The authors thank the Nikon Imaging Center at Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy (NIC@IIT).

Caution: All chemistry reactions should be carried out in a ventilated fume hood and with the use of a lab coat, gloves, and protective goggles. The reactions should be also carried out in a nitrogen environment.
Ethical statement: Our procedures involving animals are performed in accordance with the Italian regulations on the protection of animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes (D.M. 116192), and European Economic Community regulations (O.J. of E.C. L 358/1 12/18/1986).
NOTE: Synthesis of [(3S)-2-...

<ol>
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J., Cravatt, B. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanism-based+profiling+of+enzyme+families.">Mechanism-based profiling of enzyme families.</a> Chem Rev. 106, 3279-3301 (2006).</li><li>Cravatt, B. F., Wright, A. T., Kozarich, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activity-based+protein+profiling:+from+enzyme+chemistry+to+proteomic+chemistry.">Activity-based protein profiling: from enzyme chemistry to proteomic chemistry.</a> Annu Rev Biochem. 77, 383-414 (2008).</li><li>Rostovtsev, V. V., Green, L. G., Fokin, V. V., Sharpless, K. 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R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+surface+engineering+by+a+modified+Staudinger+reaction.">Cell surface engineering by a modified Staudinger reaction.</a> Science. 287, 2007-2010 (2000).</li><li>Kohn, M., Breinbauer, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Staudinger+ligation-a+gift+to+chemical+biology.">The Staudinger ligation-a gift to chemical biology.</a> Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 43, 3106-3116 (2004).</li><li>Romeo, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activity-Based+Probe+for+N-Acylethanolamine+Acid+Amidase.">Activity-Based Probe for N-Acylethanolamine Acid Amidase.</a> ACS Chem Biol. 10, 2057-2064 (2015).</li><li>Ueda, N., Yamanaka, K., Yamamoto, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purification+and+characterization+of+an+acid+amidase+selective+for+N-palmitoylethanolamine,+a+putative+endogenous+anti-inflammatory+substance.">Purification and characterization of an acid amidase selective for N-palmitoylethanolamine, a putative endogenous anti-inflammatory substance.</a> J Biol Chem. 276, 35552-35557 (2001).</li><li>Tsuboi, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+characterization+of+N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing+acid+amidase,+a+novel+member+of+the+choloylglycine+hydrolase+family+with+structural+and+functional+similarity+to+acid+ceramidase.">Molecular characterization of N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase, a novel member of the choloylglycine hydrolase family with structural and functional similarity to acid ceramidase.</a> J Biol Chem. 280, 11082-11092 (2005).</li><li>Tsuboi, K., Takezaki, N., Ueda, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing+acid+amidase+(NAAA).">The N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase (NAAA).</a> Chem Biodivers. 4, 1914-1925 (2007).</li><li>Ribeiro, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Potent+Systemically+Active+N-Acylethanolamine+Acid+Amidase+Inhibitor+that+Suppresses+Inflammation+and+Human+Macrophage+Activation.">A Potent Systemically Active N-Acylethanolamine Acid Amidase Inhibitor that Suppresses Inflammation and Human Macrophage Activation.</a> ACS Chem Biol. 10, 1838-1846 (2015).</li><li>Zhao, L. Y., Tsuboi, K., Okamoto, Y., Nagahata, S., Ueda, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proteolytic+activation+and+glycosylation+of+N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing+acid+amidase,+a+lysosomal+enzyme+involved+in+the+endocannabinoid+metabolism.">Proteolytic activation and glycosylation of N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase, a lysosomal enzyme involved in the endocannabinoid metabolism.</a> Biochim Biophys Acta. 1771, 1397-1405 (2007).</li><li>Wang, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amino+acid+residues+crucial+in+pH+regulation+and+proteolytic+activation+of+N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing+acid+amidase.">Amino acid residues crucial in pH regulation and proteolytic activation of N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase.</a> Biochim Biophys Acta. 1781, 710-717 (2008).</li><li>West, J. M., Zvonok, N., Whitten, K. M., Wood, J. T., Makriyannis, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mass+spectrometric+characterization+of+human+N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing+acid+amidase.">Mass spectrometric characterization of human N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase.</a> J Proteome Res. 11, 972-981 (2012).</li><li>Bandiera, T., Ponzano, S., Piomelli, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+the+discovery+of+N-acylethanolamine+acid+amidase+inhibitors.">Advances in the discovery of N-acylethanolamine acid amidase inhibitors.</a> Pharmacol Res. 86, 11-17 (2014).</li><li>Sasso, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antinociceptive+effects+of+the+N-acylethanolamine+acid+amidase+inhibitor+ARN077+in+rodent+pain+models.">Antinociceptive effects of the N-acylethanolamine acid amidase inhibitor ARN077 in rodent pain models.</a> Pain. 154, 350-360 (2013).</li><li>Duranti, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=N-(2-oxo-3-oxetanyl)carbamic+acid+esters+as+N-acylethanolamine+acid+amidase+inhibitors:+synthesis+and+structure-activity+and+structure-property+relationships.">N-(2-oxo-3-oxetanyl)carbamic acid esters as N-acylethanolamine acid amidase inhibitors: synthesis and structure-activity and structure-property relationships.</a> J Med Chem. 55, 4824-4836 (2012).</li><li>Ponzano, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+and+structure-activity+relationship+(SAR)+of+2-methyl-4-oxo-3-oxetanylcarbamic+acid+esters,+a+class+of+potent+N-acylethanolamine+acid+amidase+(NAAA)+inhibitors.">Synthesis and structure-activity relationship (SAR) of 2-methyl-4-oxo-3-oxetanylcarbamic acid esters, a class of potent N-acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA) inhibitors.</a> J Med Chem. 56, 6917-6934 (2013).</li><li>Solorzano, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+and+structure-activity+relationships+of+N-(2-oxo-3-oxetanyl)amides+as+N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing+acid+amidase+inhibitors.">Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-(2-oxo-3-oxetanyl)amides as N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase inhibitors.</a> J Med Chem. 53, 5770-5781 (2010).</li><li>Vitale, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis,+structure-activity,+and+structure-stability+relationships+of+2-substituted-N-(4-oxo-3-oxetanyl)+N-acylethanolamine+acid+amidase+(NAAA)+inhibitors.">Synthesis, structure-activity, and structure-stability relationships of 2-substituted-N-(4-oxo-3-oxetanyl) N-acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA) inhibitors.</a> ChemMedChem 9. 9, 323-336 (2014).</li><li>Fiasella, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3-Aminoazetidin-2-one+derivatives+as+N-acylethanolamine+acid+amidase+(NAAA)+inhibitors+suitable+for+systemic+administration.">3-Aminoazetidin-2-one derivatives as N-acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA) inhibitors suitable for systemic administration.</a> ChemMedChem 9. 9, 1602-1614 (2014).</li><li>Armirotti, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=beta-Lactones+Inhibit+N-acylethanolamine+Acid+Amidase+by+S-Acylation+of+the+Catalytic+N-Terminal+Cysteine.">beta-Lactones Inhibit N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase by S-Acylation of the Catalytic N-Terminal Cysteine.</a> ACS Med Chem Lett. 3, 422-426 (2012).</li><li>Nuzzi, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Potent+alpha-amino-beta-lactam+carbamic+acid+ester+as+NAAA+inhibitors.+Synthesis+and+structure-activity+relationship+(SAR)+studies.">Potent alpha-amino-beta-lactam carbamic acid ester as NAAA inhibitors. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies.</a> Eur J Med Chem. 111, 138-159 (2016).</li><li>Bonezzi, F. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+Important+Role+for+N-Acylethanolamine+Acid+Amidase+in+the+Complete+Freund's+Adjuvant+Rat+Model+of+Arthritis.">An Important Role for N-Acylethanolamine Acid Amidase in the Complete Freund's Adjuvant Rat Model of Arthritis.</a> J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 356, 656-663 (2016).</li><li>Smith, P. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+protein+using+bicinchoninic+acid.">Measurement of protein using bicinchoninic acid.</a> Anal Biochem. 150, 76-85 (1985).</li><li>Speers, A. E., Cravatt, B. 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Enzyme activity is finely regulated at different levels, including RNA transcription, protein synthesis, protein translocation, post-translational modification, and protein-protein interaction. Often, enzyme expression alone does not account for its activity. ABPP was developed to study the activity of proteins in their native state. Two features are required: a chemical probe that covalently binds to the active site of an enzyme of interest and a reporter tag to detect the probe-labeled enzyme.
<p class="jove_conten...

Commonly used methods to investigate the expression patterns, interactions, and functions of proteins, including liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry platforms for shotgun analysis1,2, yeast two-hybrid methods3,4, and in vitro assays, are limited in that they are unable to assess the activity of proteins in their native state. Activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) can be used to fill this gap. In this approach, small-molecule probes capable of covalently binding to the active site of an enzyme of interest are conjugated to a reporter group that allows for target detection. Using click chemistry (CC), the reporter can be integrated into the probe or can be introduced after target engagement has occurred5,6. The latter procedure requires the use of probes containing appropriate chemical groups, such as a terminal alkyne or azide, which can be modified with a number of reporter reagents via bio-orthogonal reactions such as the Cu(I)-catalyzed Huisgen [3+2] cycloaddition7-9 or Staudinger ligation10,11.
Recently, we disclosed the compound ARN14686 as the first ABP for the in vitro and in vivo detection of the cysteine hydrolase, NAAA12. NAAA catalyzes the hydrolytic deactivation of saturated and monounsaturated FAEs, including oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), which are endogenous agonists of the anti-inflammatory nuclear receptor PPAR-alpha13-15. NAAA is predominantly expressed in macrophages and other monocyte-derived cells, as well as in B-lymphocytes14,16, suggesting a role in the regulation of the innate immune response. The enzyme is synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum in an inactive form and is activated in acidic compartments of the cell by an autoproteolytic mechanism17. The autoproteolytic cleavage generates a new N-terminal cysteine (C131 in mice and rats, C126 in humans), that is the nucleophile responsible for FAE hydrolysis18,19. Pharmacological inhibition of NAAA activity alters the FAE synthesis/degradation balance in favor of increased cellular levels of FAEs16,20,21. Several &#946;-lactone and &#946;-lactam derivatives have been shown to inhibit NAAA activity with high potency and selectivity16,22-26. These inhibitors act through S-acylation of the catalytic cysteine16,27,28.
The compound ARN14686 was designed based on the chemical structure of the systemically active, serine-derived &#946;-lactam NAAA inhibitor, ARN726 (4-cyclohexylbutyl-N-[(S)-2-oxoazetidin-3-yl]carbamate)16. The 4-butyl-cyclohexyl group of ARN726 was replaced with a C9 saturated aliphatic chain bearing a terminal alkyne tag for subsequent CC conjugation with an azide-bearing reporter tag. We chose to design a two-step ABP to minimally alter the structure of the original scaffold, thus maintaining the affinity of the probe for NAAA. Moreover, avoiding the introduction of bulky tags, such a probe could be more suitable for in vivo treatment than a direct ABP. ARN14686 inhibits NAAA with high potency (hNAAA IC50 = 6 nM, rNAAA IC50 = 13 nM) by forming a covalent adduct with the catalytic cysteine of the enzyme12. Experiments in live rats showed that the probe is selective in capturing NAAA expressed in lungs. Acid ceramidase, another cysteine amidase that shares 33-34% identity with NAAA, was also identified as a low-affinity target when using high probe concentrations (10 &#181;M in vitro, 10 mg/ml intravenous, i.v.)12. We have also used ARN14686 to study the presence of active NAAA in inflamed rat tissues following administration of complete Freund&#39;s adjuvant (CFA)29.
Here, we outline a protocol for the preparation of ARN14686 (Figure 1) and its application to the investigation of NAAA activation ex vivo. As an example, we describe an experimental procedure to visualize NAAA in rat paws after CFA administration. In this experiment, proteins are extracted from paw tissue after i.v. injection of the probe, and the ABP-labeled proteome is subjected to CC with biotin-azide. Biotinylated samples are enriched using streptavidin beads, and protein blots are performed. In another application, we describe the localization of active NAAA by fluorescence microscopy in mouse lungs from probe-treated mice. In this case, the tissue is sectioned and sections are subjected to CC for rhodamine addition. A workflow scheme is illustrated in Figure 2.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1209">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">1,1&#8217;-sulfonyldiimidazole&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">367818</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Harmful</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">2-dipyridylcarbonate</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Fluorochem</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">11331</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Harmful</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">2-Methylbutan</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">M32631</td>
			<td>Flamable, toxic,hazardous to the aquatic environment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">4-(Dimethylamino)pyridine</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">107700</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Acetic acid</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">695092</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Flammable, Corrosive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Acetonitrile&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">34998</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Flammable, Toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Activated charcoal</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">161551</td>
			<td style="width:471px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Ammonium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">A9434</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Harmful</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Azide-PEG3-Biotin</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Jena Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">CLK-AZ104P4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Azide-PEG3-Fluor 545</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Jena Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">CLK-AZ109</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">BCA protein assay kit</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">23227</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Bio-spin columns</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Biorad</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">732-6204</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Biotin</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">B4501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Blocking buffer</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Li-Cor Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">927-40000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">b-mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">M6250</td>
			<td>Higly toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Bovin serum albumine (BSA)</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">A7030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Bromophenol blue</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">B0126</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Bruker Avance III 400</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Bruker</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:471px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Celite</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">419931</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Health hazard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Ceric ammonium nitrate&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">22249</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Oxidizing, Harmful</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Chloral hydrate</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">C8383</td>
			<td>Higly toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">CuSO4.5H2O&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">209198</td>
			<td>Toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Cyclohexadiene</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">125415</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Flammable, Health hazard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Cyclohexane</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">34855</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Flammable, Harmful, Health hazard, Environmental hazard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Dichloromethane</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">34856</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Harmful, Health hazard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Diethyl ether</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">296082</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Flammable, Harmful</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Acros Organics</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">348441000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Dimethyl sulfoxide d6 (DMSO-d6)</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">175943</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">2860</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Flammable, Harmful</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Ethyl acetate</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">34858</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Flammable, Harmful</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Glycerol</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">G5516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Irdye 680-LT Streptavidin</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Li-Cor Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">925-68031</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">IRDye680-LT Streptavidin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Licor</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">925-68031</td>
			<td>Briefly centrifuge before use to precipitate protein complexes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Methanol</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">34966</td>
			<td>Highly toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Methanol</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">34860</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Flammable, Toxic, Health hazard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:423px;">N-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-N&#8242;-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">E7750</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Harmful, Corrosive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">N,N-diisopropylethylamine</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">D125806</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Flammable, Corrosive, Toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">N,N-dimethylformamide</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">227056</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Flammable, Harmful, Health hazard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">N-Cbz-L-Serine</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Fluorochem&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">M03053</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Harmful</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Nikon A1 confocal microscopy</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td>Read&#160; the user manual</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">NuPAGE 4-12% Bis-Tris gel</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">NP0335BOX</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Palladium on carbon</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">330108</td>
			<td style="width:471px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">p-anisidine</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">A88255</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Toxic, Health hazard, Environmental hazard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">441244</td>
			<td>Toxic, respiratory harmful, corrosive, falmable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Poly(ethylene glycol)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">P3265</td>
			<td style="width:471px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">ProLong Gold antifade mountant with DAPI&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">P36931</td>
			<td>Avoid bubbles formation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Protease inhibitor cocktail</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">P8340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">S6014</td>
			<td style="width:471px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">L3771</td>
			<td>Toxic, corrosive, falmmable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Sodium hydride&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">452912</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Flammable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Sodium sulfate</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">239313</td>
			<td style="width:471px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Starion FLA-9000 immage scanner</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">FUJIFILM</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td>Read&#160; the user manual</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Streptavidin agarose</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>20349</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Sucrose</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">S7903</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Tert-butanol</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">360538</td>
			<td>Toxic, flammable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Tetrahydrofuran</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">186562</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Flammable, Harmful, Health hazard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Thiourea</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Acros Organics</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">424542500</td>
			<td>Toxic, warm at 50 &#176;C to dissolve</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Tris</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">RDD008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP)</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">C4706</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tris[(1-benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl]amine (TBTA)</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">678937</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Triton-x100</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">X100</td>
			<td>Toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Tween-20</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">P9416</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Tween-80</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">P1754</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Ultra turrax IKA T18 basic tissue homogenizer</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">IKA</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Undec-10-yn-1-ol</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Fluorochem</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">13739</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Harmful</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">Urea</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">U5378</td>
			<td>Toxic, warm at 50 &#176;C to dissolve</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

preparation and in vivo use of an activity-based probe for n-acylethanolamine acid amidase

Activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) is a method for the identification of an enzyme of interest in a complex proteome through the use of a chemical probe that targets the enzyme&#39;s active sites. A reporter tag introduced into the probe allows for the detection of the labeled enzyme by in-gel fluorescence scanning, protein blot, fluorescence microscopy, or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Here, we describe the preparation and use of the compound ARN14686, a click chemistry activity-based probe (CC-ABP) that selectively recognizes the enzyme N-acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA). NAAA is a cysteine hydrolase that promotes inflammation by deactivating endogenous peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha agonists such as palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) and oleoylethanolamide (OEA). NAAA is synthesized as an inactive full-length proenzyme, which is activated by autoproteolysis in the acidic pH of the lysosome. Localization studies have shown that NAAA is predominantly expressed in macrophages and other monocyte-derived cells, as well as in B-lymphocytes. We provide examples of how ARN14686 can be used to detect and quantify active NAAA ex vivo in rodent tissues by protein blot and fluorescence microscopy.

ARN14686 was designed based on the scaffold of the NAAA inhibitor ARN726. The 4-butyl-cyclohexyl group of ARN726 was substituted with a C9 saturated aliphatic chain bearing a terminal alkyne tag (Figure 1). The alkyne tag was introduced in order to allow the use of a two-step labeling procedure to add a fluorophore or a biotin molecule via CC. This feature renders ARN14686 a very versatile tool to probe NAAA in vitro and in vivo.
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Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase at JoVE.com

Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase

Here, we describe the preparation and use of an activity-based probe (ARN14686, undec-10-ynyl-N-[(3S)-2-oxoazetidin-3-yl]carbamate) that allows for the detection and quantification of the active form of the proinflammatory enzyme N-acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA), both in vitro and ex vivo.

Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase

Activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) is a method for the identification of an enzyme of interest in a complex proteome through the use of a chemical ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to show the synthesis of activity based probe, ARN 14 six eight six specific for N-acylethanolamine acid amidase, or NAAA, and describe its use for detecting the catalytically active enzyme in cell extracts and tissue sections. This method can help answer questions about the in viva function of NAAA providing insights into NAAA activation in different physiological and pathological conditions such as inflammatory and neuro degenerative diseases. It's main advantage is that a simple manipulation is subsequent to NAAA reaction with a probe thus giving reliable information about the in viva activation state of the enzyme.Another advantage is that contrary to specific antibodies our probe detects only the active form of the enzyme which is useful for fluorescence microscopy status. Visual demonstration of this method is critical as it combines different expertise that built up to a complete story from proper synthesis to its final applications. In a 50 milliliter round bottom flask dissolve 350 milligrams of undecynenol and three point five milliliters of dry dichloromethane.Then add 25 milligrams of DMAP and 530 milligrams of DPC to this solution. Stir the mixture at room temperature for 16 hours. After 16 hours add 20 milliliters of dichloromethane to the solution.Transfer the mixture into a separating funnel. Add 15 milliliters of water. Shake the mixture and allow the two phases to separate.Next open the stopcock, collect the organic phase on the bottom close the stopcock and transfer the organic phase back to the funnel. Add 15 milliliters of a saturated sodium bicarbonate solution to the mixture. Shake the separating funnel and let the two phases separate.After drying the organic layer with sodium sulfate filter it through cotton into a tiered round bottom flask. Then evaporate the organic layer to dryness under reduced pressure using a rotary evaporator. Weigh the flask and obtain 600 milligrams of oil which is a mixture of two pyridyl undecynyl carbonate and undecynol two oxypyridine carboxylate in a ratio of one point seven to one.In a 10 milliliter round bottom flask dissolve 60 milligrams of oxo asetydenol ammonium asetate in two milliliters of dry dichloromethane. Cool the solution to zero degrees celsius in an ice bath then add 81 microliters of diazapropalethylamine drop wise. Next dissolve 350 milligrams of the crude mixture containing undecynol two oxypyridine carboxylate in two milliliters of dry dichloromethane.Add the dissolved mixture to the solution and stir at room temperature for 15 hours. Then evaporate the solvent to dryness under reduced pressure using a rotary evaporator. Purify the compound by silica gel column chromatography using an automated column chromatography apparatus.First absorb the sample onto silica gel. After equilibriating the column with cyclohexene load the sample into the cartridge. Elute the sample with ethyl acetate in cyclohexane from zero to 100, collecting the peaks into test tubes.Evaporate the solvent of the fractions corresponding to the compound to dryness under reduced pressure using a rotary evaporator to obtain 40 milligrams of a white solid. After pre clearing the sample as described in the text protocol add 11 point three microliters of a five millimolar stock of azide polyethylene glyco biotin and vortex. Then add 11 point three microliters of a 50 millimolar stock of freshly prepared TCEP to the sample and vortex.After premixing 34 microliters of a freshly prepared working solution of one point seven millimolar TBTA with 11 point three microliters of a 50 millimolar copper sulfate stock add 45 point three milliliters of this solution to the sample and vortex. Use labeled containers. Incubate the reaction at 25 degrees Celsius for at least two hours.After one hour incubation observe protein precipitation and mix the reaction. Centrifuge the sample for four minutes at 6, 500 times G at four degrees Celsius. After removing the supernatant add 750 microliters of cold methanol and resuspend the pellet by sonication using a probe sonicator for five seconds.Then centrifuge the sample for four minutes at 6, 500 times G at four degrees Celsius. And remove the supernatant with a syringe and needle. After washing two more times with cold methanol add 325 microliters of two point five percent SDS in PBS to the protein pellet.Sonicate the sample three times for five seconds. Next heat the sample for five minutes at 65 degrees Celsius. After sonicating centrifuge the sample for five minutes at 6, 500 times G at room temperature.Then transfer the supernatant to a clean 15 milliliter tube and add one point four milliliters of PBS to the supernatant to dilute the SDS concentration to zero point five percent. For streptavidin enrichment first bring the volume of the sample to four point two milliliters with PBS. Then add 40 microliters of a 50%slurry of prewashed streptavidin agarose using a cut end tip.Incubate the mixture for two hours at room temperature with rotation. After centrifuging for two minutes at 1, 400 times G remove the supernatant without drying the bead pellet. Use the residual supernatant to transfer the beads to a one milliliter spin column and wash the column by gravity with one milliliter of one percent SDS in PBS.Continue washing the beads with six molar urea followed by PBS as described in the text protocol. Then use 500 microliters of PBS to transfer the washed beads to a one point five milliliter tube. After centrifuging the sample for two minutes at 1, 400 times G gently aspirate the supernatant with a syringe and needle.To elute the resin bound proteins add 25 microliters of elution buffer to the resin pellet and incubate for 15 minutes at room temperature followed by 15 minutes at 95 degrees Celsius. Add approximately 400 microliters of click chemistry mix to tissue slices which have been prepared according to the text protocol. Pay attention that the chosen volume of click chemistry mix is sufficient to cover the slices.Then incubate the tissue slices for one hour at room temperature protected from light. Following incubation wash the samples with PBS for five minutes and then with cold methanol for five minutes. Next wash the tissue slices three times with a solution of one percent Tween 20 and zero point five millimolar EDTA in PBS for two minutes.Finally wash the slices one more time with PBS for five minutes. After air drying add a drop of antifade mountant with DAPI. Close the samples with cover slips and seal with polish.For probe synthesis undecynenol is activated by dipirydyl carbonate in the presence of catalytic four dimethyl aminyl pyridine to produce a mixed carbonate which is then reacted with the aminyl lactam the beta lactam or head of the probe reacts with the NAAA active site while the terminal alkyne can be functionalized with a reporter tag via click chemistry. ARN 14 six eight six was used to detect NAAA activation in cell extracts of rat inflamed paws by protein block. In naive rats, no NAAA signal is detected.Conversely in rats treated with complete Freunds Adjuvant a marked band corresponding to active NAAA is observed. Another application of ARN 14 six eight six is tissue imaging by fluorescence microscopy. Here red cells represent alveolar macrophages which are positive for active NAAA.NAAA is localized in diffused vesicular structures as appreciable at a higher magnification. After watching this video you should have a good understanding of how to synthesize and use ARN 14 six eight six to detect active NAAA in tissues both by protein blot and fluorescence microscopy. In addition even though this protocol is specific for our target, the probe applications that we describe would be easily adjusted for different activity based probes specific for targets other than NAAA.

preparation-vivo-use-an-activity-based-probe-for-n-acylethanolamine

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

9.5K Views.  Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia. The overall goal of this procedure is to show the synthesis of activity based probe, ARN 14 six eight six specific for N-acylethanolamine acid amidase, or NAAA, and describe its use for detecting the catalytically active enzyme in cell extracts and tissue sections. This method can help answer questions about the in viva function of NAAA providing insights into NAAA activation in different physiological and pathological conditions such as inflammatory and neuro degenerative diseases. It's main...