This work was supported by The National Institute of Health (NIH-2RO1NS033661) and by the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station (HATCH ALA021-1-09017).

NOTE: Toutes les procédures effectuées ici ont été soumises et approuvées par IACUC (Office of Compliance recherche) et ont été réalisées suivant les directives du NIH. Souris utilisées dans le paradigme de tests comportementaux ont été naïf et ne est pas utilisé pour d&#39;autres tests. Le C57BL / 6 de type sauvage et des souris Knock Out utilisé dans ce protocole ont été précédemment décrit 9 et les données présentées ici sont de ce manuscrit. 1. Préparation de la salle d&#39;examen et Open Appareil de terrain <ol><li> Utilisez un champ ouvert labyrinthe unité multiple (OFM) composé de quatre chambres d&#39;activité a été utilisé pour cette analyse (Figure 1). Chaque chambre mesurée 50 cm (longueur) x 50 cm (largeur) x 38 cm (hauteur) et a été faite du blanc haute densité et de plastique non-poreux. </li><li> Texturer les étages du labyrinthe pour la traction lors de la marche alors que les murs du labyrinthe étaient lisses. Quadrants Maze étaient complètement vides pour le but de ce test. En contrepartie du reste de ce protocol, un seul quadrant du labyrinthe décrit ci-dessus sera utilisé pour démontrer l&#39;OFM. </li><li> Essuyez la chambre avec un éthanol à 95% avant l&#39;utilisation et avant que des tests ultérieurs pour enlever tous les indices de parfum laissées par le sujet souris précédente. </li><li> Laisser l&#39;éthanol se évaporer complètement avant de tester la souris. Cela peut prendre de 5 à 10 min entre chaque séance d&#39;essais. </li><li> Pour cette analyse, utilisez le logiciel SMART Suivi vidéo de PanLab / Harvard Apparatus pour enregistrer et évaluer le mouvement de la souris. NOTE: Ne importe quelle caméra de suivi vidéo commerciale et des logiciels peuvent être utilisés pour suivre le sujet de test et évaluer les résultats de le labyrinthe de plein champ. Il est très important pour l&#39;utilisateur final de comprendre comment calibrer et exécutez le logiciel utilisé pour chaque analyse individuelle. Indépendamment de la caméra vidéo et de logiciels de suivi utilisé, on obtient les meilleurs résultats lorsque l&#39;appareil photo et le logiciel sont correctement étalonnés selon les instructions du fabricant. </li><li> Effectuer les tests inorme na éclairage de la pièce capable de contenir l&#39;appareil de labyrinthe et l&#39;ordinateur requis pour exécuter le logiciel. Suspendre la caméra vidéo au-dessus du labyrinthe soit par fixation au plafond ou en utilisant ne importe quel système de support surélevée qui permet à la lentille de la caméra de voir la zone de labyrinthe ensemble (figure 2). </li><li> Comme l&#39;administrateur humaine du test, assurez-vous d&#39;avoir suffisamment d&#39;espace dans la salle pour être complètement observables par les sujets de test dans le labyrinthe afin de ne pas influencer le comportement des souris. </li></ol> 2. Préparer le logiciel pour mesurer l&#39;activité <ol><li> Ouvrez le logiciel de suivi vidéo. </li><li> Une fois le logiciel ouvert, déplacer le curseur sur l&#39;option &quot;de suivi unique sujet&quot; situé sous l&#39;onglet &quot;Data Acquisition» et seul clic pour ouvrir cette option. </li><li> Choisissez l&#39;option &quot;Arrière-plan statique&quot; situé en bas de l&#39;écran. </li><li> Après avoir choisi «Contexte statique&quot; est choisin, il est nécessaire d&#39;utiliser le logiciel pour prendre une image du labyrinthe avant l&#39;addition des sujets d&#39;essai. Pour ce faire, déplacez le curseur sur le bouton &quot;Photo&quot; situé en bas de l&#39;écran et seul clic. REMARQUE: Le logiciel va prendre une photo du scénario sans que le sujet de test qui sera soustraite de l&#39;image prise au cours du processus de suivi. Il en résulte que le mouvement de l&#39;objet en cours d&#39;analyse par le logiciel. </li><li> Assurez-vous que l&#39;image de fond pris ci-dessus est complètement éliminée par le logiciel de suivi en déplaçant le curseur sur le bouton «Test» situé au bas de l&#39;écran et en cliquant une fois. Un champ solide blanc se affiche si l&#39;image de fond est complètement supprimé de l&#39;image de suivi. Si les conditions d&#39;éclairage changent ou le labyrinthe est accidentellement déplacé, vous verrez noirs &quot;ombres&quot; dans ce domaine indiquant les deux images ne coïncident pas parfaitement. Pour remédier à cette situation, il suffit de répéter step 2.4 ci-dessus. </li><li> Après avoir vérifié les paramètres de fond, utilisez l&#39;option de synchronisation pour configurer la façon dont le temps est contrôlée lors de l&#39;acquisition. Pour ce faire, déplacez le curseur sur l&#39;onglet &quot;Configuration&quot; et cliquez une fois sur la rubrique «Timing». Utilisez la nouvelle fenêtre ouverte pour entrer dans les paramètres expérimentaux. </li><li> Pour ce protocole, a choisi l&#39;option &quot;Temps programmé&quot; que la période de suivi de 10 min. Réglez la «période de latence» à 5 sec pour laisser le temps de l&#39;utilisateur de placer la souris dans le centre du labyrinthe et de se éloigner avant le début du suivi. Entrez le &quot;Temps d&#39;acquisition&quot; de 10 min pour la durée de l&#39;essai. Réglez le &quot;Stop commande&quot; réglé sur &quot;Lorsque le temps programmé (10 min) est plus&quot; qui éteint automatiquement l&#39;appareil photo et la fonction de suivi du logiciel. </li><li> Déplacez le curseur sur le bouton &quot;Fermer&quot; après que tous les horaires ont été établis pour fermer la fenêtre. Vous êtes maintenant prêt à commencer le testing procédure. </li></ol> 3. Administration du test Open Field REMARQUE: Le logiciel utilisé dans ce protocole permet le suivi de jusqu&#39;à 16 souris individuelles à un moment. Pour la facilité de réalisation et comme mentionné ci-dessus, le protocole présenté ici est pour une seule souris en utilisant un seul quadrant de la BPI. Pour l&#39;équipement utilisé pour ce protocole, un maximum de quatre souris individuelles pourrait être suivie à l&#39;aide chaque quadrant du labyrinthe. Si en utilisant un labyrinthe multi-enceinte, après avoir placé le premier sujet de souris dans son quadrant défini, placer les souris restantes dans leur quadrant labyrinthe respectif pour analyse de suivi. Pour les fins de ce protocole, d&#39;autres instructions sera spécifique à un seul quadrant du labyrinthe. <ol><li> Apportez les souris dans leurs cages à domicile de leur chambre de logement dans la salle d&#39;examen. Laissez la souris de se acclimater à la salle d&#39;intervention pour un minimum de 30 minutes avant de commencer le test. </li><li> Retirer un seul mOuse de la cage de la maison en saisissant doucement sa queue et placez la souris au milieu du labyrinthe de champ ouvert tout en activant simultanément le logiciel SMART en cliquant une seule sur le bouton Démarrer pour commencer à suivre le mouvement de la souris. Il est normal pour la souris pour déplacer immédiatement sur les parois périphériques du labyrinthe et le moment de la libération et le suivi de la capture de la souris devrait coïncider pour enregistrer ce mouvement. </li><li> Permettre le déplacement libre et ininterrompu du sujet tout au long de la souris le quadrant respective du labyrinthe pour une seule période de 10 minutes au cours de laquelle, le logiciel de suivi sera enregistrer le mouvement (Figure 3). </li><li> À la fin de la période d&#39;essai, ramasser l&#39;objet doucement la souris, le retirer du labyrinthe et le retourner à sa cage. </li><li> Avant de nettoyer le labyrinthe, comptez visuellement les pastilles Boli fécaux présents dans le labyrinthe et manuellement enregistrer les numéros pour une analyse ultérieure. </li><li> Retirez toutes les pelotes fécales et essuyer tous les spots de la miction. Vaporiser le sol et les murs du quadrant de labyrinthe avec 95% d&#39;éthanol et essuyer avec une serviette en papier propre. Permettre à la solution de l&#39;éthanol pour sécher complètement avant de tester d&#39;autres souris. </li><li> Répétez la procédure avec la prochaine souris. </li></ol> 4. Mesure et analyse du comportement lors de la procédure d&#39;essais NOTE: Pour la mesure, trois aspects du comportement en plein champ sont facilement caractérisés en utilisant ce protocole (voir la discussion). Une brève instruction sur la façon d&#39;accéder à ces mesures dans le logiciel de suivi vidéo suit. <ol><li> De l&#39;écran principal du logiciel SMART, déplacer le curseur sur l&#39;onglet &quot;Zones&quot; et seul clic &quot;Définition&quot; pour ouvrir l&#39;éditeur Zone. </li><li> Suivez les instructions détaillées dans le manuel de l&#39;utilisateur du logiciel SMART ne définir des zones ou des grilles de superposer sur les chemins de suivi. Ici, le logiciel a été utilisé pour définir une grille de 5 x 5 cm de 10 cases couvrant la surface du labyrinthe ( <strong&gt; Figure 4). Veillez à enregistrer le fichier de zone créé avant la fermeture de l&#39;éditeur Zone. </li><li> De l&#39;écran principal du logiciel SMART, déplacer le curseur sur l&#39;onglet «Analyse» et seul clic pour ouvrir la fenêtre d&#39;analyse des données. </li><li> Déplacez le curseur sur l&#39;onglet &quot;Fichier&quot; et ouvrez le fichier de zone créé ci-dessus. </li><li> Déplacez le curseur sur l&#39;onglet &quot;Configuration&quot; et ouvrez l&#39;option &quot;Analyse Track&quot;. Cela va ouvrir la fenêtre &quot;configuration d&#39;analyse unique objet&quot;. <ol><li> Déplacez le curseur sur l&#39;onglet &quot;Standard&quot; et déplacer le paramètre &quot;Distance parcourue&quot; Paramètres de la zone Disponible (côté gauche) à la boîte de paramètres inclus (côté droit). </li><li> Déplacez le curseur sur l&#39;onglet &quot;Zones Transitions&quot; et mettre tous les paramètres appropriés à la boîte de paramètres inclus comme ci-dessus. </li><li> Vérifiez que la case &quot;Full Track&quot; est cochée en bas de la fenêtre. </li><li> Move le curseur sur le bouton OK et fermez la fenêtre à sujet unique configuration d&#39;analyse. REMARQUE: Selon l&#39;analyse que vous souhaitez effectuer, beaucoup d&#39;autres options peuvent être choisies dans cette fenêtre pour extraire des données de l&#39;analyse. Lire le manuel de votre programme spécifique de l&#39;utilisateur détaillée pour déterminer quels sont les paramètres les plus importants pour l&#39;analyse de vos données. </li></ol></li><li> Sous l&#39;onglet Fichier en haut à gauche de la fenêtre du programme, ouvrez la fenêtre unique objet de la piste et placer une coche à côté de toutes les pistes en cours d&#39;analyse. Déplacez le curseur sur le bouton coche en haut de la fenêtre et cliquez sur pour fermer la fenêtre Track Explorer. </li><li> Déplacez le curseur sur le bouton &quot;Go&quot; dans la fenêtre d&#39;analyse de données et cliquez pour lancer l&#39;analyse des données de la piste. </li><li> des données d&#39;analyse peuvent être sortie comme soit des fichiers texte ASCII ou il peut être directement exporté dans un tableur Excel. Utilisez les outils de sortie du logiciel que vous utilisez pour la sortie du data pour votre propre usage. REMARQUE: la distance totale parcourue et le temps passé dans les zones indiquées sera sortie en suivant les étapes de l&#39;analyse de données décrites ci-dessus. Encore une fois, il est souligné que les étapes pour atteindre ces mesures représentées ici diffèrent en fonction du logiciel de l&#39;utilisateur utilisé. Mais la donnée elle-même et l&#39;interprétation des résultats doivent être indépendants similaire du programme de logiciel utilisé. Il est également intéressant de noter que le biais de l&#39;administrateur de test est retiré de ce protocole que toutes les données recueillies est quantifiée données mesurées par le logiciel et non l&#39;administrateur. Il n&#39;y a donc pas d&#39;élément qualifiable aux données recueillies de la manière décrite. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

L&#39;Open Field Maze est une des plateformes les plus largement utilisés dans les études de comportement des animaux. Un certain nombre de paramètres classiques et éthologiques importants 2,4 peut être collecté et analysé pendant l&#39;exécution de la BCI. Ces données permettent aux chercheurs de mesurer les comportements allant de l&#39;activité globale locomotrice à des comportements émotionnels liés à l&#39;anxiété 8. Cependant, l&#39;utilisation de BCI ne est pas sans ses défa...

The Open Field Maze (OFM) was initially developed in 1934 as a test to measure emotionality in rodents1. It has attained the status of being one of the most widely used measures of behavior in animal psychology2. It provides an easy and fairly rapid assessment of well-defined behaviors requiring no training to the test subject and little to no specialized training for the human administering the test. These attributes have led to wide-spread use of the open field maze in research extended to other animal species such as calves, pigs, rabbits, primates, honeybees and lobsters3. Part of its popularity arises from the fact that the psychological and physiological concepts underlying the tests are generally straight-forward and well understood. For example, it has been postulated that evolutionary forces have selected for a common response in animals such that most species display anxiety-mediated fear or flight responses to specific stimuli. Rodents for example, show distinct aversions to large, brightly lit, open and unknown environments4. We can assume they have been phylogenetically conditioned to see these types of environments as dangerous. All of these features are incorporated in the open field maze and form the basis of its use in behavioral paradigm testing.
An open field maze consists of a wall-enclosed area that is of sufficient height to prevent the subject from escaping. Typical maze shapes are circular or square with an area large enough, based on the size of the subject tested, to elicit a feeling of openness in the center of the maze. A number of variables can be scored in the open field maze with most parameters involving differing types of motor activity2. Ambulation is the most common behavior studied but others such as latency or rearing can also be measured. Most often, rodent behavior is analyzed in a bare maze. However, the addition of objects, either one or many to the maze floor, adds the ability to see how the subject interacts with novel additional stimuli2. Relevant parameters when objects are presented are typically the number of approaches to an object or in some cases, preference or aversion for one object over another.
Many behavioral tests of anxiety are based on the subject animal&#8217;s body activity and locomotion5. Interpreting behavioral tests for emotionality while separating non-emotional confounding factors, such as motor activity, has been the subject of intense debate6,7. As the OFM was originally described, two measures of emotionality can be deduced, locomotor activity and fecal boli deposits or defecation1. However, these two measures have been shown in some studies to be unrelated supporting the conclusion that emotionality in rodents is multidimensional5. Regardless, discrepancies in the literature regarding these measures and emotionality or anxiety in mouse models may be attributed to differences in analysis criteria or differences in testing procedures. Studies have conclusively linked results from OFM analysis with other measures of anxiety when comparing mouse models8.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="631">
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:160px;">Multi Unit Open Field Test</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">San Diego Instruments, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">White 7001-0354</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Any single or multi unit open field maze can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:160px;">SMART DT Tracking Software</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">PanLab/Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">76-0695</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Any tracking software can be utilized with this protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:160px;">Sony 990x Video Camera Recorder</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sony</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">CCD-TRV328</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Any suitable video camera can be attached to computer for recording tracking profiles.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

use of the open field maze to measure locomotor and anxiety-like behavior in mice

Animal models have proven to be invaluable to researchers trying to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of behavior. The Open Field Maze is one of the most commonly used platforms to measure behaviors in animal models. It is a fast and relatively easy test that provides a variety of behavioral information ranging from general ambulatory ability to data regarding the emotionality of the subject animal. As it relates to rodent models, the procedure allows the study of different strains of mice or rats both laboratory bred and wild-captured. The technique also readily lends itself to the investigation of different pharmacological compounds for anxiolytic or anxiogenic effects. Here, a protocol for use of the open field maze to describe mouse behaviors is detailed and a simple analysis of general locomotor ability and anxiety-related emotional behaviors between two strains of C57BL/6 mice is performed. Briefly, using the described protocol we show Wild Type mice exhibited significantly less anxiety related behaviors than did age-matched Knock Out mice while both strains exhibited similar ambulatory ability.

Le nombre moyen d&#39;individus par souche de souris testées dans la plupart des cas est d&#39;environ 20 pour générer pertinence statistique suffisante. Toutefois, ce nombre peut être de l&#39;ordre de 8 à 30 en fonction de la disponibilité de la souris. En fonction de la mesure ou la comparaison de besoin, il est également avantageux d&#39;utiliser des sujets de même âge. Le premier et sans doute le plus important paramètre spécifique pour mesurer dans le Open Field Maze est la ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice at JoVE.com

Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice

A protocol is provided to use an Open Field Maze to access general locomotor activity, anxiety and emotionality in a laboratory mouse model.

L&#39;utilisation de l&#39;Open Field Maze mesurer locomoteur et de l&#39;anxiété comme comportement chez la souris

Animal models have proven to be invaluable to researchers trying to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of behavior. The Open Field Maze is one of ...

use-open-field-maze-to-measure-locomotor-anxiety-like-behavior

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

71.3K vues.  Auburn University. A protocol is provided to use an Open Field Maze to access general locomotor activity, anxiety and emotionality in a laboratory mouse model.

Vidéo: Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice

Shallow Water (Paddling) Variants of Water Maze Tests in Mice

When Richard Morris devised his water maze in 19817, most behavioral work was done in rats. However, the greater understanding of mouse genetics led to the mouse becoming increasingly important. But researchers found that some strains of mutant mice were prone to problems like passively floating or diving when they were tested in the Morris water maze11. This was unsurprising considering their natural habitat; rats swim naturally (classically, the "sewer rat"), whereas mice evolved in the dry areas of central Asia.
To overcome these problems, it was considered whether shallow water would be a sufficient stimulus to provide escape motivation for mice. This would also avoid the problems of drying the small creatures with a towel and then putting them in a heated recovery chamber to avoid hypothermia, which is a much more serious problem than with rats; the large ratio of surface area to volume of a mouse makes it particularly vulnerable to rapid heat loss.
Another consideration was whether a more natural escape strategy could be used, to facilitate learning. Since animals that fall into water and swim away from the safety of the shore are unlikely to pass on their genes, animals have evolved a natural tendency to swim to the edge of a body of water. The Morris water maze, however, requires them to swim to a hidden platform towards the center of the maze - exactly opposite to their evolved behavior. Therefore the paddling maze should incorporate escape to the edge of the apparatus. This feature, coupled with the use of relatively non-aversive shallow water, embodies the "Refinement" aspect of the "3 Rs" of Russell and Burch8.
Various types of maze design were tried; the common feature was that the water was always shallow (2 cm deep) and escape was via a tube piercing the transparent wall of the apparatus. Other tubes ("false exits") were also placed around the walls but these were blocked off. From the inside of the maze all false exits and the single true exit looked the same. Currently a dodecagonal (12-sided) maze is in use in Oxford, with 12 true/false exits set in the corners. In a recent development a transparent paddling Y-maze has been tested successfully.

Shallow Water Paddling Variants of Water Maze Tests in Mice

Mice can swim, but many strains appear to find this activity stressful. To overcome this problem mazes have been devised where escape from shallow water is used to motivate behaviour. These have been demonstrated to support learning at least as good as the traditional and widely used Morris water maze.

Eau (Cadence) Des variantes peu profondes de tests de labyrinthe d&#39;eau chez la souris

When Richard Morris devised his water maze in 19817, most behavioral work was done in rats. However, the greater understanding of mouse genetics led to ...

Recherche

Sciences du comportement

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior

We present an operant system for the detection of pain in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) assesses pain behaviors in a more clinically relevant way by not relying on reflex-based measures of nociception. Food fasted, hairless (or shaved) rodents are placed into a Plexiglas chamber which has two Peltier-based thermodes that can be programmed to any temperature between 7 &deg;C and 60 &deg;C. The rodent is trained to make contact with these in order to access a reward bottle. During a session, a number of behavioral pain outcomes are automatically recorded and saved. These measures include the number of reward bottle activations (licks) and facial contact stimuli (face contacts), but custom measures like the lick/face ratio (total number of licks per session/total number of contacts) can also be created. The stimulus temperature can be set to a single temperature or multiple temperatures within a session. The OPAD is a high-throughput, easy to use operant assay which will lead to better translation of pain research in the future as it includes cortical input instead of relying on spinal reflex-based nociceptive assays.

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device OPAD to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior

We present a user-friendly, high-throughput operant system for the evaluation of pain behaviors in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) can assess pain through a reward/conflict paradigm thus providing a more humane way of testing. This protocol will yield more clinically relevant and translational data from rodents.

L&#39;utilisation de l&#39;appareil Orofacial d&#39;évaluation de la douleur opérant (OPAD) pour mesurer les changements dans le comportement nociceptif

We present an operant  system for the detection of pain in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial  Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) assesses pain behaviors ...

Use of an Eight-arm Radial Water Maze to Assess Working and Reference Memory Following Neonatal Brain Injury

Working and reference memory are commonly assessed using the land based radial arm maze.&#160;However, this paradigm requires pretraining, food deprivation, and may introduce scent cue confounds. The eight-arm radial water maze is designed to evaluate reference and working memory performance simultaneously by requiring subjects to use extra-maze cues to locate escape platforms and remedies the limitations observed in land based radial arm maze designs. Specifically, subjects are required to avoid the arms previously used for escape during each testing day (working memory) as well as avoid the fixed arms, which never contain escape platforms (reference memory). Re-entries into arms that have already been used for escape during a testing session (and thus the escape platform has been removed) and re-entries into reference memory arms are indicative of working memory deficits. Alternatively, first entries into reference memory arms are indicative of reference memory deficits. We used this maze to compare performance of rats with neonatal brain injury and sham controls following induction of hypoxia-ischemia and show significant deficits in both working and reference memory after eleven days of testing. This protocol could be easily modified to examine many other models of learning impairment.

The eight-arm radial water maze is designed to evaluate reference and working memory performance simultaneously by requiring subjects to use extra-maze cues to locate escape platforms and remedies the limitations observed in land based radial arm maze designs.

Working and reference memory are commonly assessed using the land based radial arm maze.&#160;However, this paradigm requires pretraining, food ...

Behavioral and Locomotor Measurements Using an Open Field Activity Monitoring System for Skeletal Muscle Diseases

The open field activity monitoring system comprehensively assesses locomotor and behavioral activity levels of mice. It is a useful tool for assessing locomotive impairment in animal models of neuromuscular disease and efficacy of therapeutic drugs that may improve locomotion and/or muscle function. The open field activity measurement provides a different measure than muscle strength, which is commonly assessed by grip strength measurements. It can also show how drugs may affect other body systems as well when used with additional outcome measures. In addition, measures such as total distance traveled mirror the 6 min walk test, a clinical trial outcome measure. However, open field activity monitoring is also associated with significant challenges: Open field activity measurements vary according to animal strain, age, sex, and circadian rhythm. In addition, room temperature, humidity, lighting, noise, and even odor can affect assessment outcomes. Overall, this manuscript provides a well-tested and standardized open field activity SOP for preclinical trials in animal models of neuromuscular diseases. We provide a discussion of important considerations, typical results, data analysis, and detail the strengths and weaknesses of open field testing. In addition, we provide recommendations for optimal study design when using open field activity in a preclinical trial.

Open field activity levels are used to assess locomotive and behavioral activity levels. This protocol provides a well-designed, standardized protocol to use in preclinical trials for neuromuscular disorders.

Les mesures comportementales et locomotrices grâce à un système de surveillance d&#39;activité en plein champ pour les maladies musculaires squelettiques

The open field activity monitoring system comprehensively assesses locomotor and behavioral activity levels of mice. It is a useful tool for assessing ...

Place and Response Learning in the Open-field Tower Maze

This protocol describes how the Open-field Tower Maze (OFTM) paradigm is used to study spatial learning in rodents. This maze is especially useful for examining how rats learn to use a place- or response-learning to successfully navigate in an open-field arena. Additionally, this protocol describes how the OFTM differs from other behavioral maze paradigms that are commonly used to study spatial learning in rodents. The OFTM described in this article was adapted from the one previously described by Cole, Clipperton, and Walt (2007). Specifically, the OFTM was created to test spatial learning in rodents without the experimenter having to consider how &#8220;stress&#8221; might play a role as a confounding variable. Experiments have shown that stress-alone can significantly affect cognitive function1. The representative results section contains data from an experiment that used the OFTM to examine the effects of estradiol treatment on place- and response-learning in adult female Sprague Dawley rats2. Future studies will be designed to examine the role of the hippocampus and striatum in place- and response-learning in the OFTM.

The Open-field Tower Maze (OFTM) is a maze created to study the behavioral and neural mechanisms of spatial learning (e.g., place- or response-learning) in rats. This maze is especially useful for experimenters who want to use a non-stressful maze paradigm to investigate spatial learning in their research.

Placez et l&#39;apprentissage de réponse à l&#39;Open-champ Tour Maze

This protocol describes how the Open-field Tower Maze (OFTM) paradigm is used to study spatial learning in rodents. This maze is especially useful for ...

Basic Methods for the Study of Reproductive Ecology of Fish in Aquaria

Captive-rearing observations are valuable for revealing aspects of fish behavior and ecology when continuous field investigations are impossible. Here, a series of basic techniques are described to enable observations of the reproductive behavior of a wild-caught gobiid fish, as a model, kept in an aquarium. The method focuses on three steps: collection, transport, and observations of reproductive ecology of a substrate spawner. Essential aspects of live fish collection and transport are (1) preventing injury to the fish, and (2) careful acclimation to the aquarium. Preventing harm through injuries such as scratches or a sudden change of water pressure is imperative when collecting live fish, as any physical damage is likely to negatively affect the survival and later behavior of the fish. Careful acclimation to aquaria decreases the incidence death and mitigates the shock of transport. Observations during captive rearing include (1) the identification of individual fish and (2) monitoring spawned eggs without negative effects to the fish or eggs, thereby enabling detailed investigation of the study species' reproductive ecology. The subcutaneous injection of a visible implant elastomer (VIE) tag is a precise method for the subsequent identification of individual fish, and it can be used with a wide size range of fish, with minimal influence on their survival and behavior. If the study species is a substrate spawner that deposits adhesive eggs, an artificial nest site constructed from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe with the addition of a removable waterproof sheet will facilitate counting and monitoring the eggs, lessening the investigator's influence on the nest-holding and egg-guarding behavior of the fish. Although this basic method entails techniques that are seldom mentioned in detail in research articles, they are fundamental for undertaking experiments that require the captive rearing of a wild fish.

A series of basic methods to enable the study of the reproductive ecology of fish kept in aquaria are described. These are useful protocols for collecting fish using SCUBA, transporting live fish, and observing the reproductive behavior of wild-caught fish kept in aquaria.

Méthodes fondamentales pour l&#39;étude de l&#39;écologie reproductive du poisson dans les aquariums

Captive-rearing observations are valuable for revealing aspects of fish behavior and ecology when continuous field investigations are impossible. Here, a ...

Central and Divided Visual Field Presentation of Emotional Images to Measure Hemispheric Differences in Motivated Attention

Two dominant theories on lateralized processing of emotional information exist in the literature. One theory posits that unpleasant emotions are processed by right frontal regions, while pleasant emotions are processed by left frontal regions. The other theory posits that the right hemisphere is more specialized for the processing of emotional information overall, particularly in posterior regions.
Assessing the different roles of the cerebral hemispheres in processing emotional information can be difficult without the use of neuroimaging methodologies, which are not accessible or affordable to all scientists. Divided visual field presentation of stimuli can allow for the investigation of lateralized processing of information without the use of neuroimaging technology. 
This study compared central versus divided visual field presentations of emotional images to assess differences in motivated attention between the two hemispheres. The late positive potential (LPP) was recorded using electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs) methodologies to assess motivated attention. Future work will pair this paradigm with a more active behavioral task to explore the behavioral impacts on the attentional differences found.

This study compared central versus divided visual field presentations of emotional images to assess differences in motivated attention between the two hemispheres. The late positive potential (LPP) was recorded using electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs) methodologies to assess motivated attention.

Présentation du champ visuel central et divisée d’Images émotionnelles pour mesurer les différences hémisphériques dans Attention motivée

Two dominant theories on lateralized processing of emotional information exist in the literature. One theory posits that unpleasant emotions are processed ...

Testing Animal Anxiety in Rats: Effects of Open Arm Ledges and Closed Arm Wall Transparency in Elevated Plus Maze Test

The elevated plus maze test is a behavioral test for assessing animal anxiety in rodents. Although this test is widely applied in the field of behavioral science, conflicting outcomes are often provided from different laboratories. To identify reasons for the different outcomes, we previously focused on arm features, which differ between laboratories, most notably the presence/absence of ledges at the sides of open arms and the transparency/opaqueness of closed arm walls. In a previous report, we used a custom designed container to compare rat behavior on different combinations of open and closed arm designs under otherwise identical experimental conditions, and showed that differences in arm features interfere with experimental outcomes. In brief, open arm ledges significantly increased anxiety-like behavior in rats, while transparent arms may also have decreased this behavior. Furthermore, we verified a higher detection sensitivity of the effect of an anxiolytic drug in a combination of no-ledged open arm + opaque walled closed arm compared with a combination of ledged open arm + transparent walled closed arm. In this report, we introduce our protocol for the elevated plus maze test, together with discussion of the key results from the previous report and our experimental experience. We believe this report will provide useful information for researchers who have employed or who plan to use the elevated plus maze in their studies.

Rats' anxiety-like behavior tested by the elevated plus maze varies highly depending on the testing environment. Here we show how apparatus settings, especially arm structure, affect behavior on the maze, and we explain a reliable protocol to detect effects of anxiolytic drugs. This report will contribute to anxiety research.

Test d’anxiété animale chez les Rats : effets des corniches bras ouvert et fermé bras mural transparence élevée Plus de Test de labyrinthe

The elevated plus maze test is a behavioral test for assessing animal anxiety in rodents. Although this test is widely applied in the field of behavioral ...

Analyzing Spatial Learning and Prosocial Behavior in Mice Using the Barnes Maze and Damsel-in-Distress Paradigms

The Barnes maze is a reliable measure of spatial learning and memory that does not require food restriction or exposure to extremely stressful stimuli. The Barnes maze can also assess other mouse behaviors, such as general motivation to escape from the maze platform and exploratory behavior. The Barnes maze can measure whether a genetic mutation or environmental variable can impact the acquisition and retention of spatial memories, as well as provide information about the search strategy employed by the mice. Here we use the Barnes maze to detect a memory deficit in adult mice following a single developmental ethanol exposure event. The newly described Damsel-in-Distress paradigm exposes a male mouse to a female mouse trapped in a chamber in the open center field of the arena. It provides an opportunity for the mouse to socially respond to the trapped female and exhibit prosocial behavior. The Damsel-in-Distress paradigm can also be used to examine mouse behavior in a novel arena and measure locomotor activity. Both the Barnes Maze and the Damsel-in-Distress protocols require minimal financial investment and most aspects of the tests can be constructed from common lab supplies. These flexible and accessible tools can also be used to detect behavioral changes over the course of development.

This protocol measures spatial learning and memory using the Barnes maze. A novel Damsel-in-Distress paradigm is used to assess locomotor activity and prosocial behavior in mice.

Analysant l’apprentissage Spatial et comportement Prosocial chez la souris à l’aide de la Maze de Barnes et paradigmes de la demoiselle en détresse

The Barnes maze is a reliable measure of spatial learning and memory that does not require food restriction or exposure to extremely stressful stimuli. ...

The Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Protocol for Inducing Anhedonia in Mice

Depression is a highly prevalent and debilitating condition, only partially addressed by current pharmacotherapies. The lack of response to treatment by many patients prompts the need to develop new therapeutic alternatives and to better understand the etiology of the disorder. Pre-clinical models with translational merits are rudimentary for this task. Here we present a protocol for the unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) method in mice. In this protocol, adolescent mice are chronically exposed to interchanging unpredictable mild stressors. Resembling the pathogenesis of depression in humans, stress exposure during the sensitive period of mice adolescence instigates a depressive-like phenotype evident in adulthood. UCMS can be used for screenings of antidepressants on the variety of depressive-like behaviors and neuromolecular indices. Among the more prominent tests to assess depressive-like behavior in rodents is the sucrose preference test (SPT), which reflects anhedonia (core symptom of depression). The SPT will also be presented in this protocol. The ability of UCMS to induce anhedonia, instigate long-term behavioral deficits and enable reversal of these deficits via chronic (but not acute) treatment with antidepressants strengthens the protocol&#39;s validity compared to other animal protocols for inducing depressive-like behaviors.

Here we present the unpredictable chronic mild stress protocol in mice. This protocol induces a long-term depressive-like phenotype and enables to assess the efficacy of putative antidepressants in reversing the behavioral and neuromolecular depressive-like deficits.

Le protocole d’effort doux chronique imprévisible pour induire l’anhédonie chez la souris

Depression is a highly prevalent and debilitating condition, only partially addressed by current pharmacotherapies. The lack of response to treatment by ...