We would like to thank the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute for the gifts of piggyBac transposon and piggyBac transposase. This work was supported by the Butcher grant of Colorado and the NIH R01 AG041801 (W.S.C).

<ol>
	<li>Johnson, T. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Longevity+genes+in+the+nematode+Caenorhabditis+elegans+also+mediate+increased+resistance+to+stress+and+prevent+disease.">Longevity genes in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans also mediate increased resistance to stress and prevent disease.</a> J Inherit Metab Dis. 25, 197-206 (2002).</li><li>Murakami, S., Salmon, A., Miller, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiplex+stress+resistance+in+cells+from+long-lived+dwarf+mice.">Multiplex stress resistance in cells from long-lived dwarf mice.</a> Faseb J. 17, 1565-1566 (2003).</li><li>Perez, V. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+overexpression+of+major+antioxidant+enzymes+does+not+extend+the+lifespan+of+mice.">The overexpression of major antioxidant enzymes does not extend the lifespan of mice.</a> Aging Cell. 8, 73-75 (2009).</li><li>Martin, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+engineering+of+mice+to+test+the+oxidative+damage+theory+of+aging.">Genetic engineering of mice to test the oxidative damage theory of aging.</a> Ann NY Acad Sci. 1055, 26-34 (2005).</li><li>Chick, W. S., Drechsel, D. A., Hammond, W., Patel, M., Johnson, T. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transmission+of+mutant+phenotypes+from+ES+cells+to+adult+mice.">Transmission of mutant phenotypes from ES cells to adult mice.</a> Mamm Genome. 20, 734-740 (2009).</li><li>Ramirez-Solis, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genomic+DNA+microextraction:+a+method+to+screen+numerous+samples.">Genomic DNA microextraction: a method to screen numerous samples.</a> Anal Biochem. 201, 331-335 (1992).</li><li>Uren, A. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+high-throughput+splinkerette-PCR+method+for+the+isolation+and+sequencing+of+retroviral+insertion+sites.">A high-throughput splinkerette-PCR method for the isolation and sequencing of retroviral insertion sites.</a> Nat Protoc. 4, 789-798 (2009).</li><li>Wang, W., Bradley, A., Huang, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+piggyBac+transposon-based+genome-wide+library+of+insertionally+mutated+Blm-deficient+murine+ES+cells.">A piggyBac transposon-based genome-wide library of insertionally mutated Blm-deficient murine ES cells.</a> Genome Res. 19, 667-673 (2009).</li><li>Chick, W. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Screening+for+stress-resistance+mutations+in+the+mouse.">Screening for stress-resistance mutations in the mouse.</a> Front Genet. 5, 310 (2014).</li><li>Salmon, A. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fibroblast+cell+lines+from+young+adult+mice+of+long-lived+mutant+strains+are+resistant+to+multiple+forms+of+stress.">Fibroblast cell lines from young adult mice of long-lived mutant strains are resistant to multiple forms of stress.</a> Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 289, 23-29 (2005).</li><li>Skarnes, W. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+public+gene+trap+resource+for+mouse+functional+genomics.">A public gene trap resource for mouse functional genomics.</a> Nat Genet. 36, 543-544 (2015).</li><li>Baker, K. E., Parker, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nonsense-mediated+mRNA+decay:+terminating+erroneous+gene+expression.">Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay: terminating erroneous gene expression.</a> Curr Opin Cell Biol. 16, 293-299 (2004).</li><li>Shigeoka, T., Kawaichi, M., Ishida, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Suppression+of+nonsense-mediated+mRNA+decay+permits+unbiased+gene+trapping+in+mouse+embryonic+stem+cells.">Suppression of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay permits unbiased gene trapping in mouse embryonic stem cells.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 33, e20 (2004).</li><li>Symula, D. J., Zhu, Y., Schimenti, J. C., Rubin, E. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Forward genetic analysis allows for an unbiased interrogation of the genome for genes responsible for a specific phenotype. This method is very powerful to uncover novel gene functions. It has been widely used in lower organisms but not in mammal, such as the mouse, mainly due to the extremely high cost associated with the infrastructure and logistics that would entail. Here, we moved the genetic screening process to the ES cell culture platform, greatly increasing the efficiency and throughput in generating mutants a...

Longévité a une relation intime avec la résistance au stress. En général, les espèces à long terme démontrent souvent une résistance accrue vers de multiples facteurs de stress, tels que le peroxyde d&#39;hydrogène, le paraquat (PQ), UV, de la chaleur, et des métaux lourds 1,2. En revanche, la sensibilité accrue au stress a tendance à prédire la durée de vie réduite et / ou un phénotype de la maladie plus sujette. La voie de balayage anti-oxydant a longtemps été supposé jouer un rôle important pour conférer une résistance au stress à l&#39;animal. Cependant, à quelques exceptions près, les études d&#39;une variété d&#39;animaux transgéniques à des manipulations dans divers enzymes anti-oxydantes (par exemple, SOD) indiquent que l&#39;augmentation du niveau d&#39;enzymes d&#39;évacuation des oxydants ne pas augmenter la durée de vie ou durée de la santé 3. Ces données suggèrent que le caractère de résistance au stress constamment observés chez des animaux à long terme est médiée par d&#39;autres voies cellulaires encore être découverts. Nous avons pris une avance impartialeapproche génétique pour identifier des gènes, qui sur muté, peut conférer un phénotype de résistance au stress chez souches embryonnaires (ES) de culture des cellules. Les cellules ES offrent deux avantages majeurs dans cette étude: (1) les manipulations génétiques sophistiqués sont disponibles pour modifier le génome des cellules ES; et (2) les cellules ES résistantes au stress récupérés de l&#39;écran peuvent être directement utilisés pour la production de la souris, ce qui permet la traduction rapide dans les études animales entières pour mesurer la durée de vie et la durée de la santé. Dans ce rapport, nous avons décrit l&#39;utilisation de la lignée cellulaire ES C9, dans laquelle les allèles BLM étaient sous le contrôle d&#39;un élément sensible à la tétracycline. Traitement de la doxycycline (Dox) transitoirement éteint l&#39;expression de Blm conduisant à une augmentation des incidents échange de chromatides sœurs. Ce court-terme Blm knock-out a permis la génération de mutations homozygotes sein de la population hétérozygote sorte que des mutations récessives pour la résistance au stress pourraient être capturés dans le processus de sélection. nousdécrit également l&#39;utilisation de piggyBac (PB) en tant que le transposon mutagene au hasard pour insérer un poly-Cassette de piégeage (PB-UPA) pour muter des gènes dans le génome. Les cellules avec la perturbation d&#39;un gène par la poly-Un piège est devenu résistant à G418 et pourraient être récupérés de sorte qu&#39;une collection de mutants de piégeage de gènes (bibliothèque de piégeage de gènes) pourrait être faite, et ensuite pour produire des clones mutants qui étaient résistant au stress. Les clones résistants au stress récupérés à partir de la sélection peuvent être caractérisés assez rapidement par des techniques moléculaires en ce qui concerne le nombre d&#39;insertions (qPCR), le site d&#39;insertion (splinkerette PCR), l&#39;identité du gène perturbé (BLAST), et son niveau d&#39;expression ( RT-qPCR). L&#39;insertion de PB pourrait être remobilisé par expression transitoire de MPB transposase dans le clone de restaurer la séquence d&#39;ADN de type sauvage et donc tester pour la perte de résistance au stress. Ce sont des moyens puissants pour confirmer la causalité de la mutation, ce qui devrait être fait avantpour la production de souris coûteux. Des études antérieures ont montré que les cellules exposées à des facteurs de stress ont perdu leur 4,5 pluripotence. Ainsi, dans ce protocole, la préservation d&#39;un jeu de répliques de cellules mutantes, qui ne serait pas traitée avec les facteurs de stress est critique pour la production de la souris succès. Notre laboratoire a conçu la lignée cellulaire ES C9 et le vecteur PB-UPA, les deux sont disponibles à d&#39;autres enquêteurs sur demande. Le protocole présenté ici va commencer par la génération de novo bibliothèque de cellules ES gène piégé avec PB-UPA (figure 1A), suivis par des répliques et la sélection de stress pour isoler des clones résistants au stress (figure 1B). Nous avons démontré la sélection avec le paraquat, un puissant générateur de radicaux libres dans les cellules. Pratiquement, tout composé cytotoxique ou une toxine, par exemple, les facteurs de stress ER (par exemple, la thapsigargine et tunicamycine), oxydant neuronale (par exemple, MPP +, la dopamine 6-hydroxy, et la roténone), la chaleur, et lourdmétaux (par exemple, Cd, Se), pourraient être adaptés à la méthode de sélection de mutants résistants respectifs.

<table border="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vector</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PB-UPA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mPBase</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mPBasePuro</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue Culture&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>500-ml Stericup filters</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>SCGPU05RE</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>250-ml Stericup filters</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>SCGPU02RE</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50-ml Steriflip-GV filters</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>SE1M179M6</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KO DMEM</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10829-018</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D6429</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS</td>
			<td>Tissue Culture Biologicals</td>
			<td>104</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heat Inactivated FBS</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>F4135-500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LIF</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>ESG1107</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Non-essential Amino Acids</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11140-050</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GlutaMAX</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>35050-061</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pen/Strep</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15140148</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#946;-Mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>21985-023</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methyl Viologen dichloride (Paraquat)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>856177</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethyl Sulphoxide Hybri-MAX</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D2650</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EmbryoMAX 0.1% gelatin</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>ES006B</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS/Modified</td>
			<td>HyClone</td>
			<td>SH30028.02</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.25% Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>25200-056</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T25 Flask</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>353108</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T75 flask</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>353135</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100-mm&#160; plate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>353003</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>150-mm&#160; plate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430599</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well&#160; plate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3585</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well U-bottom plate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3799</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24-well plate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3526</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50-ml reservoir&#160;</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>4870</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15-ml tubes</td>
			<td>VWR International, LLC</td>
			<td>82050-276</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primary Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>PMEF-NL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DR4 Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts</td>
			<td>Applied StemCell</td>
			<td>ASF-1001</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mitomycin C</td>
			<td>Fisher BioReagents&#160;</td>
			<td>BP25312</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Geneticin (G418)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11811-023</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Doxycycline</td>
			<td>Fisher BioReagents&#160;</td>
			<td>BP26531</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryotubes</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>377267</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge&#160;</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>Centrifuge 5702</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TC10 cell counter</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Counting Slides (for TC10)</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1450011</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electroporation&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gene Pulser Xcell</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1652611</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gene Pulser Cuvettes (4 mm gap)</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1652088</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Molecular Biology&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermal Cycler</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>Mastercylcer ep Gradient&#160; S</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Puregene Core kit B</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>158745</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Topo-TA Cloning kit</td>
			<td>Life Technologies&#160;</td>
			<td>450030</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High Capacity cDNA synthesis kit</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td>4368814</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Fisher BioReagents&#160;</td>
			<td>BP358-212</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100% ethanol</td>
			<td>Decon Laboratories, Inc.</td>
			<td>2716</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Double Processed Tissue Culture Water</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>W3500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sau3A1</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>R0169L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T4 DNA Ligase</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>M0202T</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EcoRV</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>R3195S</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well Lysis Buffer (Ramires-Solis et al. 1992)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trizma Base</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T1503</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrochloric Acid</td>
			<td>Fisher BioReagents&#160;</td>
			<td>A144-212</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>E5134</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-Lauroylsarcosine sodium salt</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L5777</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Proteinase-K</td>
			<td>Fisher BioReagents&#160;</td>
			<td>BP1700</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrophoresis</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini-Sub Cell GT</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>170-4469EDU</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LE Agarose&#160;</td>
			<td>GeneMate</td>
			<td>E3120500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethidium Bromide&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisher BioReagents&#160;</td>
			<td>BP1302</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 BP DNA Ladder</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>N3231S</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1Kb DNA Ladder</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>N3232S</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-log DNA Ladder</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>N3200L</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

forward genetic approach to uncover stress resistance genes in mice &#8212; a high-throughput screen in es cells

Phenotype-driven genetic screens in mice is a powerful technique to uncover gene functions, but are often hampered by extremely high costs, which severely limits its potential. We describe here the use of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells as surrogate cells to screen for a phenotype of interest and subsequently introduce these cells into a host embryo to develop into a living mouse carrying the phenotype. This method provides (1) a cost effective, high-throughput platform for genetic screen in mammalian cells; (2) a rapid way to identify the mutated genes and verify causality; and (3) a short-cut to develop mouse mutants directly from these selected ES cells for whole animal studies. We demonstrated the use of paraquat (PQ) to select resistant mutants and identify mutations that confer oxidative stress resistance. Other stressors or cytotoxic compounds may also be used to screen for resistant mutants to uncover novel genetic determinants of a variety of cellular stress resistance.

Dans une expérience typique de mutagenèse, la transfection se compose d&#39;un total de 3 x 10 7 cellules ES avec PB-UPA et MPB transposase. Le nombre de cellules ES gènes piégés engendrés dans deux expériences indépendantes sont résumés dans le tableau 1. L&#39;efficacité de piégeage de gènes est d&#39;environ 0,04%. Les bibliothèques combinées de piégeage de gènes mutants contiennent 22.400 indépendants, soit environ une couverture complète de génome de ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Forward Genetic Approach to Uncover Stress Resistance Genes in Mice â€” A High-throughput Screen in ES Cells at JoVE.com

Forward Genetic Approach to Uncover Stress Resistance Genes in Mice &amp;#8212; A High-throughput Screen in ES Cells

La résistance au stress est l&#39;une des caractéristiques de longévité et est connu pour être génétiquement régie. Ici, nous avons développé une méthode à haut débit impartiale pour le dépistage de mutations qui confèrent la résistance au stress dans des cellules ES avec laquelle de développer des modèles de souris pour les études de longévité.

Approche génétique de l&#39;avant pour découvrir les gènes de résistance au stress chez la souris - un écran haute-débit dans les cellules ES

Phenotype-driven genetic screens in mice is a powerful technique to uncover gene functions, but are often hampered by extremely high costs, which severely ...

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Developmental Biology

Forward Genetic Approach to Uncover Stress Resistance Genes in Mice &#8212; A High-throughput Screen in ES Cells

8.1K vues.  University of Colorado Denver.  La résistance au stress est l'une des caractéristiques de longévité et est connu pour être génétiquement régie. Ici, nous avons développé une méthode à haut débit impartiale pour le dépistage de mutations qui confèrent la résistance au stress dans des cellules ES avec laquelle de développer des modèles de souris pour les études de longévité. 

Vidéo: Forward Genetic Approach to Uncover Stress Resistance Genes in Mice &#8212; A High-throughput Screen in ES Cells

An Optogenetic Approach for Assessing Formation of Neuronal Connections in a Co-culture System

Here we describe a protocol to generate a co-culture consisting of 2 different neuronal populations. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are reprogrammed from human fibroblasts using episomal vectors. Colonies of iPSCs can be observed 30 days after initiation of fibroblast reprogramming. Pluripotent colonies are manually picked and grown in neural induction medium to permit differentiation into neural progenitor cells (NPCs). iPSCs rapidly convert into neuroepithelial cells within 1 week and retain the capability to self-renew when maintained at a high culture density. Primary mouse NPCs are differentiated into astrocytes by exposure to a serum-containing medium for 7 days and form a monolayer upon which embryonic day 18 (E18) rat cortical neurons (transfected with channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2)) are added. Human NPCs tagged with the fluorescent protein, tandem dimer Tomato (tdTomato), are then seeded onto the astrocyte/cortical neuron culture the following day and allowed to differentiate for 28 to 35 days. We demonstrate that this system forms synaptic connections between iPSC-derived neurons and cortical neurons, evident from an increase in the frequency of synaptic currents upon photostimulation of the cortical neurons. This co-culture system provides a novel platform for evaluating the ability of iPSC-derived neurons to create synaptic connections with other neuronal populations.

A protocol to generate a co-culture system consisting of neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), primary cortical neurons and astrocytes is described. This co-culture system allows detection of the formation of synaptic contacts and circuits between new, iPSC-derived neurons and pre-existing cortical neurons expressing channelrhodopsin-2.

Une approche pour l&#39;évaluation optogénétiques formation des connexions neuronales dans un système de co-culture

Here we describe a protocol to generate a co-culture consisting of 2 different neuronal populations. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are ...

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Biologie du développement

Technique to Target Microinjection to the Developing Xenopus Kidney

The embryonic kidney of Xenopus&#160;laevis (frog), the pronephros, consists of a single nephron, and can be used as a model for kidney disease. Xenopus embryos are large, develop externally, and can be easily manipulated by microinjection or surgical procedures. In addition, fate maps have been established for early Xenopus embryos. Targeted microinjection into the individual blastomere that will eventually give rise to an organ or tissue of interest can be used to selectively overexpress or knock down gene expression within this restricted region, decreasing secondary effects in the rest of the developing embryo. In this protocol, we describe how to utilize established Xenopus fate maps to target the developing Xenopus kidney (the pronephros), through microinjection into specific blastomere of 4- and 8-cell embryos. Injection of lineage tracers allows verification of the specific targeting of the injection. After embryos have developed to stage 38 - 40, whole-mount immunostaining is used to visualize pronephric development, and the contribution by targeted cells to the pronephros can be assessed. The same technique can be adapted to target other tissue types in addition to the pronephros.

Technique to Target Microinjection to the Developing Xenopus Kidney

Here, we present a protocol to use fate maps and lineage tracers to target injections into individual blastomeres that give rise to the kidney of Xenopus laevis embryos.

Technique à la cible microinjection du Developing<em&gt; Xenopus</em&gt; Kidney

The embryonic kidney of Xenopus&#160;laevis (frog), the pronephros, consists of a single nephron, and can be used as a model for kidney disease. Xenopus ...

A Simple Method to Identify Kinases That Regulate Embryonic Stem Cell Pluripotency by High-throughput Inhibitor Screening

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can self-renew or differentiate into all cell types, a phenomenon known as pluripotency. Distinct pluripotent states have been described, termed &#34;na&#239;ve&#34; and &#34;primed&#34; pluripotency. The mechanisms that control na&#239;ve-primed transition are poorly understood. In particular, we remain poorly informed about protein kinases that specify na&#239;ve and primed pluripotent states, despite increasing availability of high-quality tool compounds to probe kinase function. Here, we describe a scalable platform to perform targeted small molecule screens for kinase regulators of the na&#239;ve-primed pluripotent transition in mouse ESCs. This approach utilizes simple cell culture conditions and standard reagents, materials and equipment to uncover and validate kinase inhibitors with hitherto unappreciated effects on pluripotency. We discuss potential applications for this technology, including screening of other small molecule collections such as increasingly sophisticated kinase inhibitors and emerging libraries of epigenetic tool compounds.

Here, we present a quantitative and scalable protocol to perform targeted small molecule screens for kinase regulators of the na&#239;ve-primed pluripotent transition.

Une méthode simple pour identifier les kinases qui réglementent la pluripotence des cellules souches embryonnaires par un dépistage des inhibiteurs à haut débit

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can self-renew or differentiate into all cell types, a phenomenon known as pluripotency. Distinct pluripotent states have been ...

A Novel Mammary Fat Pad Transplantation Technique to Visualize the Vessel Generation of Vascular Endothelial Stem Cells

Endothelial cells (ECs) are the fundamental building blocks of the vascular architecture and mediate vascular growth and remodeling to ensure proper vessel development and homeostasis. However, studies on endothelial lineage hierarchy remain elusive due to the lack of tools to gain access as well as to directly evaluate their behavior in vivo. To address this shortcoming, a new tissue model to study angiogenesis using the mammary fat pad has been developed. The mammary gland develops mostly in the postnatal stages, including puberty and pregnancy, during which robust epithelium proliferation is accompanied by extensive vascular remodeling. Mammary fat pads provide space, matrix, and rich angiogenic stimuli from the growing mammary epithelium. Furthermore, mammary fat pads are located outside the peritoneal cavity, making them an easily accessible grafting site for assessing the angiogenic potential of exogenous cells. This work also describes an efficient tracing approach using fluorescent reporter mice to specifically label the targeted population of vascular endothelial stem cells (VESCs) in vivo. This lineage tracing method, coupled with subsequent tissue whole-mount microscopy, enable the direct visualization of targeted cells and their descendants, through which the proliferation capability can be quantified and the differentiation commitment can be fate-mapped. Using these methods, a population of bipotent protein C receptor (Procr) expressing VESCs has recently been identified in multiple vascular systems. Procr+ VESCs, giving rise to both new ECs and pericytes, actively contribute to angiogenesis during development, homeostasis, and injury repair. Overall, this manuscript describes a new mammary fat pad transplantation and in vivo lineage tracing techniques that can be used to evaluate the stem cell properties of VESCs.

This work demonstrates a novel approach to assess the proliferation, differentiation, and vessel-forming potential of vascular endothelial stem cells (VESCs) through mammary fat pad transplantation followed by whole-mount tissue preparation for microscopic observation. A lineage tracing strategy to investigate the behavior of VESCs in vivo is also presented.

Une nouvelle technique de transplantation de graisse mammaire mammaire pour visualiser la génération de vaisseaux de cellules souches endothéliales vasculaires

Endothelial cells (ECs) are the fundamental building blocks of the vascular architecture and mediate vascular growth and remodeling to ensure proper ...

A Standardized Approach for Multispecies Purification of Mammalian Male Germ Cells by Mechanical Tissue Dissociation and Flow Cytometry

Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) has been one of the methods of choice to isolate enriched populations of mammalian testicular germ cells. Currently, it allows the discrimination of up to 9 murine germ cell populations with high yield and purity. This high-resolution in discrimination and purification is possible due to unique changes in chromatin structure and quantity throughout spermatogenesis. These patterns can be captured by flow cytometry of male germ cells stained with fluorescent DNA-binding dyes such as Hoechst-33342 (Hoechst). Herein is a detailed description of a recently developed protocol to isolate mammalian testicular germ cells. Briefly, single cell suspensions are generated from testicular tissue by mechanical dissociation, double stained with Hoechst and propidium iodide (PI) and processed by flow cytometry. A serial gating strategy, including the selection of live cells (PI negative) with different DNA content (Hoechst intensity), is used during FACS sorting to discriminate up to 5 germ cell types. These include, with corresponding average purities (determined by microscopy evaluation): spermatogonia (66%), primary (71%) and secondary (85%) spermatocytes, and spermatids (90%), further separated into round (93%) and elongating (87%) subpopulations. Execution of the entire workflow is straightforward, allows the isolation of 4 cell types simultaneously with the appropriate FACS machine, and can be performed in less than 2 h. As reduced processing time is crucial to preserve the physiology of ex vivo cells, this method is ideal for downstream high-throughput studies of male germ cell biology. Moreover, a standardized protocol for multispecies purification of mammalian germ cells eliminates methodological sources of variables and allows a single set of reagents to be used for different animal models.

This work describes the standardization of a method to obtain purified germ cell populations from testicular tissue of different mammalian species. It is a straightforward protocol that combines mechanical testis dissociation, staining with Hoechst-33342 and propidium iodide, and FACS sorting, with wide applications in comparative studies of male reproductive biology.

Une approche standardisée pour la purification multispécifique des cellules germinales masculines de mammifères par dissociation mécanique des tissus et cytométrie de flux

Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) has been one of the methods of choice to isolate enriched populations of mammalian testicular germ cells. ...

Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans

Studying the cell biological processes during converting the identities of specific cell types provides important insights into mechanism that maintain and protect cellular identities. The conversion of germ cells into specific neurons in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is a powerful tool for performing genetic screens in order to dissect regulatory pathways that safeguard established cell identities. Reprogramming of germ cells to a specific type of neurons termed ASE requires transgenic animals that allow broad over-expression of the Zn-finger transcription factor (TF) CHE-1. Endogenous CHE-1 is expressed exclusively in two head neurons and is required to specify the glutamatergic ASE neurons fate, which can easily be visualized by the gcy-5prom::gfp reporter. A trans gene containing the heat-shock promoter-driven che-1 gene expression construct allows broad mis-expression of CHE-1 in the entire animal upon heat-shock treatment. The combination of RNAi against the chromatin-regulating factor LIN-53 and heat-shock-induced che-1 over-expression leads to reprogramming of germ cell into ASE neuron-like cells. We describe here the specific RNAi procedure and appropriate conditions for heat-shock treatment of transgenic animals in order to successfully induce germ cell to neuron conversion.

Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans

This protocol describes how to study cellular processes during cell fate conversion in Caenorhabditis elegans in vivo. Using transgenic animals, allowing heat-shock promoter-driven overexpression of the neuron fate-inducing transcription factor CHE-1 and RNAi-mediated depletion of the chromatin-regulating factor LIN-53 germ cell to neuron reprogramming can be observed in vivo.

Application de RNAi et Expression du facteur de Transcription induite par la chaleur-choc pour reprogrammer les cellules germinales de neurones chez c. elegans

Studying the cell biological processes during converting the identities of specific cell types provides important insights into mechanism that maintain ...

Visualizing the Node and Notochordal Plate In Gastrulating Mouse Embryos Using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Whole Mount Immunofluorescence

The post-implantation mouse embryo undergoes major shape changes after the initiation of gastrulation and morphogenesis. A hallmark of morphogenesis is the formation of the transient organizers, the node and notochordal plate, from cells that have passed through the primitive streak. The proper formation of these signaling centers is essential for the development of the body plan and techniques to visualize them are of high interest to mouse developmental biologists. The node and notochordal plate lie on the ventral surface of gastrulating mouse embryos around embryonic day (E) 7.5 of development. The node is a cup-shaped structure whose cells possess a single slender cilium each. The proper subcellular localization and rotation of the cilia in the node pit determines left-right asymmetry. The notochordal plate cells also possess single cilia albeit shorter than those of the node cells. The notochordal plate forms the notochord which acts as an important signaling organizer for somitogenesis and neural patterning. Because the cells of the node and notochordal plate are transiently present on the surface and possess cilia, they can be visualized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Among other techniques used to visualize these structures at the cellular level is whole mount immunofluorescence (WMIF) using the antibodies against the proteins that are highly expressed in the node and notochordal plate. In this report, we describe our optimized protocols to perform SEM and WMIF of the node and notochordal plate in developing mouse embryos to help in the assessment of tissue shape and cellular organization in wild-type and gastrulation mutant embryos.

The node and notochordal plate are transient signaling organizers in developing mouse embryos that can be visualized using several techniques. Here, we describe in detail how to perform two of the techniques to study their structure and morphogenesis: 1) scanning electron microscopy (SEM); and 2) whole mount immunofluorescence (WMIF).

Visualiser le nœud et la notochorde plaque en Gastrulating des embryons de souris à l’aide de la microscopie électronique à balayage et toute monture Immunofluorescence

The post-implantation mouse embryo undergoes major shape changes after the initiation of gastrulation and morphogenesis. A hallmark of morphogenesis is ...

In Vitro Generation of Somite Derivatives from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

In response to signals such as WNTs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and sonic hedgehog (SHH) secreted from surrounding tissues, somites (SMs) give rise to multiple cell types, including the myotome (MYO), sclerotome (SCL), dermatome (D), and syndetome (SYN), which in turn develop into skeletal muscle, axial skeleton, dorsal dermis, and axial tendon/ligament, respectively. Therefore, the generation of SMs and their derivatives from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is critical to obtain pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) for application in regenerative medicine and for disease research in the field of orthopedic surgery. Although the induction protocols for MYO and SCL from PSCs have been previously reported by several researchers, no study has yet demonstrated the induction of SYN and D from iPSCs. Therefore, efficient induction of fully competent SMs remains a major challenge. Here, we recapitulate human SM patterning with human iPSCs in vitro by mimicking the signaling environment during chick/mouse SM development, and report on methods of systematic induction of SM derivatives (MYO, SCL, D, and SYN) from human iPSCs under chemically defined conditions through the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) and SM states. Knowledge regarding chick/mouse&#160;SM development was successfully applied to the induction of SMs with human iPSCs. This method could be a novel tool for studying human somitogenesis and patterning without the use of embryos and for cell-based therapy and disease modeling.

We present here a protocol for the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into each somite derivative (myotome, sclerotome, dermatome, and syndetome) in chemically defined conditions, which has applications in future disease modeling and cell-based therapies in orthopedic surgery.

Dans Vitro génération du Somite dérivés de Human induit Pluripotent Stem cellules

In response to signals such as WNTs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and sonic hedgehog (SHH) secreted from surrounding tissues, somites (SMs) give ...

Assessment of Oxidative Damage in the Primary Mouse Ocular Surface Cells/Stem Cells in Response to Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) Damage

The ocular surface is subjected to regular wear and tear due to various environmental factors. Exposure to UV-C radiation constitutes an occupational health hazard. Here, we demonstrate the exposure of primary stem cells from the mouse ocular surface to UV-C radiation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation is the readout of the extent of oxidative stress/damage. In an experimental in vitro setting, it is also essential to assess the percentage of dead cells generated due to oxidative stress. In this article, we will demonstrate the 2&#39;,7&#39;-Dichlorofluoresceindiacetate (DCFDA) staining of UV-C exposed mouse primary ocular surface stem cells and their quantification based on the fluorescent images of DCFDA staining. DCFDA staining directly corresponds to ROS generation. We also demonstrate the quantification of dead and live cells by simultaneous staining with propidium iodide (PI) and Hoechst 3332 respectively and the percentage of DCFDA (ROS positive) and PI positive cells.

Assessment of Oxidative Damage in the Primary Mouse Ocular Surface Cells/Stem Cells in Response to Ultraviolet-C UV-C Damage

This protocol demonstrates the simultaneous detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS), live cells, and dead cells in live primary cultures from mouse ocular surface cells. 2&#39;,7&#39;-Dichlorofluoresceindiacetate, propidium iodide, and Hoechst staining are used to assess the ROS, dead cells, and live cells, respectively, followed by imaging and analysis.

Évaluation des dommages oxydatifs dans les cellules de surface oculaires de la souris primaire/cellules souches en réponse aux dommages causés par les ultraviolets-C (UV-C)

The ocular surface is subjected to regular wear and tear due to various environmental factors. Exposure to UV-C radiation constitutes an occupational ...

Performing Human Skeletal Muscle Xenografts in Immunodeficient Mice

Treatment effects observed in animal studies often fail to be recapitulated in clinical trials. While this problem is multifaceted, one reason for this failure is the use of inadequate laboratory models. It is challenging to model complex human diseases in traditional laboratory organisms, but this issue can be circumvented through the study of human xenografts. The surgical method we describe here allows for the creation of human skeletal muscle xenografts, which can be used to model muscle disease and to carry out preclinical therapeutic testing. Under an Institutional Review Board (IRB)-approved protocol, skeletal muscle specimens are acquired from patients and then transplanted into NOD-Rag1null IL2r&gamma;null (NRG) host mice. These mice are ideal hosts for transplantation studies due to their inability to make mature lymphocytes and are thus unable to develop cell-mediated and humoral adaptive immune responses. Host mice are anaesthetized with isoflurane, and the mouse tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus muscles are removed. A piece of human muscle is then placed in the empty tibial compartment and sutured to the proximal and distal tendons of the peroneus longus muscle. The xenografted muscle is spontaneously vascularized and innervated by the mouse host, resulting in robustly regenerated human muscle that can serve as a model for preclinical studies.

Complex human diseases can be challenging to model in traditional laboratory model systems. Here, we describe a surgical approach to model human muscle disease through the transplantation of human skeletal muscle biopsies into immunodeficient mice.

Exécution des xénogreffes de muscle squelettique humain dans les souris immunodéficientes

Treatment effects observed in animal studies often fail to be recapitulated in clinical trials. While this problem is multifaceted, one reason for this ...