Ce travail a été soutenu par l&#39;Institut national sur la surdité et d&#39;autres troubles de la communication subventions R21DC013915 et R01DC012502, les sciences naturelles et en génie du Canada et le Conseil européen de la recherche en vertu de septième programme-cadre de la Communauté européenne (FP7 / 2007-2013 Accord de Don pas 339152. ).

Le protocole expérimental actuel suit les lignes directrices en matière d&#39;éthique, selon le Comité d&#39;enquête humaine Université de Yale. 1. Electroenchephalopgaphy (EEG) Préparation <ol><li> Mesurer la taille de la tête pour déterminer le bouchon EEG appropriée. </li><li> Identifier l&#39;emplacement du sommet en trouvant le point médian entre nasion et inion avec un ruban à mesurer. </li><li> Placez le capuchon sur la tête EEG utilisant le sommet pré-déterminé que Cz. Examinez Cz à nouveau après avoir placé le bouchon en utilisant un ruban à mesurer que fait en 1.2. Notez que le bouchon EEG est équipé de porte-électrodes et le placement des électrodes 64 (ou les détenteurs) est basé sur un système 10-20 modifié avec système de coordonnées pré-spécifiée sur la base Cz 11. Remarque: Cette application utilise une configuration représentant 64 de l&#39;électrode pour évaluer les changements de distribution du cuir chevelu et pour l&#39;analyse de la source. Pour les applications plus simples (changements potentiels liés à l&#39;événement de l&#39;amplitude et la latence) using moins d&#39;électrodes sont possibles. Il y a deux électrodes de masse supplémentaires dans le système EEG utilisée ici. Ces porte-électrodes sont également inclus dans le capuchon. </li><li> Appliquer le gel d&#39;électrode dans les porte-électrodes à l&#39;aide d&#39;une seringue jetable. </li><li> Fixez électrodes EEG (y compris les électrodes de masse) dans les électrodes détenteurs correspondant aux étiquettes des électrodes et les porteurs d&#39;électrodes sur le capuchon de l&#39;électrode. </li><li> Nettoyer la surface de la peau avec des tampons d&#39;alcool. Remarque: Pour les électrodes pour détecter le mouvement des yeux (électro-oculographie), les emplacements de la peau sont au-dessus et au-dessous de l&#39;oeil droit (de mouvement oculaire vertical), et en dehors de la canthus externe des yeux les deux (de mouvement oculaire horizontal); pour la stimulation somatosensoriel latéral de la peau à l&#39;angle orale est nettoyé. </li><li> Remplissez les quatre électrodes électro-oculographie avec le gel de l&#39;électrode et de sécuriser les électrodes avec du ruban adhésif double-face sur les sites mentionnés au point 1.6. </li><li> Fixez tous les câbles d&#39;électrode en utilisant une bande Velcro. Si rbligatoire, CASSETTE les câbles au corps de participant ou les autres endroits qui ne sont pas d&#39;introduire de bruit électrique ou mécanique supplémentaire. </li><li> Placez le participant en face de l&#39;écran et le robot pour la stimulation somatosensoriel. Fixer tous les câbles d&#39;électrodes à nouveau comme en 1.8. </li><li> Branchez l&#39;EEG et des électrodes électro-oculographie (y compris les électrodes de masse) dans les connecteurs appropriés (étiquette correspondante et la forme de connecteur) sur la boîte de l&#39;amplificateur du système EEG. </li><li> Vérifiez que les signaux EEG sont sans artefacts et que la valeur de décalage est dans une fourchette acceptable (&lt;50 mV ou plus petit). Si les signaux bruyants ou de grands décalages qui sont généralement indicatif de haute impédance sont trouvés, corriger ces signaux d&#39;électrode en ajoutant gel de EEG supplémentaires et / ou le repositionnement de cheveux qui est directement sous l&#39;électrode. </li><li> Insérez les écouteurs EEG-compatibles et de confirmer que le niveau sonore est dans une gamme confortable fondé sur le rapport de l&#39;objet. </li></ol><pclass = &quot;jove_title&quot;&gt; 2. Somatosensoriel Stimulation Remarque: Le protocole actuel applique visage étirement de la peau dans le but de stimulation somatosensoriel. Le montage expérimental avec le système EEG est représenté sur la figure 1. Les détails du dispositif de stimulation somato-sensoriel ont été décrits dans les études précédentes 1,7,12-14. En bref, deux petites languettes en plastique (2 cm de large et 3 cm de hauteur) sont attachés avec du ruban adhésif double face pour la peau du visage. Les onglets sont connectés au dispositif robotique avec de la ficelle. Le robot génère systématiques charges d&#39;étirement de la peau selon les modèles expérimentaux. Le protocole de configuration pour l&#39;enregistrement ERP est la suivante: <ol><li> Placez la tête du participant à l&#39;appui-tête afin de minimiser les mouvements de la tête lors de la stimulation. Retirez soigneusement les câbles d&#39;électrode entre la tête et l&#39;appui-tête du participant. </li><li> Demandez au participant de maintenir l&#39;interrupteur de sécurité pour le robot. </li><li> Fixez languettes en plastique àl&#39;emplacement de la peau cible en utilisant un adhésif double face pour la stimulation somatosensoriel. Pour les résultats les représentant 12,13, dans lequel la cible est le latéral de la peau à l&#39;angle orale, placer le centre des onglets sur le modiolus, quelques mm latéralement à l&#39;angle orale avec le centre des languettes à environ la même hauteur de l&#39;angle orale. </li><li> Ajuster la configuration de la chaîne, des supports de chaîne et le robot afin d&#39;éviter des électrodes EEG et des câbles. </li><li> Appliquez quelques tronçons de la peau du visage (sinusoïde un cycle à 3 Hz avec une force maximale de 4 N) pour vérifier les artefacts dus à la stimulation (généralement observé que relativement grande amplitude et de fréquence inférieure par rapport à la réponse électrophysiologique). Si les artefacts sont observées dans les signaux EEG, revenir à 2,4. </li></ol> 3. ERP Enregistrement <ol><li> Expliquer la tâche expérimentale du sujet et fournir des essais pratiques (un bloc = 10 essais ou moins) pour confirmer si le sujet understands clairement la tâche. Note: La tâche expérimentale et la présentation du stimulus pour l&#39;enregistrement ERP sont préprogrammée dans les logiciels pour la présentation du stimulus. <ol><li> Dans le test représentatif avec somatosensoriel combinée stimulation auditive et 12, appliquer la stimulation somatosensoriel associée à la déformation de la peau à la partie latérale de la peau à l&#39;angle orale. Le motif d&#39;étirement est une sinusoïde un cycle (3 Hz) avec une force maximale de 4 N. Un seul d&#39;énoncé de parole synthétisée qui est à mi-chemin dans un continuum sonore en 10 étapes entre la &quot;tête&quot; et &quot;avait&quot; est utilisée pour la stimulation auditive. </li><li> Présenter deux stimulations séparément ou en combinaison. Dans la stimulation combinée, trois essais timings apparition (90 ms de plomb et de lag, et simultanées en somato-sensorielles et auditives onsets: voir la figure 3A). </li><li> Aléatoire la présentation de cinq stimulations (somatosensoriel seul, auditif seul et trois combinés:. Plomb, Simult et lag). Variez l&#39;intervalle entre les essais entre 1000 et 2000 msec afin d&#39;éviter l&#39;anticipation et l&#39;accoutumance. La tâche expérimentale est de déterminer si le son de discours présenté, qui est le son qui est acoustiquement intermédiaire entre «tête» et «eu», était «tête» en appuyant sur ​​une touche sur un clavier. Dans la seule condition somatosensoriel, dans lequel il a pas de stimulation auditive, les participants sont priés de répondre à pas &quot;la tête&quot;. </li><li> Jugements de participants record et le temps de réaction du début du stimulus à la presse clé en utilisant le logiciel pour la présentation du stimulus. Demandez au participant de contempler un point sur l&#39;écran d&#39;affichage de fixation, afin de réduire les artefacts dus à des mouvements oculaires. </li><li> Retirez le point de fixation tous les 10 stimulations pour une courte pause. (Voir aussi autre exemple de tâche et relance présentation 12,13) </li></ol></li><li> Démarrez le logiciel pour l&#39;enregistrement ERP à 512 Hzéchantillonnage, qui enregistre également le temps début de la stimulation dans la chronologie des données de l&#39;ERP. On notera que les horodatages de la stimulation, qui comprend également des informations sur le type de la stimulation, sont envoyés pour chaque stimulus de logiciel pour la présentation du stimulus. Les deux programmes (pour l&#39;enregistrement de l&#39;ERP et pour la présentation de relance) sont en cours d&#39;exécution sur deux PC distincts qui sont connectés via un port parallèle. </li><li> Régler le logiciel pour la stimulation somatosensoriel à mode de déclenchement en attente et ensuite commencer la présentation du stimulus en activant le logiciel de présentation du stimulus. Notez que le logiciel pour la stimulation somatosensoriel est également exécuté sur un ordinateur distinct des deux autres ordinateurs. Enregistrez 100 ERPs par condition. Remarque: un signal de déclenchement pour la stimulation somatosensoriel est reçu à travers un dispositif d&#39;entrée analogique qui est connecté à un dispositif de sortie numérique à l&#39;ordinateur de stimulation sensorielle. Stimulation somatosensoriel unique est produit par un déclencheur. &lt;/ li&gt; </ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Les études rapportées ici fournissent la preuve que la stimulation somatosensoriel contrôlée avec précision qui est produite par la déformation de la peau induit visage ERP corticales. Afférences cutanées sont connus comme une riche source d&#39;information kinesthésique 3,4 dans les mouvements des membres et de la parole humaine 5,6 mouvement 7,8,21. L&#39;étirement de la peau du visage d&#39;une manière qui reflète la direction de mouvement réel pendant parler induit un se...

La production de la parole dépend à la fois de l&#39;information auditive et somatosensoriel. La auditif et somatosensoriel rétroaction se produisent en combinaison dès les premières vocalisations produites par un enfant et les deux sont impliqués dans l&#39;apprentissage moteur de la parole. Des résultats récents suggèrent que les processus somato-sensorielles contribuent à la perception ainsi que la production. Par exemple, l&#39;identification des sons de la parole est modifiée lorsque un dispositif robotique étire la peau du visage en tant que participants écoutent à des stimuli auditifs 1. Bouffées d&#39;air à la joue qui coïncident avec des stimuli de la parole auditifs modifient 2 jugements de perception des participants. Ces effets somato impliquent l&#39;activation des mécanorécepteurs cutanés en réponse à la déformation de la peau. La peau est déformé de diverses manières pendant le mouvement, et mécanorécepteurs cutanés sont connus pour contribuer à kinesthésique sens 3,4. Le rôle kinesthésique des mécanorécepteurs cutanés est démontré par les résultats récents 5-7 que les souches relatives aux mouvements peau sont correctement perçues comme flexion ou motion prolongation en fonction du motif de l&#39;étirement de la peau 6. Au cours de la formation de moteur de la parole, qui est la répétition d&#39;énoncé de parole spécifique avec la parole d&#39;étirement de la peau du visage concomitante, modèles articulatoires changent de manière adaptative 7. Ces études indiquent que la modulation étirement de la peau au cours de l&#39;action fournit une méthode pour évaluer la contribution des afférences cutanées à la fonction kinesthésique du système sensori-moteur. La fonction kinesthésique des mécanorécepteurs cutanés orofaciaux a été étudiée principalement en utilisant des méthodes psychophysiologiques 7,8 et microélectrodes recodage des nerfs sensoriels 9,10. Ici, le protocole actuel se concentre sur la combinaison de la stimulation somatosensoriel oro-faciale associée à la déformation de la peau du visage et événement lié (ERP) d&#39;enregistrement potentiel. Thest la procédure expérimentale a le contrôle précis de la direction et le calendrier de la déformation du visage de la peau en utilisant un dispositif robotique contrôlée par ordinateur. Cela nous permet de tester des hypothèses spécifiques au sujet de la contribution somatosensoriel à la production de la parole et de la perception par sélectivement et précisément déformer la peau du visage dans un large éventail d&#39;orientations à la fois pendant l&#39;apprentissage moteur de la parole et directement dans la production de la parole et de la perception. Enregistrement ERP sont utilisés pour évaluer de manière non invasive la structure temporelle et le calendrier de l&#39;influence de la stimulation somatosensoriel sur les comportements orofaciaux. Le protocole actuel peut alors évaluer les corrélats neuraux de la fonction kinesthésique et d&#39;évaluer la contribution du système somatosensoriel à la fois le traitement de la parole, la production de la parole et de perception de la parole. Pour montrer l&#39;utilité de l&#39;application de la stimulation d&#39;étirement de la peau à l&#39;enregistrement de l&#39;ERP, le protocole suivant se concentre sur l&#39;interaction de somatosensoriel et entrée auditive dans le discours pa perception. Les résultats mettent en évidence une méthode pour évaluer le potentiel d&#39;interaction somatosensoriel-auditif dans le discours.

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somatosensory event-related potentials from orofacial skin stretch stimulation

Cortical processing associated with orofacial somatosensory function in speech has received limited experimental attention due to the difficulty of providing precise and controlled stimulation. This article introduces a technique for recording somatosensory event-related potentials (ERP) that uses a novel mechanical stimulation method involving skin deformation using a robotic device. Controlled deformation of the facial skin is used to modulate kinesthetic inputs through excitation of cutaneous mechanoreceptors. By combining somatosensory stimulation with electroencephalographic recording, somatosensory evoked responses can be successfully measured at the level of the cortex. Somatosensory stimulation can be combined with the stimulation of other sensory modalities to assess multisensory interactions. For speech, orofacial stimulation is combined with speech sound stimulation to assess the contribution of multi-sensory processing including the effects of timing differences. The ability to precisely control orofacial somatosensory stimulation during speech perception and speech production with ERP recording is an important tool that provides new insight into the neural organization and neural representations for speech.

Cette section présente les potentiels liées aux événements représentatifs en réponse à la stimulation somatosensoriel résultant de la déformation de la peau du visage. Le montage expérimental est représenté sur la figure 1. Stimulation sinusoïdale a été appliquée sur la peau du visage latéral à l&#39;angle orale (voir la figure 3A comme référence). Cent essais extensibles ont été enregistrés pour c...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Somatosensory Event-related Potentials from Orofacial Skin Stretch Stimulation at JoVE.com

Somatosensory Event-related Potentials from Orofacial Skin Stretch Stimulation

This paper introduces a method for obtaining somatosensory event-related potentials following orofacial skin stretch stimulation. The current method can be used to evaluate the contribution of somatosensory afferents to both speech production and speech perception.

Potentiels liées aux événements somato-sensorielles de la peau Orofacial stretch Stimulation

Cortical processing associated with orofacial somatosensory function in speech has received limited experimental attention due to the difficulty of ...

somatosensory-event-related-potentials-from-orofacial-skin-stretch

Research

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Neuroscience

13.1K vues.  Haskins Laboratories. This paper introduces a method for obtaining somatosensory event-related potentials following orofacial skin stretch stimulation. The current method can be used to evaluate the contribution of somatosensory afferents to both speech production and speech perception.

Vidéo: Somatosensory Event-related Potentials from Orofacial Skin Stretch Stimulation

High Density Event-related Potential  Data Acquisition in Cognitive Neuroscience

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is currently the standard method of evaluating brain function in the field of Cognitive Neuroscience, in part because fMRI data acquisition and analysis techniques are readily available. Because fMRI has excellent spatial resolution but poor temporal resolution, this method can only be used to identify the spatial location of brain activity associated with a given cognitive process (and reveals virtually nothing about the time course of brain activity). By contrast, event-related potential (ERP) recording, a method that is used much less frequently than fMRI, has excellent temporal resolution and thus can track rapid temporal modulations in neural activity. Unfortunately, ERPs are under utilized in Cognitive Neuroscience because data acquisition techniques are not readily available and low density ERP recording has poor spatial resolution. In an effort to foster the increased use of ERPs in Cognitive Neuroscience, the present article details key techniques involved in high density ERP data acquisition. Critically, high density ERPs offer the promise of excellent temporal resolution and good spatial resolution (or excellent spatial resolution if coupled with fMRI), which is necessary to capture the spatial-temporal dynamics of human brain function.

Event-related potential (ERP) recording is under utilized in Cognitive Neuroscience because data acquisition techniques are not readily available and this method often has poor spatial resolution. To foster the increased use of ERPs in Cognitive Neuroscience, the present article details key techniques involved in high density ERP data acquisition.

Événement lié à haute densité acquisition potentielle de données en neurosciences cognitives

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is currently the standard method of evaluating brain function in the field of Cognitive Neuroscience, in part ...

Recherche

Neurosciences

Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful rest."1,2,3 It is thought the default mode network corresponds to self-referential or "internal mentation".2,3
It has been hypothesized that, in humans, activity within the default mode network is correlated with certain pathologies (for instance, hyper-activation has been linked to schizophrenia 4,5,6 and autism spectrum disorders 7 whilst hypo-activation of the network has been linked to Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases 8). As such, noninvasive modulation of this network may represent a potential therapeutic intervention for a number of neurological and psychiatric pathologies linked to abnormal network activation. One possible tool to effect this modulation is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability (either increasing or decreasing it) via the application of localized magnetic field pulses.9
In order to explore the default mode network's propensity towards and tolerance of modulation, we will be combining TMS (to the left inferior parietal lobe) with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Through this article, we will examine the protocol and considerations necessary to successfully combine these two neuroscientific tools.

In this article, we examine the methodology and considerations relevant to the combination of TMS and fMRI to examine the effects of brain stimulation on the default network.

Alliant la stimulation magnétique transcrânienne et l&#39;IRMf pour examiner le réseau en mode par défaut

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful ...

TMS: Using the Theta-Burst Protocol to Explore Mechanism of Plasticity in Individuals with Fragile X Syndrome and Autism

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), also known as Martin-Bell Syndrome, is a genetic abnormality found on the X chromosome.1,2 Individuals suffering from FXS display abnormalities in the expression of FMR1 - a protein required for typical, healthy neural development.3 Recent data has suggested that the loss of this protein can cause the cortex to be hyperexcitable thereby affecting overall patterns of neural plasticity.4,5
In addition, Fragile X shows a strong comorbidity with autism: in fact, 30% of children with FXS are diagnosed with autism, and 2 - 5% of autistic children suffer from FXS.6
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability via the application of localized magnetic field pulses 7,8) represents a unique method of exploring plasticity and the manifestations of FXS within affected individuals. More specifically, Theta-Burst Stimulation (TBS), a specific stimulatory protocol shown to modulate cortical plasticity for a duration up to 30 minutes after stimulation cessation in healthy populations, has already proven an efficacious tool in the exploration of abnormal plasticity.9,10 
Recent studies have shown the effects of TBS last considerably longer in individuals on the autistic spectrum - up to 90 minutes.11 This extended effect-duration suggests an underlying abnormality in the brain's natural plasticity state in autistic individuals - similar to the hyperexcitability induced by Fragile X Syndrome.
In this experiment, utilizing single-pulse motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) as our benchmark, we will explore the effects of both intermittent and continuous TBS on cortical plasticity in individuals suffering from FXS and individuals on the Autistic Spectrum.

In this article, we examine the effects of Theta-Burst TMS stimulation on cortical plasticity in individuals suffering from Fragile X syndrome and individuals on the autistic spectrum.

TMS: Utilisation du protocole Theta-Burst à explorer Mechasnism de la plasticité chez les individus atteints du syndrome du X fragile et autisme

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), also known as Martin-Bell Syndrome, is a genetic abnormality found on the X chromosome.1,2 Individuals suffering from FXS ...

Electrode Positioning and Montage in Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that has been intensively investigated in the past decade as this method offers a non-invasive and safe alternative to change cortical excitability2. The effects of one session of tDCS can last for several minutes, and its effects depend on polarity of stimulation, such as that cathodal stimulation induces a decrease in cortical excitability, and anodal stimulation induces an increase in cortical excitability that may last beyond the duration of stimulation6. These effects have been explored in cognitive neuroscience and also clinically in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders &#x2013; especially when applied over several consecutive sessions4. One area that has been attracting attention of neuroscientists and clinicians is the use of tDCS for modulation of pain-related neural networks3,5. Modulation of two main cortical areas in pain research has been explored: primary motor cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex7. Due to the critical role of electrode montage, in this article, we show different alternatives for electrode placement for tDCS clinical trials on pain; discussing advantages and disadvantages of each method of stimulation.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is an established technique to modulate cortical excitability1,2. It has been used as an investigative tool in neuroscience due to its effects on cortical plasticity, easy operation, and safe profile. One area that tDCS has been showing encouraging results is pain alleviation 3-5.

Positionnement des électrodes et de montage de stimulation transcrânienne Direct Current

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that has been intensively investigated in the past decade as this method offers a ...

Applications of EEG Neuroimaging Data: Event-related Potentials, Spectral Power, and Multiscale Entropy

When considering human neuroimaging data, an appreciation of signal variability represents a fundamental innovation in the way we think about brain signal. Typically, researchers represent the brain's response as the mean across repeated experimental trials and disregard signal fluctuations over time as "noise". However, it is becoming clear that brain signal variability conveys meaningful functional information about neural network dynamics. This article describes the novel method of multiscale entropy (MSE) for quantifying brain signal variability. MSE may be particularly informative of neural network dynamics because it shows timescale dependence and sensitivity to linear and nonlinear dynamics in the data.

Neuroimaging researchers typically consider the brain's response as the mean activity across repeated experimental trials and disregard signal variability over time as "noise". However, it is becoming clear that there is signal in that noise. This article describes the novel method of multiscale entropy for quantifying brain signal variability in the time domain.

Applications de l&#39;EEG données de neuro-imagerie: les potentiels évoqués, puissance spectrale et multi-échelle Entropy

When considering human neuroimaging data, an appreciation of signal variability represents a fundamental innovation in the way we think about brain ...

Optogenetic Activation of Zebrafish Somatosensory Neurons using ChEF-tdTomato

Larval zebrafish are emerging as a model for describing the development and function of simple neural circuits. Due to their external fertilization, rapid development, and translucency, zebrafish are particularly well suited for optogenetic approaches to investigate neural circuit function. In this approach, light-sensitive ion channels are expressed in specific neurons, enabling the experimenter to activate or inhibit them at will and thus assess their contribution to specific behaviors. Applying these methods in larval zebrafish is conceptually simple but requires the optimization of technical details. Here we demonstrate a procedure for expressing a channelrhodopsin variant in larval zebrafish somatosensory neurons, photo-activating single cells, and recording the resulting behaviors. By introducing a few modifications to previously established methods, this approach could be used to elicit behavioral responses from single neurons activated up to at least 4 days post-fertilization (dpf). Specifically, we created a transgene using a somatosensory neuron enhancer, CREST3, to drive the expression of the tagged channelrhodopsin variant, ChEF-tdTomato. Injecting this transgene into 1-cell stage embryos results in mosaic expression in somatosensory neurons, which can be imaged with confocal microscopy. Illuminating identified cells in these animals with light from a 473 nm DPSS laser, guided through a fiber optic cable, elicits behaviors that can be recorded with a high-speed video camera and analyzed quantitatively. This technique could be adapted to study behaviors elicited by activating any zebrafish neuron. Combining this approach with genetic or pharmacological perturbations will be a powerful way to investigate circuit formation and function.

Optogenetic techniques have made it possible to study the contribution of specific neurons to behavior. We describe a method in larval zebrafish for activating single somatosensory neurons expressing a channelrhodopsin variant (ChEF) with a diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) laser and recording the elicited behaviors with a high-speed video camera.

L&#39;activation des neurones somatosensoriels optogenetic poisson zèbre en utilisant Chef-tdTomato

Larval  zebrafish are emerging as a model for describing the development and function  of simple neural circuits. Due to their  external fertilization, ...

Extracting Visual Evoked Potentials from EEG Data Recorded During fMRI-guided Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is an effective method for establishing a causal link between a cortical area and cognitive/neurophysiological effects. Specifically, by creating a transient interference with the normal activity of a target region and measuring changes in an electrophysiological signal, we can establish a causal link between the stimulated brain area or network and the electrophysiological signal that we record. If target brain areas are functionally defined with prior fMRI scan, TMS could be used to link the fMRI activations with evoked potentials recorded. However, conducting such experiments presents significant technical challenges given the high amplitude artifacts introduced into the EEG signal by the magnetic pulse, and the difficulty to successfully target areas that were functionally defined by fMRI. Here we describe a methodology for combining these three common tools: TMS, EEG, and fMRI. We explain how to guide the stimulator&#39;s coil to the desired target area using anatomical or functional MRI data, how to record EEG during concurrent TMS, how to design an ERP study suitable for EEG-TMS combination and how to extract reliable ERP from the recorded data. We will provide representative results from a previously published study, in which fMRI-guided TMS was used concurrently with EEG to show that the face-selective N1 and the body-selective N1 component of the ERP are associated with distinct neural networks in extrastriate cortex. This method allows us to combine the high spatial resolution of fMRI with the high temporal resolution of TMS and EEG and therefore obtain a comprehensive understanding of the neural basis of various cognitive processes.

This paper describes a method for collecting and analyzing electroencephalography (EEG) data during concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) guided by activations revealed with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). A method for TMS artifact removal and extraction of event related potentials is described as well as considerations in paradigm design and experimental setup.

Extraction Potentiels évoqués visuels de l&#39;EEG données enregistrées pendant l&#39;IRMf guidée stimulation magnétique transcrânienne

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is an effective method for establishing a causal link between a cortical area and cognitive/neurophysiological ...

Recording Single Neurons' Action Potentials from Freely Moving Pigeons Across Three Stages of Learning

While the subject of learning has attracted immense interest from both behavioral and neural scientists, only relatively few investigators have observed single-neuron activity while animals are acquiring an operantly conditioned response, or when that response is extinguished. But even in these cases, observation periods usually encompass only a single stage of learning, i.e. acquisition or extinction, but not both (exceptions include protocols employing reversal learning; see Bingman&#160;et al.1 for an example). However, acquisition and extinction entail different learning mechanisms and are therefore expected to be accompanied by different types and/or loci of neural plasticity.
Accordingly, we developed a behavioral paradigm which institutes three stages of learning in a single behavioral session and which is well suited for the simultaneous recording of single neurons&#39; action potentials. Animals are trained on a single-interval forced choice task which requires mapping each of two possible choice responses to the presentation of different novel visual stimuli (acquisition). After having reached a predefined performance criterion, one of the two choice responses is no longer reinforced (extinction). Following a certain decrement in performance level, correct responses are reinforced again (reacquisition). By using a new set of stimuli in every session, animals can undergo the acquisition-extinction-reacquisition process repeatedly. Because all three stages of learning occur in a single behavioral session, the paradigm is ideal for the simultaneous observation of the spiking output of multiple single neurons. We use pigeons as model systems, but the task can easily be adapted to any other species capable of conditioned discrimination learning.

Recording Single Neurons&#039; Action Potentials from Freely Moving Pigeons Across Three Stages of Learning

Learning new stimulus-response associations engages a wide range of neural processes which are ultimately reflected in changing spike output of individual neurons. Here we describe a behavioral protocol allowing for the continuous registration of single-neuron activity while animals acquire, extinguish, and reacquire a conditioned response within a single experimental session.

L&#39;enregistrement des potentiels d&#39;action unique neurones de se déplacer librement à travers Pigeons Trois étapes de l&#39;apprentissage

While the subject of learning has attracted immense interest from both behavioral and neural scientists, only relatively few investigators have observed ...

Analysis of Developing Tooth Germ Innervation Using Microfluidic Co-culture Devices

Innervation plays a key role in the development, homeostasis and regeneration of organs and tissues. However, the mechanisms underlying these phenomena are not well understood yet. In particular, the role of innervation in tooth development and regeneration is neglected.
Several in vivo studies have provided important information about the patterns of innervation of dental tissues during development and repair processes of various animal models. However, most of these approaches are not optimal to highlight the molecular basis of the interactions between nerve fibres and target organs and tissues.
Co-cultures constitute a valuable method to investigate and manipulate the interactions between nerve fibres and teeth in a controlled and isolated environment. In the last decades, conventional co-cultures using the same culture medium have been performed for very short periods (e.g., two days) to investigate the attractive or repulsive effects of developing oral and dental tissues on sensory nerve fibres. However, extension of the culture period is required to investigate the effects of innervation on tooth morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation.
Microfluidics systems allow co-cultures of neurons and different cell types in their appropriate culture media. We have recently demonstrated that trigeminal ganglia (TG) and teeth are able to survive for a long period of time when co-cultured in microfluidic devices, and that they maintain in these conditions the same innervation pattern that they show in vivo.
On this basis, we describe how to isolate and co-culture developing trigeminal ganglia and tooth germs in a microfluidic co-culture system.This protocol describes a simple and flexible way to co-culture ganglia/nerves and target tissues and to study the roles of specific molecules on such interactions in a controlled and isolated environment.

Co-cultures represent a valuable method to study the interactions between nerves and target tissues and organs. Microfluidic systems allow co-culturing ganglia and whole developing organs or tissues in different culture media, thus representing a valuable tool for the in vitro study of the crosstalk between neurons and their targets.

Analyse de développement germe dentaire innervation Utilisation de périphériques Co-culture microfluidique

Innervation plays a key role in the development, homeostasis and regeneration of organs and tissues. However, the mechanisms underlying these phenomena ...

How to Find Effects of Stimulus Processing on Event Related Brain Potentials of Close Others when Hyperscanning Partners

The partners of each pair must be able to pass the McGill Friendship Questionnaire without communicating. Each partner is then seated in front of a screen in one of two adjacent rooms. These rooms are separated by a glass window through which participants communicate to maintain feelings of togetherness while being fitted with the EEG cap. After checking for adequate EEG signals, the glass is covered by a curtain to prevent visual communication. Then, partners must be silent but are instructed to try to feel in the presence of their partner during the entire experiment. Just before it starts, participants are told that each of them will be presented with one image at a time and that these images will occur at the same time for both of them on their own screen. They are also instructed that, for each trial, the simultaneous images will always be different. However, unbeknownst to them, trials are randomized: only half of them are consistent with this instruction and actually include two different images. These trials form the DSC, that is, the different-stimuli condition. The other half of the trials are inconsistent with the instruction. They include two identical images and form the ISC (identical-stimuli condition). After the experiment, participants are sorted into two groups: those who reported that they felt in the presence of their partner during the majority of the trials and those who reported they did not. The impact of the stimulus processing of the partner is found by subtracting the mean voltages of the ERPs of the ISC (inconsistent with the instructions) from the ERPs of the DSC (consistent with the instructions) in at least two time windows (TWs): firstly, in the 75 to 150 ms TW, where the absolute values of these subtractions are greater, especially at right frontal sites, in those who felt in the presence of their partner than in those who did not; secondly, in the LPP time window (i.e., from 650 to 950 ms post onset), where ERPs are significantly less positive in the DSC than in the ISC in those in whom the raw results of the early (75-150ms) subtractions are negative.

This protocol describes key steps involved in assessing the sensitivity of the brain of one person to the stimulus processing of a close other by selecting pairs of partners, recording their electroencephalogram (EEG) simultaneously and computing their event-related brain potentials (ERPs).

Comment effets trouver des Stimulus traitement sur l’événement connexe cerveau potentiels de fermer d’autres quand Hyperscanning partenaires

The partners of each pair must be able to pass the McGill Friendship Questionnaire without communicating. Each partner is then seated in front of a screen ...