The authors have no acknowledgements.

Ces protocoles suivent les directives du comité d&#39;éthique de la recherche humaine de notre institution. 1. conventionnel du collagène cornéen CXL (C-CXL) 1. Préparation du patient <ol><li> 5 jours avant la chirurgie, a mis à 1% pilocarpine gouttes deux fois par jour dans l&#39;oeil traité. </li><li> Dans la salle d&#39;opération, dans des conditions aseptiques, allongez le patient sur sa / son dos. </li><li> Administrer anesthésie topique comme oxybuprocaïne 0,4%. </li><li> Nettoyez les yeux et la peau autour de l&#39;œil avec de l&#39;iode antiseptique deux fois. </li><li> Utiliser un spéculum couvercle de garder l&#39;œil ouvert. </li></ol> 2. Retrait épithélial <ol><li> Marquez le centre de 9,0 mm de la cornée avec un marqueur de la cornée de cercle. </li><li> Retirez les centrales 7,0 à 9,0 mm de l&#39;épithélium cornéen par débridement mécanique avec une spatule émoussé. </li></ol> 3. Demande riboflavine <ol><li> Appliquer 0,1% riboflavine avec 20% de Dextran sur e<html> chaque e cornée min pendant 20 min. </li></ol> 4. irradiation UVA <ol><li> Irradier la cornée avec une longueur d&#39;onde de lumière UVA 370 nm à un éclairement énergétique de 3 mW / cm 2 (dose de 5,4 J / cm 2 de surface) et à une distance de 5 cm de travail pendant 30 min. </li></ol><img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53119/53119fig1.jpg" /> Figure 1:. Irradiation UVA en C-CXL La cornée est irradiée avec une longueur d&#39;onde UVA lumière 370 nm à un éclairement énergétique de 3 mW / cm 2 (dose de 5,4 J / cm 2 de surface) et à une distance de travail de 5 cm pendant 30 minutes. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53119/53119fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">S&#39;il vous plaît cliquer ici pour voir une version plus grande de cette figure.</a> <ol start="2"><li> Pendant l&#39;irradiation, appliquer des gouttes de riboflavine à la cornée toutes les 5 min. </li><li> Pendant l&#39;irradiation, ajouter anesthésie topique (oxybuprocaïne 0,4%) si nécessaire. </li></ol>&quot;&gt; 5. Fin de la chirurgie <ol><li> Mettre des gouttes antibiotiques (tobramycine 0,3%) et de larmes artificielles (hyaluronate baisse de 0,18%) dans l&#39;œil opéré. </li><li> Placer une lentille de contact souple de la bande à la fin de la chirurgie jusqu&#39;à ré-épithélialisation est complète. Réépithélisation prend habituellement 3 jours. </li><li> Prescrire des analgésiques comme le paracétamol (500 mg) et de codéine (30 mg), 6 comprimés par jour. </li><li> Après la cornée réépithélisation, initier un traitement topique avec des stéroïdes (topique dexaméthasone 1 mg / ml) et continuer pendant 3-4 semaines. De plus, utiliser des larmes artificielles 4 fois par jour pendant un mois. </li></ol> 2. Accélération du collagène cornéen CXL (A-CXL) 1. Préparation du patient <ol><li> 5 jours avant la chirurgie, a mis à 1% pilocarpine gouttes deux fois par jour dans l&#39;oeil traité. </li><li> Dans la salle d&#39;opération, dans des conditions aseptiques, allongez le patient sur sa / son dos. </li><li> Administrer anesthésie topique comme oxybuprocaïne 0,4%. </li><li> Nettoyez le evous et la peau autour de l&#39;œil avec de l&#39;iode antiseptique deux fois. </li><li> Utiliser un spéculum couvercle de garder l&#39;œil ouvert. </li></ol> 2. Retrait épithélial <ol><li> Marquez le centre de 9,0 mm de la cornée avec un marqueur de la cornée de cercle </li><li> Retirez les centrales 7,0 à 9,0 mm de l&#39;épithélium cornéen par débridement mécanique avec une spatule émoussé. </li></ol> 3. Demande riboflavine <ol><li> Appliquer 0,1% riboflavine sans Dextran sur la cornée toutes les 2 min pendant 10 min. </li></ol> 4. irradiation UVA <ol><li> Irradier la cornée avec une longueur d&#39;onde de lumière UVA 370 nm à un éclairement énergétique de 30 mW / cm 2 (dose de 5,4 J / cm 2 de surface) et à une distance de travail de 5 cm pendant 3 min. </li><li> Au cours de l&#39;irradiation, ajouter anesthésie topique (oxybuproca &amp; # 239; NE 0,4%) si nécessaire. </li></ol> 5. Fin de la chirurgie <ol><li> Placez des gouttes antibiotiques (tobramycine 0,3%) et de larmes artificielles (hyaluronate gouttes 0<html> 0,18%) dans l&#39;œil opéré. </li><li> Placer une lentille de contact souple de la bande à la fin de la chirurgie jusqu&#39;à ré-épithélialisation est complète. Réépithélisation prend habituellement 3 jours. </li><li> Prescrire des analgésiques comme le paracétamol (500 mg) et de codéine (30 mg), 6 comprimés par jour. </li><li> Après la cornée réépithélisation, initier un traitement topique avec des stéroïdes (topique dexaméthasone 1 mg / ml) et continuer pendant 3-4 semaines. De plus, utiliser des larmes artificielles 4 fois par jour pendant un mois. </li></ol> 3. L&#39;iontophorèse (I-CXL) 1. Préparation du patient <ol><li> 5 jours avant la chirurgie, a mis à 1% pilocarpine gouttes deux fois par jour dans l&#39;oeil traité. </li><li> Dans la salle d&#39;opération, dans des conditions aseptiques, allongez le patient sur sa / son dos. </li><li> Administrer anesthésie topique comme oxybuprocaïne 0,4%. </li><li> Nettoyez les yeux et la peau autour de l&#39;œil avec de l&#39;iode antiseptique deux fois. </li><li> Utiliser un spéculum couvercle de garder l&#39;œil ouvert. </li></ol><html> _step &quot;&gt; 2. positionner le dispositif iontophorèse. <ol><li> Appliquer l&#39;électrode passive collante sur le front sous le champ opératoire. </li><li> Appliquer l&#39;électrode active, un anneau de succion, à l&#39;œil ouvert. Centrer l&#39;anneau d&#39;aspiration sur la périphérie de la cornée avant de relâcher l&#39;aspiration. </li></ol><img alt="Figure 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53119/53119fig2.jpg" /> Figure 2. dispositif iontophorèse. L&#39;électrode passive est appliquée sur le front sous le champ opératoire et l&#39;électrode active, un anneau de succion, est appliquée à l&#39;œil ouvert. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53119/53119fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">S&#39;il vous plaît cliquez ici pour voir une version plus grande de cette figure.</a> 3. Demande riboflavine <ol><li> Remplir l&#39;anneau d&#39;aspiration avec hypoosmolaire 0,1% riboflavine sans Dextran. </li></ol><html> jpg &quot;/&gt; Figure 3. L&#39;application riboflavine dans I-CXL. L&#39;anneau d&#39;aspiration est remplie de hypoosmolaire 0,1% riboflavine sans Dextran. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53119/53119fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">S&#39;il vous plaît cliquer ici pour voir une version plus grande de cette figure.</a> <ol start="2"><li> Démarrez le courant électrique de 0,2 mA et augmenter progressivement à 1,0 mA pour une durée totale d&#39;iontophorèse de 5 min (Figure 4). </li></ol><img alt="Figure 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/53119/53119fig4.jpg" /> Figure 4. Dispositif pour ionophorèse riboflavine pénétration. Le courant électrique est initialement de 0,2 mA et augmente progressivement à 1,0 mA. Temps d&#39;iontophorèse totale est de 5 minutes. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53119/53119fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">S&#39;il vous plaît cliquez ici pour voir une version plus grande de cette figure.</a> ep &quot;&gt; 4. irradiation UVA <ol><li> Irradier la cornée avec une longueur d&#39;onde de lumière UVA 370 nm à un éclairement de 10 mW / cm 2 (dose de 5,4 J / cm 2 de surface) et à une distance de travail de 5 cm à 9 min. </li><li> Au cours de l&#39;irradiation, ajouter anesthésie topique (oxybuproca &amp; # 239; NE 0,4%) si nécessaire. </li></ol> 5. Fin de la chirurgie <ol><li> Placez des gouttes antibiotiques (tobramycine 0,3%) et de larmes artificielles (hyaluronate baisse de 0,18%) dans l&#39;œil opéré. </li><li> Prescrire des analgésiques comme le paracétamol (500 mg) et de codéine (30 mg), 6 comprimés par jour. </li><li> Après la chirurgie, initier un traitement topique avec des stéroïdes (topique dexaméthasone 1 mg / ml) et continuer pendant 3-4 semaines. De plus, utiliser des larmes artificielles 4 fois par jour pendant un mois. </li></ol>

<ol>
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K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transient+corneal+endothelial+changes+following+accelerated+collagen+cross-linking+for+the+treatment+of+progressive+keratoconus.">Transient corneal endothelial changes following accelerated collagen cross-linking for the treatment of progressive keratoconus.</a> Cutan Ocul Toxicol. 33 (2), 127-131 (2013).</li><li>Spoerl, E., Mrochen, M., Sliney, D., Trokel, S., Seiler, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Safety+of+UVA-riboflavin+cross-linking+of+the+cornea.">Safety of UVA-riboflavin cross-linking of the cornea.</a> Cornea. 26 (4), 385-389 (2007).</li><li>Gokhale, N. 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S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pharmacokinetics+and+safety+of+transcorneal+iontophoresis+of+tobramycin+in+the+rabbit.">Pharmacokinetics and safety of transcorneal iontophoresis of tobramycin in the rabbit.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 29 (9), 1397-1401 (1998).</li><li>Vinciguerra, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transepithelial+iontophoresis+corneal+collagen+cross-linking+for+progressive+keratoconus:+initial+clinical+outcomes.">Transepithelial iontophoresis corneal collagen cross-linking for progressive keratoconus: initial clinical outcomes.</a> J Refract Surg. 30 (11), 746-753 (2014).</li><li>Caporossi, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Riboflavin-UVA-induced+corneal+collagen+cross-linking+in+pediatric+patients.">Riboflavin-UVA-induced corneal collagen cross-linking in pediatric patients.</a> Cornea. 31 (3), 227-231 (2012).</li><li>Buzzonetti, L., Petrocelli, G., Valente, P., Larossi, G., Ardia, R., Petroni, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Iontophoretic+transepithelial+corneal+cross-linking+to+halt+keratoconus+in+pediatric+cases:+15-month+follow-up.">Iontophoretic transepithelial corneal cross-linking to halt keratoconus in pediatric cases: 15-month follow-up.</a> Cornea. 34 (5), 512-515 (2015).</li><li>Baiocchi, S., Mazzotta, C., Cerretani, D., Caporossi, T., Caporossi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Corneal+crosslinking:+riboflavin+concentration+in+corneal+stroma+exposed+with+and+without+epithelium.">Corneal crosslinking: riboflavin concentration in corneal stroma exposed with and without epithelium.</a> J Cataract Refract Surg. 35 (5), 893-899 (2009).</li><li>Wollensak, G., Iomdina, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biomechanical+and+histological+changes+after+corneal+crosslinking+with+and+without+epithelial+debridement.">Biomechanical and histological changes after corneal crosslinking with and without epithelial debridement.</a> J Cataract Refract Surg. 35 (3), 540-546 (2009).</li><li>Soeters, N., Wisse, R. P., Godefrooij, D. A., Imhof, S. M., Tahzib, N. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transepithelial+versus+epithelium-off+corneal+cross-linking+for+the+treatment+of+progressive+keratoconus:+a+randomized+controlled+trial.">Transepithelial versus epithelium-off corneal cross-linking for the treatment of progressive keratoconus: a randomized controlled trial.</a> Am J Ophthalmol. 159 (5), 821-828 (2015).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

CXL par irradiation de rayons UVA et riboflavine est le traitement standard pour arrêter la progression du kératocône. La riboflavine est un photosensibilisant qui induit liaisons covalentes (liaisons transversales) chimiques lorsqu&#39;ils sont irradiés par les rayons UVA 3. Dans la cornée, ce phénomène crée des liaisons transversales entre les fibrilles de collagène qui augmentent la rigidité de la cornée. Bien que ce phénomène est bien décrite, jusqu&#39;à présent il n&#39;y a eu aucune pre...

Le kératocône est une ectasie bilatérale et progressive de la cornée habituellement rapportés chez 1 à 2 000 dans la population générale 1 entraîne la modification de la forme de la cornée et donc diminution de la vision 2. Le kératocône est habituellement présent dans la puberté précoce et progresse jusqu&#39;à la troisième à la quatrième décennie de la vie lorsque la maladie tend généralement à se stabiliser, même si la progression peut être variable tout au long de la vie d&#39;un patient. En stoppant la progression du kératocône, réticulation vise à reporter ou d&#39;éviter kératoplastie. À ce jour, le seul traitement efficace et sûr du kératocône progressif prouvé dans des études cliniques est le collagène cornéen (CXL-C) protocole de réticulation classique, qui vise à augmenter la rigidité et donc stopper la progression de kératocône 3-8. Afin de réduire le temps de fonctionnement et d&#39;autres facteurs de risque possibles de C-CXL, telles que la kératite infectieuse ou stromale brume 9, plusieurs protocoles améliorés ontd&#39;être décrit. Tout d&#39;abord, dans CXL accéléré (A-CXL), un éclairement plus élevée d&#39;UVA est délivré à la cornée pendant une durée réduite 10. D&#39;autre part, d&#39;éviter la nécessité pour le débridement épithélial, transépithéliaux approches ont été utilisées. Malheureusement, ils ont un succès limité par rapport au protocole classique 11. Procédé transépithélial la plus récente pour la livraison de la cornée pendant la riboflavine est CXL iontophorèse (I-CXL), mais l&#39;évaluation rigoureuse de ce traitement n&#39;a pas encore été effectuée 12. L&#39;iontophorèse est une technique non invasive dans laquelle un petit courant électrique est appliqué pour améliorer la pénétration d&#39;un médicament ionisé à travers un tissu. Dans CXL par iontophorèse, la riboflavine est ionisé à pénétrer la cornée à travers l&#39;épithélium. Microscopie confocale in vivo (IVCM) est une méthode d&#39;imagerie de la cornée qui peut mettre en évidence les changements cellulaires anormaux de cornées à des maladies telles que le kératocône 13. En effet, IVCMa démontré modifications de toutes les couches de la cornée dans le kératocône avec une réduction de la densité particulière du plexus nerveux sous-basale et kératocytes du stroma 13-15. De plus, IVCM est avérée très commode pour l&#39;analyse de la microstructure de la cornée après CXL C-16. La ligne de démarcation de la cornée est décrite comme une ligne hyperreflective vu dans le segment antérieur tomographie par cohérence optique (AS OCT) 1 mois après C-CXL à une profondeur de 300 um 17,18. IVCM suivant C-CXL fournit des informations sur des modifications structurelles de la cornée, y compris l&#39;absence de kératocytes de cornée à une profondeur de 300 um. La profondeur de cette zone acellulaire, ainsi que la profondeur de la ligne de démarcation dans le stroma cornéen révélé sur AS OPO, semble être associée à la profondeur efficace de traitement de CXL 19, et la mesure de la profondeur de la ligne de démarcation de la cornée chez AS 1 octobre mois après CXL a été proposée comme une clinique efficaceméthode d&#39;évaluation de l&#39;efficacité CXL 18. Dans la présente étude, nous étudions l&#39;efficacité de trois protocoles différents de réticulation du collagène cornéen (classiques, accéléré, et iontophorèse) utilisant la mesure de la ligne de démarcation du stroma cornéen par AS PTOM et microscopie confocale. Nous outre utilisé IVCM pour l&#39;analyse quantitative des changements de microstructure de la cornée après les trois traitements.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Riboflavin&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Product number</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C-CXL</td>
			<td>Sooft SPA, Montegiorgio, Italy</td>
			<td>Ricrolin&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; 468465-6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>A-CXL</td>
			<td>Avedro Inc, Waltham, Massachusetts</td>
			<td>VibeX&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; 520-01863-006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>I-CXL</td>
			<td>Sooft SPA, Montegiorgio, Italy</td>
			<td>Ricrolin+&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; 975481-6</td>
			<td>Passive electrode: PROTENS ELITE 4848LE/ Active electrode: IONTOFOR CXL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>UVA Machine</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>X-Vega</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>UVA: 3 mW/cm2 30 min</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KXL System</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>UVA: 30 mW/cm2 10 min</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>X-Vega</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>UVA: 10 mW/cm2 9 min</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

three different protocols of corneal collagen crosslinking in keratoconus: conventional, accelerated and iontophoresis

Le kératocône est une ectasie cornéenne bilatérale et progressive. Afin de ralentir sa progression, la cornée réticulation du collagène (CXL) a récemment été présenté comme une option de traitement efficace. Dans les sciences biologiques et chimiques, la réticulation se réfère à de nouvelles liaisons chimiques formées entre molécules réactives. Par conséquent, le but de la cornée CXL collagène est d&#39;augmenter la synthèse de liaisons transversales entre la formation des fibrilles de collagène dans le stroma cornéen. En dépit du fait que l&#39;efficacité de la CXL classique (C-CXL) protocole a déjà été montré dans plusieurs études cliniques, il pourrait bénéficier de l&#39;amélioration de la durée de la procédure et le retrait de l&#39;épithélium cornéen. Par conséquent, afin de fournir une évaluation cohérente de deux nouveaux protocoles optimisés CXL, nous avons étudié les patients atteints de kératocône qui avaient subi un des trois traitements CXL: iontophorèse (I-CXL), accélérée CXL (A-CXL), et CXL classique ( C-CXL). A-CXL est une 6 fois plus rapide procédure CXL uchanter une irradiance UVA dix fois plus élevé, mais incluant toujours un retrait de l&#39;épithélium. L&#39;iontophorèse est une technique non invasive transépithélial dans lequel un petit courant électrique est appliqué pour améliorer la pénétration de la riboflavine à travers la cornée. Utilisation du segment antérieur tomographie par cohérence optique (AS OCT) et de microscopie confocale in vivo (IVCM), nous concluons qu&#39;en ce qui concerne la profondeur de pénétration de traitement, le protocole de CXL classique reste la norme pour le traitement du kératocône progressif. CXL accélérée semble être une alternative rapide, efficace et sécuritaire pour traiter des cornées minces. L&#39;utilisation de l&#39;iontophorèse est encore à l&#39;étude et devrait être considéré avec plus de prudence.

<html> La ligne de démarcation de la cornée était visible dans AS PTOM 92% des cas à une profondeur moyenne de 301,6 um (SD, 73,6) <img alt="Figure 5" src="/files/ftp_upload/53119/53119fig5.jpg" /> Figure 5. ligne de démarcation après C-CXL. Haute résolution segment antérieur de la cornée par cohérence optique tomographie (AS OCT) visualisant la ligne stromales de démarcation de la cornée à une profondeur moyenne de 358 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Three Different Protocols of Corneal Collagen Crosslinking in Keratoconus: Conventional, Accelerated and Iontophoresis at JoVE.com

Three Different Protocols of Corneal Collagen Crosslinking in Keratoconus: Conventional, Accelerated and Iontophoresis

Corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) is the only conservative treatment currently available to halt keratoconus progression by improving the biomechanical rigidity of the corneal stroma. The aim of this manuscript is to highlight the methods of three different protocols of CXL: conventional CXL (C-CXL), accelerated CXL (A-CXL), and iontophoresis CXL (I-CXL).

Trois différents protocoles de réticulation du collagène cornéen dans kératocône: conventionnel, accélérée et Iontophorèse

Keratoconus is a bilateral and progressive corneal ectasia. In order to slow down its progression, corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) has recently been ...

three-different-protocols-corneal-collagen-crosslinking-keratoconus

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

19.8K vues.  Quinze-Vingts National Ophthalmology Hospital. Corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) is the only conservative treatment currently available to halt keratoconus progression by improving the biomechanical rigidity of the corneal stroma. The aim of this manuscript is to highlight the methods of three different protocols of CXL: conventional CXL (C-CXL), accelerated CXL (A-CXL), and iontophoresis CXL (I-CXL).

Vidéo: Three Different Protocols of Corneal Collagen Crosslinking in Keratoconus: Conventional, Accelerated and Iontophoresis

Staining Protocols for Human Pancreatic Islets

Estimates of islet area and numbers and endocrine cell composition in the adult human pancreas vary from several hundred thousand to several million and beta mass ranges from 500 to 1500 mg 1-3. With this known heterogeneity, a standard processing and staining procedure was developed so that pancreatic regions were clearly defined and islets characterized using rigorous histopathology and immunolocalization examinations. 
Standardized procedures for processing human pancreas recovered from organ donors are described in part 1 of this series. The pancreas is processed into 3 main regions (head, body, tail) followed by transverse sections. Transverse sections from the pancreas head are further divided, as indicated based on size, and numbered alphabetically to denote subsections. This standardization allows for a complete cross sectional analysis of the head region including the uncinate region which contains islets composed primarily of pancreatic polypeptide cells to the tail region.
The current report comprises part 2 of this series and describes the procedures used for serial sectioning and histopathological characterization of the pancreatic paraffin sections with an emphasis on islet endocrine cells, replication, and T-cell infiltrates. Pathology of pancreatic sections is intended to characterize both exocrine, ductular, and endocrine components. The exocrine compartment is evaluated for the presence of pancreatitis (active or chronic), atrophy, fibrosis, and fat, as well as the duct system, particularly in relationship to the presence of pancreatic intraductal neoplasia4. Islets are evaluated for morphology, size, and density, endocrine cells, inflammation, fibrosis, amyloid, and the presence of replicating or apoptotic cells using H&amp;E and IHC stains. 
The final component described in part 2 is the provision of the stained slides as digitized whole slide images. The digitized slides are organized by case and pancreas region in an online pathology database creating a virtual biobank. Access to this online collection is currently provided to over 200 clinicians and scientists involved in type 1 diabetes research. The online database provides a means for rapid and complete data sharing and for investigators to select blocks for paraffin or frozen serial sections.

This video demonstrates procedures for characterization of human pancreatic islets using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Pancreatic sections from head, body, and tail regions are stained by both H&amp;E and IHC to determine islet endocrine composition (insulin, glucagon, and pancreatic polypeptide), cell replication (Ki67), and inflammatory infiltrates (H&E, CD3). The uncinate region is localized using IHC for pancreatic polypeptide.

Protocoles de coloration pour des îlots pancréatiques humains

Estimates of islet area and numbers and endocrine cell composition in the adult human pancreas vary from several hundred thousand to several million and ...

Recherche

Médecine

An Alkali-burn Injury Model of Corneal Neovascularization in the Mouse

Under normal conditions, the cornea is avascular, and this transparency is essential for maintaining good visual acuity. Neovascularization (NV) of the cornea, which can be caused by trauma, keratoplasty or infectious disease, breaks down the so called &lsquo;angiogenic privilege' of the cornea and forms the basis of multiple visual pathologies that may even lead to blindness. Although there are several treatment options available, the fundamental medical need presented by corneal neovascular pathologies remains unmet. In order to develop safe, effective, and targeted therapies, a reliable model of corneal NV and pharmacological intervention is required. Here, we describe an alkali-burn injury corneal neovascularization model in the mouse. This protocol provides a method for the application of a controlled alkali-burn injury to the cornea, administration of a pharmacological compound of interest, and visualization of the result. This method could prove instrumental for studying the mechanisms and opportunities for intervention in corneal NV and other neovascular disorders.

Neovascularization (NV) of the cornea can complicate multiple visual pathologies. Utilizing a controlled, alkali-burn injury model, a quantifiable level of corneal NV can be produced for mechanistic study of corneal NV and evaluation of potential therapies for neovascular disorders.

Un Alkali-brûlures modèle de néovascularisation cornéenne chez la souris

Under normal conditions, the cornea is avascular, and this transparency is essential for maintaining good visual acuity. Neovascularization (NV) of the ...

A Rat Model of Ventricular Fibrillation and Resuscitation by Conventional Closed-chest Technique

A rat model of electrically-induced ventricular fibrillation followed by cardiac resuscitation using a closed chest technique that incorporates the basic components of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in humans is herein described. The model was developed in 1988 and has been used in approximately 70 peer-reviewed publications examining a myriad of resuscitation aspects including its physiology and pathophysiology, determinants of resuscitability, pharmacologic interventions, and even the effects of cell therapies. The model featured in this presentation includes: (1) vascular catheterization to measure aortic and right atrial pressures, to measure cardiac output by thermodilution, and to electrically induce ventricular fibrillation; and (2) tracheal intubation for positive pressure ventilation with oxygen enriched gas and assessment of the end-tidal CO2. A typical sequence of intervention entails: (1) electrical induction of ventricular fibrillation, (2) chest compression using a mechanical piston device concomitantly with positive pressure ventilation delivering oxygen-enriched gas, (3) electrical shocks to terminate ventricular fibrillation and reestablish cardiac activity, (4) assessment of post-resuscitation hemodynamic and metabolic function, and (5) assessment of survival and recovery of organ function. A robust inventory of measurements is available that includes &#8211; but is not limited to &#8211; hemodynamic, metabolic, and tissue measurements. The model has been highly effective in developing new resuscitation concepts and examining novel therapeutic interventions before their testing in larger and translationally more relevant animal models of cardiac arrest and resuscitation.

This article describes a rat model of electrically-induced ventricular fibrillation and resuscitation by chest compression, ventilation, and delivery of electrical shocks that simulates an episode of sudden cardiac arrest and conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The model enables gathering insights on the pathophysiology of cardiac arrest and exploration of new resuscitation strategies.

Un modèle de rat de la fibrillation ventriculaire et de réanimation par conventionnelle à thorax fermé Technique

A rat model of electrically-induced ventricular fibrillation followed by cardiac resuscitation using a closed chest technique that incorporates the basic ...

Echocardiographic Approaches and Protocols for Comprehensive Phenotypic Characterization of Valvular Heart Disease in Mice

The aim of this manuscript and accompanying video is to provide an overview of the methods and approaches used for imaging heart valve function in rodents, with detailed descriptions of the appropriate methods for anesthesia, the echocardiographic windows used, the imaging planes and probe orientations for image acquisition, the methods for data analysis, and the limitations of emerging technologies for the evaluation of cardiac and valvular function. Importantly, we also highlight several future areas of research in cardiac and heart valve imaging that may be leveraged to gain insights into the pathogenesis of valve disease in preclinical animal models. We propose that using a systematic approach to evaluating cardiac and heart valve function in mice can result in more robust and reproducible data, as well as facilitate the discovery of previously underappreciated phenotypes in genetically-altered and/or physiologically-stressed mice.

This protocol provides a detailed description of the echocardiographic approach for comprehensive phenotyping of heart and heart valve function in mice.

Approches et protocoles échocardiographiques pour Comprehensive Caractérisation phénotypique de la maladie valvulaire chez les souris

The aim of this manuscript and accompanying video is to provide an overview of the methods and approaches used for imaging heart valve function in ...

Induction of Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Mice: The "Wire-Injury" Model

Atherosclerosis is a proliferative fibro-inflammatory disease developing in the arterial wall, inducing a deficient blood flow or a lack of blood flow. Moreover, by rupture of the defective vascular wall, atherosclerosis induces occlusive thrombus formation, which represents the main cause of myocardial infarction or stroke and the most frequent cause of death. Despite the advances in the cardiovascular field, many questions remain unanswered, and additional basic research is essential to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms during atherosclerosis and its effects. Due to limited clinical studies, there is a need for representative animal models recreating atherosclerotic conditions such as neointima formation after stent implantation, balloon angioplasty, or endarterectomy. Since the mouse presents many advantages and is the most frequently used model for studying molecular processes, the current study proposes an invasive procedure of endothelial denudation, also known as the wire-injury model, which is representative of the human condition of neointima formation in arteries after revascularization procedures.

Induction of Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Mice: The &quot;Wire-Injury&quot; Model

This study describes an invasive procedure for the induction of accelerated atherosclerosis in mice. In comparison to other methods using electric- or cryo-induced injury, mechanical-induced injury mimics the human condition of restenosis after revascularization therapies and is ideal for the study of the molecular mechanisms involved.

Induction de l’athérosclérose accélérée chez les souris : le modèle « Wire-Injury »

Atherosclerosis is a proliferative fibro-inflammatory disease developing in the arterial wall, inducing a deficient blood flow or a lack of blood flow. ...

Corneal Epithelial Abrasion with Ocular Burr As a Model for Cornea Wound Healing

The murine cornea provides an excellent model to study wound healing. The cornea is the outermost layer of the eye, and thus is the first defense to injury. In fact, the most common type of eye injury found in clinic is a corneal abrasion. Here, we utilize an ocular burr to induce an abrasion resulting in removal of the corneal epithelium in vivo on anesthetized mice. This method allows for targeted and reproducible epithelial disruption, leaving other areas intact. In addition, we describe the visualization of the abraded epithelium with fluorescein staining and provide concrete advice on how to visualize the abraded cornea. Then, we follow the timeline of wound healing 0, 18, and 72 h after abrasion, until the wound is re-epithelialized. The epithelial abrasion model of corneal injury is ideal for studies on epithelial cell proliferation, migration and re-epithelialization of the corneal layers. However, this method is not optimal to study stromal activation during wound healing, because the ocular burr does not penetrate to the stromal cell layers. This method is also suitable for clinical applications, for example, pre-clinical test of drug effectiveness.

This protocol describes a method to inflict an abrasion to the ocular surface of the mouse, and to follow the wound healing process thereafter. The protocol takes advantage of an ocular burr to partially remove the surface epithelium of the eye in anaesthetized mice.

Abrasion épithéliale cornéenne avec oculaire Burr comme modèle pour la cornée, la cicatrisation

The murine cornea provides an excellent model to study wound healing. The cornea is the outermost layer of the eye, and thus is the first defense to ...

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance for the Evaluation of Suspected Cardiac Thrombus: Conventional and Emerging Techniques

We present the conventional cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) protocol for evaluating a suspected thrombus and highlight emerging techniques.&#160;The appearance of a mass on certain magnetic resonance (MR) sequences can help differentiate a thrombus from competing diagnoses such as a tumor. T1 and T2 signal characteristics of a thrombus are related to the evolution of hemoglobin properties. A thrombus typically does not enhance following contrast administration, which also helps differentiation from a tumor. We also highlight the emerging role of T1 mapping in the evaluation of a thrombus, which can add another level of support in diagnosis. Prior to any CMR exam, patient screening and interviews are critical to ensure safety and to optimize patient comfort. Effective communication during the exam between the technologist and the patient promotes proper breath holding technique and higher quality images. Volumetric post processing and structured reporting are helpful to ensure that the radiologist answers the ordering services&#39; question and communicates these results effectively. Optimal pre-MR safety evaluation, CMR exam execution, and post exam processing and reporting allow for delivery of high quality radiological service in the evaluation of a suspected cardiac thrombus.

The goal of this article is to describe how cardiac magnetic resonance can be used for the evaluation and diagnosis of a suspected cardiac thrombus. The method presented will describe data acquisition as well as the pre-procedure and post-procedure protocol.

Résonance magnétique cardiaque pour l'évaluation du thrombus cardiaque présumé : techniques conventionnelles et émergentes

We present the conventional cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) protocol for evaluating a suspected thrombus and highlight emerging techniques.&#160;The ...

Simultaneous Laryngopharyngeal and Conventional Esophageal pH Monitoring

In addition to typical reflux symptoms, many patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) present with extraesophageal symptoms such as cough, hoarseness or asthma, which can be caused by laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR). Due to their multifactorial origin, those symptoms can be a great diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Esophageal pH-monitoring is commonly used to determine abnormal esophageal acid exposure and confirm the diagnosis of GERD. However, for better evaluation of acid exposure above the upper esophageal sphincter, a new laryngopharyngeal pH measurement system is now available and may lead to more reliable results in patients with predominantly extraesophageal symptoms. This article aims to present a standardized protocol for simultaneous pH measurement using esophageal and laryngopharyngeal pH probes in order to obtain acid exposure scores from both measurements.

Laryngopharyngeal pH monitoring has been specifically designed to measure acid exposure above the upper esophageal sphincter and complements diagnostic evaluation in patients that present with mainly extraesophageal reflux symptoms. Patients with suspected laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) were evaluated using distal esophageal and laryngopharyngeal pH testing simultaneously.

Surveillance simultanée du pH de l’œsophage laryngopharyngé et conventionnel

In addition to typical reflux symptoms, many patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) present with extraesophageal symptoms such as cough, ...

Three-Dimensional Collagen Matrix Scaffold Implantation as a Liver Regeneration Strategy

Liver diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Excessive alcohol consumption, a high-fat diet, and hepatitis C virus infection promote fibrosis, cirrhosis, and/or hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver transplantation is the clinically recommended procedure to improve and extend the life span of patients in advanced disease stages. However, only 10% of transplants are successful, with organ availability, presurgical and postsurgical procedures, and elevated costs directly correlated with that result. Extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds have emerged as an alternative for tissue restoration. Biocompatibility and graft acceptance are the main beneficial characteristics of those biomaterials. Although the capacity to restore the size and correct function of the liver has been evaluated in liver hepatectomy models, the use of scaffolds or some kind of support to replace the volume of the extirpated liver mass has not been assessed.
Partial hepatectomy was performed in a rat liver with the xenoimplantation of a collagen matrix scaffold (CMS) from a bovine condyle. Left liver lobe tissue was removed (approximately 40%), and an equal proportion of CMS was surgically implanted. Liver function tests were evaluated before and after the surgical procedure. After days 3, 14, and 21, the animals were euthanized, and macroscopic and histologic evaluations were performed. On days 3 and 14, adipose tissue was observed surrounding the CMS, with no clinical evidence of rejection or infection, as was vessel neoformation and CMS reabsorption at day 21. There was histologic evidence of an insignificant inflammation process and migration of adjacent cells to the CMS, observed with the hematoxylin and eosin (H&#38;E) and Masson&#39;s trichrome staining. The CMS was shown to perform well in liver tissue and could be a useful alternative for studying tissue regeneration and repair in chronic liver diseases.

Liver diseases are induced by many causes that promote fibrosis or cirrhosis. Transplantation is the only option for recovering health. However, given the scarcity of transplantable organs, alternatives must be explored. Our research proposes the implantation of collagen scaffolds in liver tissue from an animal model.

Implantation d’échafaudage à matrice de collagène tridimensionnelle comme stratégie de régénération du foie

Liver diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Excessive alcohol consumption, a high-fat diet, and hepatitis C virus infection promote fibrosis, ...

Ex Vivo and In Vivo Animal Models for Mechanical and Chemical Injuries of Corneal Epithelium

Corneal injury to the ocular surface, including chemical burn and trauma, may cause severe scarring, symblepharon, corneal limbal stem cells deficiency, and result in a large, persistent corneal epithelial defect. Epithelial defect with the following corneal opacity and peripheral neovascularization result in irreversible visual impairment and hinder future management, especially keratoplasty. Since the animal model can be used as an effective drug development platform, models of corneal injury to the mouse and alkali burn to rabbit corneal epithelium are developed here. New Zealand white rabbit is used in the alkali burn model. Different concentrations of sodium hydroxide can be applied onto the central circular area of the cornea for 30 s under intramuscular and topical anesthesia. After copious isotonic normal saline irrigation, residual loose corneal epithelium was removed with corneal burr deep down to the Bowman's layer within this circular area. Wound healing was documented by fluorescein staining under Cobalt blue light. C57BL/6 mice were used in the traumatic model of murine corneal epithelium. The murine central cornea was marked using a skin punch, 2 mm in diameter, and then debrided by a corneal rust ring remover with a 0.5 mm burr under a stereomicroscope. These models can be prospectively used to validate the therapeutic effect of eye drops or mixed agents such as stem cells, which potentially facilitate corneal epithelial regeneration. By observing corneal opacity, peripheral neovascularization, and conjunctival congestion with stereomicroscope and imaging software, therapeutic effects in these animal models can be monitored.

Ex Vivo and In Vivo Animal Models for Mechanical and Chemical Injuries of Corneal Epithelium

Here, animal models based on mouse and rabbit are developed for mechanical and chemical injury of corneal epithelium to screen new therapeutics and the underlying mechanism.

Modèles animaux ex vivo et in vivo pour les lésions mécaniques et chimiques de l’épithélium cornéen

Corneal injury to the ocular surface, including chemical burn and trauma, may cause severe scarring, symblepharon, corneal limbal stem cells deficiency, ...