אנו מודים מרטין אמונד ואיזבל Brachmann על עזרתם בהקמת פרוסה organotypic תרבות מערכת וולפגנג הובנר ו ליביו גבריאל Bodea לקריאה ביקורתית של כתב היד. ברצוננו להודות פרנק Costantini עבור R26 עכברים הכתב תבין קליף עבור העכברים קואל ששש. מחקר זה מומן על ידי פרס מחקר מטעם משרד המדע המחקר של צפון ריין וסטפליה (programm zur Förderung דר Rückkehr des wissenschaftlichen Spitzennachwuchses aus dem Ausland).

<ol>
	<li>Noctor, S. C., Martinez-Cerdeno, V., Ivic, L., Kriegstein, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cortical+neurons+arise+in+symmetric+and+asymmetric+division+zones+and+migrate+through+specific+phases.">Cortical neurons arise in symmetric and asymmetric division zones and migrate through specific phases.</a> Nat. Neurosci. 7 (2), 136-136 (2004).</li><li>Martini, F. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biased+selection+of+leading+process+branches+mediates+chemotaxis+during+tangential+neuronal+migration.">Biased selection of leading process branches mediates chemotaxis during tangential neuronal migration.</a> Development. 136 (1), 41-41 (2009).</li><li>Marin, O., Valiente, M., Ge, X., Tsai, L. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guiding+neuronal+cell+migrations.">Guiding neuronal cell migrations.</a> Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 2 (2), a001834-a001834 (2010).</li><li>Ayala, R., Shu, T., Tsai, L. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trekking+across+the+brain:+the+journey+of+neuronal+migration.">Trekking across the brain: the journey of neuronal migration.</a> Cell. 128 (1), 29-29 (2007).</li><li>Smidt, M. P., Burbach, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+to+make+a+mesodiencephalic+dopaminergic+neuron.">How to make a mesodiencephalic dopaminergic neuron.</a> Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 8 (1), 21-21 (2007).</li><li>Legue, E., Joyner, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+fate+mapping+using+site-specific+recombinases.">Genetic fate mapping using site-specific recombinases.</a> Methods. Enzymol. 477, 153-153 (2010).</li><li>Daza, R. A., Englund, C., Hevner, R. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organotypic+slice+culture+of+embryonic+brain+tissue.">Organotypic slice culture of embryonic brain tissue.</a> CSH Protoc. , (2007).</li><li>Harfe, B. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+for+an+expansion-based+temporal+Shh+gradient+in+specifying+vertebrate+digit+identities.">Evidence for an expansion-based temporal Shh gradient in specifying vertebrate digit identities.</a> Cell. 118 (4), 517-517 (2004).</li><li>Srinivas, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cre+reporter+strains+produced+by+targeted+insertion+of+EYFP+and+ECFP+into+the+ROSA26+locus.">Cre reporter strains produced by targeted insertion of EYFP and ECFP into the ROSA26 locus.</a> BMC Dev. Biol. 1, 4-4 (2001).</li><li>Joksimovic, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatiotemporally+separable+Shh+domains+in+the+midbrain+define+distinct+dopaminergic+progenitor+pools.">Spatiotemporally separable Shh domains in the midbrain define distinct dopaminergic progenitor pools.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 106 (45), 19185-19185 (2009).</li><li>Blaess, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temporal-spatial+changes+in+Sonic+Hedgehog+expression+and+signaling+reveal+different+potentials+of+ventral+mesencephalic+progenitors+to+populate+distinct+ventral+midbrain+nuclei.">Temporal-spatial changes in Sonic Hedgehog expression and signaling reveal different potentials of ventral mesencephalic progenitors to populate distinct ventral midbrain nuclei.</a> Neural. Dev. 6 (1), 29-29 (2011).</li><li>Hippenmeyer, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+developmental+switch+in+the+response+of+DRG+neurons+to+ETS+transcription+factor+signaling.">A developmental switch in the response of DRG neurons to ETS transcription factor signaling.</a> PLoS Biol. 3 (5), e159-e159 (2005).</li></ol>

אין לנו שום דבר לגלות.

פרוסה organotypic תרבות השיטה המוצגת כאן מספקת מערכת לטווח הקצר בניתוח חוץ גופית לפתח נוירונים דופאמינרגיים ומסלולי הנדידה והשלכה שלהם המוח התיכון הגחון עובריים. מצאנו כי ישנם מספר צעדים קריטיים בפרוטוקול כי יש בהשתתפות בקפידה על מנת לקבל פרוסות המאפשרים התפתחות ת?...

טבלה של חומרים כימיים מסוימים וציוד <table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tr><th> שם מגיב </th><th> חברה </th><th> מספר קטלוגי </th><th> הערות (אופציונלי) </th></tr><tr><td> DMEM </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> D6429 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> גלוקוז 30% </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> G7528-250 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> סוס סרום </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 26050-088 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> DMEM (ז 4,5 / L Glc., עם L-Gln, Na Pyr, NaHCO3) </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> D6429-500 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> פניצילין / סטרפטומיצין 100x </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> P4333-20 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> L-חומצה אסקורבית </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> A4403 </td><td> להכין מלאי החנות 200mm ו - ב -20 ° C </td></tr><tr><td> Ultrapure LMP agarose </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 15517-022 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Millicel מוסיף </td><td> Millipore </td><td> PICMORG50 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> μ-צלחת 35 מ&quot;מ, נמוך </td><td> Ibidi </td><td> 80136 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Vibratome </td><td> Microm </td><td> HM 650V </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Razor Blade </td><td> Plano GmbH </td><td> 121-6 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Histoacryl דבק </td><td> BRAU9381104 </td><td> בראון Aesculap </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> כף מחורר Dia קוטר 15 מ&quot;מ </td><td> המדע כלים פיין </td><td> 10370 -18 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> מלקחיים 5 Dumoxel </td><td> המדע כלים פיין </td><td> 11252-30 </td><td></td></tr></table> נוגדנים המשמשים immunostainings: <table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tr><tד&gt; שם של הנוגדן </td><td> חברה </td><td > מספר קטלוגי </td><td> הערות (אופציונלי) </td></tr><tr><td> Hydroxylase הארנב נגד טירוזין </td><td> Millipore </td><td> AB152 </td><td> דילול 1:500 </td></tr><tr><td> עכבר אנטי-tyrosine hydroxylase </td><td> Millipore </td><td> MAB318 </td><td> דילול 1:500 </td></tr><tr><td> עכבר אנטי BrdU </td><td> BD Pharmingen </td><td> 555627 </td><td> דילול 1:200 </td></tr><tr><td> הארנב נגד ביקע caspase 3 </td><td> תא האיתות טכנולוגיה </td><td> 9661 </td><td> דילול 1:200 </td></tr><tr><td> חמור נגד ארנב IgG-Alexa 488 </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> A21206 </td><td> דילול 1:500 </td></tr><tr><td> חמור נגד עכבר IgG-Cy3 </td><td> ג&#39;קסון ImmunoResearch </td><td> 715-165-150 </td><td> דילול 1:200 </td></tr></table>

organotypic slice cultures of embryonic ventral midbrain: a system to study dopaminergic neuronal development in vitro

העכבר הוא אורגניזם מודל מצוין ללמוד התפתחות המוח יונקים בשל שפע של נתונים מולקולריים וגנטיים. עם זאת, המוח המתפתח העכבר אינו מתאים מניפולציה הדמיה קל in vivo מאז העובר העכבר אינו נגיש ואטומים. תרבויות פרוסה Organotypic של המוח העוברי ולכן הם בשימוש נרחב ללמוד התפתחות המוח Murine במבחנה. Ex-vivo מניפולציה או שימוש העכברים הטרנסגניים מאפשר שינוי של ביטוי גנים, כך subpopulations של תאים עצביים או גליה יכול להיות מתויג עם חלבוני ניאון. התנהגותם של תאים שכותרתו לאחר מכן ניתן לצפות באמצעות זמן לשגות הדמיה. זמן לשגות הדמיה הצליחה במיוחד עבור הלומדים התנהגויות תא העומדים בבסיס התפתחות קליפת המוח בשלבים עובריים בסוף 1-2. עובריים organotypic תרבות פרוסה מערכות באזורי מוח מחוץ forebrain הם establis גם פחותהד. לכן, שפע של זמן לשגות נתונים הדמיה המתאר נדידת תאים עצביים מוגבל forebrain 3,4. זה עדיין לא ידוע, אם גילה את העקרונות למוח הגב להחזיק נכון עבור אזורים במוח הגחון. במוח הגחון, הנוירונים מאורגנים בקבוצות ולא שכבות עצביות ולעתים קרובות הם צריכים לעבור מסלולי הנדידה מסובך להגיע עמדתו הסופית שלהם. המוח התיכון הגחון הוא לא רק מערכת מודל טוב להתפתחות המוח הגחון, אך מכיל גם באוכלוסיות עצביות כגון נוירונים דופאמינרגיים הרלוונטיים בתהליכי מחלה. בעוד לתפקד ניוון של נוירונים דופאמינרגיים נחקר בפירוט רב המבוגר והמוח המזדקן, מעט מאוד ידוע על התנהגותם של הנוירונים האלה במהלך הבידול שלהם שלב ההגירה 5. אנו מתארים כאן דור של תרבויות פרוסה מיום עובריים (E) 12.5 המוח התיכון עכבר הגחון. אלה פולחן פרוסהures מתאימים פוטנציאלי לניטור דופאמין פיתוח הנוירון על פני כמה ימים במבחנה. אנו מדגישים את השלבים הקריטיים ביצירת פרוסות המוח על אלה בשלבים המוקדמים של ההתפתחות העוברית ולדון את התנאים ההכרחיים לשמירה על התפתחות תקינה של נוירונים דופאמינרגיים במבחנה. כמו כן, אנו מציגים תוצאות של ניסויים זמן לשגות הדמיה. בניסויים אלו, מבשרי המוח התיכון הגחון (כולל מבשרי דופאמין) וצאצאיהם תויגו באופן פסיפס באמצעות Cre / loxP ועין מתנהלת מערכת מיפוי מבוסס גורל 6.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Ventral Midbrain: A System to Study Dopaminergic Neuronal Development in vitro at JoVE.com

Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Ventral Midbrain: A System to Study Dopaminergic Neuronal Development in vitro

שיטה לייצר פרוסות organotypic מן המוח התיכון E12.5 העוברי Murine מתואר. תרבויות פרוסה organotypic ניתן להשתמש כדי לבחון את התנהגות של נוירונים דופאמינרגיים או נוירונים המוח התיכון הגחון.

פורסים תרבויות Organotypic של המוח התיכון הגחון עובריים: מערכת מחקר ופיתוח עצבי דופאמין במבחנה</em

The  mouse is an excellent model organism to study mammalian brain development due  to the abundance of molecular and genetic data. However, the ...

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Neuroscience

Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Ventral Midbrain: A System to Study Dopaminergic Neuronal Development in vitro

17.8K Views.  University of Bonn. שיטה לייצר פרוסות organotypic מן המוח התיכון E12.5 העוברי Murine מתואר. תרבויות פרוסה organotypic ניתן להשתמש כדי לבחון את התנהגות של נוירונים דופאמינרגיים או נוירונים המוח התיכון הגחון.

Video: Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Ventral Midbrain: A System to Study Dopaminergic Neuronal Development in vitro

The Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Culture Model for Examining Neuronal Injury

Organotypic hippocampal slice culture is an in vitro method to examine mechanisms of neuronal injury in which the basic architecture and composition of the hippocampus is relatively preserved 1. The organotypic culture system allows for the examination of neuronal, astrocytic and microglial effects, but as an ex vivo preparation, does not address effects of blood flow, or recruitment of peripheral inflammatory cells. To that end, this culture method is frequently used to examine excitotoxic and hypoxic injury to pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus, but has also been used to examine the inflammatory response. Herein we describe the methods for generating hippocampal slice cultures from postnatal rodent brain, administering toxic stimuli to induce neuronal injury, and assaying and quantifying hippocampal neuronal death.

The organoptypic hippocampal slice culture model is an in vitro model used to examine neuronal injury in a variety of paradigms. In this article, we describe the methods for generating slice cultures and quantifying neuronal injury.

תרבות Organotypic בהיפוקמפוס Slice דגם לבחינת פגיעה עצבית

Organotypic hippocampal slice culture is an in vitro method to examine mechanisms of neuronal injury in which the basic architecture and composition of ...

Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures

The hippocampus, a component of the limbic system, plays important roles in long-term memory and spatial navigation 1. Hippocampal neurons can modify the strength of their connections after brief periods of strong activation. This phenomenon, known as long-term potentiation (LTP) can last for hours or days and has become the best candidate mechanism for learning and memory 2. In addition, the well defined anatomy and connectivity of the hippocampus 3 has made it a classical model system to study synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity4.
As our understanding of the physiology of hippocampal synapses grew and molecular players became identified, a need to manipulate synaptic proteins became imperative. Organotypic hippocampal cultures offer the possibility for easy gene manipulation and precise pharmacological intervention but maintain synaptic organization that is critical to understanding synapse function in a more naturalistic context than routine culture dissociated neurons methods.
Here we present a method to prepare and culture hippocampal slices that can be easily adapted to other brain regions. This method allows easy access to the slices for genetic manipulation using different approaches like viral infection 5,6 or biolistics 7. In addition, slices can be easily recovered for biochemical assays 8, or transferred to microscopes for imaging 9 or electrophysiological experiments 10.

We describe a method to prepare organotypic hippocampal slices that can be easily adapted to other brain regions. Brain slices are laid on porous membranes and culture media is allowed to form an interface. This method preserves the gross architecture of the hippocampus for up to 2 weeks in culture.

Organotypic Slice תרבויות בהיפוקמפוס

The hippocampus, a component of the limbic system, plays important roles in long-term memory and spatial navigation 1. Hippocampal neurons can modify the ...

Multi-electrode Array Recordings of Neuronal Avalanches in Organotypic Cultures

The cortex is spontaneously active, even in the absence of any particular input or motor output. During development, this activity is important for the migration and differentiation of cortex cell types and the formation of neuronal connections1. In the mature animal, ongoing activity reflects the past and the present state of an animal into which sensory stimuli are seamlessly integrated to compute future actions. Thus, a clear understanding of the organization of ongoing i.e. spontaneous activity is a prerequisite to understand cortex function. 
Numerous recording techniques revealed that ongoing activity in cortex is comprised of many neurons whose individual activities transiently sum to larger events that can be detected in the local field potential (LFP) with extracellular microelectrodes, or in the electroencephalogram (EEG), the magnetoencephalogram (MEG), and the BOLD signal from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The LFP is currently the method of choice when studying neuronal population activity with high temporal and spatial resolution at the mesoscopic scale (several thousands of neurons). At the extracellular microelectrode, locally synchronized activities of spatially neighbored neurons result in rapid deflections in the LFP up to several hundreds of microvolts. When using an array of microelectrodes, the organizations of such deflections can be conveniently monitored in space and time. 
Neuronal avalanches describe the scale-invariant spatiotemporal organization of ongoing neuronal activity in the brain2,3. They are specific to the superficial layers of cortex as established in vitro4,5, in vivo in the anesthetized rat 6, and in the awake monkey7. Importantly, both theoretical and empirical studies2,8-10 suggest that neuronal avalanches indicate an exquisitely balanced critical state dynamics of cortex that optimizes information transfer and information processing.
In order to study the mechanisms of neuronal avalanche development, maintenance, and regulation, in vitro preparations are highly beneficial, as they allow for stable recordings of avalanche activity under precisely controlled conditions. The current protocol describes how to study neuronal avalanches in vitro by taking advantage of superficial layer development in organotypic cortex cultures, i.e. slice cultures, grown on planar, integrated microelectrode arrays (MEA; see also 11-14).

A robust way to study neuronal avalanches, i.e. scale-invariant spatio-temporal activity bursts, indicative of critical state dynamics in cortex. Avalanches emerge spontaneously in developing superficial layers of cultured cortex which allows for long-term measurements of the activity with planar integrated multi-electrode arrays (MEA) under precisely controlled conditions.

Multi-אלקטרודה מערך הקלטות של מפולות העצבית תרבויות Organotypic

The cortex is spontaneously active, even in the absence of any particular input or motor output.  During development, this activity is important for the ...

The Analysis of Purkinje Cell Dendritic Morphology in Organotypic Slice Cultures

Purkinje cells are an attractive model system for studying dendritic development, because they have an impressive dendritic tree which is strictly oriented in the sagittal plane and develops mostly in the postnatal period in small rodents 3. Furthermore, several antibodies are available which selectively and intensively label Purkinje cells including all processes, with anti-Calbindin D28K being the most widely used. For viewing of dendrites in living cells, mice expressing EGFP selectively in Purkinje cells 11 are available through Jackson labs. Organotypic cerebellar slice cultures cells allow easy experimental manipulation of Purkinje cell dendritic development because most of the dendritic expansion of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree is actually taking place during the culture period 4. We present here a short, reliable and easy protocol for viewing and analyzing the dendritic morphology of Purkinje cells grown in organotypic cerebellar slice cultures. For many purposes, a quantitative evaluation of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree is desirable. We focus here on two parameters, dendritic tree size and branch point numbers, which can be rapidly and easily determined from anti-calbindin stained cerebellar slice cultures. These two parameters yield a reliable and sensitive measure of changes of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree. Using the example of treatments with the protein kinase C (PKC) activator PMA and the metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1) we demonstrate how differences in the dendritic development are visualized and quantitatively assessed. The combination of the presence of an extensive dendritic tree, selective and intense immunostaining methods, organotypic slice cultures which cover the period of dendritic growth and a mouse model with Purkinje cell specific EGFP expression make Purkinje cells a powerful model system for revealing the mechanisms of dendritic development.

We present a protocol that permits to view and to quantitatively asses the morphology of the dendritic tree of individual Purkinje cells grown in organotypic cerebellar slice cultures. This protocol is intended to promote studies on the mechanisms of Purkinje cell dendritic development.

הניתוח של מורפולוגיה דנדריטים סלולרי פורקינג&#39; בתרבויות Slice Organotypic

Purkinje cells are an attractive model system for studying dendritic development, because they have an impressive dendritic tree which is strictly ...

In ovo Electroporation in Chick Midbrain for Studying Gene Function in Dopaminergic Neuron Development

Dopaminergic neurons located in the ventral midbrain control movement, emotional behavior, and reward mechanisms1-3. The dysfunction of ventral midbrain dopaminergic neurons is implicated in Parkinson's disease, Schizophrenia, depression, and dementia1-5. Thus, studying the regulation of midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation could not only provide important insight into mechanisms regulating midbrain development and neural progenitor fate specification, but also help develop new therapeutic strategies for treating a variety of human neurological disorders.
Dopaminergic neurons differentiate from neural progenitors lining the ventricular zone of embryonic ventral midbrain. The development of neural progenitors is controlled by gene expression programs6,7. Here we report techniques utilizing electroporation to express genes specifically in the midbrain of Hamburger Hamilton (HH) stage 11 (thirteen somites, 42 hours) chick embryos8,9. The external development of chick embryos allows for convenient experimental manipulations at specific embryonic stages, with the effects determined at later developmental time points10-13. Chick embryonic neural tubes earlier than HH stage 13 (nineteen somites, 48 hours) consist of multipotent neural progenitors that are capable of differentiating into distinct cell types of the nervous system. The pCAG vector, which contains both a CMV promoter and a chick &beta;-actin enhancer, allows for robust expression of Flag or other epitope-tagged constructs in embryonic chick neural tubes14. In this report, we emphasize special measures to achieve regionally restricted gene expression in embryonic midbrain dopaminergic neuron progenitors, including how to inject DNA constructs specifically into the embryonic midbrain region and how to pinpoint electroporation with small custom-made electrodes. Analyzing chick midbrain at later stages provides an excellent in vivo system for plasmid vector-mediated gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies of midbrain development. Modification of the experimental system may extend the assay to other parts of the nervous system for performing fate mapping analysis and for investigating the regulation of gene expression.

In ovo Electroporation in Chick Midbrain for Studying Gene Function in Dopaminergic Neuron Development

To assess the function and the regulation of genes during the development of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, we describe a method that involves in ovo electroporation of plasmid DNA constructs into embryonic chick ventral midbrain dopaminergic neuron progenitors. This technique can be used to achieve efficient expression of genes of interest to study different aspects of midbrain development and dopaminergic neuron differentiation.

ב electroporation לג&#39;ימי של המוח התיכון צ&#39;יק לחקר תפקוד הגן בהתפתחות Neuron דופאמין

Dopaminergic neurons located in the ventral midbrain control movement, emotional behavior, and reward mechanisms1-3. The dysfunction of ventral midbrain ...

In ovo Expression of MicroRNA in Ventral Chick Midbrain

Non-coding RNAs are additional players in regulating gene expression. Targeted in ovo electroporation of specific areas provides a unique tool for spatial and temporal control of ectopic microRNA expression. However, ventral brain structures like ventral midbrain are rather difficult to reach for any manipulations. Here, we demonstrate an efficient way to electroporate miRNA into ventral midbrain using thin platinum electrodes. This method offers a reliable way to transfect specific areas of the midbrain and a useful tool for in vivo studies.

In ovo Expression of MicroRNA in Ventral Chick Midbrain

Ectopic expression is one technique to elucidate the microRNAs role in brain development. However, targeting specific areas using in ovo electroporation is challenging. Here, we show an efficient way to selectively electroporate ventral and dorsal midbrain regions.

בביטוי אוב של microRNA בגחון צ&#39;יק מוח התיכון

Non-coding RNAs are additional players in regulating gene expression. Targeted in ovo electroporation of specific areas provides a unique tool for spatial ...

Organotypic Slice Cultures to Study Oligodendrocyte Dynamics and Myelination

NG2 expressing cells (polydendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells) are the fourth major glial cell population in the central nervous system. During embryonic and postnatal development they actively proliferate and generate myelinating oligodendrocytes. These cells have commonly been studied in primary dissociated cultures, neuron cocultures, and in fixed tissue. Using newly available transgenic mouse lines slice culture systems can be used to investigate proliferation and differentiation of oligodendrocyte lineage cells in both gray and white matter regions of the forebrain and cerebellum. Slice cultures are prepared from early postnatal mice and are kept in culture for up to 1 month. These slices can be imaged multiple times over the culture period to investigate cellular behavior and interactions. This method allows visualization of NG2 cell division and the steps leading to oligodendrocyte differentiation while enabling detailed analysis of region-dependent NG2 cell and oligodendrocyte functional heterogeneity. This is a powerful technique that can be used to investigate the intrinsic and extrinsic signals influencing these cells over time in a cellular environment that closely resembles that found in vivo.

A technique to study NG2 cells and oligodendrocytes using a slice culture system of the forebrain and cerebellum is described. This method allows examination of the dynamics of proliferation and differentiation of cells within the oligodendrocyte lineage where the extracellular environment can be easily manipulated while maintaining tissue cytoarchitecture.

תרבויות Organotypic Slice ללמוד oligodendrocyte Dynamics וmyelination

NG2 expressing cells (polydendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells) are the fourth major glial cell population in the central nervous system. During ...

The Analysis of Neurovascular Remodeling in Entorhino-hippocampal Organotypic Slice Cultures

Ischemic brain injury is among the most common and devastating conditions compromising proper brain function and often leads to persisting functional deficits in the affected patients. Despite intensive research efforts, there is still no effective treatment option available that reduces neuronal injury and protects neurons in the ischemic areas from delayed secondary death. Research in this area typically involves the use of elaborate and problematic animal models. Entorhino-hippocampal organotypic slice cultures challenged with oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) are established in&#160;vitro models which mimic cerebral ischemia. The novel aspect of this study is that changes of the brain blood vessels are studied in addition to neuronal changes and the reaction of both the neuronal compartment and the vascular compartment can be compared and correlated. The methods presented in this protocol substantially broaden the potential applications of the organotypic slice culture approach. The induction of OGD or hypoxia alone can be applied by rather simple means in organotypic slice cultures and leads to reliable and reproducible damage in the neural tissue. This is in stark contrast to the complicated and problematic animal experiments inducing stroke and ischemia in vivo. By broadening the analysis to include the study of the reaction of the vasculature could provide new ways on how to preserve and restore brain functions. The slice culture approach presented here might develop into an attractive and important tool for the study of ischemic brain injury and might be useful for testing potential therapeutic measures aimed at neuroprotection.

A protocol for entorhino-hippocampal organotypic slice cultures, which allows reproducing many aspects of ischemic brain injury, is presented. By studying changes of the neurovasculature in addition to changes in the neurons, this protocol is a versatile tool to study plastic changes in neural tissue after injury.

תרבויות Organotypic Slice ניתוח של עצבים וכלי דם שיפוץ בEntorhino-היפוקמפוס

Ischemic brain injury is among the most common and devastating conditions compromising proper brain function and often leads to persisting functional ...

Interfacing 3D Engineered Neuronal Cultures to Micro-Electrode Arrays: An Innovative In Vitro Experimental Model

Currently, large-scale networks derived from dissociated neurons growing and developing in vitro on extracellular micro-transducer devices are the gold-standard experimental model to study basic neurophysiological mechanisms involved in the formation and maintenance of neuronal cell assemblies. However, in vitro studies have been limited to the recording of the electrophysiological activity generated by bi-dimensional (2D) neural networks. Nonetheless, given the intricate relationship between structure and dynamics, a significant improvement is necessary to investigate the formation and the developing dynamics of three-dimensional (3D) networks. In this work, a novel experimental platform in which 3D hippocampal or cortical networks are coupled to planar Micro-Electrode Arrays (MEAs) is presented. 3D networks are realized by seeding neurons in a scaffold constituted of glass microbeads (30-40 &#181;m in diameter) on which neurons are able to grow and form complex interconnected 3D assemblies. In this way, it is possible to design engineered 3D networks made up of 5-8 layers with an expected final cell density. The increasing complexity in the morphological organization of the 3D assembly induces an enhancement of the electrophysiological patterns displayed by this type of networks. Compared with the standard 2D networks, where highly stereotyped bursting activity emerges, the 3D structure alters the bursting activity in terms of duration and frequency, as well as it allows observation of more random spiking activity. In this sense, the developed 3D model more closely resembles in vivo neural networks.

Interfacing 3D Engineered Neuronal Cultures to Micro-Electrode Arrays: An Innovative In Vitro Experimental Model

In this work, a novel experimental model in which 3D neuronal cultures are coupled to planar Micro-Electrode Arrays (MEAs) is presented. 3D networks are built by seeding neurons in a scaffold made up of glass microbeads on which neurons grow and form interconnected 3D structures.

התממשקות תרבויות 3D הנדסה עצבית למערכי מיקרו-אלקטרודה: חדשני<em&gt; במבחנה</em&gt; דגם ניסיוני

Currently, large-scale networks derived from dissociated neurons growing and developing in vitro on extracellular micro-transducer devices are the ...

Reliable Identification of Living Dopaminergic Neurons in Midbrain Cultures Using RNA Sequencing and TH-promoter-driven eGFP Expression

In Parkinson&#39;s Disease (PD) there is widespread neuronal loss throughout the brain with pronounced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the SNc, leading to bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremor. The identification of living dopaminergic neurons in primary Ventral Mesencephalic (VM) cultures using a fluorescent marker provides an alternative way to study the selective vulnerability of these neurons without relying on the immunostaining of fixed cells. Here, we isolate, dissociate, and culture mouse VM neurons for 3 weeks. We then identify dopaminergic neurons in the cultures using eGFP fluorescence (driven by a Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) promoter). Individual neurons are harvested into microcentrifuge tubes using glass micropipettes. Next, we lyse the harvested cells, and conduct cDNA synthesis and transposon-mediated &#34;tagmentation&#34; to produce single cell RNA-Seq libraries1,2,3,4,5. After passing a quality-control check, single-cell libraries are sequenced and subsequent analysis is carried out to measure gene expression. We report transcriptome results for individual dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons isolated from midbrain cultures. We report that 100% of the live TH-eGFP cells that were harvested and sequenced were dopaminergic neurons. These techniques will have widespread applications in neuroscience and molecular biology.

In Parkinson&#39;s Disease (PD), Substantia Nigra (SNc) dopaminergic neurons degenerate, leading to motor dysfunction. Here we report a protocol for culturing ventral midbrain neurons from a mouse expressing eGFP driven by a Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) promoter sequence, harvesting individual fluorescent neurons from the cultures, and measuring their transcriptome using RNA-seq.

זיהוי אמין של חיים דופאמין נוירונים תרבויות המוח התיכון באמצעות רצף RNA ו- TH-מונחה האמרגן ביטוי eGFP

In Parkinson&#39;s Disease (PD) there is widespread neuronal loss throughout the brain with pronounced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the SNc, ...