אנו מודים Manel בוליבר עזרתו עבודת השדה. אנו מודים &quot;מונטרי דל טבעי Parc, les Illes ומדי i el Baix Ter&quot; על תמיכתם הרשאות מחקר ודגימה שלנו. המניפולטור מתחת למים תוכנן על ידי איילת דדון-פילוסוף מפוברק על ידי מר פילוסוף. עבודה זו נתמכה על ידי פרוייקט ממשלת ספרד CSI-אלמוג [מספר מענק CGL2013-43106-R כדי RC ומר] ועל ידי המילגה FPU מ &quot;Ministerio דה Educacion, קולטורה y Deporte (MECD)&quot; כדי TM. זוהי תרומה מן Biogeochemistry הימי וקבוצת מחקר גלובל שינוי הממומנת על ידי ממשלת קטלאנית [מספר מענק 2014SGR1029] ומענק ISF 1280-1213 מענק ו BSF 2,012,089 ל G. יהל.

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

פעולות הכנה אספן בקבוקונים עבור DOM וניתוח מזין מאז כלי אספן עשוי אינטראקציה עם המרכיבים מיקרו מומס והקירות סמפלר עשוי להיות מצע לחיידקים צמיחה 30-34, בקבוקונים שונ...

ניזונים ההשעיה benthic לשחק תפקידים חיוניים לתפקוד של מערכות אקולוגיות ימיות 1. על ידי סינון כמויות גדולות של מים 2,3, מסלקים ומפרישות חלקיקים (פלנקטון שאריות) ופזרו תרכובות 1 (והפניות בו) והם סוכן חשוב של צימוד benthic-פלגי 4,5 ו מזין אופניים 6,7. מדויק למדידת החלקיקים ותרכובות מומסות מוסר מופרש על ידי האכלת השעית benthic (כגון ספוגים, ascidians, ורב-שעירים, ו צדפות) היא יסוד להבין אקולוגית הפיסיולוגיה, מטבוליזם, ההאכלה שלהם. יחד עם שאיבת מדידות קצב, הוא גם מאפשר כימות של והנתיבים המזינים בתיווך אורגניזמים אלה ההשפעה האקולוגית שלהם על איכות מים וכן על תהליכים בקנה מידה אקולוגית. בחירת השיטה המתאימה של מדידת שיעורי הסרה וייצור של חלקיקי com מומספאונד על ידי ניזונים מסנן השעיה הוא חיוני להשגת נתונים אמינים בנוגע לפעילות ההאכלה שלהם 8. כפי שצוין על ידי Riisgård ואחרים, תוצאות הטית מתודולוגיות הולמות, לעוות תנאי ניסוי, לייצר הערכות שגויות של בליעה והפרשה של חומרים מסוימים, ויכול להוביל כימות המוטעית של והנתיבים המזינים מעובד על ידי אורגניזמים אלה. שתי השיטות הנפוצות ביותר למדוד חלקיקים ונתיבים מזינים מומסים ניזונים מסננים לכלול הן דגירה (טכניקות עקיפות) או אוסף סימולטני של סביבה ומי נשף (טכניקות ישירות). טכניקות דגירה מבוססות על מדידת קצב השינוי בריכוז החלקיקים וחומרים המזינים המומסים במים וטופחו, והערכת קצב ההפקה או הסרה בהשוואה לקבוצת ביקורת נאותה 8. עם זאת, מצרף אורגניזם בתא דגירה יכול לשנות feedin שלהg ושאיבת התנהגות עקב שינויים במשטר הזרימה הטבעי, בשל ירידת חמצן ו / או בריכוז מזון, או בשל הצטברות של תרכובות הפרשה ב 7,9 מי דגירה (והפניות בו). בנוסף להשפעות של כליאה ואספקת מים שונה, הטיה גדולה של טכניקות דגירה נובעת תופעות מחדש סינון (ראה למשל 10). למרות שחלק בעיות מתודולוגיות אלה הוכרעו באמצעות הנפח והצורה התקין של כלי הדגירה 11 או עם כניסתה של מערכת פעמון-צנצנת הסירקולציה המחודשת באתרו 12, טכניקה זו לעתים קרובות ממעיטה בערך שיעורי הסרה והפקה. כימות מטבוליזם של תרכובות מומסות כגון חנקן אורגני מומס (דון) ופחמן (DOC) או חומרים מזינים אורגניים, הוכיח להיות מועדים במיוחד להטיות נגרמות על ידי טכניקות דגירת 13. בשנות ה -60 המאוחרות וה -70 המוקדמות, הנרי Reiswig9,14,15 חלוץ ביישום של טכניקות ישירות לכמת הסרת חלקיק ידי ספוגי הקאריביים ענקים, על ידי בנפרד דגימת המים השואפים ונושפת ידי האורגניזמים באתרו. בשל הקושי ליישם את הטכניקה של Reiswig על ניזונים השעיה קטנים בתנאים תת מאתגרים יותר, את חלק הארי של מחקר בתחום זה הוגבל במעבדה (in vitro) שימוש בטכניקות דגירה עקיפות בעיקר 16. יהל ועמיתיו שהותאמו Reiswig של ישיר בטכניקה באתרו לעבוד בתנאים בקנה מידה קטן יותר. שיטתם, כינת INEX 16, מבוסס על דגימה מתחת למים סימולטני של המים בשאיפה (ב) ונשף (Ex) על ידי אורגניזמים באין מפריע. ריכוז שונה של חומר (למשל, חיידקים) בין זוג דגימות (INEX) מספק מדד של שימור (או ייצור) של החומר הזה על ידי החיה. טכניקת INEX מעסיקה צינורות פתוחיםמסתמך על סילון excurrent המיוצר על ידי פעילות השאיבה של האורגניזם למד כדי להחליף את מי הסביבה פסיבית בצינור האיסוף. בעוד יהל ועמיתיו בהצלחה יישמו טכניקה זו במחקר של מעל 15 השעיה שונה וקינון מינים (למשל, 17), השיטה מוגבלת על ידי הרמה הגבוהה של עשייה וניסיון הנדרשת, לפי הגודל הזעיר של כמה פתחי excurrent, ועל ידי תנאי ים. כדי להתגבר על המכשולים הללו, פיתחנו טכניקה חלופית המבוססת על שאיבה מבוקרת של מים שנדגמו דרך צינורות דקות (קוטר חיצוני &lt;1.6 מ&quot;מ). מטרתנו הייתה ליצור מכשיר פשוט, אמין, ולא יקר שיאפשר נקי ומבוקר דגימת מים באתרו מנקודת מבט ספציפי מאוד, כגון נקב excurrent של מתקני האכלת השעית benthic. כדי להיות יעיל, השיטה צריכה להיות בלתי פולשניות כדי לא להשפיע על משטר זרימת הסביבה או לשנות את behavior של היצורים שנחקרו. המכשיר המוצג כאן נקרא VacuSIP. זהו פישוט של מערכת SIP שפותח על ידי יהל et al. (2007) 18 לדגימה נקודה מבוססת ROV במעמקי הים. VacuSIP הוא הרבה יותר זול מאשר SIP המקורי וזה הותאם לעבודה מבוססת SCUBA. המערכת תוכננה על פי העקרונות המוצגים ונבדקו על ידי רייט סטיבנס (1978) 19 ו Møhlenberg ו Riisgård (1978) 20 עבור הגדרות במעבדה. למרות שמערכת VacuSIP תוכנן עבור במחקרים באתרו של חילוף החומרים של מתקני האכלה ההשעיה benthic, זה יכול לשמש גם עבור במחקרי מעבדה ובכל מקום מבוקר ונקי, דגימת מים-מקור הצבע נדרש. המערכת שימושית במיוחד כאשר שילוב לאורך תקופות ממושכות (דקות שעות) או filtrations באתרו נדרש. VacuSIP שימש בהצלחה במעבדה יהל מאז 2011, ויש לו גםהועסק בשני מחקרים אחרונים של ונתיבים מזינים בתיווך מינים ספוגים הקאריביים והים תיכוניים 21 (Morganti et al.) שנמסר. שימוש דוגמים ספציפיים, משך הדגימה הממושך, ותנאי השטח, שבו VacuSIP מוחל, כרוך סטיות כמה מן הפרוטוקולים האוקיינוגרפי תקן לאיסוף, סינון, ואחסון דגימות עבור analytes הרגיש. כדי להפחית את הסיכון של זיהום על ידי מערכת VacuSIP או את הסיכון של שינוי של מים שנדגמו על ידי פעילות חיידקית לאחר איסוף, בדקנו שונים הליכי סינון ואחסון באתרו. התקני סינון שונים, כלי איסוף, ונהלים לאחסון נבחנו על מנת להשיג את הטכניקה המתאימה ביותר לניתוח אורגני המומס (PO 4 3, NO x -, NH 4 +, SiO 4) ואורגני (DOC + DON) תרכובות, ואת-פלנקטון אולטרה (&lt;1081; מ &#39;) ו- (POC האורגני חלקיקים + דגימת PON). כדי לצמצם עוד יותר את הסיכון של זיהום, במיוחד בתנאי שדה, את מספר צעדי טיפול צומצם למינימום ההכרחי. הפורמט החזותי, שבו שיטת המוצג מכוון להקל שחזור כדי לצמצם את הזמן הדרוש כדי ליישם את הטכניקה בצורה יעילה. סקירת מערכת כדי לדגום במים הנשאבים באתרו מן ניזונים השעיה עם נקבי exhalant קטנים כמו 2 מ&quot;מ, פעילות השאיבה כל דגימה היא מדמיינת ראשונה על ידי שחרור מסונן צבוע והעמסה מי ים ליד פתח נשימתית (הים) והתבוננות זרימתו מ פתח excurrent 16 (ראה גם איור 2b ב 18). המים שהיא שואפת ונושפים על ידי דגימת המחקר (incurrent ו excurrent) אז הם שנדגמו בד בבד עם השימוש של זוג צינורות דקות מותקנים על מניפולטור שהותקן או על שתיים &quot;The ARms &quot;של חצובה ניידת גמישה הפוכה (איור 1 משלים וידאו 1). המים שאנו נושמים האורגניזם המחקר נאספו על ידי מיצוב הקצה הפרוקסימלי בקפידה של צינור אחד בתוך או ליד הצמצם נשימתית של האורגניזם המחקר. זהה צינור ממוקם אז בתוך פתח excurrent. פעולה זו דורשת טיפול טוב כדי להימנע ממגע או הפרעה של החיה, למשל, על ידי resuspension משקעים. כדי להתחיל את הדגימה, צוללן מפלח מחצה בתוך כלי איסוף עם מחט מזרק מצורף קצה הדיסטלי של צינור אחד, המאפשרים לחץ החיצוני של המים כדי להוציא את המים שנדגמו לתוך הכלי דרך צינור הדגימה. היניקה היא שיזמה את הריק שנוצר בעבר הצלוחיות ידי פרש לחצים בין המים החיצוניים ואת מכל המדגם פונה . כדי להבטיח אוסף נקי של מי נשף וכדי למנוע שאיבה בשוגג של Ambiמים אף אוזן גרון 16, קצב הדגימה מים צריך להיות כל הזמן בקצב נמוך משמעותית (&lt;10%) משיעור זרימת excurrent. שיעור היניקה נשלט על ידי האורך של הצינור וקוטרו הפנימי שלה (ID). הקוטר הפנימי הקטן גם מבטיח נפח מת זניח (&lt;200 μl למטר של צינורות). דגימה לאורך תקופות ממושכות (דקות עד שעות) עושה את זה אפשרי לשלב את מעשה הטלאים הטבועים של רוב החומרים של עניין. כדי להבטיח כי דגימות נשמרות כראוי בפגישות דגימה מתחת למים ממושכות וכן לתחבורה למעבדה, גידול סינון באתרו מומלץ עבור analytes הרגיש. הבחירה של כלי דגימה, הרכבת סינון, צינורות מוכתבים על ידי אורגניזמים מחקר ושאל המחקר הספציפי. הפרוטוקול המתואר להלן מניח כי הפרופיל המטבולי מלא הוא בעל עניין (עבור סקירה ראה איור 2). עם זאת, האופי מודולרי של הפרוטוקול מאפשר fאו שינוי קל להכיל פשוטות או אפילו מאוד תוכניות דגימה שונות. במשך פרופיל המטבולי מלא, פרוטוקול הדגימה צריך לכלול את הצעדים הבאים: (1) הצגת נתוני זרימה; (2) הזנה אולטרה-פלנקטון דגימה (פלנקטון &lt;10 מיקרומטר); (3) דגימה ספיגת חומרים מזינים אורגניים הפרשה (באמצעות מסננים אונליין); (4) דגימה מומסת ספיג והפרשה אורגניות (באמצעות מסננים אונליין); (5) חלקיקי האכלה והפרשה (באמצעות מסננים אונליין); (6) חזור על שלב 2 (האכלה אולטרה-פלנקטון כמו בדיקת איכות); (7) זרימה ויזואליזציה. כאשר מבחינה לוגיסטית ריאלי, מומלץ כי מדידות הפרופיל המטבולי משולבות עם שאיבת שיעור (למשל, שיטת המהירות מול לצבוע, ב 16) וכן עם מדידות נשימה. מדידות אלה נלקחות טובים ביותר בתחילה בסוף פגישת הדגימה. למדידת נשימה, optodes מתחת למים או-אלקטרודות מיקרו עדיפים.

<table><tbody><tr><td>GorillaPod, Original</td><td>Joby</td><td>GP000001</td><td>flexible portable tripod&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Flangeless Ferrule</td><td>IDEX Health &amp;amp; Science&amp;nbsp;</td><td>P-200X</td><td>1/16&quot; in Blue/pk</td></tr><tr><td>Male Nut</td><td>IDEX Health &amp;amp; Science</td><td>P-205X&amp;nbsp;</td><td>1/16&quot; in Green/10&amp;nbsp;pk</td></tr><tr><td>Female to Female Luer</td><td>IDEX Health &amp;amp; Science&amp;nbsp;</td><td>P-658</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Female-Male Luer</td><td>IDEX Health &amp;amp; Science&amp;nbsp;</td><td>P-655</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Peek Tubing (254&amp;nbsp;&amp;micro;m ID)</td><td>IDEX Health &amp;amp; Science&amp;nbsp;</td><td>1531</td><td>1/16&quot; OD x 0.01&amp;nbsp;in ID x 5&amp;nbsp;ft length. Alternative ID can be used.</td></tr><tr><td>Two component resin epoxy</td><td>IVEGOR</td><td>9257</td><td>Mix well the two component resin before use</td></tr><tr><td>(TOC) EPA Vials</td><td>Cole -Parmer</td><td>03756-20</td><td>40 ml glass vials. Manufactured also by Thomas Scientific (ref. number 9711F09).</td></tr><tr><td>HDPE Vials</td><td>Wheaton</td><td>986701 (E78620)</td><td>20 ml high-density polyethylene vials</td></tr><tr><td>Vacuette Z no additive</td><td>Greiner bio-one</td><td>455001</td><td>pre-vacuum by the manufacturer&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Septum Sample Bottles</td><td>Thomas Scientific</td><td>1755C01</td><td>250 ml glass bottles&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Septum Cap 1</td><td>Wheaton</td><td>W240844SP (E7865R)</td><td>22-400 for HDPE vials&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Septum Cap 2</td><td>Wheaton</td><td>W240846 (1078-5553)</td><td>24-400 for glass vials and bottles. Also manufactured by Thermo Scientific National (ref. 03-377-42).</td></tr><tr><td>In-line stainless steel Swinney Filter holders</td><td>Pall</td><td>516-9067</td><td>13 mm of diameter</td></tr><tr><td>PTFE Seal Washer</td><td>Pall&amp;nbsp;</td><td>516-8064</td><td>ring for stainless steel filter holders</td></tr><tr><td>TCLP Glass Filters</td><td>Pall&amp;nbsp;</td><td>516-9126</td><td>binder-free glass fiber filters, 13&amp;nbsp;mm of diameter, pore size 0.7&amp;nbsp;&amp;micro;m</td></tr><tr><td>Polycarbonate Filter Holders</td><td>Cole -Parmer</td><td>17295</td><td>13 mm of diameter</td></tr><tr><td>Isopore Membrane Filters</td><td>Millipore</td><td>GTTP01300</td><td>13&amp;nbsp;mm of diameter, pore size 0.2&amp;nbsp;&amp;micro;m</td></tr><tr><td>Contrad 70 Solution&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Decon Labs</td><td>1002</td><td>highly soluble basic mix of anionic and non-ionic surfactant solution&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Sterile Syringe Filters</td><td>VWR International Eurolab S.L.</td><td>514-0061P</td><td>25&amp;nbsp;mm of diameter , pore size 0.2&amp;nbsp;&amp;micro;m</td></tr><tr><td>Fluorescein</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>(old ref.28802) 46955-100G</td><td>100&amp;nbsp;g</td></tr><tr><td>Holdex, disposable,sterile</td><td>Greiner bio-one</td><td>450263</td><td>sterile, single-use tube holder with off-center luer for Vacuette</td></tr><tr><td>Sterile Needles</td><td>IcoGammaPlus</td><td>5160</td><td>0.7&amp;nbsp;mm x 30&amp;nbsp;mm</td></tr><tr><td>Cryovials Nalgene</td><td>Nalgene</td><td>V5007(Cat. No.5000-0020)</td><td>2&amp;nbsp;ml</td></tr><tr><td>Cryobox carton&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Rubilabor</td><td>M-600</td><td>145x145x55&amp;nbsp;mm p/microtube 1.5&amp;nbsp;ml</td></tr><tr><td>Orthophosphoric Acid</td><td>Sigma</td><td>79617 or Alternatively use Ultra-Pure Hydrochloric acid, final concertation 0.1%</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Paraformaldehyde</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P6148</td><td>500&amp;nbsp;g</td></tr><tr><td>Glutaraldehyde</td><td>Merck</td><td>8,206,031,000</td><td>25%, 1 L</td></tr><tr><td>Hand Vacuum Pump&amp;nbsp;</td><td>B&amp;uuml;rkle&amp;nbsp;</td><td>5620-2181 or Alternatively use standard laboratory vacuum pump</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

vacusip, an improved inex method for in situ measurement of particulate and dissolved compounds processed by active suspension feeders

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and detritus, and excreting particulate and dissolved compounds, they serve as important agents for benthic-pelagic coupling. Accurately measuring the compounds removed and excreted by suspension feeders (such as sponges, ascidians, polychaetes, bivalves) is crucial for the study of their physiology, metabolism, and feeding ecology, and is fundamental to determine the ecological relevance of the nutrient fluxes mediated by these organisms. However, the assessment of the rate by which suspension feeders process particulate and dissolved compounds in nature is restricted by the limitations of the currently available methodologies. Our goal was to develop a simple, reliable, and non-intrusive method that would allow clean and controlled water sampling from a specific point, such as the excurrent aperture of benthic suspension feeders, in situ. Our method allows simultaneous sampling of inhaled and exhaled water of the studied organism by using minute tubes installed on a custom-built manipulator device and carefully positioned inside the exhalant orifice of the sampled organism. Piercing a septum on the collecting vessel with a syringe needle attached to the distal end of each tube allows the external pressure to slowly force the sampled water into the vessel through the sampling tube. The slow and controlled sampling rate allows integrating the inherent patchiness in the water while ensuring contamination free sampling. We provide recommendations for the most suitable filtering devices, collection vessel, and storing procedures for the analyses of different particulate and dissolved compounds. The VacuSIP system offers a reliable method for the quantification of undisturbed suspension feeder metabolism in natural conditions that is cheap and easy to learn and apply to assess the physiology and functional role of filter feeders in different ecosystems.

אופטימיזציה של שיטות איסוף מי ים מבחר צלוחיות אספן הליך הניקוי VacuSIP תואמים כלי איסוף צריכים מחצה המאפשר דגימה שא?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders at JoVE.com

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

We introduce the VacuSIP, a simple, non-intrusive, and reliable method for clean and accurate point sampling of water. The system was developed and evaluated for the simultaneous collection of the water inhaled and exhaled by benthic suspension feeders in situ, to cleanly measure removal and excretion of particulate and dissolved compounds.

VacuSIP, שיטת INEX משופרת<em&gt; באתרו</em&gt; מדידה של חלקיקים מומס תרכובות מעובד על ידי האכלת השעית Active

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

10.8K Views.  Centre d’Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CEAB-CSIC). We introduce the VacuSIP, a simple, non-intrusive, and reliable method for clean and accurate point sampling of water. The system was developed and evaluated for the simultaneous collection of the water inhaled and exhaled by benthic suspension feeders in situ, to cleanly measure removal and excretion of particulate and dissolved compounds.

Video: VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

Quantitatively Measuring In situ Flows using a Self-Contained Underwater Velocimetry Apparatus (SCUVA)

The ability to directly measure velocity fields in a fluid environment is necessary to provide empirical data for studies in fields as diverse as oceanography, ecology, biology, and fluid mechanics. Field measurements introduce practical challenges such as environmental conditions, animal availability, and the need for field-compatible measurement techniques. To avoid these challenges, scientists typically use controlled laboratory environments to study animal-fluid interactions. However, it is reasonable to question whether one can extrapolate natural behavior (i.e., that which occurs in the field) from laboratory measurements. Therefore, in situ quantitative flow measurements are needed to accurately describe animal swimming in their natural environment.
We designed a self-contained, portable device that operates independent of any connection to the surface, and can provide quantitative measurements of the flow field surrounding an animal. This apparatus, a self-contained underwater velocimetry apparatus (SCUVA), can be operated by a single scuba diver in depths up to 40 m. Due to the added complexity inherent of field conditions, additional considerations and preparation are required when compared to laboratory measurements. These considerations include, but are not limited to, operator motion, predicting position of swimming targets, available natural suspended particulate, and orientation of SCUVA relative to the flow of interest. The following protocol is intended to address these common field challenges and to maximize measurement success.

Quantitatively Measuring In situ Flows using a Self-Contained Underwater Velocimetry Apparatus SCUVA

This protocol provides instructions on how to use a self-contained underwater velocimetry apparatus (SCUVA), which is designed for quantification of in situ animal-generated flows. In addition, this protocol addresses challenges posed by field conditions, and includes operator motion, predicting position of animals, and orientation of SCUVA.

ולמדוד באופן כמותי באתרו תזרימי באמצעות מנגנון עצמאי velocimetry תת (SCUVA)

The ability to directly measure velocity fields in a fluid environment is necessary to provide empirical data for studies in fields as diverse as ...

Bioengineering

Clean Sampling and Analysis of River and Estuarine Waters for Trace Metal Studies

Most of the trace metal concentrations in ambient waters obtained a few decades ago have been considered unreliable owing to the lack of contamination control. Developments of some techniques aiming to reduce trace metal contamination in the last couple of decades have resulted in concentrations reported now being orders of magnitude lower than those in the past. These low concentrations often necessitate preconcentration of water samples prior to instrumental analysis of samples. Since contamination can appear in all phases of trace metal analyses, including sample collection (and during preparation of sampling containers), storage and handling, pretreatments, and instrumental analysis, specific care needs to be taken in order to reduce contamination levels at all steps. The effort to develop and utilize "clean techniques" in trace metal studies allows scientists to investigate trace metal distributions and chemical and biological behavior in greater details. This advancement also provides the required accuracy and precision of trace metal data allowing for environmental conditions to be related to trace metal concentrations in aquatic environments.
This protocol that is presented here details needed materials for sample preparation, sample collection, sample pretreatment including preconcentration, and instrumental analysis. By reducing contamination throughout all phases mentioned above for trace metal analysis, much lower detection limits and thus accuracy can be achieved. The effectiveness of "clean techniques" is further demonstrated using low field blanks and good recoveries for standard reference material. The data quality that can be obtained thus enables the assessment of trace metal distributions and their relationships to environmental parameters.

Special care using "clean techniques" is required to properly collect and process water samples for trace metal studies in aquatic environments. A protocol for sampling, processing, and analytical procedures with the aim of obtaining reliable environmental monitoring data and results with high sensitivity for detailed trace metal studies is presented.

נקי דיגום ואנליזה של נהר ושפכי הנהרות ווטרס ללימודי מתכת עקבות

Most of the trace metal concentrations in ambient waters obtained a few decades ago have been considered unreliable owing to the lack of contamination ...

Continuous Instream Monitoring of Nutrients and Sediment in Agricultural Watersheds

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in water resources is a prerequisite for understanding the drivers of the pollutant loads and for making informed water resource management decisions. The commonly used &#34;grab sampling&#34; method provides the concentrations of pollutants at the time of sampling (i.e., a snapshot concentration) and may under- or overpredict the pollutant concentrations and loads. Continuous monitoring of nutrients and sediment has recently received more attention due to advances in computing, sensing technology, and storage devices. This protocol demonstrates the use of sensors, sondes, and instrumentation to continuously monitor in situ nitrate, ammonium, turbidity, pH, conductivity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen (DO) and to calculate the loads from two streams (ditches) in two agricultural watersheds. With the proper calibration, maintenance, and operation of sensors and sondes, good water quality data can be obtained by overcoming challenging conditions such as fouling and debris buildup. The method can also be used in watersheds of various sizes and characterized by agricultural, forested, and/or urban land.

With the advancement of technology and the rise in end-user expectations, the need and use of higher temporal resolution data for pollutant load estimation has increased. This protocol describes a method for continuous in situ water quality monitoring to obtain higher temporal resolution data for informed water resource management decisions.

Instream רציף ניטור של חומרים מזינים, משקעים ב פרשות מים לחקלאות

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in ...

Capturing Flow-weighted Water and Suspended Particulates from Agricultural Canals During Drainage Events

The purpose of this study is to describe the methods used to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canals during drainage discharge events. Farm canals can be enriched by nutrients such as phosphorus (P) that are susceptible to transport. Phosphorus in the form of suspended particulates can significantly contribute to the overall P loads in drainage water. A settling tank experiment was conducted to capture suspended particulates during discrete drainage events. Farm canal discharge water was collected in a series of two 200 L settling tanks over the entire duration of the drainage event, so as to represent a composite subsample of the water being discharged. Imhoff settling cones are ultimately used to settle out the suspended particulates. This is achieved by siphoning water from the settling tanks via the cones. The particulates are then collected for physico-chemical analyses.

Nutrients present in particulate form can contribute significantly to the overall loads in agricultural drainage waters. This study describes a novel method to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canal drainage over the entire duration of the drainage event.

לכידת משוקלל זרימת מים, חלקיקים מן התעלות חקלאית במהלך אירועים ניקוז

The purpose of this study is to describe the methods used to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canals during drainage ...

Continuous Hydrologic and Water Quality Monitoring of Vernal Ponds

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. However, they are vulnerable parts of the landscapes that are often poorly understood and understudied. Land use and management practices, as well as climate change are thought to be a contribution to the global amphibian decline. However, more research is needed to understand the extent of these impacts. Here, we present methodology for characterizing a vernal pond's morphology and detail a monitoring station that can be used to collect water quantity and quality data over the duration of a vernal pond's hydroperiod. We provide methodology for how to conduct field surveys to characterize the morphology and develop stage-storage curves for a vernal pond. Additionally, we provide methodology for monitoring the water level, temperature, pH, oxidation-reduction potential, dissolved oxygen, and electrical conductivity of water in a vernal pond, as well as monitoring rainfall data. This information can be used to better quantify the ecosystem services that vernal ponds provide and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services.

Understanding the ecosystem services and processes provided by vernal ponds and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services requires intensive hydrologic monitoring. This sampling protocol using in-situ monitoring equipment was developed to understand the impact of anthropogenic activities on water levels and quality.

רציף הידרולוגיה ומים איכות ניטור של בריכות סולט לייק סיטי

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. ...

An Ultra-clean Multilayer Apparatus for Collecting Size Fractionated Marine Plankton and Suspended Particles

The distributions of many trace elements in the ocean are strongly associated with the growth, death, and re-mineralization of marine plankton and those of suspended/sinking particles. Here, we present an all plastic (Polypropylene and Polycarbonate), multi-layer filtration system for collection of suspended particulate matter (SPM) at sea. This ultra-clean sampling device has been designed and developed specifically for trace element studies. Meticulous selection of all non-metallic materials and utilization of an in-line flow-through procedure minimizes any possible metal contamination during sampling. This system has been successfully tested and tweaked for determining trace metals (e.g., Fe, Al, Mn, Cd, Cu, Ni) on particles of varying size in coastal and open ocean waters. Results from the South China Sea at the South East Asia Time-Series (SEATS) station indicate that diurnal variations and spatial distribution of plankton in the euphotic zone can be easily resolved and recognized. Chemical analysis of size-fractionated particles in surface waters of the Taiwan Strait suggests that the larger particles (&#62;153 &#181;m) were mostly biologically derived, while the smaller particles (10 - 63 &#181;m) were mostly composed of inorganic matter. Apart from Cd, the concentrations of metals (Fe, Al, Mn, Cu, Ni) decreased with increasing size.

Plankton and suspended particles play a major role in the biogeochemical cycles in the ocean. Here, we provide an ultra-clean, low stress method for the collection of various sizes of particles and plankton at sea with the capability of handling large volumes of seawater.

מנגנון רב שכבתי אולטרה נקי של איסוף פלנקטון ימית גודל Fractionated וחלקיקים מושעה

The distributions of many trace elements in the ocean are strongly associated with the growth, death, and re-mineralization of marine plankton and those ...

Design and Use of an Apparatus for Quantifying Bivalve Suspension Feeding at Sea

As shellfish aquaculture moves from coastal embayments and estuaries to offshore locations, the need to quantify ecosystem interactions of farmed bivalves (i.e., mussels, oysters, and clams) presents new challenges. Quantitative data on the feeding behavior of suspension-feeding mollusks is necessary to determine important ecosystem interactions of offshore shellfish farms, including their carrying capacity, the competition with the zooplankton community, the availability of trophic resources at different depths, and the deposition to the benthos. The biodeposition method is used to quantify feeding variables in suspension-feeding bivalves in a natural setting and represents a more realistic proxy than laboratory experiments. This method, however, relies upon a stable platform to satisfy the requirements that water flow rates supplied to the shellfish remain constant and the bivalves are undisturbed. A flow-through device and process for using the biodeposition method to quantify the feeding of bivalve mollusks were modified from a land-based format for shipboard use by building a two-dimensional gimbal table around the device. Planimeter data reveal a minimal pitch and yaw of the chambers containing the test shellfish despite boat motion, the flow rates within the chambers remain constant, and operators are able to collect the biodeposits (feces and pseudofeces) with sufficient consistency to obtain accurate measurements of the bivalve clearance, filtration, selection, ingestion, rejection, and absorption at offshore shellfish aquaculture sites.

A flow-through device for using the biodeposition method to quantify filtration and feeding behavior of bivalve mollusks was modified for shipboard use. A two-dimensional gimbal table built around the device isolates the apparatus from boat motion, thereby allowing the accurate quantification of bivalve filtration variables at offshore shellfish aquaculture sites.

עיצוב ושימוש של מנגנון לכימות תנועת השעיה של ביואלו האכלה בים

As shellfish aquaculture moves from coastal embayments and estuaries to offshore locations, the need to quantify ecosystem interactions of farmed bivalves ...

In Situ Chemotaxis Assay to Examine Microbial Behavior in Aquatic Ecosystems

Microbial behaviors, such as motility and chemotaxis (the ability of a cell to alter its movement in response to a chemical gradient), are widespread across the bacterial and archaeal domains. Chemotaxis can result in substantial resource acquisition advantages in heterogeneous environments. It also plays a crucial role in symbiotic interactions, disease, and global processes, such as biogeochemical cycling. However, current techniques restrict chemotaxis research to the laboratory and are not easily applicable in the field. Presented here is a step-by-step protocol for the deployment of the in situ chemotaxis assay (ISCA), a device that enables robust interrogation of microbial chemotaxis directly in the natural environment. The ISCA is a microfluidic device consisting of a 20 well array, in which chemicals of interest can be loaded. Once deployed in aqueous environments, chemicals diffuse out of the wells, creating concentration gradients that microbes sense and respond to by swimming into the wells via chemotaxis. The well contents can then be sampled and used to (1) quantify strength of the chemotactic responses to specific compounds through flow cytometry, (2) isolate and culture responsive microorganisms, and (3) characterize the identity and genomic potential of the responding populations through molecular techniques. The ISCA is a flexible platform that can be deployed in any system with an aqueous phase, including marine, freshwater, and soil environments.

Presented here is the protocol for an in situ chemotaxis assay, a recently developed microfluidic device that enables studies of microbial behavior directly in the environment.

ב סיטו Chemotaxis אסאי לבחון התנהגות מיקרוביאלית במערכות אקולוגיות מימיות

Microbial behaviors, such as motility and chemotaxis (the ability of a cell to alter its movement in response to a chemical gradient), are widespread ...

Microparticle Manipulation by Standing Surface Acoustic Waves with Dual-frequency Excitations

We demonstrate a method for increasing the tuning ability of a standing surface acoustic wave (SSAW) for microparticles manipulation in a lab-on-a-chip (LOC) system. The simultaneous excitation of the fundamental frequency and its third harmonic, which is termed as dual-frequency excitation, to a pair of interdigital transducers (IDTs) could generate a new type of standing acoustic waves in a microfluidic channel. Varying the power and the phase in the dual-frequency excitation signals results in a reconfigurable field of the acoustic radiation force applied to the microparticles across the microchannel (e.g., the number and location of the pressure nodes and the microparticle concentrations at the corresponding pressure nodes). This article demonstrates that the motion time of the microparticle to only one pressure node can be reduced ~2-fold at the power ratio of the fundamental frequency greater than ~90%. In contrast, there are three pressure nodes in the microchannel if less than this threshold. Furthermore, adjusting the initial phase between the fundamental frequency and the third harmonic results in different motion rates of the three SSAW pressure nodes, as well as in the percentage of microparticles at each pressure node in the microchannel. There is a good agreement between the experimental observation and the numerical predictions. This novel excitation method can easily and non-invasively integrate into the LOC system, with a wide tenability and only a few changes to the experimental set-up.

A protocol for manipulating the microparticles in a microfluidic channel with a dual-frequency excitation is presented.

Microparticle מניפולציה על ידי עמידה גלי אקוסטית המשטח עם כפול בתדר Excitations

We demonstrate a method for increasing the tuning ability of a standing surface acoustic wave (SSAW) for microparticles manipulation in a lab-on-a-chip ...

Engineering

Dissolved Solute Sampling Across an Oxic-Anoxic Soil-Water Interface Using Microdialysis Profilers

Biogeochemical processes shift rapidly in both spatial (millimeter scale) and temporal (hour scale to day scale) dimensions at the oxic-anoxic interface in response to disturbances. Deciphering the rapid biogeochemical changes requires in situ, minimally invasive tools with high spatial and temporal sampling resolution. However, the available passive sampling devices are not very useful in many cases either due to their disposable nature or the complexity and extensive workload for sample preparation.
To address this problem, a microdialysis profiler with 33 individual polyethersulfone nanomembrane tubes (semipermeable, &#60;20 nm pore size) integrated into the one-dimensional skeleton (60 mm) was established to iteratively sample the dissolved compounds in porewater across the soil-water interface at a high resolution of 1.8 mm (outer diameter plus one spacing, i.e., 0.1 mm between probes). The sampling mechanism is based on the principle of concentration gradient diffusion. The automatic loading of degassed water allows minimal disturbance to the chemical species across the oxic-anoxic interface.
This paper describes the procedures of device setup and continuous porewater sampling across the soil-water interface on a daily basis. Concentration-depth profiles were selectively measured before (on Day 6) and after (on Day 7) disturbances induced by irrigation. The results showed that concentration-depth profiles were undergoing rapid changes, especially for redox-sensitive elements (i.e., iron and arsenic). These protocols can help investigate the biogeochemical responses across the soil-water interface under various disturbances caused by physical, chemical, and biological factors. The paper thoroughly discusses the advantages and disadvantages of this method for potential use in the environmental sciences.

A microdialysis profiler is described to sample dissolved porewater solutes across an oxic-anoxic soil-water interface in situ with minimal disturbance. This device is designed to capture rapid changes in concentration-depth profiles induced by disturbances at the soil-water interface and beyond.

דגימת מומס מומס על פני ממשק קרקע-מים אוקסיק-אנוקסי באמצעות פרופילי מיקרודיאליזה

Biogeochemical processes shift rapidly in both spatial (millimeter scale) and temporal (hour scale to day scale) dimensions at the oxic-anoxic interface ...

VacuSIP, שיטת INEX משופרת

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