The authors thank the Nikon Imaging Center at Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy (NIC@IIT).

<ol>
	<li>Gygi, S. P., Han, D. K., Gingras, A. C., Sonenberg, N., Aebersold, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protein+analysis+by+mass+spectrometry+and+sequence+database+searching:+tools+for+cancer+research+in+the+post-genomic+era.">Protein analysis by mass spectrometry and sequence database searching: tools for cancer research in the post-genomic era.</a> Electrophoresis. 20, 310-319 (1999).</li><li>Washburn, M. P., Wolters, D., Yates, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Large-scale+analysis+of+the+yeast+proteome+by+multidimensional+protein+identification+technology.">Large-scale analysis of the yeast proteome by multidimensional protein identification technology.</a> Nat Biotechnol. 19, 242-247 (2001).</li><li>Zhu, H., Bilgin, M., Snyder, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proteomics.">Proteomics.</a> Annu Rev Biochem. 72, 783-812 (2003).</li><li>Ito, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Roles+for+the+two-hybrid+system+in+exploration+of+the+yeast+protein+interactome.">Roles for the two-hybrid system in exploration of the yeast protein interactome.</a> Mol Cell Proteomics. 1, 561-566 (2002).</li><li>Evans, M. J., Cravatt, B. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanism-based+profiling+of+enzyme+families.">Mechanism-based profiling of enzyme families.</a> Chem Rev. 106, 3279-3301 (2006).</li><li>Cravatt, B. F., Wright, A. T., Kozarich, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activity-based+protein+profiling:+from+enzyme+chemistry+to+proteomic+chemistry.">Activity-based protein profiling: from enzyme chemistry to proteomic chemistry.</a> Annu Rev Biochem. 77, 383-414 (2008).</li><li>Rostovtsev, V. V., Green, L. G., Fokin, V. V., Sharpless, K. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+stepwise+huisgen+cycloaddition+process:+copper(I)-catalyzed+regioselective+"ligation"+of+azides+and+terminal+alkynes.">A stepwise huisgen cycloaddition process: copper(I)-catalyzed regioselective "ligation" of azides and terminal alkynes.</a> Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 41, 2596-2599 (2002).</li><li>Meldal, M., Tornoe, C. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cu-catalyzed+azide-alkyne+cycloaddition.">Cu-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition.</a> Chem Rev. 108, 2952-3015 (2008).</li><li>Speers, A. E., Adam, G. C., Cravatt, B. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activity-based+protein+profiling+in+vivo+using+a+copper(i)-catalyzed+azide-alkyne+[3+++2]+cycloaddition.">Activity-based protein profiling in vivo using a copper(i)-catalyzed azide-alkyne [3 + 2] cycloaddition.</a> J Am Chem Soc. 125, 4686-4687 (2003).</li><li>Saxon, E., Bertozzi, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+surface+engineering+by+a+modified+Staudinger+reaction.">Cell surface engineering by a modified Staudinger reaction.</a> Science. 287, 2007-2010 (2000).</li><li>Kohn, M., Breinbauer, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Staudinger+ligation-a+gift+to+chemical+biology.">The Staudinger ligation-a gift to chemical biology.</a> Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 43, 3106-3116 (2004).</li><li>Romeo, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activity-Based+Probe+for+N-Acylethanolamine+Acid+Amidase.">Activity-Based Probe for N-Acylethanolamine Acid Amidase.</a> ACS Chem Biol. 10, 2057-2064 (2015).</li><li>Ueda, N., Yamanaka, K., Yamamoto, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purification+and+characterization+of+an+acid+amidase+selective+for+N-palmitoylethanolamine,+a+putative+endogenous+anti-inflammatory+substance.">Purification and characterization of an acid amidase selective for N-palmitoylethanolamine, a putative endogenous anti-inflammatory substance.</a> J Biol Chem. 276, 35552-35557 (2001).</li><li>Tsuboi, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+characterization+of+N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing+acid+amidase,+a+novel+member+of+the+choloylglycine+hydrolase+family+with+structural+and+functional+similarity+to+acid+ceramidase.">Molecular characterization of N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase, a novel member of the choloylglycine hydrolase family with structural and functional similarity to acid ceramidase.</a> J Biol Chem. 280, 11082-11092 (2005).</li><li>Tsuboi, K., Takezaki, N., Ueda, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing+acid+amidase+(NAAA).">The N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase (NAAA).</a> Chem Biodivers. 4, 1914-1925 (2007).</li><li>Ribeiro, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Potent+Systemically+Active+N-Acylethanolamine+Acid+Amidase+Inhibitor+that+Suppresses+Inflammation+and+Human+Macrophage+Activation.">A Potent Systemically Active N-Acylethanolamine Acid Amidase Inhibitor that Suppresses Inflammation and Human Macrophage Activation.</a> ACS Chem Biol. 10, 1838-1846 (2015).</li><li>Zhao, L. Y., Tsuboi, K., Okamoto, Y., Nagahata, S., Ueda, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proteolytic+activation+and+glycosylation+of+N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing+acid+amidase,+a+lysosomal+enzyme+involved+in+the+endocannabinoid+metabolism.">Proteolytic activation and glycosylation of N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase, a lysosomal enzyme involved in the endocannabinoid metabolism.</a> Biochim Biophys Acta. 1771, 1397-1405 (2007).</li><li>Wang, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amino+acid+residues+crucial+in+pH+regulation+and+proteolytic+activation+of+N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing+acid+amidase.">Amino acid residues crucial in pH regulation and proteolytic activation of N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase.</a> Biochim Biophys Acta. 1781, 710-717 (2008).</li><li>West, J. M., Zvonok, N., Whitten, K. M., Wood, J. T., Makriyannis, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mass+spectrometric+characterization+of+human+N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing+acid+amidase.">Mass spectrometric characterization of human N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase.</a> J Proteome Res. 11, 972-981 (2012).</li><li>Bandiera, T., Ponzano, S., Piomelli, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+the+discovery+of+N-acylethanolamine+acid+amidase+inhibitors.">Advances in the discovery of N-acylethanolamine acid amidase inhibitors.</a> Pharmacol Res. 86, 11-17 (2014).</li><li>Sasso, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antinociceptive+effects+of+the+N-acylethanolamine+acid+amidase+inhibitor+ARN077+in+rodent+pain+models.">Antinociceptive effects of the N-acylethanolamine acid amidase inhibitor ARN077 in rodent pain models.</a> Pain. 154, 350-360 (2013).</li><li>Duranti, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=N-(2-oxo-3-oxetanyl)carbamic+acid+esters+as+N-acylethanolamine+acid+amidase+inhibitors:+synthesis+and+structure-activity+and+structure-property+relationships.">N-(2-oxo-3-oxetanyl)carbamic acid esters as N-acylethanolamine acid amidase inhibitors: synthesis and structure-activity and structure-property relationships.</a> J Med Chem. 55, 4824-4836 (2012).</li><li>Ponzano, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+and+structure-activity+relationship+(SAR)+of+2-methyl-4-oxo-3-oxetanylcarbamic+acid+esters,+a+class+of+potent+N-acylethanolamine+acid+amidase+(NAAA)+inhibitors.">Synthesis and structure-activity relationship (SAR) of 2-methyl-4-oxo-3-oxetanylcarbamic acid esters, a class of potent N-acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA) inhibitors.</a> J Med Chem. 56, 6917-6934 (2013).</li><li>Solorzano, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+and+structure-activity+relationships+of+N-(2-oxo-3-oxetanyl)amides+as+N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing+acid+amidase+inhibitors.">Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-(2-oxo-3-oxetanyl)amides as N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase inhibitors.</a> J Med Chem. 53, 5770-5781 (2010).</li><li>Vitale, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis,+structure-activity,+and+structure-stability+relationships+of+2-substituted-N-(4-oxo-3-oxetanyl)+N-acylethanolamine+acid+amidase+(NAAA)+inhibitors.">Synthesis, structure-activity, and structure-stability relationships of 2-substituted-N-(4-oxo-3-oxetanyl) N-acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA) inhibitors.</a> ChemMedChem 9. 9, 323-336 (2014).</li><li>Fiasella, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3-Aminoazetidin-2-one+derivatives+as+N-acylethanolamine+acid+amidase+(NAAA)+inhibitors+suitable+for+systemic+administration.">3-Aminoazetidin-2-one derivatives as N-acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA) inhibitors suitable for systemic administration.</a> ChemMedChem 9. 9, 1602-1614 (2014).</li><li>Armirotti, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=beta-Lactones+Inhibit+N-acylethanolamine+Acid+Amidase+by+S-Acylation+of+the+Catalytic+N-Terminal+Cysteine.">beta-Lactones Inhibit N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase by S-Acylation of the Catalytic N-Terminal Cysteine.</a> ACS Med Chem Lett. 3, 422-426 (2012).</li><li>Nuzzi, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Potent+alpha-amino-beta-lactam+carbamic+acid+ester+as+NAAA+inhibitors.+Synthesis+and+structure-activity+relationship+(SAR)+studies.">Potent alpha-amino-beta-lactam carbamic acid ester as NAAA inhibitors. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies.</a> Eur J Med Chem. 111, 138-159 (2016).</li><li>Bonezzi, F. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+Important+Role+for+N-Acylethanolamine+Acid+Amidase+in+the+Complete+Freund's+Adjuvant+Rat+Model+of+Arthritis.">An Important Role for N-Acylethanolamine Acid Amidase in the Complete Freund's Adjuvant Rat Model of Arthritis.</a> J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 356, 656-663 (2016).</li><li>Smith, P. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+protein+using+bicinchoninic+acid.">Measurement of protein using bicinchoninic acid.</a> Anal Biochem. 150, 76-85 (1985).</li><li>Speers, A. E., Cravatt, B. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activity-Based+Protein+Profiling+(ABPP)+and+Click+Chemistry+(CC)-ABPP+by+MudPIT+Mass+Spectrometry.">Activity-Based Protein Profiling (ABPP) and Click Chemistry (CC)-ABPP by MudPIT Mass Spectrometry.</a> Curr Protoc Chem Biol. 1, 29-41 (2009).</li><li>Rybak, J. N., Scheurer, S. B., Neri, D., Elia, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purification+of+biotinylated+proteins+on+streptavidin+resin:+a+protocol+for+quantitative+elution.">Purification of biotinylated proteins on streptavidin resin: a protocol for quantitative elution.</a> Proteomics. 4, 2296-2299 (2004).</li><li>Penna, A., Cahalan, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Western+Blotting+using+the+Invitrogen+NuPage+Novex+Bis+Tris+minigels.">Western Blotting using the Invitrogen NuPage Novex Bis Tris minigels.</a> J Vis Exp. (264), (2007).</li><li>Giuffrida, A., Piomelli, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isotope+dilution+GC/MS+determination+of+anandamide+and+other+fatty+acylethanolamides+in+rat+blood+plasma.">Isotope dilution GC/MS determination of anandamide and other fatty acylethanolamides in rat blood plasma.</a> FEBS Lett. 422, 373-376 (1998).</li><li>Buczynski, M. W., Parsons, L. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantification+of+brain+endocannabinoid+levels:+methods,+interpretations+and+pitfalls.">Quantification of brain endocannabinoid levels: methods, interpretations and pitfalls.</a> Br J Pharmacol. 160, 423-442 (2010).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

פעילות האנזים מוסדר דק ברמות שונות, כולל שעתוק RNA, סינתזת החלבון, טרנסלוקציה חלבון, שינוי שלאחר translational, ואינטראקציה בין חלבונים. לעתים קרובות, ביטוי האנזים אינו לבד חשבון עבור פעילותה. ABPP פותח כדי לחקור את פעילותם של חלבונים במצב הטבעי שלהם. שתי תכונות נדרשות: בדיקה כי...

בשימוש נפוץ שיטות לחקור את דפוסי הביטוי, אינטראקציות, ופונקציות של חלבונים, כולל פלטפורמות ספקטרומטריית כרומטוגרפיה-מסה נוזליות לניתוח רובה 1,2, שמרים שיטות שני היברידיות 3,4, ו ב מבחני חוץ גופייה, מוגבלות שהם לא ניתן להעריך את הפעילות של חלבונים במצב הטבעי שלהם. פרופיל חלבון מבוססי פעילות (ABPP) שניתן להשתמש בהם כדי למלא את הפער. לפי גישה זו, מולקולות קטנות בוחנות מסוגלות מחייב קוולנטית אל האתר הפעיל של אנזים אינטרסים מצומדות לקבוצת כתב המאפשרת איתור היעד. באמצעות כימיה לחץ (CC), הכתב ניתן לשלב את החללית או יכול להיות מוצג לאחר אירוסי היעד התרחשו 5,6. ההליך האחרון מחייב שימוש בדיקות המכילות קבוצות כימיות מתאימות, כגון אלקין או תזיד מסוף, אשר יכול להיות שונה עם מספר ריאגנטים כתב דרך תגובות ביו-מאונך such כמו Cu (I) -catalyzed Huisgen [3 + 2] cycloaddition 7-9 או Staudinger קשירת 10,11. לאחרונה, אנו חשפנו את ARN14686 המתחם כמו ABP הראשון עבור במבחנת איתור vivo של hydrolase ציסטאין, 12 NAAA. NAAA מזרז את שחרור משרות והידרוליזה של FAES רווי בלתי רווי, כולל oleoylethanolamide (OEA) ו palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), שהן אגוניסטים אנדוגני של רצפטור גרעיני אנטי דלקתיות PPAR-alpha 13-15. NAAA מתבטא בעיקר מקרופאגים ותאי מונוציטים הנגזרות אחרים, כמו גם ב-לימפוציטים 14,16, דבר המצביע על תפקיד בוויסות התגובה החיסונית המולדת. האנזים הוא מסונתז reticulum endoplasmic המחוספס בצורה פעילה מופעל בתאים החומצית של התא על ידי מנגנון autoproteolytic 17. מחשוף autoproteolytic יוצר ציסטאין חדש N -terminal (C131 בעכברים וחולדות, C126 בבני אדם), כי הוא אחראי נוקלאופיל עבור FAE הידרוליזה 18,19. עיכוב תרופתי פעילות NAAA משנה את איזון FAE סינתזה / שפלה לטובת רמות תאיים מרובות יותר של 16,20,21 FAES. כמה נגזרים β-lactone ו β-לקטם הוכחו לעכב פעילות NAAA עם עוצמה גבוהה סלקטיביות 16,22-26. מעכבים אלה פועלים באמצעות S -acylation של ציסטאין קטליטי 16,27,28. ARN14686 המתחם תוכנן בהתבסס על המבנה הכימי של פעיל מערכתית, נגזר-סרין β-לקטם NAAA מעכב, ARN726 (4-cyclohexylbutyl- N - [(S) -2-oxoazetidin-3-י.ל.] carbamate) 16. קבוצת 4-בוטיל-cyclohexyl של ARN726 הוחלפה שרשרת אליפטיות רווי C9 נושאות תג אלקין מסוף נטיית CC הבאה עם תג עיתונאי יזיד נושאות. בחרנו לעצב ABP שני שלבים כדי minimally לשנות את מבנה הפיגום המקורי, ובכך שמירה על הזיקה של החללית עבור NAAA. יתר על כן, הימנעות כניסתה של תגים מגושמים, בדיקה כזו יכולה להיות מתאימה יותר לטיפול in vivo מאשר ABP ישיר. ARN14686 מעכב NAAA עם עוצמה גבוהה (hNAAA IC 50 = ננומטר 6, rNAAA IC 50 = 13 ננומטר) על ידי יצירת adduct קוולנטיים עם ציסטאין הקטליטית של האנזים 12. ניסויים בחולדות חיים הראו כי החללית היא סלקטיבית לכידה NAAA לידי ביטוי ריאות. חומצה ceramidase, אחר ציסטאין amidase שחולקת זהות 33-34% עם NAAA, זוהה גם כמטרה בעלת זיקה נמוכה בעת שימוש בריכוזים גבוהים בדיקה (10 מיקרומטר במבחנה, 10 מ&quot;ג / מ&quot;ל תוך ורידי, iv) 12. יש לנו גם השתמשתי ARN14686 ללמוד בנוכחות NAAA הפעיל ברקמות עכברוש מודלקות לאחר נטילה של אדג&#39;ובנט של שלמה פרוינד (CFA) 29. כאן, אנו מתארים פרוטוקול עבור preparatiעל של ARN14686 (איור 1) ויישומה לחקירת ההפעלה NAAA vivo לשעבר. כדוגמה, אנו מתארים הליך הניסוי לדמיין NAAA בכפות עכברוש לאחר מתן CFA. בניסוי זה, חלבונים המחולצים רקמות כפה לאחר ההזרקה iv של החללית, ואת proteome שכותרתו ABP הוא נתון סמ&quot;ק עם-אזיד ביוטין. דגימות Biotinylated מועשרות באמצעות חרוזי streptavidin, וכתמי חלבון מבוצעים. ביישום אחר, אנו מתארים את הלוקליזציה של NAAA הפעיל על ידי מיקרוסקופ פלואורסצנטי בתוך ריאות עכבר מעכברים שטופל חללית. במקרה זה, הרקמה מחולקת וחתכים חשופים CC עבור בנוסף rhodamine. ערכת עבודה מתוארת באיור 2.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1209">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">1,1&#8217;-sulfonyldiimidazole&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">367818</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Harmful</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">2-dipyridylcarbonate</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Fluorochem</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">11331</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Harmful</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">2-Methylbutan</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">M32631</td>
			<td>Flamable, toxic,hazardous to the aquatic environment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">4-(Dimethylamino)pyridine</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">107700</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Acetic acid</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">695092</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Flammable, Corrosive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Acetonitrile&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">34998</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Flammable, Toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Activated charcoal</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">161551</td>
			<td style="width:471px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Ammonium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">A9434</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Harmful</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Azide-PEG3-Biotin</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Jena Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">CLK-AZ104P4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Azide-PEG3-Fluor 545</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Jena Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">CLK-AZ109</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">BCA protein assay kit</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">23227</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Bio-spin columns</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Biorad</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">732-6204</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Biotin</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">B4501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Blocking buffer</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Li-Cor Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">927-40000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">b-mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">M6250</td>
			<td>Higly toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Bovin serum albumine (BSA)</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">A7030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Bromophenol blue</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">B0126</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Bruker Avance III 400</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Bruker</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:471px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Celite</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">419931</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Health hazard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Ceric ammonium nitrate&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">22249</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Oxidizing, Harmful</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Chloral hydrate</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">C8383</td>
			<td>Higly toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">CuSO4.5H2O&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">209198</td>
			<td>Toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Cyclohexadiene</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">125415</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Flammable, Health hazard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Cyclohexane</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">34855</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Flammable, Harmful, Health hazard, Environmental hazard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Dichloromethane</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">34856</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Harmful, Health hazard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Diethyl ether</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">296082</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Flammable, Harmful</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Acros Organics</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">348441000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Dimethyl sulfoxide d6 (DMSO-d6)</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">175943</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">2860</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Flammable, Harmful</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Ethyl acetate</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">34858</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Flammable, Harmful</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Glycerol</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">G5516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Irdye 680-LT Streptavidin</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Li-Cor Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">925-68031</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">IRDye680-LT Streptavidin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Licor</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">925-68031</td>
			<td>Briefly centrifuge before use to precipitate protein complexes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Methanol</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">34966</td>
			<td>Highly toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Methanol</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">34860</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Flammable, Toxic, Health hazard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:423px;">N-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-N&#8242;-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">E7750</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Harmful, Corrosive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">N,N-diisopropylethylamine</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">D125806</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Flammable, Corrosive, Toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">N,N-dimethylformamide</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">227056</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Flammable, Harmful, Health hazard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">N-Cbz-L-Serine</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Fluorochem&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">M03053</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Harmful</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Nikon A1 confocal microscopy</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td>Read&#160; the user manual</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">NuPAGE 4-12% Bis-Tris gel</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">NP0335BOX</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Palladium on carbon</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">330108</td>
			<td style="width:471px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">p-anisidine</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">A88255</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Toxic, Health hazard, Environmental hazard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">441244</td>
			<td>Toxic, respiratory harmful, corrosive, falmable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Poly(ethylene glycol)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">P3265</td>
			<td style="width:471px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">ProLong Gold antifade mountant with DAPI&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">P36931</td>
			<td>Avoid bubbles formation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Protease inhibitor cocktail</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">P8340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">S6014</td>
			<td style="width:471px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">L3771</td>
			<td>Toxic, corrosive, falmmable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Sodium hydride&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">452912</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Flammable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Sodium sulfate</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">239313</td>
			<td style="width:471px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Starion FLA-9000 immage scanner</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">FUJIFILM</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td>Read&#160; the user manual</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Streptavidin agarose</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>20349</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Sucrose</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">S7903</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Tert-butanol</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">360538</td>
			<td>Toxic, flammable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Tetrahydrofuran</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">186562</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Flammable, Harmful, Health hazard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Thiourea</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Acros Organics</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">424542500</td>
			<td>Toxic, warm at 50 &#176;C to dissolve</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Tris</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">RDD008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP)</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">C4706</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tris[(1-benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl]amine (TBTA)</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">678937</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Triton-x100</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">X100</td>
			<td>Toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Tween-20</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">P9416</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Tween-80</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">P1754</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Ultra turrax IKA T18 basic tissue homogenizer</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">IKA</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Undec-10-yn-1-ol</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Fluorochem</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">13739</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Harmful</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Urea</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">U5378</td>
			<td>Toxic, warm at 50 &#176;C to dissolve</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

preparation and in vivo use of an activity-based probe for n-acylethanolamine acid amidase

פרופיל חלבון מבוסס פעילות (ABPP) הוא שיטה לזיהוי של אנזים של עניין proteome מורכב באמצעות בדיקה כימית שמכוונת את האתר הפעיל של האנזים. תג כתב הציג לתוך החללית מאפשר זיהוי של האנזים שכותרתו ידי סריקת קרינה-ג&#39;ל, כתם חלבון, מיקרוסקופ פלואורסצנטי, או ספקטרומטריית כרומטוגרפיה-מסה נוזלית. כאן, אנו מתארים את ההכנה ושימוש של ARN14686 המתחם, כימיה לחץ פעילות מבוססת בדיקה (CC-ABP) באופן סלקטיבי מזהה אנזים N -acylethanolamine חומצת amidase (NAAA). NAAA הוא hydrolase ציסטאין שמקדם דלקת ידי השבתת peroxisome אנדוגני קולטן proliferator המופעל (PPAR) אגוניסטים -alpha כגון palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) ו oleoylethanolamide (OEA). NAAA הוא מסונתז כקובץ proenzyme באורך מלא פעיל, אשר מופעל על ידי autoproteolysis ב- pH חומצי של ליזוזום. מחקרי לוקליזציה hותעיף הראה כי NAAA מתבטא בעיקר מקרופאגים ותאי מונוציטים נגזרות אחרים, וכן לימפוציטים מסוג B. אנו מספקים דוגמאות כיצד ניתן להשתמש ARN14686 כדי לזהות ולכמת פעיל NAAA vivo לשעבר ברקמות מכרסמים על ידי כתם חלבון מיקרוסקופ פלואורסצנטי.

ARN14686 תוכנן בהתבסס על הפיגום של ARN726 מעכב NAAA. קבוצת 4-בוטיל-cyclohexyl של ARN726 הוחלפה עם שרשרת אליפטיות רווי C9 נושאות תג אלקין מסוף (איור 1). תג אלקין הוצג על מנת לאפשר את השימוש של הליך תיוג שני שלבים להוסיף fluorophore או מולקולה ביוטין באמצעות CC. תכונה זו ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase at JoVE.com

Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase

כאן, אנו מתארים את ההכנה והשימוש תחקיר מבוססי פעילות (ARN14686, undec-10-ynyl- N - [(3 S) -2-oxoazetidin-3-י.ל.] carbamate) המאפשר איתור וכימות של צורה פעילה של amidase החומצה המעודד דלקת אנזים N -acylethanolamine (NAAA), הוא במבחנת vivo לשעבר.

הכנה<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; השתמש של Probe פעילות מבוססת עבור<em&gt; N</em&gt; -acylethanolamine חומצה Amidase

Activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) is a method for the identification of an enzyme of interest in a complex proteome through the use of a chemical ...

preparation-vivo-use-an-activity-based-probe-for-n-acylethanolamine

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase

9.6K Views.  Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia.  כאן, אנו מתארים את ההכנה והשימוש תחקיר מבוססי פעילות (ARN14686, undec-10-ynyl- N - [(3 S) -2-oxoazetidin-3-י.ל.] carbamate) המאפשר איתור וכימות של צורה פעילה של amidase החומצה המעודד דלקת אנזים N -acylethanolamine (NAAA), הוא במבחנת vivo לשעבר. 

Video: Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase

An Efficient Method for the Isolation of Highly Purified RNA from Seeds for Use in Quantitative Transcriptome Analysis

Plant seeds accumulate large amounts of storage reserves comprising biodegradable organic matter. Humans rely on seed storage reserves for food and as industrial materials. Gene expression profiles are powerful tools for investigating metabolic regulation in plant cells. Therefore, detailed, accurate gene expression profiles during seed development are required for crop breeding. Acquiring highly purified RNA is essential for producing these profiles. Efficient methods are needed to isolate highly purified RNA from seeds. Here, we describe a method for isolating RNA from seeds containing large amounts of oils, proteins, and polyphenols, which have inhibitory effects on high-purity RNA isolation. Our method enables highly purified RNA to be obtained from seeds without the use of phenol, chloroform, or additional processes for RNA purification. This method is applicable to Arabidopsis, rapeseed, and soybean seeds. Our method will be useful for monitoring the expression patterns of low level transcripts in developing and mature seeds.

We have succeeded in establishing a method for RNA isolation from plant seeds containing large amounts of oils, proteins, and polyphenols, which have inhibitory effects on high-purity RNA isolation. Our method is suitable for monitoring the expression of genes with low level transcripts in seeds.

שיטה יעילה עבור הבידוד של רנ&quot;א מאוד מטוהר מזרעים לשימוש ב כמוני transcriptome ניתוח

Plant seeds accumulate large amounts of storage reserves comprising biodegradable organic matter. Humans rely on seed storage reserves for food and as ...

Preparation of Giant Vesicles Encapsulating Microspheres by Centrifugation of a Water-in-oil Emulsion

The constructive biology and the synthetic biology approach to creating artificial life involve the bottom-up assembly of biological or nonbiological materials. Such approaches have received considerable attention in research on the boundary between living and nonliving matter and have been used to construct artificial cells over the past two decades. In particular, Giant Vesicles (GVs) have often been used as artificial cell membranes. In this paper, we describe the preparation of GVs encapsulating highly packed microspheres as a model of cells containing highly condensed biomolecules. The GVs were prepared by means of a simple water-in-oil emulsion centrifugation method. Specifically, a homogenizer was used to emulsify an aqueous solution containing the materials to be encapsulated and an oil containing dissolved phospholipids, and the resulting emulsion was layered carefully on the surface of another aqueous solution. The layered system was then centrifuged to generate the GVs. This powerful method was used to encapsulate materials ranging from small molecules to microspheres.

Giant vesicles containing highly packed micrometer-sized components are useful cell models. The water-in-oil emulsion centrifugation method is a simple, powerful tool for the preparation of giant vesicles with encapsulated materials.

הכנת ענק שלפוחית ​​encapsulating מיקרוסכמות על ידי צנטריפוגה של אמולסיה מים ב-שמן

The constructive biology and the synthetic biology approach to creating artificial life involve the bottom-up assembly of biological or nonbiological ...

Sample Preparation for Mass Spectrometry-based Identification of RNA-binding Regions

Noncoding RNAs play important roles in several nuclear processes, including regulating gene expression, chromatin structure, and DNA repair. In most cases, the action of noncoding RNAs is mediated by proteins whose functions are in turn regulated by these interactions with noncoding RNAs. Consistent with this, a growing number of proteins involved in nuclear functions have been reported to bind RNA and in a few cases the RNA-binding regions of these proteins have been mapped, often through laborious, candidate-based methods.
Here, we report a detailed protocol to perform a high-throughput, proteome-wide unbiased identification of RNA-binding proteins and their RNA-binding regions. The methodology relies on the incorporation of a photoreactive uridine analog in the cellular RNA, followed by UV-mediated protein-RNA crosslinking, and mass spectrometry analyses to reveal RNA-crosslinked peptides within the proteome. Although we describe the procedure for mouse embryonic stem cells, the protocol should be easily adapted to a variety of cultured cells.

We describe a protocol to identify RNA-binding proteins and map their RNA-binding regions in live cells using UV-mediated photocrosslinking and mass spectrometry.

הכנת הדוגמא לזיהוי מבוססי ספקטרומטר מסה של RNA-איגוד אזורים

Noncoding RNAs play important roles in several nuclear processes, including regulating gene expression, chromatin structure, and DNA repair. In most ...

Preparation of Keratin Hydrolysate from Chicken Feathers and Its Application in Cosmetics

Keratin hydrolysates (KHs) are established standard components in hair cosmetics. Understanding the moisturizing effects of KH is advantageous for skin-care cosmetics. The goals of the protocol are: (1) to process chicken feathers into KH by alkaline-enzymatic hydrolysis and purify it by dialysis, and (2) to test if adding KH into an ointment base (OB) increases hydration of the skin and improves skin barrier function by diminishing transepidermal water loss (TEWL). During alkaline-enzymatic hydrolysis feathers are first incubated at a higher temperature in an alkaline environment and then, under mild conditions, hydrolyzed with proteolytic enzyme. The solution of KH is dialyzed, vacuum dried, and milled to a fine powder. Cosmetic formulations comprising from oil in water emulsion (O/W) containing 2, 4, and 6 weight% of KH (based on the weight of the OB) are prepared. Testing the moisturizing properties of KH is carried out on 10 men and 10 women at time intervals of 1, 2, 3, 4, 24, and 48 h. Tested formulations are spread at degreased volar forearm sites. The skin hydration of stratum corneum (SC) is assessed by measuring capacitance of the skin, which is one of the most world-wide used and simple methods. TEWL is based on measuring the quantity of water transported per a defined area and period of time from the skin. Both methods are fully non-invasive. KH makes for an excellent occlusive; depending on the addition of KH into OB, it brings about a 30% reduction in TEWL after application. KH also functions as a humectant, as it binds water from the lower layers of the epidermis to the SC; at the optimum KH addition in the OB, up to 19% rise in hydration in men and 22% rise in women occurs.

The goal of the protocol is to prepare keratin hydrolysate from chicken feathers by alkaline-enzymatic hydrolysis and to test whether adding keratin hydrolysate into a cosmetics ointment base improves skin barrier function (heightening hydration and diminishing transepidermal water loss). Tests are conducted on men and woman volunteers.

הכנת קרטין Hydrolysate של נוצות העוף ויישומו בתחום הקוסמטיקה

Keratin hydrolysates (KHs) are established standard components in hair cosmetics. Understanding the moisturizing effects of KH is advantageous for ...

Use of Alu Element Containing Minigenes to Analyze Circular RNAs

In addition to linear mRNAs, many eukaryotic genes generate circular RNAs. Most circular RNAs are generated by joining a 5&#39; splice site with an upstream 3&#39; splice site within a pre-mRNA, a process called back-splicing. This circularization is likely aided by secondary structures in the pre-mRNA that bring the splice sites into close proximity. In human genes, Alu elements are thought to promote these secondary RNA structures, as Alu elements are abundant and exhibit base complementarities with each other when present in opposite directions in the pre-mRNA. Here, we describe the generation and analysis of large, Alu element containing reporter genes that form circular RNAs. Through optimization of cloning protocols, reporter genes with up to 20 kb insert length can be generated. Their analysis in co-transfection experiments allows the identification of regulatory factors. Thus, this method can identify RNA sequences and cellular components involved in circular RNA formation.

Use of Alu Element Containing Minigenes to Analyze Circular RNAs

We clone and analyze reporter genes generating circular RNAs. These reporter genes are larger than constructs to analyze linear splicing and contain Alu elements. To investigate the circular RNAs, the constructs are transfected into cells and resulting RNA is analyzed using RT-PCR after removal of linear RNA.

שימוש באלמנט Alu המכיל מיני-גנים לניתוח Rnas מעגלית

In addition to linear mRNAs, many eukaryotic genes generate circular RNAs. Most circular RNAs are generated by joining a 5&#39; splice site with an ...

A Plasma Sample Preparation for Mass Spectrometry using an Automated Workstation

Sample preparation for mass spectrometry analysis in proteomics requires enzymatic cleavage of proteins into a peptide mixture. This process involves numerous incubation and liquid transfer steps in order to achieve denaturation, reduction, alkylation, and cleavage. Adapting this workflow onto an automated workstation can increase efficiency and reduce coefficients of variance, thereby providing more reliable data for statistical comparisons between sample types. We previously described an automated proteomic sample preparation workflow1. Here, we report the development of a more efficient and better controlled workflow with the following advantages: 1) The number of liquid transfer steps is reduced from nine to six by combining reagents; 2) Pipetting time is reduced by selective tip pipetting using a 96-position pipetting head with multiple channels; 3) Potential throughput is increased by the availability of up to 45 deck positions; 4) Complete enclosure of the system provides improved temperature and environmental control and reduces the potential for contamination of samples or reagents; and 5) The addition of stable isotope labeled peptides, as well as &#946;-galactosidase protein, to each sample makes monitoring and quality control possible throughout the entire process. These hardware and process improvements provide good reproducibility and improve intra-assay and inter-assay precision (CV of less than 20%) for LC-MS based protein and peptide quantification. The entire workflow for digesting 96 samples in a 96-well plate can be completed in approximately 5 hours.

Here, we present an automated plasma protein digestion method for mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomic analysis. In this protocol, the liquid transferring and incubation steps for protein denaturation, reduction, alkylation, and trypsin digestion reactions are streamlined and automated. It takes approximately five hours to prepare a 96-well plate with desired precision.

הכנה לדגימת פלזמה לספקטרומטר מסה באמצעות תחנת עבודה אוטומטית

Sample preparation for mass spectrometry analysis in proteomics requires enzymatic cleavage of proteins into a peptide mixture. This process involves ...

Sample Preparation for Probe Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful tool in analytical chemistry because it provides very accurate information about molecules, such as mass-to-charge ratios (m/z), which are useful to deduce molecular weights and structures. While it is essentially a destructive analytical method, recent advancements in the ambient ionization technique have enabled us to acquire data while leaving tissue in a relatively intact state in terms of integrity. Probe electrospray ionization (PESI) is a so-called direct method because it does not require complex and time-consuming pretreatment of samples. A fine needle serves as a sample picker, as well as an ionization emitter. Based on the very sharp and fine property of the probe tip, destruction of the samples is minimal, allowing us to acquire the real-time molecular information from living things in situ. Herein, we introduce three applications of PESI-MS technique that will be useful for biomedical research and development. One involves the application to solid tissue, which is the basic application of this technique for the medical diagnosis. As this technique requires only 10 mg of the sample, it may be very useful in the routine clinical settings. The second application is for in vitro medical diagnostics where human blood serum is measured. The ability to measure fluid samples is also valuable in various biological experiments where a sufficient volume of sample for conventional analytical techniques cannot be provided. The third application leans toward the direct application of probe needles in living animals, where we can obtain real-time dynamics of metabolites or drugs in specific organs. In each application, we can infer the molecules that have been detected by MS or use artificial intelligence to obtain a medical diagnosis.

This article introduces sample preparation methods for a unique real-time analytical method based on the ambient mass spectrometry. This method lets us perform real-time analysis of the biological molecules in vivo without any special pretreatments.

הכנה לדוגמא לתרסיס אלקטרונון מהמוני ספקטרומטר מונמטריה

Mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful tool in analytical chemistry because it provides very accurate information about molecules, such as mass-to-charge ...

Preparation of High-Quality Fermented Fish Product

This protocol provides a method for preparation of industrialized fermented fish product with sturgeon (Aquilaria sinensis) meat product. The procedures were: (1) pretreatment of farmed sturgeon including decapitation, evisceration, skinning-off, cleaning and cutting; (2) marinating fish cubes in 6-12% (w/v) salt solution (1:1, fish cube mass to solution volume); (3) drying fish cubes to a water content of 50-60% by hot air (40-60 &#176;C) or by vacuum; (4) fermentation involving inoculating fish cubes with 0.4-1.6% (w/w) S. cerevisiae in flavor solution to fish cubes and fermenting at 25-35 &#176;C for 6-10 h; (5) sealing fish cubes in vacuum packages with marinating and fermenting solutions; (6) sterilizing at 115-121 &#176;C for 10-20 min. The sturgeon meat product prepared by this method has delicious taste which is mellow and thick, has various types and large amounts of volatile flavor compounds such as alcohols and esters which could mask musty and unpleasant odor from fish, has moderate salt content but good texture properties such as high springiness, gumminess and chewiness, and has bright russet color and attractive appearance. This new technique could also be applied in the processing of other fish to provide convenient fish snack foods which could be stored at room temperature. It is appropriate for both marine and freshwater fish.

The goal of the protocol is to provide an industrialized fish fermentation technique based on inoculation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

הכנת מוצר מוצרי הדגים התוססים באיכות גבוהה

This protocol provides a method for preparation of industrialized fermented fish product with sturgeon (Aquilaria sinensis) meat product. The procedures ...

Use of Microscale Thermophoresis to Measure Protein-Lipid Interactions

The ability to determine the binding affinity of lipids to proteins is an essential part of understanding protein-lipid interactions in membrane trafficking, signal transduction and cytoskeletal remodeling. Classic tools for measuring such interactions include surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). While powerful tools, these approaches have setbacks. ITC requires large amounts of purified protein as well as lipids, which can be costly and difficult to produce. Furthermore, ITC as well as SPR are very time consuming, which could add significantly to the cost of performing these experiments. One way to bypass these restrictions is to use the relatively new technique of microscale thermophoresis (MST). MST is fast and cost effective using small amounts of sample to obtain a saturation curve for a given binding event. There currently are two types of MST systems available. One type of MST requires labeling with a fluorophore in the blue or red spectrum. The second system relies on the intrinsic fluorescence of aromatic amino acids in the UV range. Both systems detect the movement of molecules in response to localized induction of heat from an infrared laser. Each approach has its advantages and disadvantages. Label-free MST can use untagged native proteins; however, many analytes, including pharmaceuticals, fluoresce in the UV range, which can interfere with determination of accurate KD values. In comparison, labeled MST allows for a greater diversity of measurable pairwise interactions utilizing fluorescently labeled probes attached to ligands with measurable absorbances in the visible range as opposed to UV, limiting the potential for interfering signals from analytes.

Microscale thermophoresis obtains binding constants quickly at low material cost. Either labeled or label free microscale thermophoresis is commercially available; however, label free thermophoresis is not capable of the diversity of interaction measurements that can be performed using fluorescent labels. We provide a protocol for labeled thermophoresis measurements.

שימוש בתרמופורזה מיקרומטרית למדידת אינטראקציות בין חלבון לליפיד

The ability to determine the binding affinity of lipids to proteins is an essential part of understanding protein-lipid interactions in membrane ...

Plant Sample Preparation for Nucleoside/Nucleotide Content Measurement with An HPLC-MS/MS

Nucleosides/nucleotides are building blocks of nucleic acids, parts of cosubstrates and coenzymes, cell signaling molecules, and energy carriers, which are involved in many cell activities. Here, we describe a rapid and reliable method for the absolute qualification of nucleoside/nucleotide contents in plants. Briefly, 100 mg of homogenized plant material was extracted with 1 mL of extraction buffer (methanol, acetonitrile, and water at a ratio of 2:2:1). Later, the sample was concentrated five times in a freeze dryer and then injected into an HPLC-MS/MS. Nucleotides were separated on a porous graphitic carbon (PGC) column and nucleosides were separated on a C18 column. The mass transitions of each nucleoside and nucleotide were monitored by mass spectrometry. The contents of the nucleosides and nucleotides were quantified against their external standards (ESTDs). Using this method, therefore, researchers can easily quantify nucleosides/nucleotides in different plants.

A precise and reproducible method for in vivo nucleosides/nucleotides quantification in plants is described here. This method employs an HPLC-MS/MS.

הכנת דגימת צמח למדידת תוכן נוקליאוסיד/נוקלאוטידים עם HPLC-MS/MS

Nucleosides/nucleotides are building blocks of nucleic acids, parts of cosubstrates and coenzymes, cell signaling molecules, and energy carriers, which ...