The present study was supported by grants from Kidney Research UK (ST4/2011), the Cunningham Trust (CT11/14), the Mrs AE Hogg Charitable Trust for Kidney Research and the Renal Endowment Fund of the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh.

הדרכה כללית: ניסויים בבעלי חיים בוצעו בהתאם להנחיות ותקנות שהוטלו על ידי בעלי חיים (הליכים מדעיים) Act 1986. פרוטוקול זה והפרוטוקול הנלווה וידאו עבור שני UUO סטנדרטי וR-UUO, שיכול להתבצע על רבים זני עכבר. בסרטון הנלווה, שני ההליכים מתבצעים על C57BL / 6 עכברי זכרים בגילי 8 שבועות. הנתונים שהוצגו בסעיף תוצאות הנציג התקבלו מFVB / n עכברי זכרים. הערה: פרוטוקול זה ונלווה פרטי וידאו כיצד לבצע UUO סטנדרטי וR-UUO ניצול השופכן השמאל, לעומת זאת יכול בקלות להיות מיושמת באותה הטכניקה כדי השופכן תקין. 1. הכנת בעלי החיים וlaparotomy <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לבצע את כל ההליכים עם מכשירים סטריליים (autoclaved) ומתכלים. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> להזריק קטמין הידרוכלוריד (70mg / kg) וhydrochloride medetomidine (1 מ&quot;ג / קילוגרם) intraperitoneally להרדיםהעכבר. הערה: משך מטוס הרדמה וכתוצאה מכך הוא 4 שעות ולא נדרשת הרדמה משלימה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> אשר את עומק ההרדמה על ידי אובדן הרפלקסים למשל, קמצוץ הבוהן. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הסר את כל השיער המקיף את אזור החתך ולהכין את עור הבטן לניתוח באמצעות יישום של פתרון chlorhexidine לדלל. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הנח את העכבר על כרית כירורגית מחוממת במצב שכיבה ולתקן את הגפיים לכרית באמצעות סרט דבק נמוך סימון. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> במהלך ההליך, לפקח על העכבר לסימני כוויות תרמית כתוצאה מהכרית כירורגית המחוממת. אם אפשר להשתמש במקור חום לא חשמלי. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לנהל משכך כאבים על ידי הזרקה תת עורית של hydrochloride עצירות (0.06mg / קילוגרם) ולהחיל חומר סיכה העין כדי למנוע התייבשות של קרנית. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הפוך laparotomy קו האמצע וחתך של alba linea avascular באמצעות מספריים רקמה מפרידה כדי לקבל גישה לחלל הצפק. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לעטוף את העכבר והכנס COLIBRIמפשק לתוך החתך. </li></ol> חסימת 2. חד-צדדי Ureteric <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> שימוש בניצני כותנה מעוקר לחשוף את השופכן שהותיר עקירת המעיים לכיוון הצד הימני של חלל הבטן ומכסה אותם עם וילונות לחים. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בעזרת מלקחיים זווית לבודד ולהרים את השופכן השמאל. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> כדי ליצור חסימת ureteric, לקשור השופכן שמאל פעמיים עם 6 / O תפר משי שחור קלוע בכל מקום בין שלפוחית ​​השתן ואגן כליה. בניסויים לטווח ארוכים, להשתמש בתפר נספג עבור כל ניתוחי הבטן. לחלופין, קליפ ligating יכול להיות מיושם על השופכן. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> כדי לבודד את שלפוחית ​​השתן משופכן, לחלק את השופכן בין שני התפרים. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> להחליף את המעיים בזהירות לתוך חלל הצפק. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בצע את השלבים המפורטים בסעיף 4 - שחזור לאחר ניתוח וטיפול כדי לסגור את החתך ולהפוך את ההרדמה. </li></ol> 3. הכנה לReversiblחסימת הדואר חד צדדי Ureteric <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הכן עכבר לניתוח ולבודד את השופכן השמאל כמפורט בשלבים 1.1-2.2 לעיל. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> כדי ליצור חסימת ureteric שיכול להיות הפוכה, ולקשור השופכן שמאל פעמיים עם 6 / O תפר משי שחור קלוע קרוב לשלפוחית ​​השתן. השאר קצה אחד של התפר העליון עוד זה ישמש לעגן את צינורות פלסטיק הרכים מוקפי חומה במקום סביב השופכן. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הפוך חריץ אורכי באורך 5 מ&quot;מ של צינורות פלסטיק מוקפי חומה רך כזה שניתן פשק אותה פתוח כדי לאפשר לו להיות מיושם בדרכי השתן. כל צינורות פלסטיק סיליקון מוקפי חומה רכה, עם קוטר פנימי של 1 מ&quot;מ וקוטר חיצוני של 2 מ&quot;מ, ניתן להשתמש. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מניחים את צינורות פלסטיק מוקפי חומה הרכה בעדינות סביב השופכן. ודא שהתפר הארוך עולה ממרכז החריץ בצינור לאחר שהוא נסגר סביב השופכן. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מניחים באורך של 6 / O תפר משי שחור קלוע סביב הצינור המוקף חומה הרכה המקיף את השופכן ולקשורפעם אחת. עכשיו מקום סוף התפר הארוך, מתעורר ממרכז החריץ בצינור, longitudinally פני צינורות כך שהוא נמצא בחלק העליון של התפר קשור בעבר. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לקשור את התפר ממוקם סביב הצינור פעמיים כדי לעגן את צינורות וסופו של דבר התפר הארוך במקום סביב השופכן. הערה: כדי למנוע היווצרות הידבקות בשופכן וצינורות פלסטיק המוקף חומה הרכה, פתרון הפחתת הידבקות יכול להיות מיושם על האזור סביב הצינור. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> להחליף את המעיים בזהירות לתוך חלל הצפק. </li></ol> שחזור 4. לאחר ניתוח וטיפול <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> סגור את הצפק עם שמיכת תפר באמצעות 5 / O תפר משי שחור קלוע ולהתקרב לעור באמצעות קליפים עור מתכתיים. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> כדי למזער את הסיכון לזיהום לאחר ניתוח, חל כגון חיטוי כתמיסת יוד / אלכוהול לעור הבטן. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> חלקית הרדמה הפוכה עם hydrochloride atipamezole (2 מ&quot;ג / קילוגרם) תת עורי. </li&gt; <li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לנהל נוזלים על ידי הזרקה תת עורית של 1 מיליליטר חימם מלוח. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לפקח על העכבר עד שהוא חזר להכרתו. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> אפשר העכבר כדי להתאושש בקופסא מחוממת שמרה על 29 מעלות צלזיוס למשך 24 שעות. יכול להיות גם סיפק מזון טבול לעודד צריכת נוזלים ותזונה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> השאר את העכבר כדי להתאושש כדי לגרום לרמה רצויה של חסימה, בדרך כלל 7 ימים. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בניסויים התאוששות לטווח ארוך, לספק משככי כאבים מתמשכים. אם העכבר הוא להיות התאושש למשך זמן ארוך יותר מ -7 ימים, להסיר את סרטוני עור 7 ימים לאחר ניתוח. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ברגע שהרמה הרצויה של חסימה כבר מושרה, או להפוך את UUO, כפי שיתואר להלן, או להרדים את העכבר על ידי נקע בצוואר הרחם ולאסוף את הכליות לניתוח histopathology. </li></ol> חסימת 5. הפיך חד צדדי Ureteric <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> כדי לבצע R-UUO להכין עכבר, שעבר הכנה לR-UUO, לניתוח כפי שמתואר בשלבים 10.1-1.7. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> אם הווה, להסיר את סרטוני העור ולחלק או להסיר את התפרים בהצפק כדי לקבל גישה לחלל הבטן. הערה: אם השופכן כבר חסום לקטעי עור ניסוי ארוך טווח צריך להיות מודח 7 ימים לאחר יישום. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הכן את העכבר ולבודד את השופכן השמאלי כמתואר בשלבים 1.8-2.2. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בעזרת מלקחיים זווית, לשחרר את צינורות פלסטיק הרכים מוקפי חומה מכל רקמת granulomatous שאולי נוצרה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> חותך את התפר מחזיק צינורות הפלסטיק סביב השופכן החסום עם אזמל ולהסיר את הצינור. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לאשר UUO המוצלח על ידי הערכה לנוכחות של הידרונפרוזיס בכליה השמאלית, הכליות אמורות להופיע חיוורות גם. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מחלקים את השופכן בין התפרים. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הנח את האורך הנותר של השופכן, שצורף לכליות, על פיסה קטנה של גזה סטרילית. זה ישמש כדי לאסוף את משקעי השתן ותאים מתים שיהיה לנקז מהשופכןnd אגן כליה אחת התפר הוסר. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מחלקים את השופכן לעיל, אך קרוב, התפר ולאפשר הכליות לניקוז על גבי הגזה. השאר את התפר התחתון, קרוב לשלפוחית ​​השתן, ללא פגע. זו היא להבטיח כי לא שתן ידלוף משלפוחית ​​השתן ולתוך חלל הצפק. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ברגע שהשופכן ואגן כליה כבר סחוט, להחיל תפר משי ארוך 6 / O שחור קלוע לסוף האורך הנותר של השופכן. זה ישמש כדי לסייע לשופכן להשקת שלפוחית ​​השתן שבוצעה מאוחר יותר. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בצע את השלבים הבאים לanastomose האורך הנותר של השופכן לתוך שלפוחית ​​השתן: <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הפעל השופכן כך שהוא נמצא קדמי למקומו המקורי ושקרים על הכליות. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מניחים תפר Tacking יחיד 9 / O monofilament פוליאמיד 2 מ&quot;מ מהקצה של השופכן כך שהוא עולה לכיוון שלפוחית ​​השתן. תשמור על מנת להבטיח שהתפר נשאר במעיל שרירי ולא להיכנס ללום שופכן. Wil תפר Tackingl לשמש כדי לעגן את השופכן בשלפוחית ​​השתן. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ליצירת ערוץ דרך שלפוחית ​​השתן, לעבור מחט 21G באלכסון דרך שלפוחית ​​השתן כך שעם יציאתו לכיוון הקדמי הקיר (הגחון) של שלפוחית ​​השתן. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לנוח מחט עיניים בשיפוע של מחט 21G. השתמש במחט 21G כדי להנחות את מחט העיניים דרך שלפוחית ​​השתן. מחט העיניים תשמש לקחת השופכן דרך שלפוחית ​​השתן. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לעבור תפר Tacking 9 / O, שהוחל על שופכן בשלב 5.11.2, דרך החתך הראשון בשלפוחית ​​השתן והחוצה דרך קיר שלפוחית ​​השתן הסמוך לנקודת הכניסה. ברגע שהשופכן עובר דרך שלפוחית ​​השתן זה יהיה קשור לעגן את השופכן לשלפוחית ​​השתן. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הנח את התפר הארוך 6 / O שחור קלוע המשי להחיל את הסוף של השופכן בשלב 5.10 דרך מחט העיניים. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לסגת בזהירות את מחט העיניים מחוץ לשלפוחית ​​תוך הבטחה שהשופכן גם משך דרך שלפוחית ​​השתן. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ברגע שהשופכן עולה מהשלפוחית ​​השתן דואר להוציא את מחט העיניים ולהחיל מהדק לתפר הארוך בסוף השופכן כדי למנוע נסיגה לאחור לתוך שלפוחית ​​השתן. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לעגן את השופכן בתוך מקום בשלפוחית ​​השתן, לקשור את תפר נקודת סימון monofilament 9 / O פוליאמיד, הוחל בשלב 5.11.5. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> החל תפרי יחיד נוספים 9 פוליאמיד / O עניבת monofilament כמתואר בשלבים 5.11.2 ו5.11.5 בשני מקומות סביב נקודת הכניסה לעגן את השופכן בשלפוחית ​​השתן בתקיפות. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> שימוש בחלק האחורי של מספריים נפתחו, לדחוף את קיר שלפוחית ​​השתן מעט לאחור כדי לחשוף יותר של השופכן המתהווה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מחלקים את השופכן מעל התפר הארוך ממוקם בקצה של השופכן. שופכן צריכה לחזור לגוף של שלפוחית ​​השתן. זה רגיל להתבונן שתן זורם מתוך הפתח בשלפוחית ​​השתן, המאשר את לומן הפתוח של השופכן. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> סגור את פצע היציאה בשלפוחית ​​השתן עם תפר monofilament פוליאמיד 9 / O. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בזהירות להחליף את המעיים לחלל הצפק. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לספק טיפול שלאחר ניתוח, כמפורט בצעדים 4.1-4.8. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> אפשר העכבר כדי להתאושש עד הכליה ביטול דחיסת, בדרך כלל 7 ימים. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בנקודת סיום הניסוי, להרדים את העכבר על ידי נקע בצוואר הרחם ולאסוף את הכליות לניתוח histopathological. </li></ol>

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	<li>Chevalier, R. L., Forbes, M. S., Thornhill, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ureteral+obstruction+as+a+model+of+renal+interstitial+fibrosis+and+obstructive+nephropathy.">Ureteral obstruction as a model of renal interstitial fibrosis and obstructive nephropathy.</a> Kidney Int. 75, 1145-1152 (2009).</li><li>Kipari, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nitric+oxide+is+an+important+mediator+of+renal+tubular+epithelial+cell+death+in+vitro+and+in+murine+experimental+hydronephrosis.">Nitric oxide is an important mediator of renal tubular epithelial cell death in vitro and in murine experimental hydronephrosis.</a> Am J Pathol. 169, 388-399 (2006).</li><li>Henderson, N. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Galectin-3+expression+and+secretion+links+macrophages+to+the+promotion+of+renal+fibrosis.">Galectin-3 expression and secretion links macrophages to the promotion of renal fibrosis.</a> Am J Pathol. 172, 288-298 (2008).</li><li>Kitamoto, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+liposome+clodronate+on+renal+leukocyte+populations+and+renal+fibrosis+in+murine+obstructive+nephropathy.">Effects of liposome clodronate on renal leukocyte populations and renal fibrosis in murine obstructive nephropathy.</a> J Pharmacol Sci. 111, 285-292 (2009).</li><li>Tapmeier, T. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reimplantation+of+the+ureter+after+unilateral+ureteral+obstruction+provides+a+model+that+allows+functional+evaluation.">Reimplantation of the ureter after unilateral ureteral obstruction provides a model that allows functional evaluation.</a> Kidney Int. 73, 885-889 (2008).</li><li>Cochrane, A. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Renal+structural+and+functional+repair+in+a+mouse+model+of+reversal+of+ureteral+obstruction.">Renal structural and functional repair in a mouse model of reversal of ureteral obstruction.</a> J Am Soc Nephrol. 16, 3623-3630 (2005).</li><li>Puri, T. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+kidney+disease+induced+in+mice+by+reversible+unilateral+ureteral+obstruction+is+dependent+on+genetic+background.">Chronic kidney disease induced in mice by reversible unilateral ureteral obstruction is dependent on genetic background.</a> Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 298, F1024-F1032 (2010).</li><li>Heikkila, J., Holmberg, C., Kyllonen, L., Rintala, R., Taskinen, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+risk+of+end+stage+renal+disease+in+patients+with+posterior+urethral+valves.">Long-term risk of end stage renal disease in patients with posterior urethral valves.</a> J Urol. 186, 2392-2396 (2011).</li><li>Ravanan, R., Tomson, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Natural+history+of+postobstructive+nephropathy:+a+single-center+retrospective+study.">Natural history of postobstructive nephropathy: a single-center retrospective study.</a> Nephron Clin Pract. 105, c165-c170 (2007).</li><li>Bascands, J. L., Schanstra, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Obstructive+nephropathy:+insights+from+genetically+engineered+animals.">Obstructive nephropathy: insights from genetically engineered animals.</a> Kidney Int. 68, 925-937 (2005).</li><li>Park, H. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Postobstructive+regeneration+of+kidney+is+derailed+when+surge+in+renal+stem+cells+during+course+of+unilateral+ureteral+obstruction+is+halted.">Postobstructive regeneration of kidney is derailed when surge in renal stem cells during course of unilateral ureteral obstruction is halted.</a> Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 298, F357-F364 (2010).</li><li>Manson, S. R., Niederhoff, R. A., Hruska, K. A., Austin, P. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endogenous+BMP-7+is+a+critical+molecular+determinant+of+the+reversibility+of+obstruction-induced+renal+injuries.">Endogenous BMP-7 is a critical molecular determinant of the reversibility of obstruction-induced renal injuries.</a> Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 301, F1293-F1302 (2011).</li><li>Manson, S. R., Niederhoff, R. A., Hruska, K. A., Austin, P. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+BMP-7-Smad1/5/8+pathway+promotes+kidney+repair+after+obstruction+induced+renal+injury.">The BMP-7-Smad1/5/8 pathway promotes kidney repair after obstruction induced renal injury.</a> J Urol. 185, 2523-2530 (2011).</li><li>Chaves, L. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contrasting+effects+of+systemic+monocyte/macrophage+and+CD4++T+cell+depletion+in+a+reversible+ureteral+obstruction+mouse+model+of+chronic+kidney+disease.">Contrasting effects of systemic monocyte/macrophage and CD4+ T cell depletion in a reversible ureteral obstruction mouse model of chronic kidney disease.</a> Clin Dev Immunol. 2013, 836-989 (2013).</li><li>Haque, M. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Longitudinal+changes+in+MRI+markers+in+a+reversible+unilateral+ureteral+obstruction+mouse+model:+preliminary+experience.">Longitudinal changes in MRI markers in a reversible unilateral ureteral obstruction mouse model: preliminary experience.</a> J Magn Reson Imaging. 39, 835-841 (2014).</li><li>Bai, Z. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Arterially+transplanted+mesenchymal+stem+cells+in+a+mouse+reversible+unilateral+ureteral+obstruction+model:+in+vivo+bioluminescence+imaging+and+effects+on+renal+fibrosis.">Arterially transplanted mesenchymal stem cells in a mouse reversible unilateral ureteral obstruction model: in vivo bioluminescence imaging and effects on renal fibrosis.</a> Chinese Med J. 126, 1890-1894 (2013).</li><li>Chaabane, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Renal+functional+decline+and+glomerulotubular+injury+are+arrested+but+not+restored+by+release+of+unilateral+ureteral+obstruction+(UUO).">Renal functional decline and glomerulotubular injury are arrested but not restored by release of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO).</a> Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 304, F432-F439 (2013).</li><li>Thornhill, B. A., Burt, L. E., Chen, C., Forbes, M. S., Chevalier, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Variable+chronic+partial+ureteral+obstruction+in+the+neonatal+rat:+a+new+model+of+ureteropelvic+junction+obstruction.">Variable chronic partial ureteral obstruction in the neonatal rat: a new model of ureteropelvic junction obstruction.</a> Kidney Int. 67, 42-52 (2005).</li><li>Thornhill, B. A., Chevalier, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Variable+partial+unilateral+ureteral+obstruction+and+its+release+in+the+neonatal+and+adult+mouse.">Variable partial unilateral ureteral obstruction and its release in the neonatal and adult mouse.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 886, 381-392 (2012).</li></ol>

יש הסופרים לא מתחרים או סותר אינטרסים לחשוף.

Obstruction of the kidney may affect native or transplanted kidneys and results in kidney injury and scarring. The R-UUO model is of relevance to human disease as patients often present with obstruction of the renal tract secondary to prostatic hypertrophy, posterior urethral valves etc. that requires decompression with patients commonly left with significant residual kidney impairment that has no current treatment options and may eventually lead to end stage kidney disease.8,9 The models detailed here enable ...

The overall aim of the experimental model described here is to induce obstructive nephropathy by unilateral ureteric obstruction (UUO), which can either be irreversible (UUO) or reversible (R-UUO). A simple irreversible model of UUO is presented in which the left ureter is permanently obstructed by ligation with a suture or by the application of a ligating clip. This results in marked dilatation of the ureter together with reduced renal blood flow and glomerular filtration. Renal histology demonstrates tubular dilatation and increasingly severe interstitial renal inflammation and fibrosis. Irreversible UUO is a useful model and has been adopted by many researchers in the study of both renal inflammation and fibrosis.1-4 Although the irreversible model of UUO requires some surgical expertise it is relatively straightforward and is often used to seek insights into the pathogenesis of interstitial renal injury and the ensuing fibrosis. Also presented is a less frequently used R-UUO model using a modification of the method originally described by Tapmeier et al.5 The R-UUO model has much future potential for the study of inflammatory and immune processes, cellular and tissue regeneration as well as the subsequent tissue remodeling following the removal of an injurious stimulus. 
The more challenging R-UUO model has been used by a limited number of investigators with some groups employing a significantly different surgical technique to that described here6,7 though with interesting results. In the R-UUO model presented, the ureter is ligated to induce complete ureteric obstruction for a period of time sufficient to induce the level of injury and fibrosis desired: 7 days of UUO was chosen in the method described here. The ureteric obstruction is reversed and the kidney is allowed to decompress for a period of time determined by the investigator before the mice are culled and the kidney removed for analysis: 7 days of decompression was chosen in the method described here though a longer period would be chosen if the resolution of inflammation and fibrosis was being studied. Although the method described here requires significant surgical expertise, it offers several advantages over other R-UUO models. The application of soft walled plastic tubing to the obstructed ureter prevents excessive ureteric dilation and this facilitates the subsequent manipulation and anastomosis of the ureter. Furthermore, in the described R-UUO model the ureter is divided thereby allowing the removal of any residual urinary sediment and debris. This confirms that the remaining ureter lumen is de-obstructed and patent prior to anastomosis to the bladder. 
Experiments incorporating both the irreversible and reversible UUO models can provide researchers with a powerful insight into the molecular and cellular mechanisms of both injury and subsequent resolution and regeneration. Thus, the model of R-UUO described here would be highly relevant to researchers interested in post-inflammatory tissue remodeling and how this can be modulated.

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	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Blunt Dissecting Scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14072-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spring Scissors &#8211; straight</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>15000-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Toothed forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11021-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Angled forceps x 2</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>00649-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Straight forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>00632-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Colibri 3cm wire retractor</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>17000-03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Castroviejo needle holder with lock</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>12565-14</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wound clip applicator</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>12031-07</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>7mm wound clips</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>12032-07</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Castroviejo micro needle holder with lock</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>12060-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OPMI pico microscope</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td>S100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heat electronic pad</td>
			<td>Cozee Comfort</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6/O silk braided suture</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td>72-3287</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>9/O Dafilon (polyamide) suture</td>
			<td>B-Braun</td>
			<td>G1111434</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5/O braided silk suture</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td>51-7680</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Regular bevel needle, 1 inch, 21G</td>
			<td>Becton, Dickinson and Company</td>
			<td>305175</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 ml syringe slip tip</td>
			<td>Becton, Dickinson and Company</td>
			<td>300184</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wypall paper swabs</td>
			<td>Kimberley-Clark</td>
			<td>L40</td>
			<td>Sterilised (Autoclave)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cotton wool buds</td>
			<td>Johnson and Johnson</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>Sterilised (Autoclave)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plain drapes</td>
			<td>Guardian</td>
			<td>CB03</td>
			<td>Sterilised (Autoclave)</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Soft wall silicone rubber tubing</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Silicone tubing - internal diameter 1.0 mm; external diameter 2.0 mm; wall thickness 0.6 mm</td>
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			<td>(Lacri-Lube) White soft paraffin 57.3%, mineral oil 42.5% and lanolin alcohols 0.2%</td>
			<td>Allergan Ltd</td>
			<td>21956GB10X</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>(Videne) Povidone-iodine 10%</td>
			<td>Ecolab Ltd</td>
			<td>PL 04509/0041</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>(Vetalar V) Ketamine hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Pfizer Animal Health</td>
			<td>Vm 42058/4165</td>
			<td>100mg/ml solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>(Domitor) Medetomidine hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Orion Pharma</td>
			<td>Vm 06043/4003</td>
			<td>1mg/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>(Vetergesic) Bupernorphine hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Alsto Animal Health</td>
			<td>Vm 00063/4002</td>
			<td>0.3mg/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>(Antisedan) Atipamezole hydrochoride</td>
			<td>Orion Pharma</td>
			<td>Vm 06043/4004</td>
			<td>5mg/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>(Adept) 4% Icodextrin</td>
			<td>Baxter</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Adhesion reduction solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl 0.9%</td>
			<td>Baxter</td>
			<td>FKE1323</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
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a murine model of irreversible and reversible unilateral ureteric obstruction

Obstruction of the kidney may affect native or transplanted kidneys and results in kidney injury and scarring. Presented here is a model of obstructive nephropathy induced by unilateral ureteric obstruction (UUO), which can either be irreversible (UUO) or reversible (R-UUO). In the irreversible UUO model, the ureter may be obstructed for variable periods of time in order to induce increasingly severe renal inflammation and interstitial fibrotic scarring. In the reversible R-UUO model the ureter is obstructed to induce hydronephrosis, tubular dilation and inflammation. After a suitable period of time the ureteric obstruction is then surgically reversed by anastomosis of the severed previously obstructed ureter to the bladder in order to allow complete decompression of the kidney and restoration of urinary flow to the bladder. The irreversible UUO model has been used to investigate various aspects of renal inflammation and scarring including the pathogenesis of disease and the testing of potential anti-inflammatory or anti-fibrotic therapies. The more challenging model of R-UUO has been used by some investigators and does offer significant research potential as it allows the study of inflammatory and immune processes and tissue remodeling in an injured and scarred kidney following the removal of the injurious stimulus. As a result, the R-UUO model offers investigators the opportunity to explore the resolution of kidney inflammation together with key aspects of tissue repair. These experimental models are of relevance to human disease as patients often present with obstruction of the renal tract that requires decompression and are commonly left with significant residual kidney impairment that has no current treatment options and may lead to eventual end stage kidney failure.

המראה של השינויים בכליות במידה ניכר בעקבות חסימת ureteric והוא הופך להיות חיוור ומתוח למישוש עם זמן (איור 1). יש הרחבה הולכת וגדל של הפרוקסימלי שופכן לחסימה ואגן הכליה. הכליות הופכת יותר ויותר מכולה כמשך עליות נפרופתיה חסימתית עם חסימה ממושכת וכתוצאה מכך דילול נ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Murine Model of Irreversible and Reversible Unilateral Ureteric Obstruction at JoVE.com

A Murine Model of Irreversible and Reversible Unilateral Ureteric Obstruction

The murine model of irreversible unilateral ureteric obstruction (UUO) is presented together with the model of reversible UUO in which the ureteric obstruction is relieved by anastomosis of the severed ureter into the bladder. These models enable the study of renal inflammation and scarring as well as tissue remodeling.

דגם Murine של חסימת Ureteric חד-צדדית בלתי הפיכה והפיכה

Obstruction of the kidney may affect native or transplanted kidneys and results in kidney injury and scarring. Presented here is a model of obstructive ...

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Medicine

30.0K Views.  University of Edinburgh. The murine model of irreversible unilateral ureteric obstruction (UUO) is presented together with the model of reversible UUO in which the ureteric obstruction is relieved by anastomosis of the severed ureter into the bladder. These models enable the study of renal inflammation and scarring as well as tissue remodeling.

Video: A Murine Model of Irreversible and Reversible Unilateral Ureteric Obstruction

Creation of Reversible Cholestatic Rat Model

Cholestasis is a clinical condition commonly encountered by both surgeons and gastroenterologists. Cholestasis can cause various physiological changes and affect the nutritional status and surgical outcomes. Study of the pathophysiological changes occurring in the liver and other organs is of importance. Various studies have been done in cholestatic rat models.
We used a reversible cholestatic rat model in our recent study looking at the role of methylprednisolone in the ischemia reperfusion injury. Various techniques for creation of a reversible cholestatic model have been described. Creation of a reversible cholestatic rat model can be challenging in view of the smaller size and unique hepatopancreatobiliary anatomy in rats. This video article demonstrates the creation of a reversible cholestatic model.
This model can be used in various studies, such as looking at the changes in nutritional, physiological, pathological, histological and immunological changes in the gastrointestinal tract. This model can also be used to see the effects of cholestasis and various therapeutic interventions on major hepatic surgeries.

Cholestasis is a clinical condition commonly encountered by both surgeons and gastroenterologists. Creation of a reversible cholestatic rat model can be challenging in view of the smaller size and unique hepatopancreatobiliary anatomy in rats. This video article demonstrates the creation of a reversible cholestatic model.

יצירתו של מודל הפיך עכברוש Cholestatic

Cholestasis is a clinical condition commonly encountered by both surgeons and gastroenterologists. Cholestasis can cause various physiological changes and ...

A Contusive Model of Unilateral Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Using the Infinite Horizon Impactor

While the majority of human spinal cord injuries occur in the cervical spinal cord, the vast majority of laboratory research employs animal models of spinal cord injury (SCI) in which the thoracic spinal cord is injured. Additionally, because most human cord injuries occur as the result of blunt, non-penetrating trauma (e.g. motor vehicle accident, sporting injury) where the spinal cord is violently struck by displaced bone or soft tissues, the majority of SCI researchers are of the opinion that the most clinically relevant injury models are those in which the spinal cord is rapidly contused.1 Therefore, an important step in the preclinical evaluation of novel treatments on their way to human translation is an assessment of their efficacy in a model of contusion SCI within the cervical spinal cord. Here, we describe the technical aspects and resultant anatomical and behavioral outcomes of an unilateral contusive model of cervical SCI that employs the Infinite Horizon spinal cord injury impactor.
Sprague Dawley rats underwent a left-sided unilateral laminectomy at C5. To optimize the reproducibility of the biomechanical, functional, and histological outcomes of the injury model, we contused the spinal cords using an impact force of 150 kdyn, an impact trajectory of 22.5&deg; (animals rotated at 22.5&deg;), and an impact location off of midline of 1.4 mm. Functional recovery was assessed using the cylinder rearing test, horizontal ladder test, grooming test and modified Montoya's staircase test for up to 6 weeks, after which the spinal cords were evaluated histologically for white and grey matter sparing.
The injury model presented here imparts consistent and reproducible biomechanical forces to the spinal cord, an important feature of any experimental SCI model. This results in discrete histological damage to the lateral half of the spinal cord which is largely contained to the ipsilateral side of injury. The injury is well tolerated by the animals, but does result in functional deficits of the forelimb that are significant and sustained in the weeks following injury. The cervical unilateral injury model presented here may be a resource to researchers who wish to evaluate potentially promising therapies prior to human translation.

A reliable and repeatable way to produce a cervical unilateral spinal cord injury using the Infinite Horizon impactor is described. The method takes advantage of a custom designed frame and clamp to stabilize the spine. The standardized procedure and biomechanical injury parameters result in sufficient and sustained injuries.

דגם Contusive של פגיעה בחוט השדרה באמצעות צוואר הרחם חד צדדית Impactor אופק אינסופי

While the majority of human spinal cord injuries occur in the cervical spinal cord, the vast majority of laboratory research employs animal models of ...

A Murine Closed-chest Model of Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion

Surgical trauma by thoracotomy in open-chest models of coronary ligation induces an immune response which modifies different mechanisms involved in ischemia and reperfusion. Immune response includes cytokine expression and release or secretion of endogenous ligands of innate immune receptors. Activation of innate immunity can potentially modulate infarct size. We have modified an existing murine closed-chest model using hanging weights which could be useful for studying myocardial pre- and postconditioning and the role of innate immunity in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. This model allows animals to recover from surgical trauma before onset of myocardial ischemia.
Volatile anesthetics have been intensely studied and their preconditioning effect for the ischemic heart is well known. However, this protective effect precludes its use in open chest models of coronary artery ligation. Thus, another advantage could be the use of the well controllable volatile anesthetics for instrumentation in a chronic closed-chest model, since their preconditioning effect lasts up to 72 hours. Chronic heart diseases with intermittent ischemia and multiple hit models are other possible applications of this model.
For the chronic closed-chest model, intubated and ventilated mice undergo a lateral blunt thoracotomy via the 4th intercostal space. Following identification of the left anterior descending a ligature is passed underneath the vessel and both suture ends are threaded through an occluder. Then, both suture ends are passed through the chest wall, knotted to form a loop and left in the subcutaneous tissue. After chest closure and recovery for 5 days, mice are anesthetized again, chest skin is reopened and hanging weights are hooked up to the loop under ECG control.
At the end of the ischemia/reperfusion protocol, hearts can be stained with TTC for infarct size assessment or undergo perfusion fixation to allow morphometric studies in addition to histology and immunohistochemistry.

Surgical trauma induces an inflammatory response. Cytokines and endogenous ligands are known to modulate myocardial infarct size following ischemia and reperfusion. We present a modified closed-chest model of murine ischemia and reperfusion using hanging weights to minimize effects of thoracotomy.

דגם Murine סגור החזה של איסכמיה של שריר הלב reperfusion

Surgical trauma by thoracotomy in open-chest models of coronary ligation induces an immune response which modifies different mechanisms involved in ...

Murine Model of Wound Healing

Wound healing and repair are the most complex biological processes that occur in human life. After injury, multiple biological pathways become activated. Impaired wound healing, which occurs in diabetic patients for example, can lead to severe unfavorable outcomes such as amputation. There is, therefore, an increasing impetus to develop novel agents that promote wound repair. The testing of these has been limited to large animal models such as swine, which are often impractical. Mice represent the ideal preclinical model, as they are economical and amenable to genetic manipulation, which allows for mechanistic investigation. However, wound healing in a mouse is fundamentally different to that of humans as it primarily occurs via contraction. Our murine model overcomes this by incorporating a splint around the wound. By splinting the wound, the repair process is then dependent on epithelialization, cellular proliferation and angiogenesis, which closely mirror the biological processes of human wound healing. Whilst requiring consistency and care, this murine model does not involve complicated surgical techniques and allows for the robust testing of promising agents that may, for example, promote angiogenesis or inhibit inflammation. Furthermore, each mouse acts as its own control as two wounds are prepared, enabling the application of both the test compound and the vehicle control on the same animal. In conclusion, we demonstrate a practical, easy-to-learn, and robust model of wound healing, which is comparable to that of humans.

A murine model of cutaneous wound healing that can be used to assess therapeutic compounds in physiological and pathophysiological settings.

מודל עכברי של ריפוי פצע

Wound healing and repair are the most complex biological processes that occur in human life. After injury, multiple biological pathways become activated. ...

A Murine Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

In this video publication a standardized mouse model of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is presented. Bleeding is induced by endovascular Circle of Willis perforation (CWp) and proven by intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring. Thereby a homogenous blood distribution in subarachnoid spaces surrounding the arterial circulation and cerebellar fissures is achieved. Animal physiology is maintained by intubation, mechanical ventilation, and continuous on-line monitoring of various physiological and cardiovascular parameters: body temperature, systemic blood pressure, heart rate, and hemoglobin saturation. Thereby the cerebral perfusion pressure can be tightly monitored resulting in a less variable volume of extravasated blood. This allows a better standardization of endovascular filament perforation in mice and makes the whole model highly reproducible. Thus it is readily available for pharmacological and pathophysiological studies in wild type and genetically altered mice.

A standardized mouse model of subarachnoid hemorrhage by intraluminal Circle of Willis perforation is described. Vessel perforation and subarachnoid bleeding are monitored by intracranial pressure monitoring. In addition various vital parameters are recorded and controlled to maintain physiologic conditions.

מודל Murine של תת עכבישי דימום

In this video publication a standardized mouse model of subarachnoid  hemorrhage (SAH) is presented. Bleeding is induced by endovascular Circle of  Willis ...

A Preclinical Murine Model of Hepatic Metastases

Numerous murine models have been developed to study human cancers and advance the understanding of cancer treatment and development. Here, a preclinical, murine pancreatic tumor model of hepatic metastases via a hemispleen injection of syngeneic murine pancreatic tumor cells is described. This model mimics many of the clinical conditions in patients with metastatic disease to the liver. Mice consistently develop metastases in the liver allowing for investigation of the metastatic process, experimental therapy testing, and tumor immunology research.

A preclinical, murine model of hepatic metastases performed via a hemispleen injection technique.

דגם Murine פרה של גרורות כבדית

Numerous murine models have been developed to study human cancers and advance the understanding of cancer treatment and development. Here, a preclinical, ...

Pre-clinical Orthotopic Murine Model of Human Prostate Cancer

To study the multifaceted biology of prostate cancer, pre-clinical in vivo models offer a range of options to uncover critical biological information about this disease. The human orthotopic prostate cancer xenograft mouse model provides a useful alternative approach for understanding the specific interactions between genetically and molecularly altered tumor cells, their organ microenvironment, and for evaluation of efficacy of therapeutic regimens. This is a well characterized model designed to study the molecular events of primary tumor development and it recapitulates the early events in the metastatic cascade prior to embolism and entry of tumor cells into the circulation. Thus it allows elucidation of molecular mechanisms underlying the initial phase of metastatic disease. In addition, this model can annotate drug targets of clinical relevance and is a valuable tool to study prostate cancer progression. In this manuscript we describe a detailed procedure to establish a human orthotopic prostate cancer xenograft mouse model.

Prostate cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. An orthotopic cancer model provides a useful approach to understand the biology of prostate cancer and to evaluate the efficacy of therapeutic regimens. This protocol describes detailed steps necessary to establish an orthotopic prostate cancer mouse model.

דגם Murine Orthotopic פרה-קליני של סרטן ערמונית האדם

To study the multifaceted biology of prostate cancer, pre-clinical in vivo models offer a range of options to uncover critical biological information ...

Generating a Murine Orthotopic Metastatic Breast Cancer Model and Performing Murine Radical Mastectomy

In vivo mouse models to assess breast cancer progression are essential for cancer research, including preclinical drug developments. However, the majority of the practical and technical details are commonly omitted in published manuscripts which, therefore, makes it challenging to reproduce the models, particularly when it involves surgical techniques. Bioluminescence technology allows for the evaluation of small amounts of cancer cells even when a tumor is not palpable. Utilizing luciferase-expressing cancer cells, we establish a breast cancer orthotopic inoculation technique with a high tumorigenesis rate. Lung metastasis is assessed utilizing an ex vivo technique. We, then, establish a mastectomy model with a low local recurrence rate to assess the metastatic tumor burden. Herein, we describe, in detail, the surgical techniques of orthotopic implantation and mastectomy for breast cancer with a high tumorigenesis rate and low local recurrence rates, respectively, to improve breast cancer model efficiency.

We introduce a murine orthotopic breast cancer model and radical mastectomy model with bioluminescence technology to quantify the tumor burden to mimic human breast cancer progression.

יצירת מודל של סרטן שד גרורתי Orthotopic מאתר וביצוע מאתר כריתה רדיקלית

In vivo mouse models to assess breast cancer progression are essential for cancer research, including preclinical drug developments. However, the majority ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

Contractility איזומטרי מדידה של עורק מצע המעי העליון העכבר באמצעות חוט Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...

A Reversible Silicon Oil-Induced Ocular Hypertension Model in Mice

Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a well-documented risk factor for glaucoma. Here we describe a novel, effective method for consistently inducing stable IOP elevation in mice that mimics the post-operative complication of using silicone oil (SO) as a tamponade agent in human vitreoretinal surgery. In this protocol, SO is injected into the anterior chamber of the mouse eye to block the pupil and prevent inflow of aqueous humor. The posterior chamber accumulates aqueous humor and this in turn increases the IOP of the posterior segment. A single SO injection produces reliable, sufficient, and stable IOP elevation, which induces significant glaucomatous neurodegeneration. This model is a true replicate of secondary glaucoma in the eye clinic. To further mimic the clinical setting, SO can be removed from the anterior chamber to reopen the drainage pathway and allow inflow of aqueous humor, which is drained through the trabecular meshwork (TM) at the angle of the anterior chamber. Because IOP quickly returns to normal, the model can be used to test the effect of lowering IOP on glaucomatous retinal ganglion cells. This method is straightforward, does not require special equipment or repeat procedures, closely simulates clinical situations, and may be applicable to diverse animal species. However, minor modifications may be required.

Here, we present a protocol to induce ocular hypertension and glaucomatous neurodegeneration in mouse eyes by intracameral injection of silicone oil and the procedure for silicone oil removal from the anterior chamber to return elevated intraocular pressure to normal.

סיליקון הפיך שמן המושרה מודל יתר לחץ דם בעכברים

Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a well-documented risk factor for glaucoma. Here we describe a novel, effective method for consistently inducing ...