私たちは、フィールドワークの彼の援助のためマネルボリバルに感謝します。私たちは、研究とサンプリング権限への支援のための「パルクナチュラル・デル・モングリ、レメデス島IエルBaixのテル」に感謝しています。水中マニピュレータはAyelet Dadon-Pilosofによって設計され、氏Pilosofにより作製しました。この作品は、スペイン政府のプロジェクトCSI-コーラル[RCおよびMRへの助成金番号CGL2013-43106-R]によって、およびTMに「MINISTERIOデEducaciòn、文化のy Deporte（MECD）」からFPUの交わりによってサポートされていました。これはG. Yahelへカタロニア政府が資金を提供海洋生物地球化学と地球変動研究グループからの寄与[助成金番号2014SGR1029]とISF助成​​金1280から1213とBSFの助成金2012089です。

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

準備の手順 DOMおよび栄養分析のためのコレクターバイアル 収集容器は、溶解した微小成分と相互作用し得るとサンプラ壁は30-34成長細菌のための基板であってもよいので、DOMおよび栄養素収集のための別のバイアルを試験しました。サンプルはすぐに30を凍結されていない場合、ガラスびんは、最大2...

底生サスペンションフィーダは、海洋生態系1の機能に重要な役割を果たしています。水2,3の大ボリュームをフィルタリングすることにより、それらは削除して、微粒子（プランクトンやデトリタス）及び（およびその中の参考文献）溶解した化合物1を排泄し、底生-遠洋カップリング4,5と栄養循環6,7の重要な薬剤です。正確に微粒子および溶解した化合物を除去し、（そのようなスポンジ、ホヤ、多毛類、および二枚貝など）底生サスペンションフィーダによって排泄を測定することは、その生理機能、代謝および摂食生態を理解することが基本です。一緒に速度測定をポンピングして、それはまた、これらの生物とその生態水質への影響だけでなく、生態系の規模の方法にすることによって媒介される栄養フラックスの定量化を可能にします。 微粒子の除去および生産速度を測定する適切な方法を選択し、溶解コムサスペンション濾過摂食によりポンドは彼らの摂食活動8に関する信頼性の高いデータを得るために重要です。 Riisgårdと他の人が指摘したように、不適切な方法論は、特定の物質の摂取と排泄の不正確な推定値を生成、実験条件を歪める、結果にバイアスをかけると、これらの生物によって処理された栄養フラックスの誤った定量化につながることができます。 二つの最も頻繁に使用される方法は、インキュベーション（間接技術）や周囲の同時収集と吐き出される水（直接技術）のいずれかを伴う濾過摂食中の微粒子や溶解栄養フラックスを測定しました。インキュベーション技術をインキュベート水中の微粒子の濃度と溶解栄養素の変化率を測定し、適切なコントロール8と比較して、製造又は除去の速度を推定に基づいています。しかし、インキュベーションチャンバー内の生物を囲むと、そのfeedinを変更することができますグラム起因および/ ​​または食品の濃度で、またはによる排泄のインキュベーション水7,9中の化合物（およびその中の参考文献）の蓄積への酸素の減少に起因自然流況の変化に行動をポンピング。閉じ込め変性給水の効果に加えて、培養技術の主要なバイアスは、再濾過効果（実施例10を参照のこと）に由来します。これらの方法論的な問題のいくつかは、インキュベーション容器11の右のボリュームや形状を使用するか、 その場 12 における循環鐘システムの導入により克服されてきたが、この技術は、多くの場合、除去し、生産速度を過小評価します。このような溶存有機窒素（DON）と炭素（DOC）または無機栄養素として溶解した化合物の代謝を定量化、インキュベーション技術13によって引き起こされるバイアスに特に傾向があることが証明されています。 60年代後半と70年代初頭、ヘンリーReiswigで9,14,15は、別途その場で生物によって吸入および吐き出さ水をサンプリングすることにより、巨大なカリブ海スポンジによって粒子除去を定量化するために、直接技術の適用を開拓してきました。小さ ​​いサスペンションフィーダー上で、より挑戦的な水中の条件でReiswigの技術を適用する難しさに起因して、この分野の研究の大部分は、主に間接的なインキュベーション手法16を採用した （in vitroでの ）実験室に制限されていました。 Yahelらは、小規模な条件で動作するようにその場技術で Reiswigのダイレクトを改装しました。彼らの方法は、INEX 16と呼ばれる、乱されていない生物によって（例）（中）吸入および吐き出さ水の同時水中サンプリングに基づいています。動物によるその物質のサンプル（INEX）の対の間の物質（ 例えば 、細菌）の異なる濃度が保持（または生産）の尺度を提供します。 INEX技術は、オープンエンドチューブを採用し、受動的に捕集管に周囲の水を交換するために研究生物のポンプ活動によって生成流出するジェットに依存しています。 Yahelや同僚が正常に15以上の異なるサスペンションの研究にこの手法を適用しているが分類群（ 例えば 、17）フィーダ、この方法は、いくつかの突出形のオリフィスの微小サイズによって、およびにより、必要な実践と経験のハイレベルによって制約されます海の状態。 これらの障害を克服するために、我々は、微小管を通るサンプリング水の制御された吸引（外径&lt;1.6ミリメートル）に基づいて、別の技術を開発しました。私たちの目標は、このような底生サスペンションフィーダの流出性のオリフィスとして清潔で、非常に具体的な点から、 その場で採水して制御できるようになり、シンプルで信頼性が高く、安価なデバイスを作成することでした。有効であるために、この方法は、周囲の流動様式に影響を与えるまたはbを変更しないように、非侵入である必要があります研究生物のehavior。ここで提示デバイスがVacuSIPと呼ばれています。これはYahel らによって開発されたSIPシステムの単純化です。深海におけるROVベースのポイント・サンプリングのための（2007）18。 VacuSIPは、元のSIPよりもかなり安価であり、それはSCUBAベースの作業に適応されています。システムは、実験室の設定のためのライトとスティーブンス（1978）19とMøhlenbergとRiisgård（1978）20によって提示され、テストの原則に基づいて設計されました。 VacuSIPシステムは底生サスペンションフィーダの代謝のインサイチュ研究にするために設計されたが、それはまた、実験室での研究のために使用することができ、制御された、きれいな、点源水のサンプルが必要とされる場所。 その場での濾過または長期間（分-時間）にわたって統合が必要とされると、システムは特に便利です。 VacuSIPは2011年以来Yahelラボで正常に使用し、また持っているされていますカリブ海と地中海スポンジ種21によって媒介される栄養フラックスの2の最近の研究で採用されて（Morganti ら提出）。 VacuSIPが適用される特定のサンプラーの使用、長時間のサンプリング期間、およびフィールド条件は、収集、フィルタリング、および敏感な分析物についてサンプルを保存するための標準的な海洋プロトコルからいくつかの偏差を伴います。収集後の細菌活動によってVacuSIPシステムまたはサンプリング水の変形の危険性により、汚染のリスクを低減するために、我々は、in situ濾過および記憶手順で種々の試験しました。異なるフィルタリング装置、収集容器、および保存の手順は、溶存無機（PO 4 3-、NO X - 、NH 4 +、のSiO 4）の分析のために最も適切な技術を達成するために検討した有機（DOC + DON）を化合物は、超プランクトン（&lt;1081; m）および粒子状有機（POC + PON）のサンプリング。さらに、特に野外条件下で、汚染の危険性を低減するために、処理ステップ数は、最小限に減少しました。方法が提示された視覚的なフォーマットは、再現性を促進するために、かつ効率的な技術を適用するのに要する時間を短縮するように配向されています。 システム概観 2ミリメートルほどの小さな出水口付サスペンションフィーダからその場揚水にサンプリングするために、各試験片のポンプ活性は、最初の吸入口（複数可）の横にフィルタリングフルオレセイン染色された海水を放出し、流出する開口部16からその流れを観察することによって可視化されます（18にも図2Bを参照してください）。研究試料（水が流れ込むと流出する）によって吸入および吐き出される水が同時にカスタムビルドのマニピュレータにインストールされている微小管のペアを使用して、または「ARの2でサンプリングされています逆さま柔軟なポータブル三脚のミリ秒」（ 図1及び補足ビデオ1）。研究生物によって吸入水を注意深く研究生物の吸入開口部の中や近く1チューブの近位端を配置することによって収集されます。同一次に、チューブを一本幹のオリフィスの内側に配置されている。この操作では、堆積物の再懸濁によって、 例えば 、動物の接触や外乱を避けるために良いケアを必要とする。サンプリングを開始するには、ダイバーが接続注射針で回収容器内のセプタムを穿刺サンプリングチューブを介して容器内にサンプリングされた水を強制的に外部の水圧を可能にする、各チューブの遠位端は、吸引は、以前のバイアルに生成された真空によって、外部の水と排気試料容器との間の圧力差によって開始されます。 吐き出された水のきれいなコレクションを確保するため、およびアンビの偶然の吸引を避けるために、ENTの水16は 、水のサンプリングレートは、流出する流量よりも有意に低い割合（&lt;10％）に維持する必要があります。吸引速度は、管の長さおよびその内径（ID）によって制御されます。小さな内径も無視できるデッドボリューム（&lt;チューブのメートル当たり200μl）を保証します。長期間（数分から数時間）にわたってサンプリングは、対象のほとんどの物質の固有のパッチ状に統合することができます。サンプルは十分に、ラボへの輸送のためだけでなく、長時間の水中サンプリングセッション中に保存されていることを確認するには、その場のろ過に感度の分析物のために推奨されます。サンプリング容器、濾過アセンブリと、チューブの選択は、試験生物および特定の研究の質問によって決定されます。以下に記載されているプロトコルは、完全な代謝プロファイルは（概要については、 図2を参照）関心があることを前提としています。しかし、プロトコルのモジュール性がfを許可しますまたは単純な、あるいは非常に異なるサンプリング方式に対応するために簡単に修正。完全な代謝プロファイルの場合、サンプリングプロトコルは、次の手順含まれている必要があります（1）フローの可視化を、 （2）サンプリング超プランクトン送り（プランクトン&lt;10ミクロン）。 （3）（インラインフィルターを使用して）無機栄養素の摂取と排泄をサンプリング。 （4）サンプリング有機取り込みと排泄を溶解した（インラインフィルターを使用）。 （5）粒子状供給および排泄（インラインフィルターを使用）。 （6）ステップ2を繰り返し（品質チェックなどの超プランクトン送り）。 （7）流れの可視化。 ロジスティック実現可能な、それは代謝プロファイルの測定は速度をポンプと組み合わされることが推奨されている場合（ 例えば、色素の先端速度方法、16）だけでなく、呼吸測定と。これらの測定は、最高のサンプリング・セッションの開始時と終了時に採取します。呼吸測定のために、水中オプトードまたは微小電極が好ましいです。

<table><tbody><tr><td>GorillaPod, Original</td><td>Joby</td><td>GP000001</td><td>flexible portable tripod&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Flangeless Ferrule</td><td>IDEX Health &amp;amp; Science&amp;nbsp;</td><td>P-200X</td><td>1/16&quot; in Blue/pk</td></tr><tr><td>Male Nut</td><td>IDEX Health &amp;amp; Science</td><td>P-205X&amp;nbsp;</td><td>1/16&quot; in Green/10&amp;nbsp;pk</td></tr><tr><td>Female to Female Luer</td><td>IDEX Health &amp;amp; Science&amp;nbsp;</td><td>P-658</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Female-Male Luer</td><td>IDEX Health &amp;amp; Science&amp;nbsp;</td><td>P-655</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Peek Tubing (254&amp;nbsp;&amp;micro;m ID)</td><td>IDEX Health &amp;amp; Science&amp;nbsp;</td><td>1531</td><td>1/16&quot; OD x 0.01&amp;nbsp;in ID x 5&amp;nbsp;ft length. Alternative ID can be used.</td></tr><tr><td>Two component resin epoxy</td><td>IVEGOR</td><td>9257</td><td>Mix well the two component resin before use</td></tr><tr><td>(TOC) EPA Vials</td><td>Cole -Parmer</td><td>03756-20</td><td>40 ml glass vials. Manufactured also by Thomas Scientific (ref. number 9711F09).</td></tr><tr><td>HDPE Vials</td><td>Wheaton</td><td>986701 (E78620)</td><td>20 ml high-density polyethylene vials</td></tr><tr><td>Vacuette Z no additive</td><td>Greiner bio-one</td><td>455001</td><td>pre-vacuum by the manufacturer&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Septum Sample Bottles</td><td>Thomas Scientific</td><td>1755C01</td><td>250 ml glass bottles&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Septum Cap 1</td><td>Wheaton</td><td>W240844SP (E7865R)</td><td>22-400 for HDPE vials&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Septum Cap 2</td><td>Wheaton</td><td>W240846 (1078-5553)</td><td>24-400 for glass vials and bottles. Also manufactured by Thermo Scientific National (ref. 03-377-42).</td></tr><tr><td>In-line stainless steel Swinney Filter holders</td><td>Pall</td><td>516-9067</td><td>13 mm of diameter</td></tr><tr><td>PTFE Seal Washer</td><td>Pall&amp;nbsp;</td><td>516-8064</td><td>ring for stainless steel filter holders</td></tr><tr><td>TCLP Glass Filters</td><td>Pall&amp;nbsp;</td><td>516-9126</td><td>binder-free glass fiber filters, 13&amp;nbsp;mm of diameter, pore size 0.7&amp;nbsp;&amp;micro;m</td></tr><tr><td>Polycarbonate Filter Holders</td><td>Cole -Parmer</td><td>17295</td><td>13 mm of diameter</td></tr><tr><td>Isopore Membrane Filters</td><td>Millipore</td><td>GTTP01300</td><td>13&amp;nbsp;mm of diameter, pore size 0.2&amp;nbsp;&amp;micro;m</td></tr><tr><td>Contrad 70 Solution&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Decon Labs</td><td>1002</td><td>highly soluble basic mix of anionic and non-ionic surfactant solution&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Sterile Syringe Filters</td><td>VWR International Eurolab S.L.</td><td>514-0061P</td><td>25&amp;nbsp;mm of diameter , pore size 0.2&amp;nbsp;&amp;micro;m</td></tr><tr><td>Fluorescein</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>(old ref.28802) 46955-100G</td><td>100&amp;nbsp;g</td></tr><tr><td>Holdex, disposable,sterile</td><td>Greiner bio-one</td><td>450263</td><td>sterile, single-use tube holder with off-center luer for Vacuette</td></tr><tr><td>Sterile Needles</td><td>IcoGammaPlus</td><td>5160</td><td>0.7&amp;nbsp;mm x 30&amp;nbsp;mm</td></tr><tr><td>Cryovials Nalgene</td><td>Nalgene</td><td>V5007(Cat. No.5000-0020)</td><td>2&amp;nbsp;ml</td></tr><tr><td>Cryobox carton&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Rubilabor</td><td>M-600</td><td>145x145x55&amp;nbsp;mm p/microtube 1.5&amp;nbsp;ml</td></tr><tr><td>Orthophosphoric Acid</td><td>Sigma</td><td>79617 or Alternatively use Ultra-Pure Hydrochloric acid, final concertation 0.1%</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Paraformaldehyde</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P6148</td><td>500&amp;nbsp;g</td></tr><tr><td>Glutaraldehyde</td><td>Merck</td><td>8,206,031,000</td><td>25%, 1 L</td></tr><tr><td>Hand Vacuum Pump&amp;nbsp;</td><td>B&amp;uuml;rkle&amp;nbsp;</td><td>5620-2181 or Alternatively use standard laboratory vacuum pump</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

vacusip, an improved inex method for in situ measurement of particulate and dissolved compounds processed by active suspension feeders

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and detritus, and excreting particulate and dissolved compounds, they serve as important agents for benthic-pelagic coupling. Accurately measuring the compounds removed and excreted by suspension feeders (such as sponges, ascidians, polychaetes, bivalves) is crucial for the study of their physiology, metabolism, and feeding ecology, and is fundamental to determine the ecological relevance of the nutrient fluxes mediated by these organisms. However, the assessment of the rate by which suspension feeders process particulate and dissolved compounds in nature is restricted by the limitations of the currently available methodologies. Our goal was to develop a simple, reliable, and non-intrusive method that would allow clean and controlled water sampling from a specific point, such as the excurrent aperture of benthic suspension feeders, in situ. Our method allows simultaneous sampling of inhaled and exhaled water of the studied organism by using minute tubes installed on a custom-built manipulator device and carefully positioned inside the exhalant orifice of the sampled organism. Piercing a septum on the collecting vessel with a syringe needle attached to the distal end of each tube allows the external pressure to slowly force the sampled water into the vessel through the sampling tube. The slow and controlled sampling rate allows integrating the inherent patchiness in the water while ensuring contamination free sampling. We provide recommendations for the most suitable filtering devices, collection vessel, and storing procedures for the analyses of different particulate and dissolved compounds. The VacuSIP system offers a reliable method for the quantification of undisturbed suspension feeder metabolism in natural conditions that is cheap and easy to learn and apply to assess the physiology and functional role of filter feeders in different ecosystems.

海水収集方法の最適化 収集バイアルおよび洗浄手順の選択 VacuSIP互換収集容器はサンプリングが注射針で突き刺すことによって開始されることを可能にするセプタムを持つべきです。彼らは上昇し、水中の圧力（典型的なスキューバ作業深さ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders at JoVE.com

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

We introduce the VacuSIP, a simple, non-intrusive, and reliable method for clean and accurate point sampling of water. The system was developed and evaluated for the simultaneous collection of the water inhaled and exhaled by benthic suspension feeders in situ, to cleanly measure removal and excretion of particulate and dissolved compounds.

VacuSIP、のための改良INEX方法<em&gt;その場で</em&gt;微粒子と溶解した化合物の測定は、アクティブサスペンションフィーダによって処理します

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and ...

vacusip-an-improved-inex-method-for-situ-measurement-particulate

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

10.8K ビュー.  Centre d’Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CEAB-CSIC). We introduce the VacuSIP, a simple, non-intrusive, and reliable method for clean and accurate point sampling of water. The system was developed and evaluated for the simultaneous collection of the water inhaled and exhaled by benthic suspension feeders in situ, to cleanly measure removal and excretion of particulate and dissolved compounds.

ビデオ: VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

Quantitatively Measuring In situ Flows using a Self-Contained Underwater Velocimetry Apparatus (SCUVA)

The ability to directly measure velocity fields in a fluid environment is necessary to provide empirical data for studies in fields as diverse as oceanography, ecology, biology, and fluid mechanics. Field measurements introduce practical challenges such as environmental conditions, animal availability, and the need for field-compatible measurement techniques. To avoid these challenges, scientists typically use controlled laboratory environments to study animal-fluid interactions. However, it is reasonable to question whether one can extrapolate natural behavior (i.e., that which occurs in the field) from laboratory measurements. Therefore, in situ quantitative flow measurements are needed to accurately describe animal swimming in their natural environment.
We designed a self-contained, portable device that operates independent of any connection to the surface, and can provide quantitative measurements of the flow field surrounding an animal. This apparatus, a self-contained underwater velocimetry apparatus (SCUVA), can be operated by a single scuba diver in depths up to 40 m. Due to the added complexity inherent of field conditions, additional considerations and preparation are required when compared to laboratory measurements. These considerations include, but are not limited to, operator motion, predicting position of swimming targets, available natural suspended particulate, and orientation of SCUVA relative to the flow of interest. The following protocol is intended to address these common field challenges and to maximize measurement success.

Quantitatively Measuring In situ Flows using a Self-Contained Underwater Velocimetry Apparatus SCUVA

This protocol provides instructions on how to use a self-contained underwater velocimetry apparatus (SCUVA), which is designed for quantification of in situ animal-generated flows. In addition, this protocol addresses challenges posed by field conditions, and includes operator motion, predicting position of animals, and orientation of SCUVA.

定量的に測定その場で自己完結型水中速度計測装置（SCUVA）を使用してフロー

The ability to directly measure velocity fields in a fluid environment is necessary to provide empirical data for studies in fields as diverse as ...

生物工学

Clean Sampling and Analysis of River and Estuarine Waters for Trace Metal Studies

Most of the trace metal concentrations in ambient waters obtained a few decades ago have been considered unreliable owing to the lack of contamination control. Developments of some techniques aiming to reduce trace metal contamination in the last couple of decades have resulted in concentrations reported now being orders of magnitude lower than those in the past. These low concentrations often necessitate preconcentration of water samples prior to instrumental analysis of samples. Since contamination can appear in all phases of trace metal analyses, including sample collection (and during preparation of sampling containers), storage and handling, pretreatments, and instrumental analysis, specific care needs to be taken in order to reduce contamination levels at all steps. The effort to develop and utilize "clean techniques" in trace metal studies allows scientists to investigate trace metal distributions and chemical and biological behavior in greater details. This advancement also provides the required accuracy and precision of trace metal data allowing for environmental conditions to be related to trace metal concentrations in aquatic environments.
This protocol that is presented here details needed materials for sample preparation, sample collection, sample pretreatment including preconcentration, and instrumental analysis. By reducing contamination throughout all phases mentioned above for trace metal analysis, much lower detection limits and thus accuracy can be achieved. The effectiveness of "clean techniques" is further demonstrated using low field blanks and good recoveries for standard reference material. The data quality that can be obtained thus enables the assessment of trace metal distributions and their relationships to environmental parameters.

Special care using "clean techniques" is required to properly collect and process water samples for trace metal studies in aquatic environments. A protocol for sampling, processing, and analytical procedures with the aim of obtaining reliable environmental monitoring data and results with high sensitivity for detailed trace metal studies is presented.

きれいなサンプリングと微量金属の研究のために川や河口ウォーターズの分析

Most of the trace metal concentrations in ambient waters obtained a few decades ago have been considered unreliable owing to the lack of contamination ...

環境学

Continuous Instream Monitoring of Nutrients and Sediment in Agricultural Watersheds

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in water resources is a prerequisite for understanding the drivers of the pollutant loads and for making informed water resource management decisions. The commonly used &#34;grab sampling&#34; method provides the concentrations of pollutants at the time of sampling (i.e., a snapshot concentration) and may under- or overpredict the pollutant concentrations and loads. Continuous monitoring of nutrients and sediment has recently received more attention due to advances in computing, sensing technology, and storage devices. This protocol demonstrates the use of sensors, sondes, and instrumentation to continuously monitor in situ nitrate, ammonium, turbidity, pH, conductivity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen (DO) and to calculate the loads from two streams (ditches) in two agricultural watersheds. With the proper calibration, maintenance, and operation of sensors and sondes, good water quality data can be obtained by overcoming challenging conditions such as fouling and debris buildup. The method can also be used in watersheds of various sizes and characterized by agricultural, forested, and/or urban land.

With the advancement of technology and the rise in end-user expectations, the need and use of higher temporal resolution data for pollutant load estimation has increased. This protocol describes a method for continuous in situ water quality monitoring to obtain higher temporal resolution data for informed water resource management decisions.

連続インストリームの栄養素と農業生態系流域における堆積物の監視

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in ...

Capturing Flow-weighted Water and Suspended Particulates from Agricultural Canals During Drainage Events

The purpose of this study is to describe the methods used to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canals during drainage discharge events. Farm canals can be enriched by nutrients such as phosphorus (P) that are susceptible to transport. Phosphorus in the form of suspended particulates can significantly contribute to the overall P loads in drainage water. A settling tank experiment was conducted to capture suspended particulates during discrete drainage events. Farm canal discharge water was collected in a series of two 200 L settling tanks over the entire duration of the drainage event, so as to represent a composite subsample of the water being discharged. Imhoff settling cones are ultimately used to settle out the suspended particulates. This is achieved by siphoning water from the settling tanks via the cones. The particulates are then collected for physico-chemical analyses.

Nutrients present in particulate form can contribute significantly to the overall loads in agricultural drainage waters. This study describes a novel method to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canal drainage over the entire duration of the drainage event.

排水のイベント中に水の流れ加重と農業用水路から浮遊微粒子をキャプチャ

The purpose of this study is to describe the methods used to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canals during drainage ...

Continuous Hydrologic and Water Quality Monitoring of Vernal Ponds

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. However, they are vulnerable parts of the landscapes that are often poorly understood and understudied. Land use and management practices, as well as climate change are thought to be a contribution to the global amphibian decline. However, more research is needed to understand the extent of these impacts. Here, we present methodology for characterizing a vernal pond's morphology and detail a monitoring station that can be used to collect water quantity and quality data over the duration of a vernal pond's hydroperiod. We provide methodology for how to conduct field surveys to characterize the morphology and develop stage-storage curves for a vernal pond. Additionally, we provide methodology for monitoring the water level, temperature, pH, oxidation-reduction potential, dissolved oxygen, and electrical conductivity of water in a vernal pond, as well as monitoring rainfall data. This information can be used to better quantify the ecosystem services that vernal ponds provide and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services.

Understanding the ecosystem services and processes provided by vernal ponds and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services requires intensive hydrologic monitoring. This sampling protocol using in-situ monitoring equipment was developed to understand the impact of anthropogenic activities on water levels and quality.

連続的な水文水質ヴァーナル池のモニタリングと

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. ...

An Ultra-clean Multilayer Apparatus for Collecting Size Fractionated Marine Plankton and Suspended Particles

The distributions of many trace elements in the ocean are strongly associated with the growth, death, and re-mineralization of marine plankton and those of suspended/sinking particles. Here, we present an all plastic (Polypropylene and Polycarbonate), multi-layer filtration system for collection of suspended particulate matter (SPM) at sea. This ultra-clean sampling device has been designed and developed specifically for trace element studies. Meticulous selection of all non-metallic materials and utilization of an in-line flow-through procedure minimizes any possible metal contamination during sampling. This system has been successfully tested and tweaked for determining trace metals (e.g., Fe, Al, Mn, Cd, Cu, Ni) on particles of varying size in coastal and open ocean waters. Results from the South China Sea at the South East Asia Time-Series (SEATS) station indicate that diurnal variations and spatial distribution of plankton in the euphotic zone can be easily resolved and recognized. Chemical analysis of size-fractionated particles in surface waters of the Taiwan Strait suggests that the larger particles (&#62;153 &#181;m) were mostly biologically derived, while the smaller particles (10 - 63 &#181;m) were mostly composed of inorganic matter. Apart from Cd, the concentrations of metals (Fe, Al, Mn, Cu, Ni) decreased with increasing size.

Plankton and suspended particles play a major role in the biogeochemical cycles in the ocean. Here, we provide an ultra-clean, low stress method for the collection of various sizes of particles and plankton at sea with the capability of handling large volumes of seawater.

サイズ分画した海洋プランクトンや懸濁粒子を収集するための超きれいな積層装置

The distributions of many trace elements in the ocean are strongly associated with the growth, death, and re-mineralization of marine plankton and those ...

Design and Use of an Apparatus for Quantifying Bivalve Suspension Feeding at Sea

As shellfish aquaculture moves from coastal embayments and estuaries to offshore locations, the need to quantify ecosystem interactions of farmed bivalves (i.e., mussels, oysters, and clams) presents new challenges. Quantitative data on the feeding behavior of suspension-feeding mollusks is necessary to determine important ecosystem interactions of offshore shellfish farms, including their carrying capacity, the competition with the zooplankton community, the availability of trophic resources at different depths, and the deposition to the benthos. The biodeposition method is used to quantify feeding variables in suspension-feeding bivalves in a natural setting and represents a more realistic proxy than laboratory experiments. This method, however, relies upon a stable platform to satisfy the requirements that water flow rates supplied to the shellfish remain constant and the bivalves are undisturbed. A flow-through device and process for using the biodeposition method to quantify the feeding of bivalve mollusks were modified from a land-based format for shipboard use by building a two-dimensional gimbal table around the device. Planimeter data reveal a minimal pitch and yaw of the chambers containing the test shellfish despite boat motion, the flow rates within the chambers remain constant, and operators are able to collect the biodeposits (feces and pseudofeces) with sufficient consistency to obtain accurate measurements of the bivalve clearance, filtration, selection, ingestion, rejection, and absorption at offshore shellfish aquaculture sites.

A flow-through device for using the biodeposition method to quantify filtration and feeding behavior of bivalve mollusks was modified for shipboard use. A two-dimensional gimbal table built around the device isolates the apparatus from boat motion, thereby allowing the accurate quantification of bivalve filtration variables at offshore shellfish aquaculture sites.

デザインと二枚貝のサスペンションが海で餌を定量化するための装置の使用

As shellfish aquaculture moves from coastal embayments and estuaries to offshore locations, the need to quantify ecosystem interactions of farmed bivalves ...

In Situ Chemotaxis Assay to Examine Microbial Behavior in Aquatic Ecosystems

Microbial behaviors, such as motility and chemotaxis (the ability of a cell to alter its movement in response to a chemical gradient), are widespread across the bacterial and archaeal domains. Chemotaxis can result in substantial resource acquisition advantages in heterogeneous environments. It also plays a crucial role in symbiotic interactions, disease, and global processes, such as biogeochemical cycling. However, current techniques restrict chemotaxis research to the laboratory and are not easily applicable in the field. Presented here is a step-by-step protocol for the deployment of the in situ chemotaxis assay (ISCA), a device that enables robust interrogation of microbial chemotaxis directly in the natural environment. The ISCA is a microfluidic device consisting of a 20 well array, in which chemicals of interest can be loaded. Once deployed in aqueous environments, chemicals diffuse out of the wells, creating concentration gradients that microbes sense and respond to by swimming into the wells via chemotaxis. The well contents can then be sampled and used to (1) quantify strength of the chemotactic responses to specific compounds through flow cytometry, (2) isolate and culture responsive microorganisms, and (3) characterize the identity and genomic potential of the responding populations through molecular techniques. The ISCA is a flexible platform that can be deployed in any system with an aqueous phase, including marine, freshwater, and soil environments.

Presented here is the protocol for an in situ chemotaxis assay, a recently developed microfluidic device that enables studies of microbial behavior directly in the environment.

水生生態系における微生物行動を調べるSitu chemotaxisアッセイで

Microbial behaviors, such as motility and chemotaxis (the ability of a cell to alter its movement in response to a chemical gradient), are widespread ...

Microparticle Manipulation by Standing Surface Acoustic Waves with Dual-frequency Excitations

We demonstrate a method for increasing the tuning ability of a standing surface acoustic wave (SSAW) for microparticles manipulation in a lab-on-a-chip (LOC) system. The simultaneous excitation of the fundamental frequency and its third harmonic, which is termed as dual-frequency excitation, to a pair of interdigital transducers (IDTs) could generate a new type of standing acoustic waves in a microfluidic channel. Varying the power and the phase in the dual-frequency excitation signals results in a reconfigurable field of the acoustic radiation force applied to the microparticles across the microchannel (e.g., the number and location of the pressure nodes and the microparticle concentrations at the corresponding pressure nodes). This article demonstrates that the motion time of the microparticle to only one pressure node can be reduced ~2-fold at the power ratio of the fundamental frequency greater than ~90%. In contrast, there are three pressure nodes in the microchannel if less than this threshold. Furthermore, adjusting the initial phase between the fundamental frequency and the third harmonic results in different motion rates of the three SSAW pressure nodes, as well as in the percentage of microparticles at each pressure node in the microchannel. There is a good agreement between the experimental observation and the numerical predictions. This novel excitation method can easily and non-invasively integrate into the LOC system, with a wide tenability and only a few changes to the experimental set-up.

A protocol for manipulating the microparticles in a microfluidic channel with a dual-frequency excitation is presented.

立って二周波励起表面波による微小物体操作

We demonstrate a method for increasing the tuning ability of a standing surface acoustic wave (SSAW) for microparticles manipulation in a lab-on-a-chip ...

工学

Dissolved Solute Sampling Across an Oxic-Anoxic Soil-Water Interface Using Microdialysis Profilers

Biogeochemical processes shift rapidly in both spatial (millimeter scale) and temporal (hour scale to day scale) dimensions at the oxic-anoxic interface in response to disturbances. Deciphering the rapid biogeochemical changes requires in situ, minimally invasive tools with high spatial and temporal sampling resolution. However, the available passive sampling devices are not very useful in many cases either due to their disposable nature or the complexity and extensive workload for sample preparation.
To address this problem, a microdialysis profiler with 33 individual polyethersulfone nanomembrane tubes (semipermeable, &#60;20 nm pore size) integrated into the one-dimensional skeleton (60 mm) was established to iteratively sample the dissolved compounds in porewater across the soil-water interface at a high resolution of 1.8 mm (outer diameter plus one spacing, i.e., 0.1 mm between probes). The sampling mechanism is based on the principle of concentration gradient diffusion. The automatic loading of degassed water allows minimal disturbance to the chemical species across the oxic-anoxic interface.
This paper describes the procedures of device setup and continuous porewater sampling across the soil-water interface on a daily basis. Concentration-depth profiles were selectively measured before (on Day 6) and after (on Day 7) disturbances induced by irrigation. The results showed that concentration-depth profiles were undergoing rapid changes, especially for redox-sensitive elements (i.e., iron and arsenic). These protocols can help investigate the biogeochemical responses across the soil-water interface under various disturbances caused by physical, chemical, and biological factors. The paper thoroughly discusses the advantages and disadvantages of this method for potential use in the environmental sciences.

A microdialysis profiler is described to sample dissolved porewater solutes across an oxic-anoxic soil-water interface in situ with minimal disturbance. This device is designed to capture rapid changes in concentration-depth profiles induced by disturbances at the soil-water interface and beyond.

マイクロ透析プロファイラーを用いた酸素-無酸素土壌-水界面での溶存溶質サンプリング

Biogeochemical processes shift rapidly in both spatial (millimeter scale) and temporal (hour scale to day scale) dimensions at the oxic-anoxic interface ...

VacuSIP、のための改良INEX方法

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