Les auteurs tiennent à remercier Christopher Green, Bradley Robinson, et Maria Manuela Valladares, pour aider à la collecte de données. Le financement de l&#39;équipement EEG a été fourni par le Bureau de l&#39;Utah State University de la recherche et aux études supérieures Équipement Grant à multisensoriel Cognition Lab de Kerry Jordan. Benjamin Appel est soutenu par une bourse de recherche de doctorat présidentielle atteint de l&#39;École des études supérieures de l&#39;Utah State University pour son travail avec le Dr Wade Goodridge.

<ol>
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The authors declare that they have no conflicting or competing financial interests.

Le protocole traite de l&#39;application de l&#39;électroencéphalographie pour mesurer l&#39;activité cérébrale des participants problèmes de travail de deux instruments de capacité spatiales typiques et très spatiales problèmes de Statique d&#39;ingénierie. Les méthodes décrites ici peuvent finalement être en mesure d&#39;aider à comprendre l&#39;efficacité neuronal des interprètes de haute et basse engagés dans le travail de ces problèmes. Il est essentiel de comprendre les différences dans l&#39;ef...

Capacité spatiale est essentielle à la science, technologie, ingénierie et mathématiques (STEM) des champs et de l&#39; éducation et est en corrélation avec le succès dans ces domaines 1,2,3. Par conséquent, il est important de comprendre le développement de la façon dont les impacts de capacité problème spatial résoudre 4. Capacité spatiale a été liée à l&#39; intérêt 5, 6 performances, succès dans les universitaires d&#39;ingénierie 7 et succès professionnels de l&#39; ingénierie 8. Cependant, il n&#39;y a pas beaucoup de travail indiquant les processus neuronaux spécifiques dans la résolution des problèmes typiques à de nombreux instruments de capacité spatiale, ni le contenu de l&#39;ingénierie spécifique qui est hautement spatiale. Ce document fournit une introduction aux méthodes utilisées pour la collecte et l&#39;analyse des scores spatiales de l&#39;instrument de capacité combinée avec des mesures neuronaux données. Le but de la publication avec JoVE est de rendre ces méthodes plus accessibles à un plus large public. matériel grand public et wer logiciele utilisés dans cette étude. En tant que document de méthodes, les résultats complets / ensembles de données ne sont pas déclarées, ni plusieurs échantillons fournis. Toutes les images ont été capturées spécifiquement pour cette publication. Les méthodes décrites ci - dessous ont été utilisées dans la préparation d&#39; un rapport préliminaire de la conférence 9 sur la base des données de huit collèges sophomore âge participants, dont trois étaient des femmes. De nombreux instruments existants sont utilisés pour indiquer les niveaux de capacité spatiale inhérente ou appris par des individus. Deux 10,11 instruments valides et fiables qui sont couramment utilisés sont le Mental Cutting Test (MCT) 12 et le test Purdue Spatial de visualisation de Rotations (TPSV: R) 13. Alors qu&#39;à l&#39; origine conçu professionnellement 14 ces instruments testent différents stades de développement de la visualisation spatiale décrite par la théorie piagétienne 10,15. L&#39;utilisation de ces instruments crée un besoin de comprendre les phénomènes cognitifs physiologiques sous-jacents existing lorsque les individus travaillent à travers ces problèmes. Pour cette raison, cette étude vise à mettre en valeur des méthodes utilisant des données physiologiques empiriques qui pourraient éventuellement améliorer l&#39;analyse et la compréhension de la pensée spatiale, vérifier métriques capacités de test existants, et d&#39;accroître l&#39;applicabilité des évaluations spatiales des problèmes plus complexes typiques à la formation des ingénieurs. Beaucoup de ces problèmes peuvent être rencontrés dans l&#39;ingénierie Statique. Statique est une mécanique fondamentaux bien sûr livrés à la plupart des étudiants en génie (par ex., Biologique, mécanique, civil, environnement, génie aérospatial) 16,17. Il est l&#39; un des premiers à résoudre des problèmes vastes expériences que les étudiants sont donnés dans le contenu de base de l&#39; ingénierie 18. Statique implique l&#39;étude de l&#39;interaction des forces sur un corps rigide qui est au repos ou se déplace à une vitesse constante. Malheureusement Statique a fort taux d&#39;abandon, le retrait et le taux d&#39;échec (14% comme on le voit dans les invesUniversité tigated) et cela peut être lié à des modèles traditionnels de cours et de programmes de livraison qui omettent des avenues principales de soutien telles que les approches spatialement améliorées à l&#39;éducation. Par exemple, les approches spatialement améliorées en Statique peuvent cibler la visualisation de la façon dont les forces interagissent en dehors de l&#39;analyse analytique typique et renforcer les connaissances procédurales des élèves avec la conceptualisation à la terre. L&#39;efficacité de ces interventions doit être étudiée dans une perspective neuroscientifique cognitive. Électroencéphalographie (EEG) présente une méthode unique et mobile mesurant l&#39;activité cérébrale des élèves. Les personnes qui effectuent des tâches qui déclenchent l&#39; activation bêta sont généralement très en prise avec les tâches spécifiques et sont attentifs à ce qu&#39;ils font 19,20. En tant que tâche exige une augmentation de l&#39;amplitude des bêta augmente d&#39;onde, tout comme la taille de la zone corticale les fréquences de bande passante occupent. Les plus de neurones que le feu dans lesla gamme de fréquences bêta (alpha: 8 - 12 Hz, bêta: 12 - 24 Hz) peut être définie comme une plus grande puissance bêta. Dans le même ordre, que l&#39;on devient plus expérimenté dans une tâche, l&#39;amplitude des ondes bêta diminue, générant moins de puissance beta. Cela fait partie de l&#39;efficacité hypothèse neuronal 21-28, dans lequel une plus grande expérience de la tâche lors de l&#39; exécution d&#39; une tâche est liée à une diminution de la puissance de fréquence. Bien que l&#39; EEG a déjà été utilisé dans l&#39;étude des capacités spatiales (souvent pour la rotation mentale et tâches de navigation spatiales) - et les données applicables ont été identifiés dans l&#39;alpha, bêta et thêta bandes 27-33 - bandes alpha et bêta ont été observées pour cette étude, et la bêta a été sélectionné pour une analyse représentative dans le présent document et dans le rapport préliminaire de la conférence 9. Les procédures définies ci-dessous se concentrer ainsi sur l&#39;analyse de la bande bêta, mais une enquête sur les trois bandes, selon les données enregistrées, il est recommandé à l&#39;avenir. leneuronal hypothèse de l&#39;efficacité a été testée sur diverses tâches, y compris les échecs, la mémoire visuo, équilibrage, et se reposer. Tous ont indiqué l&#39;expérience de la tâche comme un facteur de puissance de fréquence diminué lors de l&#39;exécution des tâches familières. Une étude en particulier 25 a présenté des preuves que, bien que l&#39;intelligence d&#39;une personne (telle que mesurée par le QI) peut aider l&#39;individu à acquérir les compétences nécessaires pour effectuer une tâche, l&#39; expérience de la tâche l&#39; emporte sur l&#39; intelligence dans sa contribution à l&#39; efficacité neural. En d&#39;autres termes, plus connu un individu est, l&#39;il ou elle devient plus efficace neurale. Études existantes d&#39;efficacité neuronaux impliquant la capacité spatiale ont principalement porté sur la rotation spatiale, et différents ensembles de problèmes ont été utilisés pour comparer les différentes populations (par exemple., Mâle / femelle) 27-28. Les études EEG de tâches spatiales de capacité ont également fourni un aperçu en comparant les performances à d&#39; autres types de tâches (par exemple., Tâches verbales)27,29,30. Les méthodes discutées dans ce foyer de papier sur et de comparer les problèmes de la MCT, TPSV: R, ainsi que des tâches d&#39;équilibre statique, qui sont liés à la capacité spatiale, mais ne sont pas limités à la rotation spatiale et la navigation. D&#39;autres tâches spatiales peuvent être utilisées à la place de ceux donnés comme exemples dans ce manuscrit. De cette façon, un aperçu supplémentaire peut être obtenue à l&#39;avenir en ce qui concerne les différentes populations (par exemple., Mâle / femelle ou expert / novice) pour finalement aider à améliorer les pratiques pédagogiques d&#39;ingénierie. Dans un effort pour enquêter sur la capacité spatiale et de l&#39;aptitude de l&#39;ingénierie, nous avons développé un protocole en utilisant les mesures EEG pour identifier les activations d&#39;ondes bêta de faible rendement aux participants très performants au cours d&#39;une autonomie limitée des tâches spatiales et techniques spécifiques. Dans ce cas, le terme interprète de haut est lié à la performance du participant, et ne reflète pas la quantité de temps passé sur le terrain par leapprenant, que tous les participants étaient à peu près au même point dans leur éducation. En outre, l&#39;ensemble des problèmes en jeu est tout à fait spécifique et de base; ainsi les termes «experts» ou «haute performance» ici ne doivent pas être considérés dans le sens d&#39;un expert, ingénieur professionnel employé, mais ne représente que des performances élevées dans cette tranche étroite de l&#39;ingénierie mécanique programmes et instruments de capacité spatiale. Les mesures de neurones peuvent également être utilisés pour identifier les tendances brutes pour quels types de tâches peuvent recruter davantage de ressources cognitives que les autres, avec une interprétation possible concernant les niveaux de difficulté. Cette information peut potentiellement fournir un aperçu de l&#39;évaluation et de l&#39;intervention future à l&#39;égard de la capacité spatiale. Futur autre idée peut être dérivée en tenant compte des régions plus spécifiques du cerveau, qui n&#39;a pas été possible dans cette étude en raison du nombre limité de canaux disponibles dans le matériel utilisé EEG.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Emotiv EPOC Model 1.0</td>
			<td>Emotiv</td>
			<td>Model: Emotiv Premium</td>
			<td>&#34;High resolution, multi-channel, portable EEG system.&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Emotiv Control Panel (software)</td>
			<td>Emotiv</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used for data collection.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Emotiv Testbench (software)</td>
			<td>Emotiv</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used for data collection.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Virtual Serial Port Emulator - VSPE (software)</td>
			<td>ETERLOGIC.COM</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used COM10 in data collection. Available as a free download, depending on the operating system.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>E-Prime 2.0 (software)</td>
			<td>Psychology Software Tools</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used for data collection (presentation of problems to participants and collection of markers for different phases).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EEGLab 13.4.4b (software)</td>
			<td>Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience (SCCN)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used for data analysis. &#34;An open source environment for electrophysiological signal processing&#34;. SCCN is a Center of the Institute for Neural Computation, the University of California San Diego.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MATLAB R2014b</td>
			<td>The Mathworks, Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used to run EEGLab</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microsoft Excel 2013</td>
			<td>Microsoft</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used to assemble and compare tabulated results from EEGLab &#38; MATLAB, to create tables</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Camcorder with built in Mic</td>
			<td>Canon</td>
			<td>CNVHFR50</td>
			<td>Used to record sessions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe Kit (5cc syringe &#38; 2 16g blunted needles)</td>
			<td>Electro-Cap Intnl. Inc.</td>
			<td>E7</td>
			<td>For keeping the EEG cap&#39;s felts damp.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nuprep EEG Skin Prep Gel</td>
			<td>Weaver and Company</td>
			<td>10-30</td>
			<td>For cleaning the mastoid process.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sanitizer</td>
			<td>Purell</td>
			<td>S-12808</td>
			<td>For sanitizing hands</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

utilizing electroencephalography measurements for comparison of task-specific neural efficiencies: spatial intelligence tasks

L&#39;intelligence spatiale est souvent liée à la réussite dans les professions de l&#39;enseignement de l&#39;ingénierie et de l&#39;ingénierie. L&#39;utilisation de l&#39;électroencéphalographie permet de calculer comparative de l&#39;efficacité neuronal des individus comme ils accomplissent des tâches successives exigeant la capacité spatiale pour obtenir des solutions. l&#39;efficacité de neurones est ici définie comme ayant moins d&#39;activation bêta, et donc dépensant moins de ressources de neurones, à effectuer une tâche par rapport aux autres groupes ou d&#39;autres tâches. Pour les comparaisons inter-groupes de tâches avec des durées similaires, ces mesures peuvent permettre une comparaison du type de difficulté de la tâche. Pour intra-participants et inter-participants comparaisons, ces mesures permettent de mieux comprendre le potentiel dans le niveau de la capacité spatiale et différentes tâches résolution des problèmes techniques du participant. Performance sur les tâches sélectionnées peuvent être analysées et en corrélation avec les activités bêta. Ce travail présente un protocole de recherche détaillé étudier l&#39;efficacité neuronal des étudiants engans dans la résolution de la capacité spatiale typique et les problèmes Statique. Les élèves ont des problèmes spécifiques à la coupe mentale Test (MCT), Purdue Spatial test de visualisation de Rotations (TPSV: R), et Statique. Bien engagé dans la résolution de ces problèmes, les ondes cérébrales des participants ont été mesurés avec EEG permettant aux données d&#39;être collectées au sujet de l&#39;alpha et bêta cerveau activation d&#39;onde et l&#39;utilisation. Le travail semble corréler la performance fonctionnelle des tâches spatiales pures avec des tâches d&#39;ingénierie spatialement intensifs pour identifier les voies à la performance réussie dans l&#39;ingénierie et les améliorations qui en résultent dans la formation des ingénieurs qui peuvent suivre.

Dans cette section, les étapes précédentes sont illustrées par des chiffres de l&#39;échantillon comme décrit ci-dessous. Complets résumés de données avec les tests statistiques ne sont pas fournis, comme l&#39;objectif de cet article est de mettre l&#39;accent sur les méthodes. Des exemples de TPSV potentiel R, TCM, et les problèmes spatiales sont données à la figure 1, la figure 2 et la figure 3, respectivement. Le bouchon EEG recueillera l&#39; activation du cerveau ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Utilizing Electroencephalography Measurements for Comparison of Task-Specific Neural Efficiencies: Spatial Intelligence Tasks at JoVE.com

Utilizing Electroencephalography Measurements for Comparison of Task-Specific Neural Efficiencies: Spatial Intelligence Tasks

Ce manuscrit décrit une approche pour mesurer l&#39;activité neuronale de l&#39;homme tout en résolvant les problèmes d&#39;ingénierie spatialement ciblées. La méthodologie de l&#39;électroencéphalogramme aide à interpréter les mesures bêta des ondes cérébrales en termes d&#39;efficacité de neurones, dans le but de permettre des comparaisons en fin de compte de l&#39;exécution des tâches à la fois entre les types de problèmes et entre les participants.

Utilisant Mesures Électroencéphalographie pour la comparaison des tâches spécifiques aux efficacités Neurones: Tâches Spatial Intelligence

Spatial intelligence is often linked to success in engineering education and engineering professions. The use of electroencephalography enables ...

utilizing-electroencephalography-measurements-for-comparison-task

Research

Education

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Introduction to Psychology

Behavior

Unit 1

Thinking, Language And Intelligence

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

11.3K vues.  Utah State University.  Ce manuscrit décrit une approche pour mesurer l'activité neuronale de l'homme tout en résolvant les problèmes d'ingénierie spatialement ciblées. La méthodologie de l'électroencéphalogramme aide à interpréter les mesures bêta des ondes cérébrales en termes d'efficacité de neurones, dans le but de permettre des comparaisons en fin de compte de l'exécution des tâches à la fois entre les types de problèmes et entre les participants....

Vidéo: Utilizing Electroencephalography Measurements for Comparison of Task-Specific Neural Efficiencies: Spatial Intelligence Tasks

Simultaneous Scalp Electroencephalography (EEG), Electromyography (EMG), and Whole-body Segmental Inertial Recording for Multi-modal Neural Decoding

Recent studies support the involvement of supraspinal networks in control of bipedal human walking. Part of this evidence encompasses studies, including our previous work, demonstrating that gait kinematics and limb coordination during treadmill walking can be inferred from the scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) with reasonably high decoding accuracies. These results provide impetus for development of non-invasive brain-machine-interface (BMI) systems for use in restoration and/or augmentation of gait- a primary goal of rehabilitation research. To date, studies examining EEG decoding of activity during gait have been limited to treadmill walking in a controlled environment. However, to be practically viable a BMI system must be applicable for use in everyday locomotor tasks such as over ground walking and turning. Here, we present a novel protocol for non-invasive collection of brain activity (EEG), muscle activity (electromyography (EMG)), and whole-body kinematic data (head, torso, and limb trajectories) during both treadmill and over ground walking tasks. By collecting these data in the uncontrolled environment insight can be gained regarding the feasibility of decoding unconstrained gait and surface EMG from scalp EEG.

Simultaneous Scalp Electroencephalography EEG, Electromyography EMG, and Whole-body Segmental Inertial Recording for Multi-modal Neural Decoding

Development of an effective brain-machine-interface (BMI) system for restoration and rehabilitation of bipedal locomotion requires accurate decoding of user's intent. Here we present a novel experimental protocol and data collection technique for simultaneous non-invasive acquisition of neural activity, muscle activity, and whole-body kinematics during various locomotion tasks and conditions.

Électroencéphalographie simultanée du cuir chevelu (EEG), l&#39;électromyographie (EMG), et l&#39;ensemble du corps d&#39;enregistrement d&#39;inertie segmentaire pour Multi-modal Neural Decoding

Recent  studies support the involvement of supraspinal networks in control of bipedal  human walking. Part of this evidence  encompasses studies, ...

Recherche

Sciences du comportement

Automated Visual Cognitive Tasks for Recording Neural Activity Using a Floor Projection Maze

Neuropsychological tasks used in primates to investigate mechanisms of learning and memory are typically visually guided cognitive tasks. We have developed visual cognitive tasks for rats using the Floor Projection Maze1,2&#160;that are optimized for visual abilities of rats permitting stronger comparisons of experimental findings with other species.
In order to investigate neural correlates of learning and memory, we have integrated electrophysiological recordings into fully automated cognitive tasks on the Floor Projection Maze1,2. Behavioral software interfaced with an animal tracking system allows monitoring of the animal's behavior with precise control of image presentation and reward contingencies for better trained animals. Integration with an in vivo electrophysiological recording system enables examination of behavioral correlates of neural activity at selected epochs of a given cognitive task.
We describe protocols for a model system that combines automated visual presentation of information to rodents and intracranial reward with electrophysiological approaches. Our model system offers a sophisticated set of tools as a framework for other cognitive tasks to better isolate and identify specific mechanisms contributing to particular cognitive processes.

We describe protocols for training rats for chronic electrophysiological recordings in fully automated cognitive tasks on a Floor Projection Maze.

Tâches cognitives visuels automatisés pour l&#39;enregistrement de neurones activité en utilisant une projection au sol Maze

Neuropsychological tasks used in primates to investigate mechanisms of learning and memory are typically visually guided cognitive tasks. We have ...

Performing Behavioral Tasks in Subjects with Intracranial Electrodes

Patients having stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) electrode, subdural grid or depth electrode implants have a multitude of electrodes implanted in different areas of their brain for the localization of their seizure focus and eloquent areas. After implantation, the patient must remain in the hospital until the pathological area of brain is found and possibly resected. During this time, these patients offer a unique opportunity to the research community because any number of behavioral paradigms can be performed to uncover the neural correlates that guide behavior. Here we present a method for recording brain activity from intracranial implants as subjects perform a behavioral task designed to assess decision-making and reward encoding. All electrophysiological data from the intracranial electrodes are recorded during the behavioral task, allowing for the examination of the many brain areas involved in a single function at time scales relevant to behavior. Moreover, and unlike animal studies, human patients can learn a wide variety of behavioral tasks quickly, allowing for the ability to perform more than one task in the same subject or for performing controls. Despite the many advantages of this technique for understanding human brain function, there are also methodological limitations that we discuss, including environmental factors, analgesic effects, time constraints and recordings from diseased tissue. This method may be easily implemented by any institution that performs intracranial assessments; providing the opportunity to directly examine human brain function during behavior.

Patients implanted with intracranial electrodes provide a unique opportunity to record neurological data from multiple areas of the brain while the patient performs behavioral tasks. Here, we present a method of recording from implanted patients that can be reproducible at other institutions with access to this patient population.

Exécution de tâches comportementales chez des sujets atteints intracrâniennes électrodes

Patients having stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) electrode, subdural grid or depth electrode implants have a multitude of electrodes implanted in ...

Asymmetric Walkway: A Novel Behavioral Assay for Studying Asymmetric Locomotion

Behavioral assays are commonly used for the assessment of sensorimotor impairment in the central nervous system (CNS). The most sophisticated methods for quantifying locomotor deficits in rodents is to measure minute disturbances of unconstrained gait overground (e.g., manual BBB score or automated CatWalk). However, cortical inputs are not required for the generation of basic locomotion produced by the spinal central pattern generator (CPG). Thus, unconstrained walking tasks test locomotor deficits due to motor cortical impairment only indirectly. In this study, we propose a novel, precise foot-placement locomotor task that evaluates cortical inputs to the spinal CPG. An instrumented peg-way was used to impose symmetrical and asymmetrical locomotor tasks mimicking lateralized movement deficits. We demonstrate that shifts from equidistant inter-stride lengths of 20% produce changes in the forelimb stance phase characteristics during locomotion with preferred stride length. Furthermore, we propose that the asymmetric walkway allows for measurements of behavioral outcomes produced by cortical control signals. These measures are relevant for the assessment of impairment after cortical damage.

Here, we present a protocol to quantify precise stepping in rodents. Cortical and the spinal central pattern generator signals are required for precise foot-placement during obstructed locomotion. We report here the novel constrained walking task that directly examines precise stepping behavior.

Asymétrique Walkway: A Novel Assay pour l&#39;étude du comportement asymétrique Locomotion

Behavioral assays are commonly used for the assessment of sensorimotor impairment in the central nervous system (CNS). The most sophisticated methods for ...

Using the Activity-based Anorexia Rodent Model to Study the Neurobiological Basis of Anorexia Nervosa

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psychiatric illness characterized by excessively restricted caloric intake and abnormally high levels of physical activity. A challenging illness to treat, due to the lack of understanding of the underlying neurobiology, AN has the highest mortality rate among psychiatric illnesses. To address this need, neuroscientists are using an animal model to study how neural circuits may contribute toward vulnerability to AN and may be affected by AN. Activity-based anorexia (ABA) is a bio-behavioral phenomenon described in rodents that models the key symptoms of anorexia nervosa. When rodents with free access to voluntary exercise on a running wheel experience food restriction, they become hyperactive &#8211; running more than animals with free access to food. Here, we describe the procedures by which ABA is induced in adolescent female C57BL/6 mice. On postnatal day 36 (P36), the animal is housed with access to voluntary exercise on a running wheel. After 4 days of acclimation to the running wheel, on P40, all food is removed from the cage. For the next 3 days, food is returned to the cage (allowing animals free food access) for 2 hr daily. After the fourth day of food restriction, free access to food is returned and the running wheel is removed from the cage to allow the animals to recover. Continuous multi-day analysis of running wheel activity shows that mice become hyperactive within 24 hr following the onset of food restriction. The mice run even during the limited time during which they have access to food. Additionally, the circadian pattern of wheel running becomes disrupted by the experience of food restriction. We have been able to correlate neurobiological changes with various aspects of the animals&#8217; wheel running behavior to implicate particular brain regions and neurochemical changes with resilience and vulnerability to food-restriction induced hyperactivity.

Here we present a protocol to induce activity-based anorexia (ABA) in female adolescent mice. ABA is a condition of hyperactivity evoked by imposing food restriction on rodents with access to a running wheel. This phenomenon is being used as a model to study the underlying neurobiology of anorexia nervosa.

Utilisation de l&#39;anorexie rongeurs modèle basée sur les activités à l&#39;étude des bases neurobiologiques de l&#39;anorexie mentale

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psychiatric illness characterized by excessively restricted caloric intake and abnormally high levels of physical activity. A ...

Using Laser Doppler Imaging and Monitoring to Analyze Spinal Cord Microcirculation in Rat

Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) is a noninvasive method for blood flow (BF) measurement, which makes it preferable for measuring microcirculatory alterations of the spinal cord. In this article, our goal was to use both Laser Doppler imaging and monitoring to analyze the change of BF after spinal cord injury. Both the laser Doppler image scanner and the probe/monitor were being employed to obtain each readout. The data of LDPI provided a local distribution of BF, which gave an overview of perfusion around the injury site and made it accessible for comparative analysis of BF among different locations. By intensely measuring the probing area over a period of time, a combined probe was used to simultaneously measure the BF and oxygen saturation of the spinal cord, showing overall spinal cord perfusion and oxygen supply. LDF itself has a few limitations, such as relative flux, sensitivity to movement, and biological zero signal. However, the technology has been applied in clinical and experimental study due to its simple setup and rapid measurement of BF.

Here we present a combination of laser Doppler perfusion imaging (LDPI) and laser Doppler perfusion monitoring (LDPM) to measure spinal cord local blood flows and oxygen saturation (SO2), as well as a standardized procedure for introducing spinal cord trauma on rat.

À l’aide de Laser Doppler d’imagerie et de surveillance pour analyser la Microcirculation de la moelle épinière chez le Rat

Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) is a noninvasive method for blood flow (BF) measurement, which makes it preferable for measuring microcirculatory ...

The (Spatial) Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

The memory game paradigm is a behavioral procedure to explore the relationship between language, spatial memory, and object knowledge. Using two different versions of the paradigm, spatial language use and memory for object location are tested under different, experimentally manipulated conditions. This allows us to tease apart proposed models explaining the influence of object knowledge on spatial language (e.g., spatial demonstratives), and spatial memory, as well as understanding the parameters that affect demonstrative choice and spatial memory more broadly. Key to the development of the method was the need to collect data on language use (e.g., spatial demonstratives: &#34;this/that&#34;) and spatial memory data under strictly controlled conditions, while retaining a degree of ecological validity. The language version (section 3.1) of the memory game tests how conditions affect language use. Participants refer verbally to objects placed at different locations (e.g., using spatial demonstratives: &#34;this/that red circle&#34;). Different parameters can be experimentally manipulated: the distance from the participant, the position of a conspecific, and for example whether the participant owns, knows, or sees the object while referring to it. The same parameters can be manipulated in the memory version of the memory game (section 3.2). This version tests the effects of the different conditions on object-location memory. Following object placement, participants get 10 seconds to memorize the object&#39;s location. After the object and location cues are removed, participants verbally direct the experimenter to move a stick to indicate where the object was. The difference between the memorized and the actual location shows the direction and strength of the memory error, allowing comparisons between the influences of the respective parameters.

The Spatial Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

We present a protocol to explore the relationship between spatial language production, spatial memory, and object knowledge. The procedure allows experimental manipulation of, and control over, conditions of object knowledge, language at instruction, and physical location, thus teasing apart cognitive and linguistic models describing interactions between these variables.

Le jeu de mémoire (spatiale) : Tester la relation entre la langue spatiale, la connaissance de l’objet et Cognition spatiale

The memory game paradigm is a behavioral procedure to explore the relationship between language, spatial memory, and object knowledge. Using two different ...

A Behavioral Assay for Investigating the Role of Spatial Memory During Instinctive Defense in Mice

Evolution has selected a repertoire of defensive behaviors that are essential for survival across all animal species. These behaviors are often stereotyped actions elicited in response to innately aversive sensory stimuli, but their success requires enough flexibility for adapting to different spatial environments, which can change rapidly. Here, we describe a behavioral assay to evaluate the influence of learned spatial knowledge on defensive behaviors in mice. We have adapted the widely used Barnes maze spatial memory assay to investigate how mice navigate to a shelter during escape responses to innately aversive sensory stimuli in a novel environment, and how they adapt to acute changes in the environment. This new assay is an ethological paradigm that does not require training and exploits the natural exploration patterns and navigation strategies in mice. We propose that the set of protocols described here are a powerful means of studying goal-directed behaviors and stimulus-triggered navigation, which should be of interest to both the fields of instinctive behaviors and spatial memory.

This protocol describes a behavioral assay, based on the Barnes maze test, to study how instinctive defensive actions are modified by the knowledge of spatial environment.

Une analyse comportementale pour enquêter sur le rôle de la mémoire spatiale pendant la défense Instinctive chez les souris

Evolution has selected a repertoire of defensive behaviors that are essential for survival across all animal species. These behaviors are often ...

Using Electroencephalography Measurements and High-quality Video Recording for Analyzing Visual Perception of Media Content

This article explores a method to detect differences in visual perception in humans. The method used is based on the psychological (or "cognitive") function of eyeblinks. Participants' eyeblinks are detected and acquired while watching videos specifically created for the investigation. The detection and acquisition of eyeblinks are carried out with the help of a 20-channel electroencephalographic (EEG) wireless device. The international 10-20 system for electrode placement is followed. A high-definition (HD) video camera is used to record participants' facial expressions, for contrast purposes. Instead of using pre-existing media content, purpose-made video content has been created following specific criteria of interest for this investigation, with stimuli enabling researchers to manage the precise parameters of interest. Otherwise, results could be contaminated with uncontrolled variables. The synchronization of the presentation of video stimuli with EEG recordings needs to be done in milliseconds. Analysis of collected data is performed with robust software for working with big matrices. Statistically significant differences in eyeblink rate related to media professionalization and editing style are found with the reported experimental procedures.

We present detection, acquisition, and analysis of eyeblink rates while watching media content.

À l’aide de mesures d’électroencéphalographie et l’enregistrement vidéo de haute qualité pour l’analyse de la Perception visuelle du contenu multimédia

This article explores a method to detect differences in visual perception in humans. The method used is based on the psychological (or "cognitive") ...

Utilizing a Reconfigurable Maze System to Enhance the Reproducibility of Spatial Navigation Tests in Rodents

Several maze shapes are used to test spatial navigation performance and behavioral phenotypes. Traditionally, each experiment requires a unique maze shape, thus requiring several separate mazes in different configurations. The maze geometry cannot be reconfigured in a single environment to accommodate scalability and reproducibility. The reconfigurable maze is a unique approach to address the limitations, allowing quick and flexible configurations of maze pathways in a repeatable manner. It consists of interlocking pathways and includes feeders, treadmills, movable walls, and shut-off sensors. The current protocol describes how the reconfigurable maze can replicate existing mazes, including the T-shaped, plus-shaped, W-shaped, and figure-eight mazes. Initially, the T-shaped maze was constructed inside a single experimental room, followed by modifications. The rapid and scalable protocol outlined herein demonstrates the flexibility of the reconfigurable maze, achieved through the addition of components and behavioral training phases in a stepwise manner. The reconfigurable maze systematically and precisely assesses the performance of multiple aspects of spatial navigation behavior.

The present protocol describes a reconfigurable maze, a unique system for testing spatial navigation and behavioral phenotypes in rodents. The adaptability of this maze system enables the execution of various experiments in a single physical environment. The ease of structural rearrangement generates reliable and reproducible experimental results.

Utilisation d’un système de labyrinthe reconfigurable pour améliorer la reproductibilité des tests de navigation spatiale chez les rongeurs

Several maze shapes are used to test spatial navigation performance and behavioral phenotypes. Traditionally, each experiment requires a unique maze ...