercise regimen. However, compliance in forced exercise regimens may be an issue, particularly if potential confounds of employing foot-shock are to be avoided. It is also important to consider that since most cognitive and locomotor impairments strike in the aged individual, determining impact of exercise on these impairments should consider using aged rodents with a highest possible level of compliance to ensure minimal need for test subjects. Here, the pertinent steps and considerations necessary to achieve nearly 100% compliance to treadmill exercise in an aged rodent model will be presented and discussed. Notwithstanding the particular exercise regimen being employed by the investigator, our protocol should be of use to investigators that are particularly interested in the potential impact of forced exercise on aging-related impairments, including aging-related Parkinsonism and Parkinson&#8217;s disease.

Exercise may alleviate behavioral impairments associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Studies of the mechanisms underlying exercise-mediated effects have increased in disease models, but the neurobiological background accompanying these diseases, specifically aging, is likely not considered. Here, we illustrate measures to increase the likelihood of a successful exercise paradigm in aged rats.

La conformité à l&#39;exercice forcé chez les rongeurs: Une norme critique pour évaluer l&#39;impact d&#39;exercice dans les troubles liés au vieillissement et la maladie

There is a major increase in the awareness of the positive impact of exercise on improving several disease states with neurobiological basis; these ...

The Forced Swim Test as a Model of Depressive-like Behavior

The goal of the present protocol is to describe the forced swim test (FST), which is one of the most commonly used assays for the study of depressive-like behavior in rodents. The FST is based on the assumption that when placing an animal in a container filled with water, it will first make efforts to escape but eventually will exhibit immobility that may be considered to reflect a measure of behavioral despair. This test has been extensively used because it involves the exposure of the animals to stress, which was shown to have a role in the tendency for major depression. Additionally, the FST has been shown to share some of the factors that are influenced or altered by depression in humans, including changes in food consumption, sleep abnormalities and drug-withdrawal-induced anhedonia. The main advantages of this procedure are that it is relatively easy to perform and that its results are easily and quickly analyzed. Moreover, its sensitivity to a broad range of antidepressant drugs that makes it a suitable screening test is one of the most important features leading to its high predictive validity. Despite its appeal, this model has a number of disadvantages. First, the issue of chronic augmentation is problematic in this test because in real life patients need to be treated for at least several weeks before they experience any relief from their symptoms. Last, due to the aversiveness of the FST, it is important to take into account possible influences it might have on brain structure/function if brain analyses are to be carried out following this procedure.

This protocol describes the forced swim test, which is used for the study of depressive-like behavior in rodents. This procedure involves placing an animal in a container filled with water that eventually will lead to the exhibition of immobility behavior, which is considered to reflect behavioral despair.

Le test de natation forcée comme un modèle de type dépressif Comportement

The goal of the present protocol is to describe the forced swim test (FST), which is one of the most commonly used assays for the study of depressive-like ...

A Treatment Package without Escape Extinction to Address Food Selectivity

Feeding difficulties and feeding disorders are a commonly occurring problem for young children, particularly children with developmental delays including autism. Behavior analytic interventions for the treatment of feeding difficulties oftentimes include escape extinction as a primary component of treatment. The use of escape extinction, while effective, may be problematic as it is also associated with the emergence of challenging behavior (e.g., extinction burst). Such challenging behavior may be an acceptable side effect in treatment cases where feeding problems are severe and chronic (e.g., failure to thrive). However, in more acute cases (e.g., selective eating), the negative side effect may be unwarranted and undesired. More recent research on the behavioral treatment of food selectivity has begun to evaluate treatments for feeding difficulties that do not include escape extinction (e.g., demand fading, behavioral momentum), with some success. However, research to date reveals individual differences in responsiveness to such treatments and no clear preferable treatment has emerged. This manuscript describes a multi-component treatment package that includes shaping, sequential presentation and simultaneous presentation, for the treatment of food selectivity in four young children with developmental delays. This treatment package extends the literature on the behavioral treatment for food selectivity and offers a multi-component treatment protocol that may be clinically applicable across a range of treatment scenarios and settings.

Feeding difficulties are a common problem for children with developmental disorders, including autism, and behavioral interventions often include escape extinction. Recent research has begun to evaluate treatments that do not include escape extinction. This manuscript describes a multicomponent treatment package that does not use escape extinction to treat feeding difficulties.

Un package traitement sans évasion Extinction de lutte alimentaire Sélectivité

Feeding difficulties and feeding disorders are a commonly occurring problem for young children, particularly children with developmental delays including ...

Multifunctional Setup for Studying Human Motor Control Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Electromyography, Motion Capture, and Virtual Reality

The study of neuromuscular control of movement in humans is accomplished with numerous technologies. Non-invasive methods for investigating neuromuscular function include transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromyography, and three-dimensional motion capture. The advent of readily available and cost-effective virtual reality solutions has expanded the capabilities of researchers in recreating &#8220;real-world&#8221; environments and movements in a laboratory setting. Naturalistic movement analysis will not only garner a greater understanding of motor control in healthy individuals, but also permit the design of experiments and rehabilitation strategies that target specific motor impairments (e.g. stroke). The combined use of these tools will lead to increasingly deeper understanding of neural mechanisms of motor control. A key requirement when combining these data acquisition systems is fine temporal correspondence between the various data streams. This protocol describes a multifunctional system&#8217;s overall connectivity, intersystem signaling, and the temporal synchronization of recorded data. Synchronization of the component systems is primarily accomplished through the use of a customizable circuit, readily made with off the shelf components and minimal electronics assembly skills.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromyography, and 3D motion capture are commonly used non-invasive techniques for investigating neuromuscular function in humans. In this paper, we describe a protocol that synchronously samples data generated by all three of these tools along with the unique addition of virtual reality stimulus presentation and feedback.

Configuration multifonctions pour l&#39;étude de contrôle du moteur humain utilisant la stimulation magnétique transcrânienne, électromyographie, Motion Capture, et Réalité Virtuelle

The study of neuromuscular control of movement in humans is accomplished with numerous technologies. Non-invasive methods for investigating neuromuscular ...

The Treadmill Fatigue Test: A Simple, High-throughput Assay of Fatigue-like Behavior for the Mouse

Fatigue is a prominent symptom in many diseases and disorders and reduces quality of life for many people. The lack of clear pathogenesis and failure of current interventions to adequately treat fatigue in all patients leaves a need for new treatment options. Despite the therapeutic need and importance of preclinical research in helping identify promising novel treatments, few preclinical assays of fatigue are available. Moreover, the most common preclinical assay used to assess fatigue-like behavior, voluntary wheel running, is not suitable for use with some strains of mice, may not be sensitive to drugs that reduce fatigue, and has relatively low throughput. The current protocol describes a novel, non-voluntary preclinical assay of fatigue-like behavior, the treadmill fatigue test, and provides evidence of its efficacy in detecting fatigue-like behavior in mice treated with a chemotherapy drug known to cause fatigue in humans and fatigue-like behavior in animals. This assay may be a beneficial alternative to wheel running, as fatigue-like behavior and potential interventions can be assessed in a greater number of mice over a shorter time frame, thus permitting faster discovery of new therapeutic options.

Fatigue is a common, undertreated and frequently poorly-understood symptom in many diseases and disorders. New preclinical assays of fatigue may help to improve current understanding and future treatment of fatigue. To that end, the current protocol provides a novel means of measuring fatigue-like behavior in the mouse.

The Treadmill Fatigue Test: Un test simple, à haut débit de fatigue comme comportement pour la souris

Fatigue is a prominent symptom in many diseases and disorders and reduces quality of life for many people. The lack of clear pathogenesis and failure of ...

Supramaximal Intensity Hypoxic Exercise and Vascular Function Assessment in Mice

Exercise training is an important strategy for maintaining health and preventing many chronic diseases. It is the first line of treatment recommended by international guidelines for patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases, more specifically, lower extremity artery diseases, where the patients' walking capacity is considerably altered, affecting their quality of life. 
Traditionally, both low continuous exercise and interval training have been used. Recently, supramaximal training has also been shown to improve athletes' performances via vascular adaptations, amongst other mechanisms. The combination of this type of training with hypoxia could bring an additional and/or synergic effect, which could be of interest for certain pathologies. Here, we describe how to perform supramaximal intensity training sessions in hypoxia on healthy mice at 150% of their maximal speed, using a motorized treadmill and a hypoxic box. We also show how to dissect the mouse in order to retrieve organs of interest, particularly the pulmonary artery, the abdominal aorta, and the iliac artery. Finally, we show how to perform ex vivo vascular function assessment on the retrieved vessels, using isometric tension studies.

High-intensity training in hypoxia is a protocol that has been proven to induce vascular adaptations potentially beneficial in some patients and to improve athletes&#39; repeated sprint ability. Here, we test the feasibility of training mice using that protocol and identify those vascular adaptations using ex vivo vascular function assessment.

L’exercice Supramaximal intensité hypoxique et évaluation de la fonction vasculaire chez la souris

Exercise training is an important strategy for maintaining health and preventing many chronic diseases. It is the first line of treatment recommended by ...

Home-Based Prescribed Pulmonary Exercise in Patients with Stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

As a systemic disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects the respiratory system, inducing restless and exercise dyspnea. It also impacts exercise capacity and forms a vicious circle in which it further aggravates the condition of patients and accelerates disease progression. As a functional holistic exercise, traditional Chinese exercises (TCE) play an important role in the rehabilitation of COPD on the basis of adjusting the breath and performing coordinated movements. This study investigates the effects of prescribed pulmonary exercises (which are modified from TCE) on exercise capacity of upper and lower limbs, endurance exercise capacity, and quality of life in stable COPD patients. The goal is to determine the accessibility of these prescribed exercises in COPD rehabilitation. Participants are randomly divided into a non-exercise control group (CG) or prescribed pulmonary exercise group (PG) at a ratio of 1: 1. The PG receives intervention for 60 min twice per day, 7 days a week, for a total of 3 months. The intensity is measured using the Borg category-ratio 10 scale and with a heart-rate monitor. Then, an exercise capacity test and quality of life questionnaire are scheduled at 1 week before and after the formal intervention. After 3 months of intervention, the 30 s arm curl test, 30 s sit-to-stand test, 6 min walking test, and quality of life show significant improvement in COPD patients (p &#60; 0.05). These findings indicate that prescribed pulmonary exercises can be applied as alternative, convenient, and effective home- and community-based exercises for stable COPD patients.

Presented here is a protocol to investigate the effects of home-based prescribed pulmonary exercise in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, which is modified based on traditional Chinese exercises according to dyspnea and limited exercise capacity observed in COPD patients.

Exercice pulmonaire prescrit à domicile chez les patients atteints d'une maladie pulmonaire obstructive chronique stable

As a systemic disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects the respiratory system, inducing restless and exercise dyspnea. It also ...

Impact of High-intensity Interval Exercise and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Exercise on the Cardiac Troponin T Level at an Early Stage of Training

An elevation in cardiac troponin T (cTnT), as a highly specific biomarker of cardiomyocyte damage, after moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MCE) has been described. The exercise-induced cTnT response distorts the diagnostic role of the cTnT assay. Although high-intensity interval exercise (HIE) is growing in popularity and concerns remain about its safety, available data related to cTnT release after HIE is limited, which hampers the use of HIE as a health intervention. Here, we present three representative HIE protocols [traditional HIE (repeated 4 min cycling at 90% V&#775;O2max interspersed with 3 min rest, 200 kJ/session); sprint interval exercise (SIE, repeated 1 min cycling at 120% V&#775;O2max interspersed with 1.5 min rest, 200 kJ/session); and repeated sprint exercise (RSE, 40 x 6 s all-out sprints interspersed with 9 s rest)] and one representative MCE protocol (continuous cycling exercise at an intensity of 60% V&#775;O2max, 200 kJ/session). Forty-seven sedentary, overweight young women were randomly assigned to one of four groups (HIE, SIE, RSE, and MCE). Six bouts of respective exercise were performed by every single group, with each being 48 h apart. Meanwhile, for four groups, the duration of the entire testing period was identical, being 10 days. Before and after the first and final exercise bouts, an assessment was conducted of cTnT. The current study provides a frame of reference giving a clear picture of how a specific exercise session affects the circulating cTnT concentration at the early stage of training. The information may assist with clinical interpretations of post-exercise cTnT elevation and guide the prescription of exercise, especially for HIE.

Here, we present protocols of high-intensity interval and moderate-intensity continuous exercise to observe the response of circulating cardiac troponin T (cTnT) concentration to acute exercise over 10 days. The information may assist with clinical interpretations of post-exercise cTnT elevation and guide the prescription of exercise.

Impact de l'exercice d'intervalle de haute intensité et de l'exercice continu à intensité modérée sur le niveau T de la troponine cardiaque à un stade précoce de l'entraînement

An elevation in cardiac troponin T (cTnT), as a highly specific biomarker of cardiomyocyte damage, after moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MCE) has ...