אנו מודים לד&quot;ר רוברט א &#39;ויינברג (וייטהד מכון Biomedical Research, קיימברידג&#39;) תמיכה פיקוח נדיב של עבודה זו ומר Kieran Mellody (אוניברסיטת מנצ&#39;סטר, מנצ&#39;סטר) לעריכה ביקורתית של כתב היד הזה. פרויקט זה נתמך על ידי מחקר בבריטניה (CR-בריטניה) מספר מענק C147/A6058 (AO)

<ol>
	<li>Ronnov-Jessen, L., Bissell, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Breast+cancer+by+proxy:+can+the+microenvironment+be+both+the+cause+and+consequence?.">Breast cancer by proxy: can the microenvironment be both the cause and consequence?.</a> Trends Mol. Med. 15, 5-13 (2009).</li><li>Mueller, M. M., Fusenig, N. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Friends+or+foes+-+bipolar+effects+of+the+tumour+stroma+in+cancer.">Friends or foes - bipolar effects of the tumour stroma in cancer.</a> Nat. Rev. Cancer. 4, 839-849 (2004).</li><li>Bhowmick, N. A., Neilson, E. G., Moses, H. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stromal+fibroblasts+in+cancer+initiation+and+progression.">Stromal fibroblasts in cancer initiation and progression.</a> Nature. 432, 332-337 (2004).</li><li>Kalluri, R., Zeisberg, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fibroblasts+in+cancer.">Fibroblasts in cancer.</a> Nat. Rev. Cancer. 6, 392-401 (2006).</li><li>De Wever, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tenascin-C+and+SF/HGF+produced+by+myofibroblasts+in+vitro+provide+convergent+pro-invasive+signals+to+human+colon+cancer+cells+through+RhoA+and+Rac.">Tenascin-C and SF/HGF produced by myofibroblasts in vitro provide convergent pro-invasive signals to human colon cancer cells through RhoA and Rac.</a> 18, 1016-1018 (2004).</li><li>Serini, G., Gabbiani, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+myofibroblast+activity+and+phenotypic+modulation.">Mechanisms of myofibroblast activity and phenotypic modulation.</a> Exp. Cell. Res. 250, 273-283 (1999).</li><li>Shimoda, M., Mellody, K. T., Orimo, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Carcinoma-associated+fibroblasts+are+a+rate-limiting+determinant+for+tumour+progression.">Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts are a rate-limiting determinant for tumour progression.</a> Semin. Cell. Dev. Biol. 21, 19-25 (2010).</li><li>Pietras, K., Ostman, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hallmarks+of+cancer:+interactions+with+the+tumor+stroma.">Hallmarks of cancer: interactions with the tumor stroma.</a> Exp. Cell. Res. 316, 1324-1331 (2010).</li><li>Polyak, K., Haviv, I., Campbell, I. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Co-evolution+of+tumor+cells+and+their+microenvironment.">Co-evolution of tumor cells and their microenvironment.</a> Trends in Genetics. 25, 30-38 (2009).</li><li>Franco, O. E., Shaw, A. K., Strand, D. W., Hayward, S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cancer+associated+fibroblasts+in+cancer+pathogenesis.">Cancer associated fibroblasts in cancer pathogenesis.</a> Semin. Cell. Dev. Biol. 21, 33-39 (2010).</li><li>Kojima, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autocrine+TGF-beta+and+stromal+cell-derived+factor-1+(SDF-1)+signaling+drives+the+evolution+of+tumor-promoting+mammary+stromal+myofibroblasts.">Autocrine TGF-beta and stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) signaling drives the evolution of tumor-promoting mammary stromal myofibroblasts.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 107, 20009-20014 (2010).</li><li>Orimo, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stromal+fibroblasts+present+in+invasive+human+breast+carcinomas+promote+tumor+growth+and+angiogenesis+through+elevated+SDF-1/CXCL12+secretion.">Stromal fibroblasts present in invasive human breast carcinomas promote tumor growth and angiogenesis through elevated SDF-1/CXCL12 secretion.</a> Cell. 121, 335-348 (2005).</li></ol>

אין ניגודי אינטרסים הכריז.

חוסר CAF הסמנים הספציפיים ורמת ההטרוגניות נצפתה בקרב CAFs להפוך את אפיון מסוג זה תא אתגר בפני עצמו. CAFs לימוד במבחנה יש גם התעכבה בשל סיבוך נוסף כי תאים אלו מזדקנים להפסיק מתרבים כאשר בתרבית במשך תקופה ארוכה. הניסיון הקודם שלנו ישירות להנציח CAFs ראשוני באמצעות לבנות retroviral hTERT cDNA הצליח. לכן, כדי להמשיך לחקור את הגידול קידום המאפיינים של תאים אלה, פיתחנו שיטה להפקת CAFs הנציח מן fibroblasts החלב אנושי באמצעות גידול coimplantation מודל xenograft. ראשי fibroblasts החלב האנושי, שחולצו מן הרקמה מאמופלסטית צמצום, היו מונצחים בטרם הוזרקו תאים סרטן השד בעכברים. Fibroblasts האדם בודדו אז מן xenografts הגידול וכתוצאה מכך (ראו איור. 1Ba לפרטים נוספים). חשוב לציין כי fibroblasts החלב האנושי יותר ויותר דוארvolved לתוך הגידול קידום CAFs myofibroblastic במהלך התקדמות הגידול. אנו אכן ציין כי 242 ימי בן exp-CAF2 תאים להראות גידול קידום הרבה יותר יכולת myofibroblastic לעומת 42 - או 70 ימי בן exp-CAF1 תאים פיברובלסטים לשלוט-2 תאים 11. גידולים אלה בקידום היכולת myofibroblastic של-exp CAF2 תאים, אשר הוא ציין גם CAFs מוכן מחולים בסרטן השד, תלוי הקמת לולאות איתות autocrine בתיווכו של TGF-β ו - SDF-1 ציטוקינים 11. גם העברת גן או איחוי בין תאים סלולריים קרצינומה ו fibroblasts, מתווכת פנוטיפים של CAFs שנוצר מודל xenograft שלנו 11. יחדיו, תצפיות אלה מצביעות על כך xenograft הנגזרות exp-CAFs לשמש ככלי שימושי לחקר CAFs להציג בתוך קרצינומות השד האנושי. פרוטוקול הניסוי המתואר יכול להיות גם המורחבת לבידוד CAFs שונים שמקורם סוגים אחרים של קרצינומות האדם.

<table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tr><td> חומר שם </td><td> סוג </td><td> חברה </td><td> מספר קטלוגי </td><td> הערה </td></tr><tr><td> DMEM </td><td></td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 61965-026 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> עגל עוברית בסרום </td><td></td><td> GIBCO </td><td> 10270 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> פניצילין, סטרפטומיצין </td><td></td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 15140-122 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Collagenase סוג אני </td><td></td><td> סיגמא </td><td> C0130-1G </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> hyaluronidase </td><td></td><td> סיגמא </td><td> H4272 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Vimentin (V9) נוגדן </td><td></td><td> Novocastra מעבדות </td><td> NCL-L- VIM-V9 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Tenascin C (BC-8) נוגדן </td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> מתנה ד&quot;ר <strong&gt; לוצ&#39;יאנו Zardi </td></tr><tr><td> α-SMA-Cy3 (1A4) נוגדן </td><td></td><td> סיגמא </td><td> C6198 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Prolyl-4-hydroxylase </td><td></td><td> Dako </td><td> M0877 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> (5B5) נוגדן </td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> קולגן Type1 נוגדן 1A </td><td></td><td> סיגמא </td><td> HPA011795 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> פאן cytokeratin נוגדן </td><td></td><td> סיגמא </td><td> C5992 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> פיברונקטין נוגדן </td><td></td><td> BD Biosciences </td><td> 610077 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> S100A4/FSP-1 (פיברובלסטים, חלבון ספציפי-1) נוגדן </td><td></td><td> Dako </td><td> A5114 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> משטח פיברובלסטים חלבון (שיבוט 1B10) נוגדן </td><td></td><td> Abcam </td><td> ab11333 </td><td></td> &lt;/ Tr&gt; <tr><td> MSCV-IRES-GFP לבנות </td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> בקשה מחברי </td></tr><tr><td> pBabe-פורו לבנות </td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> לרכוש מ Addgene </td></tr><tr><td> Puromycin </td><td></td><td> סיגמא </td><td> P8833 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> DAPI </td><td></td><td> סיגמא </td><td> D9564 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 15 מ&quot;ל צינור חרוטי </td><td></td><td> קורנינג </td><td> 430766 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> עירום עכבר </td><td></td><td> Taconic </td><td> NCRNU-F </td><td> נקבה NCR בעירום </td></tr><tr><td> C3H/10T1/2 תאים </td><td></td><td> ATCC </td><td></td><td> CCL-226 </td></tr></table>

experimental generation of carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (cafs) from human mammary fibroblasts

קרצינומות הם רקמות מורכבות מורכבת של תאים neoplastic ו תא שאינם סרטניים המכונה &quot;stroma&quot;. Stroma מורכב תאי מטריקס (ECM) ועוד מגוון של תאים mesenchymal, כולל fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, לתאי אנדותל, pericytes ו לויקוציטים 1-3. Stroma הגידול הקשורים מגיב לאותות אוטוקריני משמעותי שפורסמו על ידי תאים קרצינומה השכנות. במהלך תהליך המחלה, stroma לעתים קרובות הופך מאוכלס קרצינומה הקשורים fibroblasts (CAFs) כולל מספר גדול של myofibroblasts. תאים אלה בעבר מופק הרבה סוגים שונים של קרצינומות האדם לתרבות במבחנה שלהם. Subpopulation של CAFs הוא להבחין באמצעות רגולציה-up שלהם אקטין α-שריר חלק (α-SMA) ביטוי 4,5. תאים אלה הם סימן ההיכר של &#39;fibroblasts מופעל&#39; החולקים מאפיינים דומים עם myofibroblasts גצפו ommonly ברקמות פצועים fibrotic 6. הנוכחות של משנה זו CAF myofibroblastic קשורה מאוד בדרגה גבוהה ו ממאירות הקשורות התחזיות עניים חולים. מעבדות רבות, כולל שלנו, הראו כי CAFs, כאשר הוזרקו תאים סרטן לעכברים immunodeficient, המסוגלים באופן משמעותי לקידום tumourigenesis 7-10. CAFs מוכן מחולים קרצינומה עם זאת, לעיתים קרובות עוברים הזדקנות במהלך התפשטות תרבות להגביל את השימוש בהם פשיטות ברחבי ניסויים מתמשך. כדי להתגבר על קושי זה, פיתחנו שיטה חדשנית כדי להפיק בניסוי הנציח קווי האדם החלב CAF תא (exp-CAFs) מ fibroblasts החלב האנושי, באמצעות השד coimplantation הגידול מודל xenograft. על מנת ליצור exp-CAFs, הורים fibroblasts החלב אדם, המתקבל הרקמה מאמופלסטית ירידה, היו הראשונים immortalised עם hTERT, למקטע הקטליטית של holoenzyme telomerase, ומתוכננים להביע GFP ו גן התנגדות puromycin. תאים אלה היו coimplanted עם MCF-7 אנושי קרצינומה של תאים בשד הבעת האונקוגן ras מופעל (MCF-7-ras תאים) לתוך xenograft עכבר. לאחר תקופת דגירה in vivo, fibroblasts המוזרק בתחילה החלב אדם חולצו מן xenografts הגידול על בסיס התנגדות puromycin שלהם 11. ראינו כי fibroblasts תושב החלב האדם מובחן, אימוץ פנוטיפ myofibroblastic ורכש הגידול בקידום נכסים במהלך התקדמות הגידול. חשוב לציין, התאים האלה, כהגדרתו exp-CAFs, מקרוב לחקות את הפנוטיפ הגידול קידום myofibroblastic של CAFs מבודד קרצינומות השד גזור מחולים. Xenograft הנגזרות הגידול שלנו exp-CAFs ולכן לספק מודל יעיל ללמוד את הביולוגיה של CAFs ב breas אדםלא קרצינומות. הפרוטוקול המתואר יכול להיות גם המורחבת להפקת ואפיון אוכלוסיות שונות CAF נגזר סוגים אחרים של קרצינומות האדם.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Generation of Carcinoma-Associated Fibroblasts CAFs from Human Mammary Fibroblasts at JoVE.com

Experimental Generation of Carcinoma-Associated Fibroblasts CAFs from Human Mammary Fibroblasts

קרצינומה הקשורים fibroblasts (CAFs) עשיר myofibroblasts להציג בתוך stroma הגידול, לשחק תפקיד מרכזי נהיגה התקדמות הגידול. פיתחנו מודל הגידול coimplantation xengraft עבור ניסיוני להפקת CAFs מן fibroblasts החלב האנושי. הפרוטוקול מתאר כיצד להקים myofibroblasts CAF כי תרכוש את היכולת לקדם tumourigenesis.

הדור ניסויית של קרצינומה-Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs) מ Fibroblasts החלב אנוש

Carcinomas are complex tissues comprised of neoplastic cells and a non-cancerous compartment referred to as the 'stroma'. The stroma consists of ...

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Experimental Generation of Carcinoma-Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs) from Human Mammary Fibroblasts

23.3K Views.  University of Manchester. קרצינומה הקשורים fibroblasts (CAFs) עשיר myofibroblasts להציג בתוך stroma הגידול, לשחק תפקיד מרכזי נהיגה התקדמות הגידול. פיתחנו מודל הגידול coimplantation xengraft עבור ניסיוני להפקת CAFs מן fibroblasts החלב האנושי. הפרוטוקול מתאר כיצד להקים myofibroblasts CAF כי תרכוש את היכולת לקדם tumourigenesis.

Video: Experimental Generation of Carcinoma-Associated Fibroblasts CAFs from Human Mammary Fibroblasts

Stem Cell Transplantation in an in vitro Simulated Ischemia/Reperfusion Model

Stem cell transplantation protocols are finding their way into clinical practice1,2,3. Getting better results, making the protocols more robust, and finding new sources for implantable cells are the focus of recent research4,5. Investigating the effectiveness of cell therapies is not an easy task and new tools are needed to investigate the mechanisms involved in the treatment process6. We designed an experimental protocol of ischemia/reperfusion in order to allow the observation of cellular connections and even subcellular mechanisms during ischemia/reperfusion injury and after stem cell transplantation and to evaluate the efficacy of cell therapy. H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells were placed onto cell culture plates7,8. Ischemia was simulated with 150 minutes in a glucose free medium with oxygen level below 0.5%. Then, normal media and oxygen levels were reintroduced to simulate reperfusion. After oxygen glucose deprivation, the damaged cells were treated with transplantation of labeled human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells by adding them to the culture. Mesenchymal stem cells are preferred in clinical trials because they are easily accessible with minimal invasive surgery, easily expandable and autologous. After 24 hours of co-cultivation, cells were stained with calcein and ethidium-homodimer to differentiate between live and dead cells. This setup allowed us to investigate the intercellular connections using confocal fluorescent microscopy and to quantify the survival rate of postischemic cells by flow cytometry. Confocal microscopy showed the interactions of the two cell populations such as cell fusion and formation of intercellular nanotubes. Flow cytometry analysis revealed 3 clusters of damaged cells which can be plotted on a graph and analyzed statistically. These populations can be investigated separately and conclusions can be drawn on these data on the effectiveness of the simulated therapeutical approach.

Stem Cell Transplantation in an in vitro Simulated Ischemia/Reperfusion Model

We demonstrate how to set up an in vitro ischemia/reperfusion model and how to evaluate the effect of stem cell therapy on postischemic cardiac cells.

גזע השתלת תאים ב במבחנה דגם סימולציה איסכמיה / reperfusion

Stem cell transplantation protocols are finding their way into clinical practice1,2,3. Getting better results, making the protocols more robust, and ...

Human Internal Mammary Artery (IMA) Transplantation and Stenting: A Human Model to Study the Development of In-Stent Restenosis

Preclinical in vivo research models to investigate pathobiological and pathophysiological processes in the development of intimal hyperplasia after vessel stenting are crucial for translational approaches1,2.
The commonly used animal models include mice, rats, rabbits, and pigs3-5. However, the translation of these models into clinical settings remains difficult, since those biological processes are already studied in animal vessels but never performed before in human research models6,7. In this video we demonstrate a new humanized model to overcome this translational gap. The shown procedure is reproducible, easy, and fast to perform and is suitable to study the development of intimal hyperplasia and the applicability of diverse stents.
This video shows how to perform the stent technique in human vessels followed by transplantation into immunodeficient rats, and identifies the origin of proliferating cells as human.

Human Internal Mammary Artery IMA Transplantation and Stenting: A Human Model to Study the Development of In-Stent Restenosis

This video shows a model to study the development of intimal hyperplasia after stent deployment using a human vessel (IMA) in an immunodeficient rat model.

האדם הפנימי החלב (הר&quot;י) עורק השתלת סטנט: דגם האדם ללמוד פיתוח restenosis ב-סטנט

Preclinical in vivo research models to investigate pathobiological and pathophysiological processes in the development of intimal hyperplasia after vessel ...

Skin Punch Biopsy Explant Culture for Derivation of Primary Human Fibroblasts

Tissues and cell lines derived from an individual with disease are ideal sources to study disease-related cellular phenotypes. Patient-derived fibroblasts in this protocol have been successfully used in the derivation of induced pluripotent stem cells to model disease1. Early passages of these fibroblasts can also be used for cell-based functional assays to study specific disease pathways, mechanisms2 and subsequent drug screening approaches. The advantage of the presented protocol over enzymatic procedures are 1) the reproducibility of the technique from small amounts of tissue derived from older patients, e.g. patients affected with Parkinson's disease, 2) the technically simple approach over more challenging methodologies using enzymatic treatments, and 3) the time consideration: this protocol takes 15-20 min and can be performed immediately after biopsy arrival. Enzymatic treatments can take up to 4 hr and have the problems of overdigestion, reduction of cell viability and subsequent attachment of cells when not handled properly. This protocol describes the dissection and preparation of a 4-mm human skin biopsy for derivation of a fibroblast culture and has a very high success rate which is important when dealing with patient-derived tissue samples. In this culture, keratinocytes migrate out of the biopsy tissue within the first week after preparation. Fibroblasts appear 7-10 days after the first outgrowth of keratinocytes. DMEM high glucose media supplemented with 20% FBS favors the growth of fibroblasts over keratinocytes and fibroblasts will overgrow the keratinocytes. After 2 passages keratinocytes have been diluted out resulting in relatively homogenous fibroblast cultures which expresses the fibroblast marker SERPINH1 (HSP-47). Using this approach, 15-20 million fibroblasts can be derived in 4-8 weeks for cell banking. The skin dissection takes about 15-20 min, cells are then monitored once a day under the microscope, and media is changed every 2-3 days after attachment and outgrowth of cells.

The fibroblast explant culture protocol from human skin punch biopsies is a technically robust and simple way to derive skin cells within 4-8 weeks for banking of about 15-20 million cells at a low passage number.

תרבות explant עור אגרוף ביופסיה לגזירה של fibroblasts אדם היסודי

Tissues and cell lines derived from an individual with disease are ideal sources to study disease-related cellular phenotypes. Patient-derived fibroblasts ...

The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common movement disorder and affects 1% of people over the age of 60 1. Because ageing is the most important risk factor, cases of PD will increase during the next decades 2. Next to pathological protein folding and impaired protein degradation pathways, alterations of mitochondrial function and morphology were pointed out as further hallmark of neurodegeneration in PD 3-11.
After years of research in murine and human cancer cells as in vitro models to dissect molecular pathways of Parkinsonism, the use of human fibroblasts from patients and appropriate controls as ex vivo models has become a valuable research tool, if potential caveats are considered. Other than immortalized, rather artificial cell models, primary fibroblasts from patients carrying disease-associated mutations apparently reflect important pathological features of the human disease.
Here we delineate the procedure of taking skin biopsies, culturing human fibroblasts and using detailed protocols for essential microscopic techniques to define mitochondrial phenotypes. These were used to investigate different features associated with PD that are relevant to mitochondrial function and dynamics. Ex vivo, mitochondria can be analyzed in terms of their function, morphology, colocalization with lysosomes (the organelles degrading dysfunctional mitochondria) and degradation via the lysosomal pathway. These phenotypes are highly relevant for the identification of early signs of PD and may precede clinical motor symptoms in human disease-gene carriers. Hence, the assays presented here can be utilized as valuable tools to identify pathological features of neurodegeneration and help to define new therapeutic strategies in PD.

The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson&#039;s Disease

Fibroblasts from patients carrying mutations in Parkinson's disease-causing genes represent an easily accessible ex vivo model to study disease-associated phenotypes. Live cell imaging gives the opportunity to study morphological and functional parameters in living cells. Here we describe the preparation of human fibroblasts and subsequent monitoring of mitochondrial phenotypes.

השימוש בפיברובלסטים אנושיים ראשוניים לניטור פנוטיפים מיטוכונדריאלי בתחום מחלת פרקינסון

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most  common movement disorder and affects 1% of people over the age of 60 1. Because ageing is  the most important ...

Experimental Human Pneumococcal Carriage

Experimental human pneumococcal carriage (EHPC) is scientifically important because nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae is both the major source of transmission and the prerequisite of invasive disease. A model of carriage will allow accurate determination of the immunological correlates of protection, the immunizing effect of carriage and the effect of host pressure on the pathogen in the nasopharyngeal niche. Further, methods of carriage detection useful in epidemiologic studies, including vaccine studies, can be compared.
Aim
We aim to develop an EHPC platform that is a safe and useful reproducible method that could be used to down-select candidate novel pneumococcal vaccines with prevention of carriage as a surrogate of vaccine induced immunity. It will work towards testing of candidate vaccines and descriptions of the mechanisms underlying EHPC and vaccine protection from carriage1. Current conjugate vaccines against pneumococcus protect children from invasive disease although new vaccines are urgently needed as the current vaccine does not confer optimal protection against non-bacteraemic pneumonia and there has been evidence of serotype replacement with non-vaccine serotypes2-4.
Method
We inoculate with S. pneumoniae suspended in 100 &mu;l of saline. Safety is a major factor in the development of the EHPC model and is achieved through intensive volunteer screening and monitoring. A safety committee consisting of clinicians and scientists that are independent from the study provides objective feedback on a weekly basis.
The bacterial inoculum is standardized and requires that no animal products are inoculated into volunteers (vegetable-based media and saline). The doses required for colonization (104-105) are much lower than those used in animal models (107)5. Detecting pneumococcal carriage is enhanced by a high volume (ideally &gt;10 ml) nasal wash that is relatively mucus free. This protocol will deal with the most important parts of the protocol in turn. These are (a) volunteer selection, (b) pneumococcal inoculum preparation, (c) inoculation, (d) follow-up and (e) carriage detection.
Results
Our current protocol has been safe in over 100 volunteers at a range of doses using two different bacterial serotypes6. A dose ranging study using S. pneumoniae 6B and 23F is currently being conducted to determine the optimal inoculation dose for 50% carriage. A predicted 50% rate of carriage will allow the EHPC model to have high sensitivity for vaccine efficacy with small study numbers.

Experimental human pneumococcal carriage offers a natural model of carriage and a potential model for use in vaccine development. This technique is valuable yet complex and involves clinical risk by introducing a pathogen into a human. We have developed a detailed protocol.

תובלת pneumococcal אנוש ניסויית

Experimental human pneumococcal carriage (EHPC) is scientifically important because nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae is both the major ...

Time-lapse Imaging of Primary Preneoplastic Mammary Epithelial Cells Derived from Genetically Engineered Mouse Models of Breast Cancer

Time-lapse imaging can be used to compare behavior of cultured primary preneoplastic mammary epithelial cells derived from different genetically engineered mouse models of breast cancer. For example, time between cell divisions (cell lifetimes), apoptotic cell numbers, evolution of morphological changes, and mechanism of colony formation can be quantified and compared in cells carrying specific genetic lesions. Primary mammary epithelial cell cultures are generated from mammary glands without palpable tumor. Glands are carefully resected with clear separation from adjacent muscle, lymph nodes are removed, and single-cell suspensions of enriched mammary epithelial cells are generated by mincing mammary tissue followed by enzymatic dissociation and filtration. Single-cell suspensions are plated and placed directly under a microscope within an incubator chamber for live-cell imaging. Sixteen 650 &mu;m x 700 &mu;m fields in a 4x4 configuration from each well of a 6-well plate are imaged every 15 min for 5 days. Time-lapse images are examined directly to measure cellular behaviors that can include mechanism and frequency of cell colony formation within the first 24 hr of plating the cells (aggregation versus cell proliferation), incidence of apoptosis, and phasing of morphological changes. Single-cell tracking is used to generate cell fate maps for measurement of individual cell lifetimes and investigation of cell division patterns. Quantitative data are statistically analyzed to assess for significant differences in behavior correlated with specific genetic lesions.

Time-lapse imaging is used to assess behavior of primary preneoplastic mammary epithelial cells derived from genetically engineered mouse models of breast cancer risk to determine if there are correlations between specific behavioral parameters and distinct genetic lesions.

הדמית זמן לשגות של תאי אפיתל חלב Preneoplastic ראשוניים הנגזרת ממודלי עכבר מהונדס גנטי של סרטן השד

Time-lapse  imaging can be used to compare behavior of cultured primary preneoplastic  mammary epithelial cells derived from different genetically ...

Isolation and Functional Characterization of Human Ventricular Cardiomyocytes from Fresh Surgical Samples

Cardiomyocytes from diseased hearts are subjected to complex remodeling processes involving changes in cell structure, excitation contraction coupling and membrane ion currents. Those changes are likely&#160;to be responsible for the increased arrhythmogenic risk and the contractile alterations leading to systolic and diastolic dysfunction in cardiac patients. However, most information on the alterations of myocyte function in cardiac diseases has come from animal models.
Here we describe and validate a protocol to isolate viable myocytes from small surgical samples of ventricular myocardium from patients undergoing cardiac surgery operations. The protocol is described in detail. Electrophysiological and intracellular calcium measurements are reported to demonstrate the feasibility of a number of single cell measurements in human ventricular cardiomyocytes obtained with this method.
The protocol reported here can be useful for future investigations of the cellular and molecular basis of functional alterations of the human heart in the presence of different cardiac diseases. Further, this method can be used to identify novel therapeutic targets at cellular level and to test the effectiveness of new compounds on human cardiomyocytes, with direct translational value.

Current knowledge on the cellular basis of cardiac diseases mostly relies on studies on animal models. Here we describe and validate a novel method to obtain single viable cardiomyocytes from small surgical samples of human ventricular myocardium. Human ventricular myocytes can be used for electrophysiological studies and drug testing.

בידוד ואפיון פונקציונלי של אדם חדרית שריר לב מדוגמאות כירורגי טריות

Cardiomyocytes from diseased hearts are subjected to complex remodeling processes involving changes in cell structure, excitation contraction coupling and ...

Molecular Profiling of the Invasive Tumor Microenvironment in a 3-Dimensional Model of Colorectal Cancer Cells and Ex vivo Fibroblasts

Invading colorectal cancer (CRC) cells have acquired the capacity to break free from their sister cells, infiltrate the stroma, and remodel the extracellular matrix (ECM). Characterizing the biology of this phenotypically distinct group of cells could substantially improve our understanding of early events during the metastatic cascade.

Tumor invasion is a dynamic process facilitated by bidirectional interactions between malignant epithelium and the cancer associated stroma. In order to examine cell-specific responses at the tumor stroma-interface we have combined organotypic co-culture and laser micro-dissection techniques.
Organotypic models, in which key stromal constituents such as fibroblasts are 3-dimentioanally co-cultured with cancer epithelial cells, are highly manipulatable experimental tools which enable invasion and cancer-stroma interactions to be studied in near-physiological conditions.

Laser microdissection (LMD) is a technique which entails the surgical dissection and extraction of the various strata within tumor tissue, with micron level precision.
By combining these techniques with genomic, transcriptomic and epigenetic profiling we aim to develop a deeper understanding of the molecular characteristics of invading tumor cells and surrounding stromal tissue, and in doing so potentially reveal novel biomarkers and opportunities for drug development in CRC.&#160;&#160;&#160;

Molecular Profiling of the Invasive Tumor Microenvironment in a 3-Dimensional Model of Colorectal Cancer Cells and Ex vivo Fibroblasts

Molecular profiling of laser microdissected cells and stroma from synthetic, tissue-engineered colorectal cancer models represents a novel and manipulatable approach to characterize and dissect the distinctive biology at the interface between tumor cells at the invasive front and cancer associated stromal cells. &#160;

מולקולרי פרופיל של microenvironment הגידול פולש במודל 3 ממדים של תאי סרטן המעי הגס ו<em&gt; Ex vivo</em&gt; פיברובלסטים

Invading colorectal cancer (CRC) cells have acquired the capacity to break free from their sister cells, infiltrate the stroma, and remodel the ...

Evaluation of Lung Metastasis in Mouse Mammary Tumor Models by Quantitative Real-time PCR

Metastatic disease is the spread of malignant tumor cells from the primary cancer site to a distant organ and is the primary cause of cancer associated death 1. Common sites of metastatic spread include lung, lymph node, brain, and bone 2. Mechanisms that drive metastasis are intense areas of cancer research. Consequently, effective assays to measure metastatic burden in distant sites of metastasis are instrumental for cancer research. Evaluation of lung metastases in mammary tumor models is generally performed by gross qualitative observation of lung tissue following dissection. Quantitative methods of evaluating metastasis are currently limited to ex vivo and in vivo imaging based techniques that require user defined parameters. Many of these techniques are at the whole organism level rather than the cellular level 3-6. Although newer imaging methods utilizing multi-photon microscopy are able to evaluate metastasis at the cellular level 7, these highly elegant procedures are more suited to evaluating mechanisms of dissemination rather than quantitative assessment of metastatic burden. Here, a simple in vitro method to quantitatively assess metastasis is presented. Using quantitative Real-time PCR (QRT-PCR), tumor cell specific mRNA can be detected within the mouse lung tissue.

This protocol describes how to use quantitative Real-time PCR (QRT-PCR) to detect tumor cell specific mRNA representing metastasis within the mouse lung tissue.

הערכה של ריאות גרורה במודלי גידול עכבר החלב על ידי בזמן אמת כמותי PCR

Metastatic disease is the spread of malignant tumor cells from the primary cancer site to a distant organ and is the primary cause of cancer associated ...

Tissue Characterization after a New Disaggregation Method for Skin Micro-Grafts Generation

Several new methods have been developed in the field of biotechnology to obtain autologous cellular suspensions during surgery, in order to provide one step treatments for acute and chronic skin lesions. Moreover, the management of chronic but also acute wounds resulting from trauma, diabetes, infections and other causes, remains challenging. In this study we describe a new method to create autologous micro-grafts from cutaneous tissue of a single patient and their clinical application. Moreover, in vitro biological characterization of cutaneous tissue derived from skin, de-epidermized dermis (Ded) and dermis of multi-organ and/or multi-tissue donors was also performed. All tissues were disaggregated by this new protocol, allowing us to obtain viable micro-grafts. In particular, we reported that this innovative protocol is able to create bio-complexes composed by autologous micro-grafts and collagen sponges ready to be applied on skin lesions. The clinical application of autologous bio-complexes on a leg lesion was also reported, showing an improvement of both re-epitalization process and softness of the lesion. Additionally, our in vitro model showed that cell viability after mechanical disaggregation with this system is maintained over time for up to seven (7) days of culture. We also observed, by flow cytometry analysis, that the pool of cells obtained from disaggregation is composed of several cell types, including mesenchymal stem cells, that exert a key role in the processes of tissue regeneration and repair, for their high regenerative potential. Finally, we demonstrated in vitro that this procedure maintains the sterility of micro-grafts when cultured in Agar dishes. In summary, we conclude that this new regenerative approach can be a promising tool for clinicians to obtain in one step viable, sterile and ready to use micro-grafts that can be applied alone or in combination with most common biological scaffolds.

The protocol describes a new method to disaggregate human tissues and to create autologous micro-grafts that, combined with collagen sponges, give rise to human bio-complexes ready to use in the treatment of skin lesions. Further, this system preserves cell viability of micro-grafts at different times after mechanical disaggregation.

אפיון רקמות לאחר שיטה חדשה חלוקה לעור מיקרו שתלי הדור

Several new methods have been developed in the field of biotechnology to obtain autologous cellular suspensions during surgery, in order to provide one ...