עבודה זו נתמכה על ידי מענקים לקית&#39; ל Knutson מסוזן ג&#39;קומן לקרן קיור וNIH / NCI 9R01 CA152045 וP50-CA116201.

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	<li>Zhang, N., Bevan, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD8(+)+T+cells:+foot+soldiers+of+the+immune+system.">CD8(+) T cells: foot soldiers of the immune system.</a> Immunity. 35, 161-168 (2011).</li><li>Garboczi, D. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structure+of+the+complex+between+human+T-cell+receptor,+viral+peptide+and+HLA-A2.">Structure of the complex between human T-cell receptor, viral peptide and HLA-A2.</a> Nature. 384, 134-141 (1996).</li><li>Knutson, K. L., dela Rosa, C., Disis, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laboratory+analysis+of+T-cell+immunity.">Laboratory analysis of T-cell immunity.</a> Front Biosci. 11, 1932-1944 (2006).</li><li>Andersen, M. H., Schrama, D., Thor Straten, P., Becker, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Cytotoxic T cells. J. Invest. Dermatol. 126, 32-41 (2006).</li><li>Weren, A., Bonnekoh, B., Schraven, B., Gollnick, H., Ambach, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+flow+cytometric+assay+focusing+on+perforin+release+mechanisms+of+cytotoxic+T+lymphocytes.">A novel flow cytometric assay focusing on perforin release mechanisms of cytotoxic T lymphocytes.</a> J. Immunol. Methods. 289, 17-26 (2004).</li><li>Aktas, E., Kucuksezer, U. C., Bilgic, S., Erten, G., Deniz, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relationship+between+CD107a+expression+and+cytotoxic+activity.">Relationship between CD107a expression and cytotoxic activity.</a> Cell Immunol. 254, 149-154 (2009).</li><li>Knutson, K. L., Schiffman, K., Disis, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunization+with+a+HER-2/neu+helper+peptide+vaccine+generates+HER-+2/neu+CD8+T-cell+immunity+in+cancer+patients.">Immunization with a HER-2/neu helper peptide vaccine generates HER- 2/neu CD8 T-cell immunity in cancer patients.</a> J. Clin. Invest. 107, 477-484 (2001).</li><li>Asiedu, M. K., Ingle, J. N., Behrens, M. D., Radisky, D. C., Knutson, K. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TGFbeta/TNF(alpha)-mediated+epithelial-mesenchymal+transition+generates+breast+cancer+stem+cells+with+a+claudin-low+phenotype.">TGFbeta/TNF(alpha)-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition generates breast cancer stem cells with a claudin-low phenotype.</a> Cancer Res. 71, 4707-4719 (2011).</li><li>Strijbosch, L. W., Buurman, W. A., Does, R. J., Zinken, P. H., Groenewegen, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Limiting+dilution+assays.+Experimental+design+and+statistical+analysis.">Limiting dilution assays. Experimental design and statistical analysis.</a> J. Immunol. Methods. 97, 133-140 (1987).</li><li>Gallimore, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+and+exhaustion+of+lymphocytic+choriomeningitis+virus-specific+cytotoxic+T+lymphocytes+visualized+using+soluble+tetrameric+major+histocompatibility+complex+class+I-peptide+complexes.">Induction and exhaustion of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes visualized using soluble tetrameric major histocompatibility complex class I-peptide complexes.</a> J. Exp. Med. 187, 1383-1393 (1998).</li></ol>

הייצור והגישה חופשי של מאמר וידאו זה ממומן על ידי אבחון רוש.

CD8 תאי T חשובים לתגובה החיסונית אדפטיבית, להיות מסוגל להרוג תאים נגועים או ממאיר ישירות 4. אמנם יש כמה דרכים למדוד את המספרים של אנטיגן ספציפי CD8 T תאים (למשל ELISPOT, tetramer, cytometry זרימה), לעתים קרובות זה עוזר לדעת אם תאים אלה הם רעילים לתאים 3 מבחינה תפקודית. Assay המוכר ביותר להערכת תפקוד ציטוטוקסיות הוא CRA, אשר נחשב 4 assay תקן זהב. מגבלות עיקריות של CRA הן (1) הדרישה של רדיואקטיביות, (2) חוסר הרגישות, (3) חוסר מידע מכניסטית, (4) דרישה לכמויות גדולות של תאים, ו( 5) להגדיר מייגע. וכך, בעשור האחרון, יש כבר עניין באימוץ אסטרטגיות חדשות כדי למזער את המגבלות האלה. חדש יותר גישות כוללים את אלה שמידת caspase שחרור 4, BLT ולין activity5, ומשטח ביטוי של CD107 6. כתב היד הנוכחית מצביעה על כךassay עכבה מבוסס, שבוצע במערכת xCelligence רוש, עשוי להיות שימושי כאלטרנטיבה לCRA גם. היכולת להתאים את גישת עכבה מבוססת נשענת על התצפית כי תאי T, אשר אינם נצמדים בחוזקה למשטחים, לא נראה שיש לי הרבה השפעה על עכבה וכך הולכת ופוחתת בכל חשש להתערבות ישירה של תאי T עם המדידה. העבודה הנדרשת לשימוש במערכת assay העכבה צפויה להיות נמוך באופן משמעותי בעיקר בשל חיסול החששות הרגולטוריות לשימוש בקרינה רדיואקטיבית. החסרון הבולט היחיד של המערכת מבוססת עכבה הוא שהשקעה של 50,000 $ ל 60,000 $ נדרשת לרכישה של יחידת xCelligence. עם זאת, יחידת xCelligence מבטלת את הצורך במונה קרינה והוא הרבה יותר תכליתי, להיות שימושי להערכת תגובה תאית לסמים והגירה, בנוסף לתא T cytotoxicity 8. התצפיות שההפחתה בעכבת גידול תא היא תלויה מינון, כמתואר באיור 2, עם מדרון תלול למדי בעקבות פונקציה ריבועית משנית פשוטה מצביע על כך שassay יכול לשמש בהגבלת מבחני דילול (LDAs) כדי לאמוד את השכיחות של תאים ציטוטוקסיות 9 . יתרון אחד עם הגישה מבוססת עכבה הוא כי מספר תאי T ותאים הסרטניים הנדרשים הוא פחות מ CRA, מה שהופך LDA פוטנציאל ריאלי יותר. לדוגמה, בCRA, ביחס 1:40, 1 x 10 5 תאים סרטניים בכל טוב הם מצופים אשר דורש 4 x 10 6 תאי T סך בכל טוב. עם זאת, בassay עכבה מבוסס, רק 1.5 x 10 4 תאים סרטניים בכל טוב יש צורך, אשר צורך רק 6 x 10 5 תאי T סך בכל טוב. לפיכך, assay עכבה מבוסס משתמש 85% פחות תאי T ותאים סרטניים. הפחתה זו מצביעה על כך שהמערכת מבוססת עכבה יכולה להיות מותאמת לניטור חיסוני בניסויים קליניים בבני אדם שבו לאהוא שואב את הכרכים של דם עשוי להיות מוגבלים. כמו כן, בעוד CRA מוגבל לנקודת זמן אחת, assay עכבה מבוסס אוסף בזמן אמת נתונים רציפים, המאפשר למשתמש להשוות נקודות זמן תמוגה מרובות על אותו הניסוי עם עבודה נוספת מינימאלית ותאים. חישובי תדר שעלולים להיות בשילוב עם אסטרטגיות אחרות שלא מודדות פונקציה כגון ניתוחי tetramer להקים את היחס בין תאי T ציטוטוקסיים פונקציונליים לCD8 אנטיגן ספציפיים לכלל תאי T 10. אחת התכונות המושכות ביותר של הגישה מבוססת עכבה הוא כי, בניגוד לרוב מבחני אחרים, יכול להיות במעקב cytotoxicity בזמן אמת, שעלול להיות מה שמקל כדי לחקור אינטראקציות סלולריות עם השימוש במעכבים או נוגדנים. נוסף הוא שהשיטה עשויה להיות מתאימה לתאים סרטניים עמיד בפני תיוג. לבסוף, מאחר שהתאים הסרטניים שאינם נהרגו אינם מסומנים ויישארו סטרילי מסיק נוסף, ומחקר של תאי תא העמידים T הוא possibLe. לסיכום, בעוד שתי המערכות לספק נתונים הרג סרטניים בתגובה לתאי T הספציפיים, assay עכבה מבוסס הוא רגיש יותר מCRA ומספק פלטפורמה גמישה יותר.

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name of reagent</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalog number</td>
 <td>Comments</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Ficoll-Paque Plus </td>
 <td>GE Healthcare </td>
 <td>17-1440-03 </td>
 <td>Used to isolate PBMCs from blood </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>RPMI 1640 </td>
 <td>Cellgro </td>
 <td>10-040-CV </td>
 <td>Cell culture media </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>FBS </td>
 <td>Denville Scientific </td>
 <td>FB5001-H </td>
 <td>Cell culture media </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Human IL-2 </td>
 <td>eBioscience </td>
 <td>14-8029-81 </td>
 <td>For stimulating growth of T cells </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Human Interferon gamma </td>
 <td>Cell Sciences </td>
 <td>CR2026 </td>
 <td>For stimulating MHC expression in tumor cells </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>HER-2/neu p369-377 peptide </td>
 <td>Mayo Clinic peptide synthesis core </td>
 <td>amino acid sequence KIFGSLAFL </td>
 <td>Binds to HLA-A2 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Influenza p58-66 peptide </td>
 <td>Mayo Clinic peptide synthesis core </td>
 <td>amino acid sequence GILGFVFTL </td>
 <td>Binds to HLA-A2 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Human CD3/CD28 Dynabeads </td>
 <td>Invitrogen </td>
 <td>111-61D </td>
 <td>For non-specific T cell activation and expansion </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Chromium-51 </td>
 <td>MP Biomedicals </td>
 <td>62015 </td>
 <td>CRA labeling reagent </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>E-plate </td>
 <td>Roche Applied Science </td>
 <td>05469830001 </td>
 <td>For xCelligence impedance unit </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Luma plate 96 </td>
 <td>Perkin Elmer </td>
 <td>6005630 </td>
 <td>For measuring radioactivity in the Top Count NXT. </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>xCelligence RTCA DP Station </td>
 <td>Roche Applied Science </td>
 <td>RTCA DP </td>
 <td>Impedance unit </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Top Count NXT </td>
 <td>Perkin Elmer </td>
 <td>C990601 </td>
 <td>Scintillation &amp; Luminescence Counter </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Fas Ligand antibody</td>
 <td>BD Biosciences</td>
 <td>556372</td>
 <td>For blocking Fas-Fas ligand interactions</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>HLA-A2 BB7.2 antibody</td>
 <td>BD Biosciences</td>
 <td>551230</td>
 <td>For blocking HLA class I</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Mouse IgG2b, &kappa;</td>
 <td>BD Biosciences</td>
 <td>555740</td>
 <td>Isotype control for HLA class I</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>SKBR3 tumor line</td>
 <td>ATCC</td>
 <td>HTB-30</td>
 <td>Adenocarcinoma</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>MCF7 tumor line</td>
 <td>ATCC</td>
 <td>HTB-22</td>
 <td>Adenocarcinoma</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>HCC1419 tumor line</td>
 <td>ATCC</td>
 <td>CRL-2326</td>
 <td>Primary ductal carcinoma</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>BT20 tumor line</td>
 <td>ATCC</td>
 <td>HTB-19</td>
 <td>Carcinoma</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

determining optimal cytotoxic activity of human her2neu specific cd8 t cells by comparing the cr51 release assay to the xcelligence system

ציטוטוקסיות CD8 תאי T מהווים תת קבוצה של תאי T שהם מסוגלים גרימת המוות של תאי מארח 1 נגוע או ממאיר. תאים אלה מבטאים קולטן מיוחד, הנקרא קולטן תא T (TCR), שיכול לזהות פפטיד אנטיגני ספציפי חייב HLA כיתה אני מולקולות 2. אירוסין של תאים נגועים או תאים סרטניים באמצעות התוצאות שלהם HLA Class I המולקולה בייצור של מולקולות ממסות כגון granzymes וperforin וכתוצאה מכך המוות של תאי היעד. למרות שזה שימושי לקביעת תדרים של אנטיגן ספציפי לתאי T CD8 באמצעות מבחני כגון cytometry ELISPOT או זרימה, זה גם מועיל לברר את כוחו של CD8 T תגובות תא באמצעות מבחני cytotoxicity 3. Assay המוכר ביותר להערכת תפקוד ציטוטוקסיות הוא Assay שחרור הכרום (CRA), שנחשב 4 assay סטנדרטי. יש CRA מספר מגבלות, כולל חשיפה של תאים לקרינת גמא, LACK של שחזור, ודרישה למספר גדול של תאים. במהלך העשור האחרון, יש כבר עניין באימוץ אסטרטגיות חדשות כדי להתגבר על המגבלות האלה. חדש יותר גישות כוללים את אלה שמידת caspase שחרור 4, BLT פעילות ולין 5 ומשטח ביטוי של CD107 6. Assay עכבה מבוסס, באמצעות מערכת xCelligence רוש, נבחן בנייר הנוכחי לפוטנציאל שלו כאלטרנטיבה לCRA. עכבה או התנגדות לזרם חשמלי מתרחשת כאשר תאים סרטניים חסיד להיקשר לצלחות אלקטרודה. תאים סרטניים להינתק בעקבות הרג ועכבה חשמלית מופחתת הניתן למדידה על ידי מערכת xCelligence. היכולת להתאים את הגישה מבוססת עכבה להעריך הרג תא בתיווך נשענת על התצפית שתאי T לא לדבוק באופן הדוק על רוב המשטחים ולא נראה שיש לי הרבה השפעה על עכבה וכך הולכת ופוחתת בכל חשש להתערבות ישירה של תאי T עםהמדידה. תוצאות מראות כי assay עכבה מבוסס יכול לזהות שינויים ברמות של CD8 תאי T ציטוטוקסיים אנטיגן ספציפי עם רגישות מוגברת ביחס לCRA הסטנדרטי. בהתבסס על תוצאות אלו, עכבה מבוססת גישות עשויות להיות חלופות טובות לCRAs או גישות אחרות שמטרתם למדוד את הפונקציונליות ציטוטוקסיות CD8 T תא.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determining Optimal Cytotoxic Activity of Human Her2neu Specific CD8 T cells by Comparing the Cr51 Release Assay to the xCELLigence System at JoVE.com

Determining Optimal Cytotoxic Activity of Human Her2neu Specific CD8 T cells by Comparing the Cr51 Release Assay to the xCELLigence System

Assay שחרור הכרום, assay משותף לאיתור פעילות תא T ציטוטוקסי, יש מספר מגבלות. השימוש באנטיגן ספציפי CD8 תאי T וקו האנושי של סרטן שד גידול, SKBR3, במאמר הנוכחי, גישה מבוססת עכבה נבדקה ליכולת של גילוי הרג תא.

קביעת פעילות ציטוטוקסית אופטימלית של CD8 תאי T ספציפי אדם Her2neu על ידי השוואת Assay שחרור Cr51 למערכת xCELLigence

Cytotoxic CD8 T cells constitute a subgroup of T  cells that are capable of inducing the death of infected or malignant host  cells1. These cells express ...

determining-optimal-cytotoxic-activity-human-her2neu-specific-cd8-t

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

24.9K Views.  College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic. Assay שחרור הכרום, assay משותף לאיתור פעילות תא T ציטוטוקסי, יש מספר מגבלות. השימוש באנטיגן ספציפי CD8 תאי T וקו האנושי של סרטן שד גידול, SKBR3, במאמר הנוכחי, גישה מבוססת עכבה נבדקה ליכולת של גילוי הרג תא.

Video: Determining Optimal Cytotoxic Activity of Human Her2neu Specific CD8 T cells by Comparing the Cr51 Release Assay to the xCELLigence System

Methods to Assess Beta Cell Death Mediated by Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T cell mediated autoimmune disease. During the pathogenesis, patients become progressively more insulinopenic as 
insulin production is lost, presumably this results from the destruction of pancreatic beta cells by T cells. Understanding the mechanisms of beta cell death during 
the development of T1D will provide insights to generate an effective cure for this disease. Cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity (CML) assays have historically used the 
radionuclide Chromium 51 (51Cr) to label target cells. These targets are then exposed to effector cells and the release of 51Cr from target 
cells is read as an indication of lymphocyte-mediated cell death. Inhibitors of cell death result in decreased release of 51Cr.
 As effector cells, we used an activated autoreactive clonal population of CD8+ Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) isolated from a mouse stock transgenic for both the alpha and beta chains of the AI4 T cell receptor (TCR). Activated AI4 T cells were co-cultured with 51Cr labeled target NIT cells for 16 hours, release of 51Cr was recorded to calculate specific lysis 
Mitochondria participate in many important physiological events, such as energy production, regulation of signaling transduction, and apoptosis. The study of beta cell mitochondrial functional changes during the development of T1D is a novel area of research. Using the mitochondrial membrane potential dye Tetramethyl Rhodamine Methyl Ester (TMRM) and confocal microscopic live cell imaging, we monitored mitochondrial membrane potential over time in the beta cell line NIT-1. For imaging studies, effector AI4 T cells were labeled with the fluorescent nuclear staining dye Picogreen. NIT-1 cells and T cells were co-cultured in chambered coverglass and mounted on the microscope stage equipped with a live cell chamber, controlled at 37&deg;C, with 5% CO2, and humidified. During these experiments images were taken of each cluster every 3 minutes for 400 minutes.
Over a course of 400 minutes, we observed the dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential in NIT-1 cell clusters where AI4 T cells were attached. In the simultaneous control experiment where NIT-1 cells were co-cultured with MHC mis-matched human lymphocyte Jurkat cells, mitochondrial membrane potential remained intact. This technique can be used to observe real-time changes in mitochondrial membrane potential in cells under attack of cytotoxic lymphocytes, cytokines, or other cytotoxic reagents.

Cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity (CML) assays can be used to test autoreactive responses and study mechanisms of cell death in vitro. However, using live-cell confocal microscopic imaging techniques with fluorescent dyes, the type and kinetics of cell death as well as the pathways utilized can be studied in greater detail.

שיטות להעריך מתווכת בטא מוות של תאים על ידי לימפוציטים מסוג T ציטוטוקסיות

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T cell mediated autoimmune disease.  During the pathogenesis, patients become progressively more insulinopenic as 
insulin ...

Determining the Phagocytic Activity of Clinical Antibody Samples

Antibody-driven phagocytosis is induced via the engagement of Fc receptors on professional phagocytes, and can contribute to both clearance as well as pathology of disease. While the properties of the variable domains of antibodies have long been considered critical to in vivo function, the ability of antibodies to recruit innate immune cells via their Fc domains has become increasingly appreciated as a major factor in their efficacy, both in the setting of recombinant monoclonal antibody therapy, as well as in the course of natural infection or vaccination1-3.
Importantly, despite its nomenclature as a constant domain, the antibody Fc domain does not have constant function, and is strongly modulated by IgG subclass (IgG1-4) and glycosylation at Asparagine 2974-6. Thus, this method to study functional differences of antigen-specific antibodies in clinical samples will facilitate correlation of the phagocytic potential of antibodies to disease state, susceptibility to infection, progression, or clinical outcome.
Furthermore, this effector function is particularly important in light of the documented ability of antibodies to enhance infection by providing pathogens access into host cells via Fc receptor-driven phagocytosis7. Additionally, there is some evidence that phagocytic uptake of immune complexes can impact the Th1/Th2 polarization of the immune response8.
Here, we describe an assay designed to detect differences in antibody-induced phagocytosis, which may be caused by differential IgG subclass, glycan structure at Asn297, as well as the ability to form immune complexes of antigen-specific antibodies in a high-throughput fashion. To this end, 1 &mu;m fluorescent beads are coated with antigen, then incubated with clinical antibody samples, generating fluorescent antigen specific immune complexes. These antibody-opsonized beads are then incubated with a monocytic cell line expressing multiple Fc&gamma;Rs, including both inhibitory and activating. Assay output can include phagocytic activity, cytokine secretion, and patterns of Fc&gamma;Rs usage, and are determined in a standardized manner, making this a highly useful system for parsing differences in this antibody-dependent effector function in both infection and vaccine-mediated protection9.

We present a high-throughput flow cytometric assay to determine the phagocytic activity of antigen-specific antibodies from clinical samples, utilizing fluorescent antigen-coated beads and a monocytic cell line expressing multiple Fc receptors&#x2014;providing receptor usage and phagocytic activity determinations in a standardized and reproducible fashion for any antigen of interest.

קביעת פעילות Phagocytic דוגמאות של נוגדן קלינית

Antibody-driven phagocytosis is induced via the engagement of Fc receptors on professional phagocytes, and can contribute to both clearance as well as ...

Cell-based Flow Cytometry Assay to Measure Cytotoxic Activity

Cytolytic activity of CD8+ T cells is rarely evaluated. We describe here a new cell-based assay to measure the capacity of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells to kill CD4+ T cells loaded with their cognate peptide. Target CD4+ T cells are divided into two populations, labeled with two different concentrations of CFSE. One population is pulsed with the peptide of interest (CFSE-low) while the other remains un-pulsed (CFSE-high). Pulsed and un-pulsed CD4+ T cells are mixed at an equal ratio and incubated with an increasing number of purified CD8+ T cells. The specific killing of autologous target CD4+ T cells is analyzed by flow cytometry after coculture with CD8+ T cells containing the antigen-specific effector CD8+ T cells detected by peptide/MHCI tetramer staining. The specific lysis of target CD4+ T cells measured at different effector versus target ratios, allows for the calculation of lytic units, LU30/106 cells. This simple and straightforward assay allows for the accurate measurement of the intrinsic capacity of CD8+ T cells to kill target CD4+ T cells.

This protocol describes a sensitive, cell-based cytotoxicity assay. By enumerating the decrease in frequency of live target CD4+ T cells in the presence of an increasing number of effector CD8+ T cells, this assay allows for the direct assessment of cytolytic activity of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells.

Cytolytic activity of CD8+ T cells is rarely evaluated. We describe here a new cell-based assay to measure the capacity of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells ...

Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.

HIV-1 innate sensing requires direct contact of infected CD4+ T cells with plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). In order to study this process, the protocols described here use freshly isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) to sense infections in either T cell line (MT4) or heterologous primary CD4+ T cells. In order to ensure proper sensing, it is essential that PBMC are isolated immediately after blood collection and that optimal percentage of infected T cells are used. Furthermore, multi-parametric flow cytometric staining can be used to confirm that PBMC samples contain the different cell lineages at physiological ratios. A number of controls can also be included to evaluate viability and functionality of pDCs. These include, the presence of specific surface markers, assessing cellular responses to known agonist of Toll-Like Receptors (TLR) pathways, and confirming a lack of spontaneous type-I interferon (IFN) production. In this system, freshly isolated PBMCs or pDCs are co-cultured with HIV-1 infected cells in 96 well plates for 18-22 hr. Supernatants from these co-cultures are then used to determine the levels of bioactive type-I IFNs by monitoring the activation of the ISGF3 pathway in HEK-Blue IFN-&#945;/&#946; cells. Prior and during co-culture conditions, target cells can be subjected to flow cytometric analysis to determine a number of parameters, including the percentage of infected cells, levels of specific surface markers, and differential killing of infected cells. Although, these protocols were initially developed to follow type-I IFN production, they could potentially be used to study other imuno-modulatory molecules released from pDCs and to gain further insight into the molecular mechanisms governing HIV-1 innate sensing.

Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.

Unlike cell-free HIV-1 particles, infected CD4+ T cells are effectively sensed by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). This manuscript describes a method where peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or isolated pDCs are co-cultured with HIV-1 infected T cells to evaluate innate sensing by pDCs as assessed by release of type-I IFN.

הערכת חישה המולדת של CD4 הנגוע ב- HIV-1<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; T תאים על ידי תאים דנדריטים Plasmacytoid שימוש<em&gt; Ex vivo</em&gt; עמית תרבות מערכת.

HIV-1 innate sensing requires direct contact of infected CD4+ T cells with plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). In order to study this process, the ...

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood

The study of human T lymphocyte biology often involves examination of responses to activating ligands. T cells recognize and respond to processed peptide antigens presented by MHC (human ortholog HLA) molecules through the T cell receptor (TCR) in a highly sensitive and specific manner. While the primary function of T cells is to mediate protective immune responses to foreign antigens presented by self-MHC, T cells respond robustly to antigenic differences in allogeneic tissues. T cell responses to alloantigens can be described as either direct or indirect alloreactivity. In alloreactivity, the T cell responds through highly specific recognition of both the presented peptide and the MHC molecule. The robust oligoclonal response of T cells to allogeneic stimulation reflects the large number of potentially stimulatory alloantigens present in allogeneic tissues. While the breadth of alloreactive T cell responses is an important factor in initiating and mediating the pathology associated with biologically-relevant alloreactive responses such as graft versus host disease and allograft rejection, it can preclude analysis of T cell responses to allogeneic ligands. To this end, this protocol describes a method for generating alloreactive T cells from naive human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) that respond to known peptide-MHC (pMHC) alloantigens. The protocol applies pMHC multimer labeling, magnetic bead enrichment and flow cytometry to single cell in vitro culture methods for the generation of alloantigen-specific T cell clones. This enables studies of the biochemistry and function of T cells responding to allogeneic stimulation.

This article describes a method for the generation and propagation of human T cell clones that specifically respond to a defined alloantigen. This protocol can be adapted for cloning human T cells specific for a variety of peptide-MHC ligands.

דור של תאי T האנושי Alloantigen ספציפיים מהדם היקפי

The study of human T lymphocyte biology often involves examination of responses to activating ligands. T cells recognize and respond to processed peptide ...

Automated Cell Enrichment of Cytomegalovirus-specific T cells for Clinical Applications using the Cytokine-capture System

The adoptive transfer of pathogen-specific T cells can be used to prevent and treat opportunistic infections such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection occurring after allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Viral-specific T cells from allogeneic donors, including third party donors, can be propagated ex vivo in compliance with current good manufacturing practice (cGMP), employing repeated rounds of antigen-driven stimulation to selectively propagate desired T cells. The identification and isolation of antigen-specific T cells can also be undertaken based upon the cytokine capture system of T cells that have been activated to secrete gamma-interferon (IFN-&#947;). However, widespread human application of the cytokine capture system (CCS) to help restore immunity has been limited as the production process is time-consuming and requires a skilled operator. The development of a second-generation cell enrichment device such as CliniMACS Prodigy now enables investigators to generate viral-specific T cells using an automated, less labor-intensive system. This device separates magnetically labeled cells from unlabeled cells using magnetic activated cell sorting technology to generate clinical-grade products, is engineered as a closed system and can be accessed and operated on the benchtop. We demonstrate the operation of this new automated cell enrichment device to manufacture CMV pp65-specific T cells obtained from a steady-state apheresis product obtained from a CMV seropositive donor. These isolated T cells can then be directly infused into a patient under institutional and federal regulatory supervision. All the bio-processing steps including removal of red blood cells, stimulation of T cells, separation of antigen-specific T cells, purification, and washing are fully automated. Devices such as this raise the possibility that T cells for human application can be manufactured outside of dedicated good manufacturing practice (GMP) facilities and instead be produced in blood banking facilities where staff can supervise automated protocols to produce multiple products.

The goal of this protocol is to manufacture pathogen-specific clinical-grade T cells using a bench-top, automated, second generation cell enrichment device that incorporates a closed cytokine capture system and does not require dedicated staff or use of a GMP facility. The cytomegalovirus pp65-specific-T cells generated can be directly administered to patients.

העשרת תא אוטומטית של ציטומגלווירוס ספציפי תאי T ליישומים קליניים באמצעות מערכת ציטוקין ללכוד

The adoptive transfer of pathogen-specific T cells can be used to prevent and treat opportunistic infections such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection ...

Development of Stem Cell-derived Antigen-specific Regulatory T Cells Against Autoimmunity

Autoimmune diseases arise due to the loss of immunological self-tolerance. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are important mediators of immunologic self-tolerance. Tregs represent about 5 - 10% of the mature CD4+ T cell subpopulation in mice and humans, with about 1 - 2% of those Tregs circulating in the peripheral blood. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be differentiated into functional Tregs, which have a potential to be used for cell-based therapies of autoimmune diseases. Here, we present a method to develop antigen (Ag)-specific Tregs from iPSCs (i.e., iPSC-Tregs). The method is based on incorporating the transcription factor FoxP3 and an Ag-specific T cell receptor (TCR) into iPSCs and then differentiating on OP9 stromal cells expressing Notch ligands delta-like (DL) 1 and DL4. Following in vitro differentiation, the iPSC-Tregs express CD4, CD8, CD3, CD25, FoxP3, and Ag-specific TCR and are able to respond to Ag stimulation. This method has been successfully applied to cell-based therapy of autoimmune arthritis in a murine model. Adoptive transfer of these Ag-specific iPSC-Tregs into Ag-induced arthritis (AIA)-bearing mice has the ability to reduce joint inflammation and swelling and to prevent bone loss.

We present here a method to develop functional antigen (Ag)-specific regulatory T cells (Tregs) from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) for immunotherapy of autoimmune arthritis in a murine model.

פיתוח תאי גזע שמקורם אנטיגן ספציפי תקינים בתאי T נגד אוטואימוניות

Autoimmune diseases arise due to the loss of immunological self-tolerance. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are important mediators of immunologic ...

Analysis of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-specific CD8+ T-cells in Rhesus Macaques by Peptide-MHC-I Tetramer Staining

Peptide-major histocompatibility complex class I (pMHC-I) tetramers have been an invaluable tool to study CD8+ T-cell responses. Because these reagents directly bind to T-cell receptors on the surface of CD8+ T-lymphocytes, fluorochrome-labeled pMHC-I tetramers enable the accurate detection of antigen (Ag)-specific CD8+ T-cells without the need for in vitro re-stimulation. Moreover, when combined with multi-color flow cytometry, pMHC-I tetramer staining can reveal key aspects of Ag-specific CD8+ T-cells, including differentiation stage, memory phenotype, and activation status. These types of analyses have been especially useful in the field of HIV immunology where CD8+ T-cells can affect progression to AIDS. Experimental infection of rhesus macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) provides an invaluable tool to study cellular immunity against the AIDS virus. As a result, considerable progress has been made in defining and characterizing T-cell responses in this animal model. Here we present an optimized protocol for enumerating SIV-specific CD8+ T-cells in rhesus macaques by pMHC-I tetramer staining. Our assay permits the simultaneous quantification and memory phenotyping of two pMHC-I tetramer+ CD8+ T-cell populations per test, which might be useful for tracking SIV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses generated by vaccination or SIV infection. Considering the relevance of nonhuman primates in biomedical research, this methodology is applicable for studying CD8+ T-cell responses in multiple disease settings.

Analysis of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-specific CD8+ T-cells in Rhesus Macaques by Peptide-MHC-I Tetramer Staining

Here, we present an optimized protocol for enumerating and characterizing rhesus macaque CD8+ T cells against the AIDS virus. This article is useful not only to the field of HIV immunology, but also to other areas of biomedical research where CD8+ T cell responses are known to affect disease outcome.

ניתוח של CD8 וירוס ספציפי החיסוני Simian<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; T-התאים קופי רזוס ידי פפטיד-MHC-I tetramer מכתים

Peptide-major histocompatibility complex class I (pMHC-I) tetramers have been an invaluable tool to study CD8+ T-cell responses. Because these reagents ...

In Situ MHC-tetramer Staining and Quantitative Analysis to Determine the Location, Abundance, and Phenotype of Antigen-specific CD8 T Cells in Tissues

T cells are critical to many immunological processes, including detecting and eliminating virus-infected cells, preventing autoimmunity, assisting in B-cell and plasma-cell production of antibodies, and detecting and eliminating cancer cells. The development of MHC-tetramer staining of antigen-specific T cells analyzed by flow cytometry has revolutionized our ability to study and understand the immunobiology of T cells. While extremely useful for determining the quantity and phenotype of antigen-specific T cells, flow cytometry cannot determine the spatial localization of antigen-specific T cells to other cells and structures in tissues, and current disaggregation techniques to extract the T cells needed for flow cytometry have limited effectiveness in non-lymphoid tissues. In situ MHC-tetramer staining (IST) is a technique to visualize T cells that are specific for antigens of interest in tissues. In combination with immunohistochemistry (IHC), IST can determine the abundance, location, and phenotype of antigen-specific CD8 and CD4 T cells in tissues. Here, we describe a protocol to stain and enumerate antigen-specific CD8 T cells, with specific phenotypes located within specific tissue compartments. These procedures are the same that we used in our recent publication by Li et al., entitled &#34;Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Producing Cells in Follicles Are Partially Suppressed by CD8+ Cells In Vivo.&#34; The methods described are broadly applicable because they can be used to localize, phenotype, and quantify essentially any antigen-specific CD8 T cell for which MHC tetramers are available, in any tissue.

In Situ MHC-tetramer Staining and Quantitative Analysis to Determine the Location, Abundance, and Phenotype of Antigen-specific CD8 T Cells in Tissues

Here, we describe a method that combines in situ MHC-tetramer staining with immunohistochemistry to determine localization, phenotype, and quantity of antigen-specific T cells in tissues. This protocol is used to determine the spatial and phenotypic characteristics of antigen-specific CD8 T cells relative to other cell type and structures in tissues.

בחיי עיר MHC-tetramer מכתים וניתוח כמותי כדי לקבוע את מיקום שפע, ותפקיד של אנטיגן ספציפי CD8 T תאים ברקמות

T cells are critical to many immunological processes, including detecting and eliminating virus-infected cells, preventing autoimmunity, assisting in ...

High-Efficiency Generation of Antigen-Specific Primary Mouse Cytotoxic T Cells for Functional Testing in an Autoimmune Diabetes Model

Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is characterized by islet-specific autoimmunity leading to beta cell destruction and absolute loss of insulin production. In the spontaneous non-obese diabetes (NOD) mouse model, insulin is the primary target, and genetic manipulation of these animals to remove a single key insulin epitope prevents disease. Thus, selective elimination of professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) bearing this pathogenic epitope is an approach to inhibit the unwanted insulin-specific autoimmune responses, and likely has greater translational potential.
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) can redirect T cells to selectively target disease-causing antigens. This technique is fundamental to recent attempts to use cellular engineering for adoptive cell therapy to treat multiple cancers. In this protocol, we describe an optimized T-cell retrovirus (RV) transduction and in vitro expansion protocol that generates high numbers of functional antigen-specific CD8 CAR-T cells starting from a low number of naive cells. Previously multiple CAR-T cell protocols have been described, but typically with relatively low transduction efficiency and cell viability following transduction. In contrast, our protocol provides up to 90% transduction efficiency, and the cells generated can survive more than two weeks in vivo and significantly delay disease onset following a single infusion. We provide a detailed description of the cell maintenance and transduction protocol, so that the critical steps can be easily followed. The whole procedure from primary cell isolation to CAR expression can be performed within 14 days. The general method may be applied to any mouse disease model in which the target is known. Similarly, the specific application (targeting a pathogenic peptide/MHC class II complex) is applicable to any other autoimmune disease model for which a key complex has been identified.

This article describes a protocol for the generation of antigen-specific CD8 T cells, and their expansion in vitro, with the aim of yielding high numbers of functional T cells for use in vitro and in vivo.

יעילות גבוהה הדור של העכבר העיקרי של אנטיגן בתאי T ציטוטוקסיים לבדיקות פונקציונליות במודל סוכרת אוטואימוניות

Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is characterized by islet-specific autoimmunity leading to beta cell destruction and absolute loss of insulin production. In the ...

קביעת פעילות ציטוטוקסית אופטימלית של CD8 תאי T ספציפי אדם Her2neu על ידי השוואת Assay שחרור Cr51 למערכת xCELLigence

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