עבודה זו מומנה על ידי איגוד הסוכרת האמריקני (ADA), גרנט JF1-10-14 (MDiF). ברצוננו להודות לכל אנשי המעבדה של בעלי חיים על משאבים WSU. מחבר בתודה להכיר סיוע ניתוח סטטיסטי של נתונים ניל Paton, Ph.D.

<ol>
	<li>Baron, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peripheral+neuropathic+pain:+From+mechanisms+to+symptoms.">Peripheral neuropathic pain: From mechanisms to symptoms.</a> Clin. J. Pain. 16, S12-S20 (2000).</li><li>Calcutt, N. A., Jorge, M. C., Yaksh, T. L., Chaplan, S. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tactile+allodynia+and+formalin+hyperalgesia+in+streptozotocin-diabetic+rats:+Effects+of+insulin,+aldose+reductase+inhibition+and+lidocaine.">Tactile allodynia and formalin hyperalgesia in streptozotocin-diabetic rats: Effects of insulin, aldose reductase inhibition and lidocaine.</a> Pain. 68, 293-299 (1996).</li><li>Bolcskei, K., Petho, G., Szolcsanyi, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Noxious+heat+threshold+measured+with+slowly+increasing+temperatures:+Novel+rat+thermal+hyperalgesia+models.">Noxious heat threshold measured with slowly increasing temperatures: Novel rat thermal hyperalgesia models.</a> Methods Mol. Biol. 617, 57-66 (2010).</li><li>Ankier, S. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+hot+plate+tests+to+quantify+antinociceptive+and+narcotic+antagonist+activities.">New hot plate tests to quantify antinociceptive and narcotic antagonist activities.</a> Eur. J. Pharmacol. 27, 1-4 (1974).</li><li>Almasi, R., Petho, G., Bolcskei, K., Szolcsanyi, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+resiniferatoxin+on+the+noxious+heat+threshold+temperature+in+the+rat:+A+novel+heat+allodynia+model+sensitive+to+analgesics.">Effect of resiniferatoxin on the noxious heat threshold temperature in the rat: A novel heat allodynia model sensitive to analgesics.</a> Br. J. Pharmacol. 139, 49-58 (2003).</li><li>Bolcskei, K., Horvath, D., Szolcsanyi, J., Petho, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heat+injury-induced+drop+of+the+noxious+heat+threshold+measured+with+an+increasing-temperature+water+bath:+A+novel+rat+thermal+hyperalgesia+model.">Heat injury-induced drop of the noxious heat threshold measured with an increasing-temperature water bath: A novel rat thermal hyperalgesia model.</a> Eur. J. Pharmacol. 564, 80-87 (2007).</li><li>Chesler, E. J., Wilson, S. G., Lariviere, W. R., Rodriguez-Zas, S. L., Mogil, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+and+ranking+of+genetic+and+laboratory+environment+factors+influencing+a+behavioral+trait,+thermal+nociception,+via+computational+analysis+of+a+large+data+archive.">Identification and ranking of genetic and laboratory environment factors influencing a behavioral trait, thermal nociception, via computational analysis of a large data archive.</a> Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 26, 907-923 (2002).</li><li>Langford, D. J., Crager, S. E., Shehzad, Z., Smith, S. B., Sotocinal, S. G., Levenstadt, J. S., Chanda, M. L., Levitin, D. J., Mogil, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Social+modulation+of+pain+as+evidence+for+empathy+in+mice.">Social modulation of pain as evidence for empathy in mice.</a> Science. 312, 1967-1970 (2006).</li><li>Hunt, S. P., Koltzenburg, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The neurobiology of pain. , (2005).</li><li>Willis, W. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The pain system : The neural basis of nociceptive transmission in the mammalian nervous system. , (1985).</li><li>Calcutt, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Modeling diabetic sensory neuropathy in rats. In: Methods in molecular medicine. Pain research: Methods and protocols. , (2004).</li><li>Bars, D. L. e., Gozariu, M., Cadden, S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+of+nociception.">Animal models of nociception.</a> Pharmacol. Rev. 53, 597-652 (2001).</li><li>Shaikh, A. S., Somani, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+and+biomarkers+of+neuropathy+in+diabetic+rodents.">Animal models and biomarkers of neuropathy in diabetic rodents.</a> Indian J. Pharmacol. 42, 129-134 (2010).</li><li>Hargreaves, K., Dubner, R., Brown, F., Flores, C., Joris, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+and+sensitive+method+for+measuring+thermal+nociception+in+cutaneous+hyperalgesia.">A new and sensitive method for measuring thermal nociception in cutaneous hyperalgesia.</a> Pain. 32, 77-88 (1988).</li><li>Hardy, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Method+for+the+rapid+measurement+of+skin+temperature+during+exposure+to+intense+thermal+radiation.">Method for the rapid measurement of skin temperature during exposure to intense thermal radiation.</a> J. Appl. Physiol. 5, 559-566 (1953).</li><li>Sumino, R., Dubner, R., Starkman, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Responses+of+small+myelinated+&amp;quot;warm&amp;quot;+fibers+to+noxious+heat+stimuli+applied+to+the+monkey's+face.">Responses of small myelinated &amp;quot;warm&amp;quot; fibers to noxious heat stimuli applied to the monkey's face.</a> Brain Res. 62, 260-263 (1973).</li><li>Hammond, D. L., Ruda, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developmental+alterations+in+thermal+nociceptive+threshold+and+the+distribution+of+immunoreactive+calcitonin+gene-related+peptide+and+substance+p+after+neonatal+administration+of+capsaicin+in+the+rat.">Developmental alterations in thermal nociceptive threshold and the distribution of immunoreactive calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance p after neonatal administration of capsaicin in the rat.</a> Neurosci. Lett. 97, 57-62 (1989).</li></ol>

החלטנו לא לחשוף את זהותו של כאבים השתמשו בניסויים אלו. חלק מן התוצאות המוצגות כאן הוצגה ב -71 מושבים רחוב המדעיים של איגוד הסוכרת האמריקני (סן דייגו קליפורניה) ואת הכנס השנתי ה 47 של האגודה האירופית לחקר הסוכרת (ליסבון, פורטוגל).

באופן דומה למבחן הצלחת קלאסי חם לכמת hyperalgesia תרמית 4,13, assay של nociception המתואר כאן מאפשר דרך מהירה ואמינה לכמת התנהגות nocifensive בחולדות ועכברים. עם זאת, בניגוד מבחן קלאסי, השיטה המצטברת צלחת חמה אינו פולשני ולמעשה ללא מתח. למרות שחלק לרסן יש צורך לבצע את הבדיקה (כלומר,...

<table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td> שם </td><td> חברה </td><td> מספר קטלוגי </td></tr><tr><td> מצטבר חם פלייט שיכוך כאבים Meter </td><td> IITC מדעי החיים בע&quot;מ </td><td> חלק # PE34 </td></tr><tr><td> סדרת Soft 8 </td><td> IITC מדעי החיים בע&quot;מ </td><td> חלק # Series8 </td></tr><tr><td> Streptozotocin </td><td> Calbiochem </td><td> 572201 </td></tr></tbody></table>

rapid determination of the thermal nociceptive threshold in diabetic rats

נוירופתיה סוכרתית כואבת (PDN) מאופיין hyperalgesia כלומר, רגישות מוגברת לגירוי מזיק, ו allodynia כלומר, רגישות יתר לגירויים לא מזיקים בדרך כלל 1. Hyperalgesia ו allodynia נחקרו רבות מכרסמים מודלים שונים של סוכרת 2. עם זאת, כאמור על ידי Bölcskei ואח&#39;, קביעת &quot;כאב&quot; במודלים של בעלי חיים הוא מאתגר בשל אופי סובייקטיבי שלה 3. יתר על כן, השיטות המסורתיות ששימשו בקביעת תגובות התנהגותיות לגירויים תרמית רעילים בדרך כלל אין שחזור ו 3 רגישות תרופתי. למשל, באמצעות השיטה צלחת חמה של Ankier 4, נרתע, ונסיגה / או ליקוק של או אחורית ו / או האסיפות כפות מכמתים כמו latencies רפלקס ב גירויים קבועים תרמית גבוהה (52-55 מעלות צלזיוס). עם זאת, בעלי חיים, כי הם hyperalgesic לגירוי תרמי לא reproducibly להראות הבדלים מחדשלהגמיש latencies באמצעות אלה לעיל סף בטמפרטורות 3,5. כמו השיטה המתוארת לאחרונה Bölcskei et al. 6, בהתאם לנוהל המתואר מאפשר קביעה מהירה, רגיש לשחזור של ספי nociceptive תרמית (TNTs) בעכברים וחולדות. השיטה משתמשת גירוי תרמית לאט להגדיל מיושם בעיקר על העור של משטח העכבר / עכברוש plantar. השיטה היא רגישה במיוחד ללמוד אנטי nociception במהלך מדינות hyperalgesic כגון PDN. הנהלים שתוארו לשאוג מבוססים על אלה שפורסמו בהרחבה על ידי Almási et al 5 ו Bölcskei ואח&#39; 3. הנהלים שתוארו כאן אושרו על בעלי חיים במעבדה טיפול ועדת שימוש (LACUC), רייט סטייט.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Rapid Determination of the Thermal Nociceptive Threshold in Diabetic Rats at JoVE.com

Rapid Determination of the Thermal Nociceptive Threshold in Diabetic Rats

כאן אנו מתארים הליך אמין ופשוט מהירה כדי לקבוע את הטמפרטורה הנמוכה ביותר שבה חולדות או עכברים מראים התנהגות nocifensive,<em&gt; כלומר</em&gt;<em&gt; סף nociceptive תרמית</em&gt; (TNT). שיטה זו חל גירוי תרמית לאט להגדיל המאפשר הערכה מדויקת לשחזור של TNTs עם מינימום, אם בכלל, הלחץ על בעלי חיים.

קביעה מהירה של סף nociceptive תרמי בעכברים סוכרתיים

Painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) is characterized by hyperalgesia i.e., increased sensitivity to noxious stimulus, and allodynia i.e., hypersensitivity ...

rapid-determination-thermal-nociceptive-threshold-diabetic

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27.4K Views.  Wright State University. כאן אנו מתארים הליך אמין ופשוט מהירה כדי לקבוע את הטמפרטורה הנמוכה ביותר שבה חולדות או עכברים מראים התנהגות nocifensive, כלומר סף nociceptive תרמית (TNT). שיטה זו חל גירוי תרמית לאט להגדיל המאפשר הערכה מדויקת לשחזור של TNTs עם מינימום, אם בכלל, הלחץ על בעלי חיים.

Video: Rapid Determination of the Thermal Nociceptive Threshold in Diabetic Rats

Assessment of Ultrasonic Vocalizations During Drug Self-administration in Rats

Drug self-administration procedures are commonly used to study behavioral and neurochemical changes associated with human drug abuse, addiction and relapse. Various types of behavioral activity are commonly utilized as measures of drug motivation in animals. However, a crucial component of drug abuse relapse in abstinent cocaine users is "drug craving", which is difficult to model in animals, as it often occurs in the absence of overt behaviors. Yet, it is possible that a class of ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in rats may be a useful marker for affective responses to drug administration, drug anticipation and even drug craving. Rats vocalize in ultrasonic frequencies that serve as a communicatory function and express subjective emotional states. Several studies have shown that different call frequency ranges are associated with negative and positive emotional states. For instance, high frequency calls ("50-kHz") are associated with positive affect, whereas low frequency calls ("22-kHz") represent a negative emotional state. This article describes a procedure to assess rat USVs associated with daily cocaine self-administration. For this procedure, we utilized standard single-lever operant chambers housed within sound-attenuating boxes for cocaine self-administration sessions and utilized ultrasonic microphones, multi-channel recording hardware and specialized software programs to detect and analyze USVs. USVs measurements reflect emotionality of rats before, during and after drug availability and can be correlated with commonly assessed drug self-administration behavioral data such lever responses, inter-response intervals and locomotor activity. Since USVs can be assessed during intervals prior to drug availability (e.g., anticipatory USVs) and during drug extinction trials, changes in affect associated with drug anticipation and drug abstinence can also be determined. In addition, determining USV changes over the course of short- and long-term drug exposure can provide a more detailed interpretation of drug exposure effects on affective functioning.

Drug self-administration and ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) are used as behavioral assessments in animal research, but rarely in combination. The purpose of this article is to describe the advantages of recording USVs during drug self-administration procedures to assess affective responses to drug experience.

הערכת קולות Ultrasonic במהלך והתרופות עצמית הממשל חולדות

Drug self-administration procedures are commonly used to study behavioral and neurochemical changes associated with human drug abuse, addiction and ...

A General Method for Evaluating Incubation of Sucrose Craving in Rats

For someone on a food-restricted diet, food craving in response to food-paired cues may serve as a key behavioral transition point between abstinence and relapse to food taking 1. Food craving conceptualized in this way is akin to drug craving in response to drug-paired cues. A rich literature has been developed around understanding the behavioral and neurobiological determinants of drug craving; we and others have been focusing recently on translating techniques from basic addiction research to better understand addiction-like behaviors related to food 2-4.
As done in previous studies of drug craving, we examine sucrose craving behavior by utilizing a rat model of relapse. In this model, rats self-administer either drug or food in sessions over several days. In a session, lever responding delivers the reward along with a tone+light stimulus. Craving behavior is then operationally defined as responding in a subsequent session where the reward is not available. Rats will reliably respond for the tone+light stimulus, likely due to its acquired conditioned reinforcing properties 5. This behavior is sometimes referred to as sucrose seeking or cue reactivity. In the present discussion we will use the term "sucrose craving" to subsume both of these constructs.
In the past decade, we have focused on how the length of time following reward self-administration influences reward craving. Interestingly, rats increase responding for the reward-paired cue over the course of several weeks of a period of forced-abstinence. This "incubation of craving" is observed in rats that have self-administered either food or drugs of abuse 4,6. This time-dependent increase in craving we have identified in the animal model may have great potential relevance to human drug and food addiction behaviors.
Here we present a protocol for assessing incubation of sucrose craving in rats. Variants of the procedure will be indicated where craving is assessed as responding for a discrete sucrose-paired cue following extinction of lever pressing within the sucrose self-administration context (Extinction without cues) or as responding for sucrose-paired cues in a general extinction context (Extinction with cues).

Responding for food or drug-paired cues increases over the course of a period of abstinence and this may relate to an increased susceptibility to relapse behaviors. Here we detail a procedure for evaluating this "incubation of craving" in rats that have self-administered sucrose.

שיטה כללית להערכת דגירה של השתוקקות סוכרוז בחולדות

For someone on a food-restricted diet, food craving in response to food-paired cues may serve as a key behavioral transition point between abstinence and ...

Local and Global Methods of Assessing Thermal Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

In this article, we demonstrate assays to study thermal nociception in Drosophila larvae. One assay involves spatially-restricted (local) stimulation of thermal nociceptors1,2 while the second involves a wholesale (global) activation of most or all such neurons3. Together, these techniques allow visualization and quantification of the behavioral functions of Drosophila nociceptive sensory neurons.
The Drosophila larva is an established model system to study thermal nociception, a sensory response to potentially harmful temperatures that is evolutionarily conserved across species1,2. The advantages of Drosophila for such studies are the relative simplicity of its nervous system and the sophistication of the genetic techniques that can be used to dissect the molecular basis of the underlying biology4-6 In Drosophila, as in all metazoans, the response to noxious thermal stimuli generally involves a "nocifensive" aversive withdrawal to the presented stimulus7. Such stimuli are detected through free nerve endings or nociceptors and the amplitude of the organismal response depends on the number of nociceptors receiving the noxious stimulus8. In Drosophila, it is the class IV dendritic arborization sensory neurons that detect noxious thermal and mechanical stimuli9 in addition to their recently discovered role as photoreceptors10. These neurons, which have been very well studied at the developmental level, arborize over the barrier epidermal sheet and make contacts with nearly all epidermal cells11,12. The single axon of each class IV neuron projects into the ventral nerve cord of the central nervous system11 where they may connect to second-order neurons that project to the brain.
Under baseline conditions, nociceptive sensory neurons will not fire until a relatively high threshold is reached. The assays described here allow the investigator to quantify baseline behavioral responses or, presumably, the sensitization that ensues following tissue damage. Each assay provokes distinct but related locomotory behavioral responses to noxious thermal stimuli and permits the researcher to visualize and quantify various aspects of thermal nociception in Drosophila larvae. The assays can be applied to larvae of desired genotypes or to larvae raised under different environmental conditions that might impact nociception. Since thermal nociception is conserved across species, the findings gleaned from genetic dissection in Drosophila will likely inform our understanding of thermal nociception in other species, including vertebrates.

Local and Global Methods of Assessing Thermal Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

In this article, we demonstrate assays to study thermal nociception in Drosophila larvae. One assay involves spatially-restricted (local) stimulation of thermal nociceptors1,2 while the second involves a wholesale (global) activation of most or all such neurons3. Together, these techniques allow visualization and quantification of the behavioral functions of Drosophila nociceptive sensory neurons.

שיטות מקומיים וכלל עולמיים של הערכת Nociception תרמי ב<em&gt; תסיסנית</em&gt; רימה

In this article, we demonstrate assays to study thermal nociception in Drosophila larvae. One assay involves spatially-restricted (local) stimulation of ...

Assessment of Morphine-induced Hyperalgesia and Analgesic Tolerance in Mice Using Thermal and Mechanical Nociceptive Modalities

Opioid-induced hyperalgesia and tolerance severely impact the clinical efficacy of opiates as pain relievers in animals and humans. The molecular mechanisms underlying both phenomena are not well understood and their elucidation should benefit from the study of animal models and from the design of appropriate experimental protocols. 
We describe here a methodological approach for inducing, recording and quantifying morphine-induced hyperalgesia as well as for evidencing analgesic tolerance, using the tail-immersion and tail pressure tests in wild-type mice. As shown in the video, the protocol is divided into five sequential steps. Handling and habituation phases allow a safe determination of the basal nociceptive response of the animals. Chronic morphine administration induces significant hyperalgesia as shown by an increase in both thermal and mechanical sensitivity, whereas the comparison of analgesia time-courses after acute or repeated morphine treatment clearly indicates the development of tolerance manifested by a decline in analgesic response amplitude. This protocol may be similarly adapted to genetically modified mice in order to evaluate the role of individual genes in the modulation of nociception and morphine analgesia. It also provides a model system to investigate the effectiveness of potential therapeutic agents to improve opiate analgesic efficacy.

We describe a protocol to examine the development of opioid-induced hyperalgesia and tolerance in mice. Based on the measurement of thermal and mechanical nociceptive responses of na&#239;ve and morphine-treated animals, it allows to quantify the increase in pain sensitivity (hyperalgesia) and decrease in analgesia (tolerance) associated with chronic opiate administration.

הערכה של סובלנות hyperalgesia ומשככי כאבים הנגרם מורפיום בעכברים באמצעות שיטות nociceptive תרמיים ומכאניות

Opioid-induced hyperalgesia and tolerance severely impact the clinical efficacy of opiates as pain relievers in animals and humans. The molecular ...

Determination of the Spontaneous Locomotor Activity in Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster has been used as an excellent model organism to study environmental and genetic manipulations that affect behavior. One such behavior is spontaneous locomotor activity. Here we describe our protocol that utilizes Drosophila population monitors and a tracking system that allows continuous monitoring of the spontaneous locomotor activity of flies for several days at a time. This method is simple, reliable, and objective and can be used to examine the effects of aging, sex, changes in caloric content of food, addition of drugs, or genetic manipulations that mimic human diseases.

Determination of the Spontaneous Locomotor Activity in Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster are useful in studying genetic or environmental manipulations that affect behaviors such as spontaneous locomotor activity.&#160; Here we describe a protocol that utilizes monitors with infrared beams and data analysis software to quantify spontaneous locomotor activity.&#160;

קביעת הפעילות של תנועה הספונטנית ב<em&gt; Melanogaster דרוזופילה</em

Drosophila melanogaster has been used as an excellent model organism to study environmental and genetic manipulations that affect behavior. One such ...

Rapid In Situ Hybridization using Oligonucleotide Probes on Paraformaldehyde-prefixed Brain of Rats with Serotonin Syndrome

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) toxicity may cause region-specific changes in serotonergic mRNA expression due to acute serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) syndrome. This hypothesis can be tested using in situ hybridization to detect the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor gene htr2a. In the past, such procedures, utilizing radioactive riboprobe, were difficult because of the complicated workflow that needs several days to perform and the added difficulty that the technique required the use of fresh frozen tissues maintained in an RNase-free environment. Recently, the development of short oligonucleotide probes has simplified in situ hybridization procedures and allowed the use of paraformaldehyde-prefixed brain sections, which are more widely available in laboratories. Here, we describe a detailed protocol using non-radioactive oligonucleotide probes on the prefixed brain tissues. Hybridization probes used for this study include dapB (a bacterial gene coding for dihydrodipicolinate reductase), ppiB (a housekeeping gene coding for peptidylprolyl isomerase B), and htr2a (a serotonin gene coding for 5-HT2A receptors). This method is relatively simply, cheap, reproducible and requires less than two days to complete.

Rapid In Situ Hybridization using Oligonucleotide Probes on Paraformaldehyde-prefixed Brain of Rats with Serotonin Syndrome

This protocol describes a rapid and simplified in situ hybridization method ideal forparaformaldehyde-prefixed brain, thus reducing the need for prolonged complex steps while using fresh frozen tissues. The method is validated using the identification of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor gene htr2a in rats.

מהיר<em&gt; באתר</em&gt; הכלאה באמצעות oligonucleotide בדיקות במוח-התחילית Paraformaldehyde של חולדות עם סרוטונין תסמונת

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) toxicity may cause region-specific changes in serotonergic mRNA expression due to acute serotonin ...

In Vitro Characterization of the Electrophysiological Properties of Colonic Afferent Fibers in Rats

Dysfunction of the colonic sensory nerves has been implicated in the pathophysiology of several common conditions, including functional and inflammatory bowel diseases and diabetes. Here, we describe a protocol for the in vitro characterization of the electrophysiological properties of colonic afferents in rats. The colorectum, with the intact pelvic ganglion (PG) attached, is removed from the rat; superfused with carbogenated Krebs solution in the recording chamber; and cannulated at the oral and anal ends to allow for distension. A fine nerve bundle emanating from the PG is identified, and the multiunit afferent nerve activity is recorded using a suction electrode. Distension of the colonic segment elicits gradual increases in multiunit discharge. A principal component analysis is conducted to differentiate the low-threshold, the high-threshold, and the wide-dynamic range afferent fibers. Chemical sensitivity of colonic afferents can be studied through the bath or intraluminal administration of test compounds. This protocol can be modified for application to other species, such as mice and guinea pigs, and to study the differences in the electrophysiological properties of thoracolumbar/hypogastric and lumbosacral/pelvic afferents of the descending colon in normal and pathological conditions.

In Vitro Characterization of the Electrophysiological Properties of Colonic Afferent Fibers in Rats

Abnormal sensory function underlies visceral pain and other symptoms of functional and inflammatory bowel diseases. A protocol for the electrophysiological recording of the colonic afferent nerves in an ex vivo rat colorectum preparation is presented here.

במבחנה אפיון של המאפיינים אלקטרופיזיולוגיות של סיבי מביא שטיפת המעי הגס בחולדות

Dysfunction of the colonic sensory nerves has been implicated in the pathophysiology of several common conditions, including functional and inflammatory ...

Measurement &amp; Analysis of the Temporal Discrimination Threshold Applied to Cervical Dystonia

The temporal discrimination threshold (TDT) is the shortest time interval at which an observer can discriminate two sequential stimuli as being asynchronous (typically 30-50 ms). It has been shown to be abnormal (prolonged) in neurological disorders, including cervical dystonia, a phenotype of adult onset idiopathic isolated focal dystonia. The TDT is a quantitative measure of the ability to perceive rapid changes in the environment and is considered indicative of the behavior of the visual neurons in the superior colliculus, a key node in covert attentional orienting. This article sets out methods for measuring the TDT (including two hardware options and two modes of stimuli presentation). We also explore two approaches of data analysis and TDT calculation. The application of the assessment of temporal discrimination to the understanding of the pathogenesis of cervical dystonia and adult onset idiopathic isolated focal dystonia is also discussed.

Measurement & Analysis of the Temporal Discrimination Threshold Applied to Cervical Dystonia

Methods for the measurement and analysis of the temporal discrimination threshold are presented, and its application to the study of the pathogenesis of cervical dystonia are discussed.

מדידה &amp; ניתוח של הסף אפליה זמני המוחל פוקאלית צוואר הרחם

The temporal discrimination threshold (TDT) is the shortest time interval at which an observer can discriminate two sequential stimuli as being ...

Rapid and Specific Immunomagnetic Isolation of Mouse Primary Oligodendrocytes

The efficient and robust isolation and culture of primary oligodendrocytes (OLs) is a valuable tool for the in vitro study of the development of oligodendroglia as well as the biology of demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis and Pelizaeus-Merzbacher-like disease (PMLD). Here, we present a simple and efficient selection method for the immunomagnetic isolation of stage three O4+ preoligodendrocytes cells from neonatal mice pups. Since immature OL constitute more than 80% of the rodent-brain white matter at postnatal day 7 (P7) this isolation method not only ensures high cellular yield, but also the specific isolation of OLs already committed to the oligodendroglial lineage, decreasing the possibility of isolating contaminating cells such as astrocytes and other cells from the mouse brain. This method is a modification of the techniques reported previously, and provides oligodendrocyte preparation purity above 80% in about 4 h.

We describe the immunomagnetic isolation of primary mouse oligodendrocytes, which allows the rapid and specific isolation of the cells for in vitro culture.

בידוד Immunomagnetic מהירה, מדויקת של העכבר הראשי oligodendrocytes להפוך

The efficient and robust isolation and culture of primary oligodendrocytes (OLs) is a valuable tool for the in vitro study of the development of ...

Establishment of Acute Pontine Infarction in Rats by Electrical Stimulation

Pontine infarction is the most common stroke subtype in the posterior circulation, while there lacks a rodent model mimicking pontine infarction. Provided here is a protocol for successfully establishing a rat model of acute pontine infarction. Rats weighing about 250 g are used, and a probe with an insulated sheath is injected into the pons using a stereotaxic apparatus. A lesion is produced by the electrical stimulation with a single pulse. The Longa score, Berderson score, and beam balance test are used to assess neurological deficits. Additionally, the adhesive-removal somatosensory test is used to determine sensorimotor function, and the limb placement test is used to evaluate proprioception. MRI scans are then used to assess the infarction in vivo, and TTC staining is used to confirm the infarction in vitro. Here, a successful infarction is identified that is located in the anterolateral basis of the rostral pons. In conclusion, a new method is described to establish an acute pontine infarction rat model.

Presented here is a protocol for establishing acute pontine infarction in a rat model via electrical stimulation with a single pulse.

הקמת אוטם פונטינה חריפה בחולדות על ידי גירוי חשמלי

Pontine infarction is the most common stroke subtype in the posterior circulation, while there lacks a rodent model mimicking pontine infarction. Provided ...

קביעה מהירה של סף nociceptive תרמי בעכברים סוכרתיים

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הערכת קולות Ultrasonic במהלך והתרופות עצמית הממשל חולדות

שיטה כללית להערכת דגירה של השתוקקות סוכרוז בחולדות

שיטות מקומיים וכלל עולמיים של הערכת Nociception תרמי ב

הערכה של סובלנות hyperalgesia ומשככי כאבים הנגרם מורפיום בעכברים באמצעות שיטות nociceptive תרמיים ומכאניות

קביעת הפעילות של תנועה הספונטנית ב

מהיר

במבחנה אפיון של המאפיינים אלקטרופיזיולוגיות של סיבי מביא שטיפת המעי הגס בחולדות

מדידה & ניתוח של הסף אפליה זמני המוחל פוקאלית צוואר הרחם

בידוד Immunomagnetic מהירה, מדויקת של העכבר הראשי oligodendrocytes להפוך

הקמת אוטם פונטינה חריפה בחולדות על ידי גירוי חשמלי