טכניקת לימוד של פרוקים-רגליים וקהילות חיידקים בתוך רקמות עץ

The overall goal of this procedure is to create an apparatus called AOL sandwich, which allows for the introduction and observation of arthropods microbes and other organisms that inhabit fall tissue. The provided protocol sometimes with slight variation, has been an effective tool for researchers and educators to study bark beetles, mites, Nematodes, and fungi. First, a suitable tree is Located.

Then the bark is removed to reveal the F flom layer. Once the flom is removed, it is brought back to the lab, or it's placed between two pieces of plexiglass. Once it's sealed and tightly clamped, you're then ready to introduce the organism.

Under study, pine trees have a distinctive flow layer that can be several millimeters thick. The organism under study will dictate which species of F flow is required. Here we're in a Ponderosa pine forest in Northern Arizona.

We're searching for an ideal tree that is modestly sized, has a large crown and few lower branches. Here we've located a suitable tree. These characteristics will likely provide flow that is thick and easier to remove because every branch must be cut around when removing the flow.

Here's an example of the Equipment we use to harvest a tree. Remember, filling a tree is dangerous and should only be done by an experienced individual with the proper safety gear. Once the tree is safely on the ground, begin removing the branches.

Then cut the ball into manageable pieces, usually around six to eight feet, depending on the tree's diameter. Now it's time to remove the bark. Here's an example of the tools we use to accomplish this.

John Ice are indispensable during this process, carefully scrape away the bark until hints of white or light tan or visible denoting the flow layer. It's important not to gouge this layer because it greatly reduces its usefulness later. Once a portion of the tree is adequately debarked, use a knife to cut out the fullam piece.

Carefully pull up on this layer while cutting on the underside if necessary. Note that some trees are easier to remove the fallen than others. Patience is key.

When working with a difficult tree, summer is generally an easier time Of year to remove the fallen. Once we collect five to seven pieces In the plastic bag, we transfer this to a vacuum sealer bag that we bring into the field. It's best to store these bags slightly above freezing.

We now have completed the field component of this Protocol and head back to the lab to construct the sandwich. Here's what we use to construct the sandwich. Along the bottom are various plexiglass plates and pairs.

Paraform is used to seal the edges and clamps are used to ensure there's no space in between the plexiglass and the flow. Once the plexiglass pieces are cut and drilled, they're then sterilized with 90%or greater. Ethanol start constructing the sandwich by removing a fresh piece of flow and size.

It appropriately for the piece of plexiglass. Glass can also be substituted for plexiglass. Various size sandwiches can also be made to suit different organisms and trial lengths.

For example, a pair of bark beetles might use a four demeter squared fallen piece over a month, but will only need a one Demeter squared piece if the study takes place within several days. Note that you can also change the number of entry points in the plexiglass to introduce multiple organisms at once. This is useful to observe competition or predation by different species.

Now, two inch paraform is used to seal the edges. Other materials can be used to seal such as non-G gluing epoxy or petroleum jelly. Next place a sufficient number of clamps around the edge to tightly hold the plexiglass to the flow layer.

We are now ready to introduce the study Organism. In our lab, we often use the Provided protocol to observe bark beetles and associated organisms. It provides a great opportunity to observe things such as daily tunneling length and egg production, among many other things.

We can also extract the chemical emissions, spark beetles, produce, and analyze them later, or we can initiate a treatment and observe the response. Here, a bark beetle is attempting to move away from an acoustic treatment. We've also observed mites, nematodes, and insect predators using this protocol.

After watching this video, you should be able to construct a flown sandwich and modify to fit your particular study needs. In addition to being an effective research tool, this procedure is excellent for educational and discovery purposes for students ranging from elementary school To the college level.