עבודה זו נתמכה על ידי המשרד מחקר צבא ארה ב דרך חוזה W911NF-18-1-0051.

<ol>
	<li>Letokhov, V. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photophysics+and+Photochemistry.">Photophysics and Photochemistry.</a> Physics Today. 30 (5), 23-32 (1977).</li><li>Bloembergen, N., Yablonovitch, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Infrared+laser+induced+unimolecular+reactions.">Infrared laser induced unimolecular reactions.</a> Physics Today. 31 (5), 23-30 (1978).</li><li>Zewail, A. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laser+selective+chemistry-is+it+possible?.">Laser selective chemistry-is it possible?.</a> Physics Today. 33 (11), 25-33 (1980).</li><li>Brif, C., Chakrabarti, R. L., Rabitz, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+quantum+phenomena:+past,+present+and+future.">Control of quantum phenomena: past, present and future.</a> New Journal of Physics. 12, 075008 (2010).</li><li>Bloembergen, N., Zewail, A. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Energy+redistribution+and+the+question+of+mode+selective+laser+chemistry+revisited.">Energy redistribution and the question of mode selective laser chemistry revisited.</a> The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 88 (23), 5459-5465 (1984).</li><li>Rosker, M. J., Dantus, M., Zewail, A. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Femtosecond+real-time+probing+of+reactions.+I.+The+technique.">Femtosecond real-time probing of reactions. I. The technique.</a> The Journal of Chemical Physics. 89 (10), 6113-6127 (1988).</li><li>Zewail, A. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Femtochemistry:+Recent+progress+in+studies+of+dynamics+and+control+of+reaction+and+their+transition+states.">Femtochemistry: Recent progress in studies of dynamics and control of reaction and their transition states.</a> The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 100 (31), 12701-12724 (1996).</li><li>Warren, W. S., Rabitz, H., Dahleh, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coherent+Control+of+Quantum+Dynamics:+The+Dream+Is+Alive.">Coherent Control of Quantum Dynamics: The Dream Is Alive.</a> Science. 259 (5101), 1581-1589 (2003).</li><li>Kosma, K., Trushin, S. A., Fu&#223;, W., Schmid, E. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cyclohexadiene+ring+opening+observed+with+13+fs+resolution:+coherent+oscillations+confirm+the+reaction+path.">Cyclohexadiene ring opening observed with 13 fs resolution: coherent oscillations confirm the reaction path.</a> Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 11 (1), 172-181 (2009).</li><li>De, S., Magrakvelidze, M., Bocharova, I. A., Ray, D., Cao, W., Znakovskaya, I., Li, H., Wang, Z., Laurent, G., Thumm, U., Kling, M. F., Litvinyuk, I. V., Ben-Itzhak, I., Cocke, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Following+dynamic+nuclear+wave+packets+in+N2,+O2+and+CO+with+few-cycle+infrared+pulses.">Following dynamic nuclear wave packets in N2, O2 and CO with few-cycle infrared pulses.</a> Physical Review A. 84 (4), 043410 (2011).</li><li>Bryan, W. A., McKenna, J., English, E. M. L., Wood, J., Calvert, C. R., Torres, R., Murphy, D. S., Turcu, I. C. E., Collier, J. L., McCann, J. F., Williams, I. D., Newell, W. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolated+vibrational+wavepackets+in+D2+:+Defining+superposition+condition+and+wavepacket+distinguishability.">Isolated vibrational wavepackets in D2+: Defining superposition condition and wavepacket distinguishability.</a> Physical Review A. 76 (5), 053402 (2007).</li><li>Calvert, C., Bryan, W., Newell, W., Williams, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Time+resolved+studies+of+ultrafast+wavepacket+dynamics+in+hydrogen+molecules.">Time resolved studies of ultrafast wavepacket dynamics in hydrogen molecules.</a> Physics Reports. 491 (1), 1-28 (2010).</li><li>Kelkensberg, F., Lefebvre, C., Siu, W., Ghafur, O., Nguyen-Dang, T. T., Atabek, O., Keller, A., Serov, V., Johnsson, P., Swoboda, M., Remetter, T., L&#39;Huillier, A., Zherebtsov, S., Sansone, G., Benedetti, E., Ferrari, F., Nisoli, M., L&#233;pine, F., Kling, M. F., Vrakking, M. J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+dissociative+ionization+and+wave-packet+dynamics+studied+using+two-color+XUV+and+IR+pump-probe+spectroscopy.">Molecular dissociative ionization and wave-packet dynamics studied using two-color XUV and IR pump-probe spectroscopy.</a> Physical Review Letters. 103 (12), 123005 (2009).</li><li>Erattupuzha, S., Larimian, S., Baltuska, A., Xie, X., Kitzler, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-pulse+control+over+double+ionization+pathways+in+CO2.">Two-pulse control over double ionization pathways in CO2.</a> The Journal of Chemical Physics. 144 (2), 024306 (2016).</li><li>Rudenko, A., Makhija, V., Vajdi, A., Ergler, T., Schurholz, M., Kushawaha, R. K., Ullrich, J., Moshammer, R., Kumarappan, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strong+field-induced+wave+packet+dynamics+in+carbon+dioxide+molecule.">Strong field-induced wave packet dynamics in carbon dioxide molecule.</a> Faraday Discussions. 194, 463-478 (2016).</li><li>Pearson, J. B., Nichols, S. R., Weinacht, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+fragmentation+driven+by+ultrafast+dynamic+ionic+resonances.">Molecular fragmentation driven by ultrafast dynamic ionic resonances.</a> The Journal of Chemical Physics. 127 (13), 131101 (2007).</li><li>Bohinski, T., Tibbetts, K. M., Tarazkar, M., Romanov, D. A., Matsika, S., Levis, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strong+field+adiabatic+ionization+prepares+a+launch+state+for+coherent+control.">Strong field adiabatic ionization prepares a launch state for coherent control.</a> The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 5 (24), 4305-4309 (2014).</li><li>Tibbetts, K. M., Tarazkar, M., Bohinski, T., Romanov, D. A., Matsika, S., Levis, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controlling+the+dissociation+dynamics+of+acetophenone+radical+cation+through+excitation+of+ground+and+excited+state+wavepacket.">Controlling the dissociation dynamics of acetophenone radical cation through excitation of ground and excited state wavepacket.</a> The Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics. 48 (16), 164002 (2015).</li><li>Ampadu Boateng, D., Gutsev, G. L., Jena, P., Tibbetts, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrafast+coherent+vibrational+dynamics+dynamics+in+dimethyl+methylphosphonate+radical+cation.">Ultrafast coherent vibrational dynamics dynamics in dimethyl methylphosphonate radical cation.</a> Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 20 (7), 4636-4640 (2018).</li><li>Ampadu Boateng, D., Gutsev, G. L., Jena, P., Tibbetts, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dissociation+dynamics+of+3-+and+4-nitrotoluene+radical+cations:+Coherently+driven+C-NO2+bond+homolysis.">Dissociation dynamics of 3- and 4-nitrotoluene radical cations: Coherently driven C-NO2 bond homolysis.</a> The Journal of Chemical Physics. 148 (13), 134305 (2018).</li><li>Markevitch, A. N., Romanov, D. A., Smith, S. M., Schlegel, H. B., Ivanov, M. Y., Levis, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sequential+non+adiabatic+excitation+of+large+molecules+and+ions+driven+by+strong+laser+fields.">Sequential non adiabatic excitation of large molecules and ions driven by strong laser fields.</a> Physical Review A. 69 (1), 013401 (2004).</li><li>Lezius, M., Blanchet, M., Rayner, D. M., Villeneuve, D. M., Stolow, A., Ivanov, M. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nonadiabatic+multielectron+dynamics+in+strong+field+molecular+ionization.">Nonadiabatic multielectron dynamics in strong field molecular ionization.</a> Physical Review Letters. 86 (1), 51 (2001).</li><li>Lezius, M., Blanchet, V., Ivanov, M. Y., Stolow, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polyatomic+molecules+in+strong+laser+fields:+Nonadiabatic+multielectron+dynamics.">Polyatomic molecules in strong laser fields: Nonadiabatic multielectron dynamics.</a> The Journal of Chemical Physics. 117 (4), 1575 (2002).</li><li>Bohinski, T., Tibbetts, K. M., Tarazkar, M., Romanov, D., Matsika, S., Levis, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+an+electronic+resonance+in+a+ground-state,+gas-phase+acetophenone+cation+via+strong-field+mass+spectrometry.">Measurement of an electronic resonance in a ground-state, gas-phase acetophenone cation via strong-field mass spectrometry.</a> The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 4 (10), 1587-1591 (2013).</li><li>Bohinski, T., Tibbetts, K. M., Tarazkar, M., Romanov, D., Matsika, S., Levis, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+ionic+resonances+in+alkyl+phenyl+ketone+cations+via+infrared+strong+field+mass+spectrometry.">Measurement of ionic resonances in alkyl phenyl ketone cations via infrared strong field mass spectrometry.</a> The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 117 (47), 12374-12381 (2013).</li><li>Wiley, W. C., McLaren, I. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Time-of-Flight+Mass+Spectrometer+with+Improved+Resolution.">Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer with Improved Resolution.</a> Review of Scientific Instruments. 26, 1150-1156 (1955).</li><li>Gutsev, G. L., Ampadu Boateng, D., Jena, P., Tibbetts, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Theoretical+and+Mass+Spectrometry+Study+of+Dimethyl+Methylphosphonate:+New+Isomers+and+Cation+Decay+Channels+in+a+Femtosecond+Laser+Field.">A Theoretical and Mass Spectrometry Study of Dimethyl Methylphosphonate: New Isomers and Cation Decay Channels in a Femtosecond Laser Field.</a> The Journal of Physical Chemistry A . 121 (44), 8414-8424 (2017).</li><li>Hankin, S. M., Villeneuve, D. M., Corkum, P. B., Rayner, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intense-field+laser+ionization+rates+in+atoms+and+molecules.">Intense-field laser ionization rates in atoms and molecules.</a> Physical Review A. 64 (1), 013405 (2001).</li><li>Amitay, Z., Zajfman, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+type+of+multiparticle+three-dimensional+imaging+detector+with+subnanosecond+time+resolution.">A new type of multiparticle three-dimensional imaging detector with subnanosecond time resolution.</a> Review of Scientific Instruments. 68 (3), 1387-1392 (1997).</li><li>Trebino, R., Kane, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+phase+retrieval+to+measure+the+intensity+and+phase+of+ultrashort+pulses:+frequency-resolved+optical+gating.">Using phase retrieval to measure the intensity and phase of ultrashort pulses: frequency-resolved optical gating.</a> Journal of the Optical Society of America A. 10 (5), 1101 (1993).</li><li>DeLong, K. W., Trebino, R., Hunter, J., White, W. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Frequency-resolved+optical+gating+with+the+use+of+second+harmonic+generation.">Frequency-resolved optical gating with the use of second harmonic generation.</a> Journal of the Optical Society of America B. 11 (11), 2206 (1994).</li><li>Trebino, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Frequency Resolved Optical Gating. , (2000).</li><li>Ruff, J. A., Siegman, A. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-pulse+laser+beam+quality+measurements+using+a+CCD+camera+system.">Single-pulse laser beam quality measurements using a CCD camera system.</a> Optics Letters. 31 (24), 4907-4909 (1992).</li><li>Trushin, S. A., Kosma, K., Fu&#223;, W., Schmid, W. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sub-10-fs+supercontinuum+radiation+generated+by+filamentation+of+few-cycle+800+nm+pulses+in+argon.">Sub-10-fs supercontinuum radiation generated by filamentation of few-cycle 800 nm pulses in argon.</a> Optics Letters. 32 (16), 2432-2434 (2007).</li><li>Fu&#223;, W., Schmid, W. E., Pushpa, K. K., Trushin, S. A., Yatsuhashi, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrafast+relaxation+and+coherent+oscillations+in+aminobenzonitriles+in+the+gas+phase+probed+by+intense-field+ionization.">Ultrafast relaxation and coherent oscillations in aminobenzonitriles in the gas phase probed by intense-field ionization.</a> Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics . 9 (10), 1151-1169 (2007).</li></ol>

המחברים אין לחשוף.

פרוטוקול זה מאפשר לנו לפתור מרביים הרטט דינאמיקה של קטיונים הרדיקלי polyatomic דרך הכנה סלקטיבי של היונים במדינה אלקטרונית של הקרקע. בעוד ההליך יינון חזק-שדה רגיל באמצעות 800 nm ניתן להכין coherences הרטט של מצב הקרקע-אלקטרונית קטיונים הרדיקלית של השורה הראשונה diatomics10,11</su...

מאז המצאת הלייזר בשנת 1960, מטרת באופן סלקטיבי שבירת קשרים כימיים בתוך מולקולות הוא חלום ארוכת שנים של כימאים, פיזיקאים. היכולת לכוון את שניהם לייזר תדירות והיה בעוצמה האמין כדי לאפשר המחשוף ישירה של קשר היעד דרך ספיגת אנרגיה סלקטיבי תדירות הרטט המשויך1,2,3,4 . אולם, הניסויים הראשונים מצאו כי התפלגות הרטט הפצה מחדש של האנרגיה נספג לאורך המולקולה לעיתים קרובות גרמו המחשוף לא בררניים של4,בונד החלשה5. זה לא היה עד התפתחות הפמטו-שנייה פעמו לייזרים, בטכניקה המשאבה-בדיקה6 בסוף שנות השמונים ישירה מניפולציה של מצבים קוהרנטיים הרטט, או "גל מנות", מופעלת שליטה מוצלחת על המחשוף בונד ועוד מטרות6,7,8. משאבה-בדיקה מדידות, שבה הדופק "משאבה" מכינה של עירור או יון שמגורה לאחר מכן דופק השהיית זמן "בדיקה", להישאר אחת מהטכניקות הנפוצה ביותר ללימוד תהליכים מרביים מולקולות9, 10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18, 19,20.
מגבלה משמעותית כדי ללמוד על דיסוציאציה מרביים הדינמיקה של קטיונים הרדיקלי polyatomic באמצעות משאבת-בדיקה עירור מצמידים לאיתור המונית spectrometric נובע nonselective פיצול של מולקולת המטרה על ידי המשאבה ionizing דופק על אורך הגל Ti:Sapphire של 800 nm21,22,23. פיצול עודף זה נובעת יינון multiphoton nonadiabatic, יכול להיות חמאני הסטה הגל עירור לתוך-סגול (למשל., 1200-1500 ננומטר)22,23,24, 25. באורכי גל אלה ארוכים, התרומה של אלקטרון אנווריאנטים מינהור גדל ביחס עירור multiphoton22,תהליך יינון23. מינהור אנווריאנטים מאציל מעט עודף אנרגיה מולקולה וטפסים מצב הקרקע בעיקר "קר" יונים מולקולרית19,22,23. העבודות הקודמות שלנו הוכיח כי השימוש של עירור אינפרא אדום משפר באופן משמעותי את הכנת excitations הרטט קוהרנטי, או "גל מנות", ב- polyatomic קטיונים קיצוני לעומת 800 nm עירור19, 20. העבודה הזאת ימחיש את ההבדל בין שדה חזק יינון נשלט על ידי תרומות multiphoton, מנהור עם משאבה-בדיקה מדידות המתבצעות על לוחמה כימית סוכן simulant דימתיל מתילפוספונט (DMMP) באמצעות 1500 ננומטר ו-800 ננומטר משאבת אורכי גל.
בניסויים שלנו-משאבת-בדיקה, זוג פעימות לייזר ultrashort היא השהיית זמן, משולבות מחדש של, ממוקד לתוך ספקטרומטר מסה זמן-של-טיסה, כפי שמוצג בתוכנית ההתקנה שלנו באיור1. ניסויים אלה דורשים מגבר משובי Ti:Sapphire בהפקת > 2 mJ, 800 nm, 30 fs פולסים. פלט מגבר מפוצל במפצל קרן 90:10 (% r: %T), שם רוב האנרגיה משמש כדי לשאוב מגבר אופטי פרמטרית (אופה) לדור של 1200-1600 nm, 100-300 µJ, 20-30 fs פולסים. הקוטר של קרן IR משאבת מורחב עד 22 מ"מ וקוטר קרן 800 nm בדיקה ממוקדת כלפי מטה 5.5 מ מ, cored באמצעות קשתית העין. אלה collimations לגרום התמקדות קרן משאבה הקטנה משמעותית קרן למותניים (9 מיקרומטר) מאשר קרן בדיקה (30 מיקרומטר), ובכך מבטיחה כי כל יונים נוצר במהלך הדופק משאבת ionizing מתרגשות את דופק השהיית זמן בדיקה. תצורה זו משמשת כי מטרת הניסויים שלנו היא לחקור את הדינמיקה של יון מולקולרית האב, אשר עלול להיווצר בכלל בעוצמות נמוכות ליד הקצוות של הקורה ממוקד. נציין כי אם הדינמיקה של מינים יוניים. נרגש מאוד יותר עניין, ואז הקוטר קרן בדיקה יש לעשות קטן יותר מזה של המשאבה.
הפולסים משאבת, בדיקה להפיץ collinearly, ממוקד לאזור החילוץ של ווילי-מקלארן זמן-של-טיסה ספקטרומטר מסה (תוף-MS)26 (איור 2). דגימות מולקולרית ממוקם בקבוקון צמוד לים, נפתח לואקום. תוכנית התקנה זו מחייב המולקולה תחת חקירה של לחץ אדים שאינו אפס; עבור מולקולות עם לחץ אדים נמוכה, הבקבוקון עשוי להיות מחומם. הזרימה של מדגם גזי אל החדר נשלטת על ידי שני שסתומים משתנה הדליפה. המדגם נכנס לתא דרך "1/16" פלדת אל-חלד שפופרת כ 1 ס מ מן המוקד לייזר (איור 2) על מנת לספק ריכוז גבוה באופן מקומי של מולקולת המטרה אזור החילוץ27. הצלחת החילוץ יש חתך 0.5 מ מ מונחה אורתוגונלית אל שבילי הפצת ויון לייזר. מכיוון שטווח ריילי של הקורה המשאבה הוא בערך 2 מ מ, שסע זה משמש מסנן, ומאפשר רק יונים שהופקו מאמצעי האחסון מוקד מרכזי איפה העוצמה הגבוהה ביותר לעבור הצלחת החילוץ28. היונים הזן צינור ללא שדה סחיפה 1 מ' כדי להגיע את Z-gap מיקרו ערוץ צלחת (MCP) גלאי29, בהם הם זוהו, הקליט עם אוסצילוסקופ דיגיטלי 1 ג'יגה-הרץ בקצב החזרה קילוהרץ 1 של לייזרים Ti:Sapphire מסחרי טיפוסי.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Mass spectrometer components</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TOF lens stack and flight tube assembly</td>
			<td>Jordan TOF Products, Inc.</td>
			<td>C-677</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>18 mm Z-gap detector assembly</td>
			<td>Jordan TOF Products, Inc.</td>
			<td>C-701Z</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TOF high voltage power supply</td>
			<td>Jordan TOF Products, Inc.</td>
			<td>D-603</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum system components</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotary vane backing pump</td>
			<td>Edwards Vacuum LLC</td>
			<td>RV12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Turbomolecular pumps (2)</td>
			<td>Edwards Vacuum LLC</td>
			<td>EXT255H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Turbomolecular pump controllers (2)</td>
			<td>Edwards Vacuum LLC</td>
			<td>EXC300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pressure gauge</td>
			<td>Edwards Vacuum LLC</td>
			<td>AIGX-S-DN40CF</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chiller for water cooling</td>
			<td>Neslab</td>
			<td>CFT-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Femtosecond laser system</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ti:Sapphire regenerative amplifier</td>
			<td>Coherent, Inc.</td>
			<td>Astrella</td>
			<td>oscillator and amplifier in a single integrated system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optical Parametric Amplifer (OPA)</td>
			<td>Light Conversion</td>
			<td>TOPAS Prime</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Motion control</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Motorized linear translation stage 1&#34; travel</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>Z825B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>controller for linear translation stage</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>KDC 101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>USB controller hub and power supply</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>KCH 601</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Manual linear translation stage 1&#34; travel</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>PT1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Detectors</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pyroelectric laser energy meter</td>
			<td>Coherent, Inc.</td>
			<td>1168337</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermal laser power meter</td>
			<td>Coherent, Inc.</td>
			<td>5356E16R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Si-biased detector 200-1100 nm</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>DET10A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Compact USB CMOS Camera</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>DCC1545M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>USB spectrometer</td>
			<td>Ocean Optics</td>
			<td>HR4000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 GHz digital oscilloscope&#160;</td>
			<td>LeCroy</td>
			<td>WaveRunner 610Zi</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optics</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Type 1 BBO crystal</td>
			<td>Crylight Photonics</td>
			<td>BBO007</td>
			<td>aperture and thickness may be customized</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Achromatic half wave plate, 1100-2000 nm</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>AHWP05M-1600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wollaston prism polarizer</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>WPM10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hollow retro-reflector</td>
			<td>PLX, Inc.</td>
			<td>OW-20-1C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Variable neutral density filter</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>NDC-100C-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Longpass dichroic mirror 2&#34; diameter</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>DMLP950L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital Camera image software</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>ThorCam</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Instrument communication interface</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td>NI-MAX</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Graphical development environment for measurement programs</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td>LabVIEW</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Data processing software</td>
			<td>Mathworks</td>
			<td>MATLAB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measurement of ultrafast vibrational coherences in polyatomic radical cations with strong-field adiabatic ionization

אנו מציגים לפעולת משאבת-בדיקה להכנה הרטט coherences ב polyatomic קטיונים הרדיקלית של חיטוט שלהם דינמיקה מרביים. ידי הסטה אורך הגל של דופק חזק-שדה משאבת ionizing של ה-800 נפוץ nm לתוך-סגול (1200-1600 ננומטר), התרומה של אלקטרון אנווריאנטים מינהור את תהליך יינון מגביר ביחס multiphoton הקליטה. יינון אנווריאנטים תוצאות האוכלוסייה הדומיננטית של מצב הקרקע אלקטרונית יונים על הסרת אלקטרון, המכין ביעילות קוהרנטי הרטט מדינה ("חבילת גלים") נוטה עירור עוקבות. בניסויים שלנו, הדינמיקה הרטט קוהרנטי הם שנבדק עם דופק חלש-שדה 800 nm ו התשואות תלויי-זמן של דיסוציאציה מוצרים נמדד הזמן-של-טיסה ספקטרומטר מסה. אנו מציגים את המידות מולקולה דימתיל מתילפוספונט (DMMP) כדי להמחיש כיצד באמצעות 1500 ננומטר פולסים עבור עירור משפר את משרעת התנודות קוהרנטי יון תשואות לפי פקטור של 10 לעומת 800 פולסים ננומטר. ניתן ליישם פרוטוקול זה כיוונונים קיימים משאבת-בדיקה באמצעות מגבר פרמטרית אופטי (אופה) עבור אורך גל המרה.

התוצאות המתקבלות עבור מולקולת DMMP21 מוצגים. איור 3 מראה DMMP ספקטרום המונית לקחת באפס זמן השהיה עם עוצמות שיא המשאבה 1500 ננומטר וקטניות 800 nm בדיקה להיות 8 x 1013 ו- 8 x 10 W12 ס מ-2, בהתאמה. לעיון, מוצג גם הקשת המונית לקחת רק את הדופק המשאבה. ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of Ultrafast Vibrational Coherences in Polyatomic Radical Cations with Strong-Field Adiabatic Ionization at JoVE.com

Measurement of Ultrafast Vibrational Coherences in Polyatomic Radical Cations with Strong-Field Adiabatic Ionization

אנו מציגים פרוטוקול דורשים בדיקה מרביים הרטט coherences ב polyatomic קטיונים רדיקלי כי התוצאה דיסוציאציה מולקולרית.

מדידה של מרביים הרטט Coherences ב Polyatomic רדיקלית קטיונים עם יינון אנווריאנטים חזק-שדה

We present a pump-probe method for preparing vibrational coherences in polyatomic radical cations and probing their ultrafast dynamics. By shifting the ...

measurement-ultrafast-vibrational-coherences-polyatomic-radical

Research

Education

JoVE Journal

JoVE Core

Chemistry

Chemical Bonding: Basic Concepts

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

6.8K Views.  Virginia Commonwealth University. אנו מציגים פרוטוקול דורשים בדיקה מרביים הרטט coherences ב polyatomic קטיונים רדיקלי כי התוצאה דיסוציאציה מולקולרית.

Video: Measurement of Ultrafast Vibrational Coherences in Polyatomic Radical Cations with Strong-Field Adiabatic Ionization

A Study of the Complexation of Mercury(II) with Dicysteinyl Tetrapeptides by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

In this study we evaluated a method for the characterization of complexes, formed in different relative ratios of mercury(II) to dicysteinyl tetrapeptide, by electrospray ionization orbitrap mass spectrometry. This strategy is based on previous successful characterization of mercury-dicysteinyl complexes involving tripeptides by utilizing mass spectrometry among other techniques. Mercury(II) chloride and a dicysteinyl tetrapeptide were incubated in a degassed buffered medium at varying stoichiometric ratios. The complexes formed were subsequently analyzed on an electrospray mass spectrometer consisting of a hybrid linear ion- and orbi- trap mass analyzer. The electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) spectra were acquired in the positive mode and the observed peaks were then analyzed for distinct mercury isotopic distribution patterns and associated monoisotopic peak. This work demonstrates that an accurate stoichiometry of mercury and peptide in the complexes formed under specified electrospray ionization conditions can be determined by using high resolution ESI MS based on distinct mercury isotopic distribution patterns.

A Study of the Complexation of MercuryII with Dicysteinyl Tetrapeptides by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

The characterization of complexes formed in different relative ratios of mercury(II) to dicysteinyl tetrapeptides by electrospray ionization orbitrap mass spectrometry is presented.

חקר complexation של מרקורי (II) עם Dicysteinyl Tetrapeptides ידי Ionization electrospray ספקטרומטריית המסה

In this study we evaluated a method for the characterization of complexes, formed in different relative ratios of mercury(II) to dicysteinyl tetrapeptide, ...

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst

A standardized technique for atom transfer radical polymerization of vinyl monomers using perylene as a visible-light photocatalyst is presented. The procedure is performed under an inert atmosphere using air- and water-exclusion techniques. The outcome of the polymerization is affected by the ratios of monomer, initiator, and catalyst used as well as the reaction concentration, solvent, and nature of the light source. Temporal control over the polymerization can be exercised by turning the visible light source off and on. Low dispersities of the resultant polymers as well as the ability to chain-extend to form block copolymers suggest control over the polymerization, while chain end-group analysis provides evidence supporting an atom-transfer radical polymerization mechanism.

A method for the atom transfer radical polymerization of functionalized vinyl monomers using perylene as a visible-light photocatalyst is described.

העברת Atom פילמור רדיקלי של פונקציונליות ויניל מונומרים שימוש Perylene בתור Photocatalyst אור גלוי

A standardized technique for atom transfer radical polymerization of vinyl monomers using perylene as a visible-light photocatalyst is presented. The ...

Direct Imaging of Laser-driven Ultrafast Molecular Rotation

We present a method for visualizing laser-induced, ultrafast molecular rotational wave packet dynamics. We have developed a new 2-dimensional Coulomb explosion imaging setup in which a hitherto-impractical camera angle is realized. In our imaging technique, diatomic molecules are irradiated with a circularly polarized strong laser pulse. The ejected atomic ions are accelerated perpendicularly to the laser propagation. The ions lying in the laser polarization plane are selected through the use of a mechanical slit and imaged with a high-throughput, 2-dimensional detector installed parallel to the polarization plane. Because a circularly polarized (isotropic) Coulomb exploding pulse is used, the observed angular distribution of the ejected ions directly corresponds to the squared rotational wave function at the time of the pulse irradiation. To create a real-time movie of molecular rotation, the present imaging technique is combined with a femtosecond pump-probe optical setup in which the pump pulses create unidirectionally rotating molecular ensembles. Due to the high image throughput of our detection system, the pump-probe experimental condition can be easily optimized by monitoring a real-time snapshot. As a result, the quality of the observed movie is sufficiently high for visualizing the detailed wave nature of motion. We also note that the present technique can be implemented in existing standard ion imaging setups, offering a new camera angle or viewpoint for the molecular systems without the need for extensive modification.

We present a protocol for creating a real-time movie of a molecular rotational wave packet using a high-resolution Coulomb explosion imaging setup.

הדמיה ישירה של סיבוב מולקולרי מהיר ליזר מונחה

We present a method for visualizing laser-induced, ultrafast molecular rotational wave packet dynamics. We have developed a new 2-dimensional Coulomb ...

Fabrication and Testing of Photonic Thermometers

In recent years, a push for developing novel silicon photonic devices for telecommunications has generated a vast knowledge base that is now being leveraged for developing sophisticated photonic sensors. Silicon photonic sensors seek to exploit the strong confinement of light in nano-waveguides to transduce changes in physical state to changes in resonance frequency. In the case of thermometry, the thermo-optic coefficient, i.e., changes in refractive index due to temperature, causes the resonant frequency of the photonic device such as a Bragg grating to drift with temperature. We are developing a suite of photonic devices that leverage recent advances in telecom compatible light sources to fabricate cost-effective photonic temperature sensors, which can be deployed in a wide variety of settings ranging from controlled laboratory conditions, to the noisy environment of a factory floor or a residence. In this manuscript, we detail our protocol for the fabrication and testing of photonic thermometers.

We describe the process of fabrication and testing of photonic thermometers.

ייצור ובדיקה של מדי חום פוטוני

In recent years, a push for developing novel silicon photonic devices for telecommunications has generated a vast knowledge base that is now being ...

Fizzy Extraction of Volatile Organic Compounds Combined with Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry

Chemical analysis of volatile and semivolatile compounds dissolved in liquid samples can be challenging. The dissolved components need to be brought to the gas phase, and efficiently transferred to a detection system. Fizzy extraction takes advantage of the effervescence phenomenon. First, a carrier gas (here, carbon dioxide) is dissolved in the sample by applying overpressure and stirring the sample. Second, the sample chamber is decompressed abruptly. Decompression leads to the formation of numerous carrier gas bubbles in the sample liquid. These bubbles assist the release of the dissolved analyte species from the liquid to the gas phase. The released analytes are immediately transferred to the atmospheric pressure chemical ionization interface of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The ionizable analyte species give rise to mass spectrometric signals in the time domain. Because the release of the analyte species occurs over short periods of time (a few seconds), the temporal signals have high amplitudes and high signal-to-noise ratios. The amplitudes and areas of the temporal peaks can then be correlated with concentrations of the analytes in the liquid samples subjected to fizzy extraction, which enables quantitative analysis. The advantages of fizzy extraction include: simplicity, speed, and limited use of chemicals (solvents).

Fizzy extraction is a new laboratory technique for analysis of volatile and semivolatile compounds. A carrier gas is dissolved in the liquid sample by applying overpressure and stirring the sample. The sample chamber is then decompressed. The analyte species are liberated to the gas phase due to effervescence.

פיצי הפקה של תרכובות אורגניות נדיפות בשילוב עם לחץ אטמוספרי כימי יוניזציה Quadropole מסה ספקטרומטריית

Chemical analysis of volatile and semivolatile compounds dissolved in liquid samples can be challenging. The dissolved components need to be brought to ...

Characterization of Synthetic Polymers via Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF) Mass Spectrometry

There are many techniques that can be employed in the characterization of synthetic homopolymers, but few provide as useful of information for end group analysis as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). This tutorial demonstrates methods for optimization of the sample preparation, spectral acquisition, and data analysis of synthetic polymers using MALDI-TOF MS. Critical parameters during sample preparation include the selection of the matrix, identification of an appropriate cationization salt, and tuning the relative proportions of the matrix, cation, and analyte. The acquisition parameters, such as mode (linear or reflector), polarization (positive or negative), acceleration voltage, and delay time, are also important. Given some knowledge of the chemistry involved to synthesize the polymer and optimizing both the data acquisition parameters and the sample preparation conditions, spectra should be obtained with sufficient resolution and mass accuracy to enable the unambiguous determination of the end groups of most homopolymers (masses below 10,000) in addition to the repeat unit mass and the overall molecular weight distribution. Though demonstrated on a limited set of polymers, these general techniques are applicable to a much wider range of synthetic polymers for determining mass distributions, though end group determination is only possible for homopolymers with narrow dispersity.

Characterization of Synthetic Polymers via Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry

A protocol for the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) characterization of synthetic polymers is described including the optimization of sample preparation, spectral acquisition, and data analysis.

אפיון של פולימרים סינתטיים באמצעות מטריקס בסיוע לייזר Desorption יינון שעת הטיסה (MALDI-TOF) ספקטרומטר מסה

There are many techniques that can be employed in the characterization of synthetic homopolymers, but few provide as useful of information for end group ...

An Efficient Sample Preparation Method to Enhance Carbohydrate Ion Signals in Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Sample preparation is a critical process in mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of carbohydrates. Although matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) MS is the method of choice in carbohydrate analysis, poor ion signal and data reproducibility of carbohydrate samples continue to be severe problems. For quantitative analysis of carbohydrates, an effective analytical protocol providing superior data quality is necessary. This video demonstrates sample preparation protocols to improve signal intensity and minimize data variation of carbohydrates in MALDI-MS. After drying and crystallization of sample droplets, the crystal morphology is reformed by methanol before mass spectrometric analysis. The enhancement in carbohydrate signal is examined with MALDI imaging mass spectrometry (IMS). Experimental results show that crystal reformation adjusts crystalline structures and redistributes carbohydrate analytes. In comparison with the dried droplet preparation method in conventional MALDI-MS, reforming carbohydrate crystal morphologies with methanol shows significantly better signal intensity, ion image distribution, and data stability. Since the protocols demonstrated herein do not involve changes in sample composition, they are generally applicable to various carbohydrates and matrixes.

A protocol for enhancing carbohydrate ion signals in MALDI mass spectrometry by reforming crystalline structures during sample preparation processes is demonstrated.

שיטת הכנה מדגם יעיל לשיפור אותות יון פחמימות לייזר בסיוע מטריקס Desorption/יינון ספקטרומטריית

Sample preparation is a critical process in mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of carbohydrates. Although matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) ...

Disentangling High Strength Copolymer Aramid Fibers to Enable the Determination of Their Mechanical Properties

Traditionally, soft body armor has been made from poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA) and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene. However, to diversify the fiber choices in the United States body armor market, copolymer fibers based on the combination of 5-amino-2-(p-aminophenyl) benzimidazole (PBIA) and the more conventional PPTA were introduced. Little is known regarding the long-term stability of these fibers, but as condensation polymers, they are expected to have potential sensitivity to moisture and humidity. Therefore, characterizing the strength of the materials and understanding their vulnerability to environmental conditions is important for evaluating their use lifetime in safety applications. Ballistic resistance and other critical structural properties of these fibers are predicated on their strength. To accurately determine the strength of the individual fibers, it is necessary to disentangle them from the yarn without introducing any damage. Three aramid-based copolymer fibers were selected for the study. The fibers were washed with acetone followed by methanol to remove an organic coating that held the individual fibers in each yarn bundle together. This coating makes it difficult to separate single fibers from the yarn bundle for mechanical testing without damaging the fibers and affecting their strength. After washing, fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was performed on both washed and unwashed samples and the results were compared. This experiment has shown that there are no significant variations in the spectra of poly(p-phenylene-benzimidazole-terephthalamide-co-p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PBIA-co-PPTA1) and PBIA-co-PPTA3 after washing, and only a small variation in intensity for PBIA. This indicates that the acetone and methanol rinses are not adversely affecting the fibers and causing chemical degradation. Additionally, single fiber tensile testing was performed on the washed fibers to characterize their initial tensile strength and strain to failure, and compare those to other reported values. Iterative procedural development was necessary to find a successful method for performing tensile testing on these fibers.

The primary goal of the study is to develop a protocol to prepare consistent specimens for accurate mechanical testing of high strength copolymer aramid fibers, by removing a coating and disentangling the individual fiber strands without introducing significant chemical or physical degradation.

Disentangling חוזק גבוה קופולימר ארמיד סיבים כדי לאפשר קביעת תכונות מכניות שלהם

Traditionally, soft body armor has been made from poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA) and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene. However, to ...

High Resolution Physical Characterization of Single Metallic Nanoparticles

Individual molecules can be detected and characterized by measuring the degree by which they reduce the ionic current flowing through a single nanometer-scale pore. The signal is characteristic of the molecule&#39;s physicochemical properties and its interactions with the pore. We demonstrate that the nanopore formed by the bacterial protein exotoxin Staphylococcus aureus alpha hemolysin (&#945;HL) can detect polyoxometalates (POMs, anionic metal oxygen clusters), at the single molecule limit. Moreover, multiple degradation products of 12-phosphotungstic acid POM (PTA, H3PW12O40) in solution are simultaneously measured. The single molecule sensitivity of the nanopore method allows for POMs to be characterized at significantly lower concentrations than required for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. This technique could serve as a new tool for chemists to study the molecular properties of polyoxometalates or other metallic clusters, to better understand POM synthetic processes, and possibly improve their yield. Hypothetically, the location of a given atom, or the rotation of a fragment in the molecule, and the metal oxidation state could be investigated with this method. In addition, this new technique has the advantage of allowing the real-time monitoring of molecules in solution.&#160;

Here, we present a protocol to detect discrete metal oxygen clusters, polyoxometalates (POMs), at the single molecule limit using a biological nanopore-based electronic platform. The method provides a complementary approach to traditional analytical chemistry tools used in the study of these molecules.

אפיון פיסי ברזולוציה גבוהה של חלקיקים מתכתיים בודדים

Individual molecules can be detected and characterized by measuring the degree by which they reduce the ionic current flowing through a single ...

Ultrafast Time-resolved Near-IR Stimulated Raman Measurements of Functional &#960;-conjugate Systems

Femtosecond time-resolved stimulated Raman spectroscopy is a promising method of observing the structural dynamics of short-lived transients with near infrared (near-IR) transitions, because it can overcome the low sensitivity of spontaneous Raman spectrometers in the near-IR region. Here, we describe technical details of a femtosecond time-resolved near-IR multiplex stimulated Raman spectrometer that we have recently developed. A description of signal generation and optimization, measurement, data acquisition, and calibration and correction of recorded data is provided as well. We present an application of our spectrometer to analyze the excited-state dynamics of &#946;-carotene in toluene solution. A C=C stretch band of &#946;-carotene in the second lowest excited singlet (S2) state and the lowest excited singlet (S1) state is clearly observed in the recorded time-resolved stimulated Raman spectra. The femtosecond time-resolved near-IR stimulated Raman spectrometer is applicable to the structural dynamics of &#960;-conjugate systems from simple molecules to complex materials.

Details of signal generation and optimization, measurement, data acquisition, and data handling for a femtosecond time-resolved near-IR stimulated Raman spectrometer are described. A near infrared stimulated Raman study on the excited-state dynamics of &#946;-carotene in toluene is shown as a representative application.

Ultrafast זמן-נפתר ליד IR גירוי מדידות ראמאן של פונקציונלי π-המשלים מערכות

Femtosecond time-resolved stimulated Raman spectroscopy is a promising method of observing the structural dynamics of short-lived transients with near ...