המחברים מבקשים להודות Chiyoko קוביאשי ו Kiyokazu אגתה עבור עצות מועילות על השתלת planarian כמו גם חברים בעבר ובהווה של המעבדה סאנצ לדיונים יסולא בפז במהלך הפיתוח של טכניקות אלה. עבודה זו נתמכה על ידי NIH הדרכה גרנט (5T32 HD0791) כדי OCG ו NIH R37GM057260 את אס&quot;א. אס&quot;א הוא הווארד יוז חוקר רפואי במכון.

<ol>
	<li>Morgan, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+studies+of+the+regeneration+of+Planaria+maculata.">Experimental studies of the regeneration of Planaria maculata.</a> Arch. Entw. Mech. Org. 7, 364-397 .</li><li>Reddien, P. W., Sanchez Alvarado, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fundamentals+of+planarian+regeneration.">Fundamentals of planarian regeneration.</a> Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 20, 725-757 (2004).</li><li>Randolph, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+regeneration+of+the+tail+in+lumbriculus.">The regeneration of the tail in lumbriculus.</a> J. Morphol. 7, 317-344 .</li><li>Wagner, D. E., Wang, I. E., Reddien, P. 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Zo&#246;l. 3, 269-294 (1906).</li><li>Dubois, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contribution+&#225;+l+'&#232;tude+de+la+migration+des+cellules+de+règènèration+chez+les+Planaires+dulcicoles.">Contribution &#225; l '&#232;tude de la migration des cellules de règènèration chez les Planaires dulcicoles.</a> Bull. Biol. Fr. Belg. 83, 213-283 (1949).</li><li>Purton, L. E., Scadden, D. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Limiting+factors+in+murine+hematopoietic+stem+cell+assays.">Limiting factors in murine hematopoietic stem cell assays.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 1, 263-270 (2007).</li><li>Cebria, F., Newmark, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Planarian+homologs+of+netrin+and+netrin+receptor+are+required+for+proper+regeneration+of+the+central+nervous+system+and+the+maintenance+of+nervous+system+architecture.">Planarian homologs of netrin and netrin receptor are required for proper regeneration of the central nervous system and the maintenance of nervous system architecture.</a> Development. , 132-3691 (2005).</li><li>Newmark, P. A., S&#225;nchez Alvarado, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bromodeoxyuridine+specifically+labels+the+regenerative+stem+cells+of+planarians.">Bromodeoxyuridine specifically labels the regenerative stem cells of planarians.</a> Dev. Biol. 220, 142-153 (2000).</li><li>Miller, W., Kennedy, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=X-ray+attenuation+in+lead,+aluminum,+and+concrete+in+the+range+275+to+525+kilovolts.">X-ray attenuation in lead, aluminum, and concrete in the range 275 to 525 kilovolts.</a> Radiology. 65, 920-925 (1955).</li><li>Pearson, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formaldehyde-based+whole-mount+in+situ+hybridization+method+for+planarians.">Formaldehyde-based whole-mount in situ hybridization method for planarians.</a> Dev. Dyn. 238, 443-450 (2009).</li><li>Hayashi, T., Asami, M., Higuchi, S., Shibata, N., Agata, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+planarian+X-ray-sensitive+stem+cells+by+fluorescence-activated+cell+sorting.">Isolation of planarian X-ray-sensitive stem cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorting.</a> Dev. Growth Differ. 48, 371-380 (2006).</li><li>Reddien, P. W., Oviedo, N. J., Jennings, J. R., Jenkin, J. C., S&#225;nchez Alvarado, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SMEDWI-2+is+a+PIWI-like+protein+that+regulates+planarian+stem+cells.">SMEDWI-2 is a PIWI-like protein that regulates planarian stem cells.</a> Science. 310, 1327-1330 (2005).</li><li>St&#233;phan-Dubois, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Les+cellules+de+r&#233;g&#233;n&#233;ration+chez+la+planaire+Dendrocoleum+lacteum.">Les cellules de r&#233;g&#233;n&#233;ration chez la planaire Dendrocoleum lacteum.</a> Bulletin de la Société Zooologique de France. 86, 172-185 (1961).</li><li>Gurley, K. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+secreted+Wnt+pathway+components+reveals+unexpected+complexity+of+the+planarian+amputation+response.">Expression of secreted Wnt pathway components reveals unexpected complexity of the planarian amputation response.</a> Dev. Biol. 347, 24-39 (2010).</li><li>Salvetti, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adult+stem+cell+plasticity:+neoblast+repopulation+in+non-lethally+irradiated+planarians.">Adult stem cell plasticity: neoblast repopulation in non-lethally irradiated planarians.</a> Dev. Biol. 328, 305-314 (2009).</li></ol>

אין ניגוד עניינים הצהיר.

החשיבות של חוסר תנועה Immobilization הוא ללא ספק השלב הקריטי ביותר על ההשלמה המוצלחת של כל התהליכים האלה. אם planaria הם משותקים באופן לא תקין לפני הקרנה חלקית, הם עלולים לעבור מתחת למגן את ההובלה, ייצור תוצאות לא עקביות ולא בלבול. בנוסף, אם בע?...

<table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td> שם מגיב </td><td> חברה </td><td> מספר קטלוגי </td></tr><tr><td> כללי העברת מטרת פיפטה </td><td> Samco </td><td> 691 </td></tr><tr><td> צינורות נימי (0.75 מ&quot;מ ID) </td><td> Fhc </td><td> 30-30-0 </td></tr><tr><td> צינורות נימי (OD 0.7 מ&quot;מ) </td><td> Fhc </td><td> 30-50-08 </td></tr><tr><td> Parafilm M </td><td> VWR </td><td> 52858-076 </td></tr><tr><td> Kimwipes 34155 </td><td> VWR </td><td> 500029-891 </td></tr><tr><td> מסנן נייר שחור </td><td> שלייכר &amp; Schuell </td><td> 10310809 </td></tr><tr><td> Whatman # 2 מסנן נייר 1002-055 </td><td> פישר סיינטיפיק </td><td> 09-810B </td></tr><tr><td> Whatman # 3 מסנן נייר 1003-185 </td><td> פישר סיינטיפיק </td><td> 09-820E </td></tr><tr><td> סיגריה מתגלגל נייר </td><td> זיג זג, מקורי </td><td> NA </td></tr><tr><td> פטרימנות </td><td> VWR </td><td> 82050-544 </td></tr><tr><td> מלקחיים דומונט, Inox # 5 </td><td> FST </td><td> 11251-20 </td></tr><tr><td> Chloretone </td><td> סיגמא אולדריץ&#39; </td><td> 112054 </td></tr><tr><td> קזאין </td><td> סיגמא אולדריץ&#39; </td><td> C3400 </td></tr><tr><td> להוביל שילדס </td><td> אלפא מערכות קורפ, Bluffdale, UT </td><td> עיצוב מותאם אישית </td></tr><tr><td> XRAD-320 ביולוגית Irradiator </td><td> Precision X-Ray, צפון Branford, CT </td><td> NA </td></tr></tbody></table>

planarian immobilization, partial irradiation, and tissue transplantation

Planarian, השטוחה מים מתוקים, הוכיחה להיות מערכת רב עוצמה לנתח התחדשות מטזואניים ו תא גזע 1,2 ביולוגיה. התחדשות Planarian של כל רקמות חסרים או פגומים מתאפשרת על ידי בתאי גזע בוגרים כינה neoblasts 3. למרות אלה בתאי גזע הוכחו בוודאות להיות pluripotent ומסוגלים לשחזר להפליא של כל בעל חיים 4, ההטרוגניות בקרב האוכלוסייה לתאי גזע ואת הדינמיקה של התנהגות הסלולר שלהם נותרו לא פתורות, במידה רבה. בשל ריבוי והפצה רחב של בתאי גזע ברחבי תוכנית הגוף planarian, שיטות מתקדמות של subpopulations מניפולציה בתאי גזע לצורך מחקר מולקולרי ומתפקד in vivo יש צורך. השתלת רקמות הקרנה חלקית שתי שיטות שבו subpopulation בתאי גזע planarian ניתן לבודד למחקר נוסף. הטכניקה לכל אחד יש יתרונות ברורים. Tהשתלת הנושא מאפשר הקדמה של בתאי גזע, לתוך שורה תמימה, כי הם או מטבעו שונה גנטית או טופלו בעבר פרמקולוגית. לחלופין, הקרנה חלקית מאפשר בידוד בתאי גזע בתוך הפונדקאי, זה לצד זה לרקמות ללא בתאי גזע, ללא הקדמה של פצע או עכוז של שלמות רקמות. באמצעות שתי השיטות, ניתן לחקור את הגורמים תאים אוטונומיים ולא אוטונומיים הנובעות בקרת התא פונקציות, כגון התפשטות, בידול, והגירה. הן רקמות להשתלה 5,6 ו חלקית קרינה 7 שימשו היסטורית בהגדרת רבים של שאלות על התחדשות planarian שנותרו תחת מחקר היום. עם זאת, טכניקות אלה נשארו underused בשל אופי מייגע ובלתי עקבית של השיטות הקודמות. הפרוטוקולים המוצגים כאן מייצגים צעד גדול קדימה בהפחתת זמןND המאמץ הנדרש כדי reproducibly לייצר מספר רב של בעלי חיים מורכבים או מוקרן באופן חלקי עם efficacies מתקרב 100 אחוז. אנו מכסים את כל התרבות של בעלי חיים גדולים, חוסר תנועה, לקראת הקרנת חלקית, השתלת רקמות, אופטימיזציה של התאוששות בעלי חיים. יתר על כן, העבודה המתוארת כאן ממחיש את היישום הראשון של שיטת הקרנה חלקית לשימוש עם planarian ביותר למד נרחב, Schmidtea mediterranea. בנוסף, רקמות יעיל השתלת ב planaria פותחת את הדלת לבדיקה תפקודית של subpopulations של בתאי גזע נאיבי או מטופלים מבחני repopulation, אשר כבר זמן רב את שיטת תקן הזהב של מנסה לאמוד את הפוטנציאל למבוגרים בתאי גזע אצל יונקים 8. אימוץ רחב של שיטות אלו יהיה ללא ספק להוביל להבנה טובה יותר של התנהגויות הסלולר של בתאי גזע בוגרים במהלך הומאוסטזיס רקמה והתחדשות.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Planarian Immobilization, Partial Irradiation, and Tissue Transplantation at JoVE.com

Planarian Immobilization, Partial Irradiation, and Tissue Transplantation

השיטה יעילה השתלת רקמות בגודל מוגדרת ועקבית בין planaria מתואר. היא כללה גם תיאור של איך להשתמש בטכניקה immobilization להשתלה ניתן להתאים, בשיתוף עם מגן עופרת, הקרנה חלקית של בעלי חיים.

Immobilization Planarian, הקרנה חלקית, השתלת רקמות

The planarian, a freshwater flatworm, has proven to be a powerful system for dissecting metazoan regeneration and stem cell biology1,2. Planarian ...

planarian-immobilization-partial-irradiation-tissue

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

19.5K Views.  University of Utah School of Medicine. השיטה יעילה השתלת רקמות בגודל מוגדרת ועקבית בין planaria מתואר. היא כללה גם תיאור של איך להשתמש בטכניקה immobilization להשתלה ניתן להתאים, בשיתוף עם מגן עופרת, הקרנה חלקית של בעלי חיים.

Video: Planarian Immobilization, Partial Irradiation, and Tissue Transplantation

Murine Skin Transplantation

As one of the most stringent and least technically challenging models, skin transplantation is a standard method to assay host T cell responses to MHC-disparate donor antigens. The aim of this video-article is to provide the viewer with a step-by-step visual demonstration of skin transplantation using the mouse model. The protocol is divided into 5 main components: 1) harvesting donor skin; 2) preparing recipient for transplant; 3) skin transplant; 4) bandage removal and monitoring graft rejection; 5) helpful hints. Once proficient, the procedure itself should take &lt;10 min to perform.

Allogeneic skin transplantation is a standard model to assay host T cell responses to MHC-disparate donor antigens. This video-article provides a visual tutorial of each step involved in performing a BALB/c--&gt;C57BL/6 skin transplant.

השתלת עור Murine

As one of the most stringent and least technically challenging models, skin transplantation is a standard method to assay host T cell responses to ...

Actin Co-Sedimentation Assay; for the Analysis of Protein Binding to F-Actin

The actin cytoskeleton within the cell is a network of actin filaments that allows the movement of cells and cellular processes, and that generates tension and helps maintains cellular shape.  Although the actin cytoskeleton is a rigid structure, it is a dynamic structure that is constantly remodeling.  A number of proteins can bind to the actin cytoskeleton.  The binding of a particular protein to F-actin is often desired to support cell biological observations or to further understand dynamic processes due to remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. The actin co-sedimentation assay is an in vitro assay routinely used to analyze the binding of specific proteins or protein domains with F-actin.  The basic principles of the assay involve an incubation of the protein of interest (full length or domain of) with F-actin, ultracentrifugation step to pellet F-actin and analysis of the protein co-sedimenting with F-actin.  Actin co-sedimentation assays can be designed accordingly to measure actin binding affinities and in competition assays.

Proteins bind to filamentous actin (F-actin) through distinct actin binding modules. In this video we demonstrate the procedure of actin co-sedimentation, which is an in vitro assay routinely used to analyze proteins or specific domains that bind F-actin.

אקטין Co-Assay שקיעה, כי ניתוח של חלבון מחייב את ה-F-אקטין

The actin cytoskeleton within the cell is a network of actin filaments that allows the movement of cells and cellular processes, and that generates ...

Generation of Human CD40-activated B cells

CD40-activated B cells (CD40-B cells) have been identified as an alternative source of immuno-stimulatory antigen-presenting cells (APC) for cancer immunotherapy 1-3. Compared to Dendritic cells (DCs), the best characterized APC, CD40-B cells have several distinct biological and technical properties. Similar to DCs, B cells show an increased expression of MHC and co-stimulatory molecules (Fig.1b), exhibit a strong migratory capacity and present antigen presentation efficiently to T cells, after stimulation with interleukin-4 and CD40 ligand (CD40L). However, in contrast to immature or mature DCs, CD40-B cells express the full lymph node homing triad consisting of CD62L, CCR7/CXCR4, and leukocyte function antigen-1 (LFA1, CD11a/CD18), necessary for homing to secondary lymphoid organs (Fig.1a) 3. CD40-B cells can be generated without difficulties from very small amounts of peripheral blood which can be further expanded in vitro to very large amounts of highly-pure CD40-B cells (&gt;109 cells per patient) from healthy donors as well as cancer patients (Fig.1c,d) 1,4. 
In this protocol we demonstrate how to obtain fully activated CD40-B cells from human PBMC. Key molecules for the cell culture are CD40 ligand, interleukin-4 (IL-4) and cyclosporin A (CsA), which are replenished in a 3-4 day culture cycle. For laboratory purposes CD40-stimulation is provided by NIH/3T3 cells expressing recombinant human CD40 ligand (tCD40L NIH/3T3) 5. To avoid contamination with non-transfected cells, expression of the human CD40 ligand on the transfectants has to be checked regularly (Fig.2). 
After 14 days CD40-B cell cultures consist of more than 95% pure B cells and an expansion of CD40-B cells over 65 days is frequently possible without any loss of function 1, 4. CD40-B cells efficiently take up, process and present antigens to T cells 6. They do not only prime na&#970;ve, but also expand memory T cells 7,8. CD40-activated B cells can be used to study B-cell activation, differentiation and function. Moreover, they represent a promising tool for therapeutic or preventive vaccination against tumors 9.

In this video we present the ex vivo generation and expansion of human CD40-activated B cells (CD40-B) from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by stimulation with CD40 ligand and interleukin-4.

הדור של האדם CD40 בתאי B המופעל

CD40-activated B cells (CD40-B cells) have been identified as an alternative source of immuno-stimulatory antigen-presenting cells (APC) for cancer ...

Tissue Targeted Embryonic Chimeras: Zebrafish Gastrula Cell Transplantation

Certain fundamental questions in the field of developmental biology can only be answered when cells are placed in novel environments or when small groups of cells in a larger context are altered.  Watching how one cell interacts with and behaves in a unique environment is essential to characterizing cell functions.  Determining how the localized misexpression of a specific protein influences surrounding cells provides insightful information on the roles that protein plays in a variety of developmental processes.  Our lab uses the zebrafish model system to uniquely combine genetic approaches with classical transplantation techniques to generate genotypic or phenotypic chimeras.  We study neuron-glial cell interactions during the formation of forebrain commissures in zebrafish. This video describes a method that allows our lab to investigate the role of astroglial populations in the diencephalon and the roles of specific guidance cues that influence projecting axons as they cross the midline. Due to their transparency zebrafish embryos are ideal models for this type of ectopic cell placement or localized gene misexpression. Tracking transplanted cells can be accomplished using a vital dye or a transgenic fish line expressing a fluorescent protein. We demonstrate here how to prepare donor embryos with a vital dye tracer for transplantation, as well as how to extract and transplant cells from one gastrula staged embryo to another.  We present data showing ectopic GFP+ transgenic cells within the forebrain of zebrafish embryos and characterize the location of these cells with respect to forebrain commissures.  In addition, we show laser scanning confocal timelapse microscopy of Alexa 594 labeled cells transplanted into a GFP+ transgenic host embryo.  These data provide evidence that gastrula staged transplantation enables the targeted positioning of ectopic cells to address a variety of questions in Developmental Biology.

Zebrafish cell transplantation enables the combination of genetics and embryology to generate tissue specific chimeras. This video demonstrates gastrula staged cell transplantations that have allowed our lab to investigate the roles of astroglial populations and specific guidance cues during commissure formation in the forebrain.

ממוקד רקמות מפלצות עובריים: דג הזברה Gastrula השתלת תאים

Certain fundamental questions in the field of developmental biology can only be answered when cells are placed in novel environments or when small groups ...

Pharmacological and Functional Genetic Assays to Manipulate Regeneration of the Planarian Dugesia japonica

Free-living planarian flatworms have a long history of experimental usage owing to their remarkable regenerative abilities1. Small fragments excised from these animals reform the original body plan following regeneration of missing body structures. For example if a 'trunk' fragment is cut from an intact worm, a new 'head' will regenerate anteriorly and a 'tail' will regenerate posteriorly restoring the original 'head-to-tail' polarity of body structures prior to amputation (Figure 1A).
Regeneration is driven by planarian stem cells, known as 'neoblasts' which differentiate into ~30 different cell types during normal body homeostasis and enforced tissue regeneration. This regenerative process is robust and easy to demonstrate. Owing to the dedication of several pioneering labs, many tools and functional genetic methods have now been optimized for this model system. Consequently, considerable recent progress has been made in understanding and manipulating the molecular events underpinning planarian developmental plasticity2-9.
The planarian model system will be of interest to a broad range of scientists. For neuroscientists, the model affords the opportunity to study the regeneration of an entire nervous system, rather than simply the regrowth/repair of single nerve cell process that typically are the focus of study in many established models. Planarians express a plethora of neurotransmitters10, represent an important system for studying evolution of the central nervous system11, 12 and have behavioral screening potential13, 14. 
Regenerative outcomes are amenable to manipulation by pharmacological and genetic apparoaches. For example, drugs can be screened for effects on regeneration simply by placing body fragments in drug-containing solutions at different time points after amputation. The role of individual genes can be studied using knockdown methods (in vivo RNAi), which can be achieved either through cycles of microinjection or by feeding bacterially-expressed dsRNA constructs8, 9, 15. Both approaches can produce visually striking phenotypes at high penetrance- for example, regeneration of bipolar animals16-21. To facilitate adoption of this model and implementation of such methods, we showcase in this video article protocols for pharmacological and genetic assays (in vivo RNAi by feeding) using the planarian Dugesia japonica.

Pharmacological and Functional Genetic Assays to Manipulate Regeneration of the Planarian Dugesia japonica

An attractive model for studying stem cell differentiation within a live animal is the planarian flatworm. Regeneration is studied by simple amputation experiments that are easily performed in a basic laboratory and are amenable to pharmacological and genetic (in vivo RNAi) manipulation as detailed by protocols in this article.

מבחני גנטית תרופתי ו פונקציונלית לתפעל התחדשות של Planarian Japonica Dugesia</em

Free-living planarian flatworms have a long history of experimental usage owing to their remarkable regenerative abilities1. Small fragments excised from ...

Germ Cell Transplantation and Testis Tissue Xenografting in Mice

Germ cell transplantation was developed by Dr. Ralph Brinster and colleagues at the University of Pennsylvania in 19941,2. These ground-breaking studies showed that microinjection of germ cells from fertile donor mice into the seminiferous tubules of infertile recipient mice results in donor-derived spermatogenesis and sperm production by the recipient animal2. The use of donor males carrying the bacterial &beta;-galactosidase gene allowed identification of donor-derived spermatogenesis and transmission of the donor haplotype to the offspring by recipient animals1. Surprisingly, after transplantation into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules, transplanted germ cells were able to move from the luminal compartment to the basement membrane where spermatogonia are located3. It is generally accepted that only SSCs are able to colonize the niche and re-establish spermatogenesis in the recipient testis. Therefore, germ cell transplantation provides a functional approach to study the stem cell niche in the testis and to characterize putative spermatogonial stem cells. To date, germ cell transplantation is used to elucidate basic stem cell biology, to produce transgenic animals through genetic manipulation of germ cells prior to transplantation4,5, to study Sertoli cell-germ cell interaction6,7, SSC homing and colonization3,8, as well as SSC self-renewal and differentiation9,10.
Germ cell transplantation is also feasible in large species11. In these, the main applications are preservation of fertility, dissemination of elite genetics in animal populations, and generation of transgenic animals as the study of spermatogenesis and SSC biology with this technique is logistically more difficult and expensive than in rodents. Transplantation of germ cells from large species into the seminiferous tubules of mice results in colonization of donor cells and spermatogonial expansion, but not in their full differentiation presumably due to incompatibility of the recipient somatic cell compartment with the germ cells from phylogenetically distant species12. An alternative approach is transplantation of germ cells from large species together with their surrounding somatic compartment. We first reported in 2002, that small fragments of testis tissue from immature males transplanted under the dorsal skin of immunodeficient mice are able to survive and undergo full development with the production of fertilization competent sperm13. Since then testis tissue xenografting has been shown to be successful in many species and emerged as a valuable alternative to study testis development and spermatogenesis of large animals in mice14.

Protocols for germ cell transplantation and testis tissue xenografting are described. Germ cell transplantation results in donor-derived spermatogenesis in recipient testes and represents a functional reconstitution assay for identification of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). Testis tissue xenografting reproduces testis development and spermatogenesis of various donor species in recipient mice.

נבט השתלת ורקמות testis Xenografting ב עכברים

Germ cell transplantation was developed by Dr. Ralph Brinster and colleagues at the University of Pennsylvania in 19941,2. These ground-breaking studies ...

Rapid Isolation And Purification Of Mitochondria For Transplantation By Tissue Dissociation And Differential Filtration

Previously described mitochondrial isolation methods using differential centrifugation and/or Ficoll gradient centrifugation require 60 to 100 min to complete. We describe a method for the rapid isolation of mitochondria from mammalian biopsies using a commercial tissue dissociator and differential filtration. In this protocol, manual homogenization is replaced with the tissue dissociator&#8217;s standardized homogenization cycle. This allows for uniform and consistent homogenization of tissue that is not easily achieved with manual homogenization. Following tissue dissociation, the homogenate is filtered through nylon mesh filters, which eliminate repetitive centrifugation steps. As a result, mitochondrial isolation can be performed in less than 30 min. This isolation protocol yields approximately 2 x 1010 viable and respiration competent mitochondria from 0.18 &#177; 0.04 g (wet weight) tissue sample.

A method for rapid isolation of mitochondria from mammalian tissue biopsies is described. Rat liver or skeletal muscle preparations were homogenized with a commercial tissue dissociator and mitochondria were isolated by differential filtration through nylon mesh filters. Mitochondrial isolation time is &#60;30 min compared to 60 - 100 min using alternative methods.

בידוד מהיר וטיהור של מיטוכונדריה להשתלה על ידי דיסוציאציה רקמות ודיפרנציאל סינון

Previously described mitochondrial isolation methods using differential centrifugation and/or Ficoll gradient centrifugation require 60 to 100 min to ...

A Mouse Model of Intestinal Partial Obstruction

Intestinal obstructions, that impede or block peristaltic movement, can be caused by abdominal adhesions and most gastrointestinal (GI) diseases including tumorous growths. However, the cellular remodeling mechanisms involved in, and caused by, intestinal obstructions are poorly understood. Several animal models of intestinal obstructions have been developed, but the mouse model is the most cost/time effective. The mouse model uses the surgical implantation of an intestinal partial obstruction (PO) that has a high mortality rate if it is not performed correctly. In addition, mice receiving PO surgery fail to develop hypertrophy if an appropriate blockade is not used or not properly placed. Here, we describe a detailed protocol for PO surgery which produces reliable and reproducible intestinal obstructions with a very low mortality rate. This protocol utilizes a surgically placed silicone ring that surrounds the ileum which partially blocks digestive movement in the small intestine. The partial blockage makes the intestine become dilated due to the halt of digestive movement. The dilation of the intestine induces smooth muscle hypertrophy on the oral side of the ring that progressively develops over 2 weeks until it causes death. The surgical PO mouse model offers an in vivo model of hypertrophic intestinal tissue useful for studying pathological changes of intestinal cells including smooth muscle cells (SMC), interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), PDGFR&#945;+, and neuronal cells during the development of intestinal obstruction.

Intestinal obstructions are a partial or complete blockage of the intestine that can cause severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and preventing the passage of stool. This procedure for creating intestinal partial obsructions in mice is reliable in studying the mechanisms underlying pathological cell growth and death in the intestine.

דגם העכבר של חסימת מעיים חלקית

Intestinal obstructions, that impede or block peristaltic movement, can be caused by abdominal adhesions and most gastrointestinal (GI) diseases including ...

Planarian Scrunching as a Quantitative Behavioral Readout for Noxious Stimuli Sensing

Freshwater planarians normally glide smoothly through ciliary propulsion on their ventral side. Certain environmental conditions, however, can induce musculature-driven forms of locomotion: peristalsis or scrunching. While peristalsis results from a ciliary defect, scrunching is independent of cilia function and is a specific response to certain stimuli, including amputation, noxious temperature, extreme pH, and ethanol. Thus, these two musculature-driven gaits are mechanistically distinct. However, they can be difficult to distinguish qualitatively. Here, we provide a protocol for inducing scrunching using various physical and chemical stimuli. We detail the quantitative characterization of scrunching, which can be used to distinguish it from peristalsis and gliding, using freely available software. Since scrunching is a universal planarian gait, albeit with characteristic species-specific differences, this protocol can be broadly applied to all species of planarians, when using appropriate considerations. To demonstrate this, we compare the response of the two most popular planarian species used in behavioral research, Dugesia japonica and Schmidtea mediterranea, to the same set of physical and chemical stimuli. Furthermore, the specificity of scrunching allows this protocol to be used in conjunction with RNA interference and/or pharmacological exposure to dissect the molecular targets and neuronal circuits involved, potentially providing mechanistic insight into important aspects of nociception and neuromuscular communication.

Freshwater planarians exhibit three gaits (gliding, peristalsis, and scrunching) that are distinguishable by quantitative behavioral analysis. We describe a method to induce scrunching using various noxious stimuli, quantification thereof, and distinction from peristalsis and gliding. Using gene knockdown, we demonstrate the specificity of scrunching as a quantitative phenotypic readout.

התכתוב תכנון כקריאה התנהגותית כמותית עבור חישת גירויים מזיקים

Freshwater planarians normally glide smoothly through ciliary propulsion on their ventral side. Certain environmental conditions, however, can induce ...

Dosimetry for Cell Irradiation using Orthovoltage (40-300 kV) X-Ray Facilities

The importance of dosimetry protocols and standards for radiobiological studies is self-evident. Several protocols have been proposed for dose determination using low energy X-ray facilities, but depending on the irradiation configurations, samples, materials or beam quality, it is sometimes difficult to know which protocol is the most appropriate to employ. We, therefore, propose a dosimetry protocol for cell irradiations using low energy X-ray facility. The aim of this method is to perform the dose estimation at the level of the cell monolayer to make it as close as possible to real cell irradiation conditions. The different steps of the protocol are as follows: determination of the irradiation parameters (high voltage, intensity, cell container etc.), determination of the beam quality index (high voltage-half value layer couple), dose rate measurement with ionization chamber calibrated in air kerma conditions, quantification of the attenuation and scattering of the cell culture medium with EBT3 radiochromic films, and determination of the dose rate at the cellular level. This methodology must be performed for each new cell irradiation configuration as the modification of only one parameter can strongly impact the real dose deposition at the level of the cell monolayer, particularly involving low energy X-rays.

Dosimetry for Cell Irradiation using Orthovoltage 40-300 kV X-Ray Facilities

This document describes a new dosimetry protocol for cell irradiations using low energy X-ray equipment. Measurements are performed in conditions simulating real cell irradiation conditions as much as possible.