Este trabalho foi financiado pelo Instituto de pesquisa exército dos EUA através do contrato W911NF-18-1-0051.

<ol>
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S., Rabitz, H., Dahleh, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coherent+Control+of+Quantum+Dynamics:+The+Dream+Is+Alive.">Coherent Control of Quantum Dynamics: The Dream Is Alive.</a> Science. 259 (5101), 1581-1589 (2003).</li><li>Kosma, K., Trushin, S. A., Fu&#223;, W., Schmid, E. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cyclohexadiene+ring+opening+observed+with+13+fs+resolution:+coherent+oscillations+confirm+the+reaction+path.">Cyclohexadiene ring opening observed with 13 fs resolution: coherent oscillations confirm the reaction path.</a> Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 11 (1), 172-181 (2009).</li><li>De, S., Magrakvelidze, M., Bocharova, I. A., Ray, D., Cao, W., Znakovskaya, I., Li, H., Wang, Z., Laurent, G., Thumm, U., Kling, M. F., Litvinyuk, I. V., Ben-Itzhak, I., Cocke, C. 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K., Ullrich, J., Moshammer, R., Kumarappan, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strong+field-induced+wave+packet+dynamics+in+carbon+dioxide+molecule.">Strong field-induced wave packet dynamics in carbon dioxide molecule.</a> Faraday Discussions. 194, 463-478 (2016).</li><li>Pearson, J. B., Nichols, S. R., Weinacht, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+fragmentation+driven+by+ultrafast+dynamic+ionic+resonances.">Molecular fragmentation driven by ultrafast dynamic ionic resonances.</a> The Journal of Chemical Physics. 127 (13), 131101 (2007).</li><li>Bohinski, T., Tibbetts, K. M., Tarazkar, M., Romanov, D. A., Matsika, S., Levis, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strong+field+adiabatic+ionization+prepares+a+launch+state+for+coherent+control.">Strong field adiabatic ionization prepares a launch state for coherent control.</a> The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 5 (24), 4305-4309 (2014).</li><li>Tibbetts, K. M., Tarazkar, M., Bohinski, T., Romanov, D. A., Matsika, S., Levis, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controlling+the+dissociation+dynamics+of+acetophenone+radical+cation+through+excitation+of+ground+and+excited+state+wavepacket.">Controlling the dissociation dynamics of acetophenone radical cation through excitation of ground and excited state wavepacket.</a> The Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics. 48 (16), 164002 (2015).</li><li>Ampadu Boateng, D., Gutsev, G. L., Jena, P., Tibbetts, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrafast+coherent+vibrational+dynamics+dynamics+in+dimethyl+methylphosphonate+radical+cation.">Ultrafast coherent vibrational dynamics dynamics in dimethyl methylphosphonate radical cation.</a> Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 20 (7), 4636-4640 (2018).</li><li>Ampadu Boateng, D., Gutsev, G. L., Jena, P., Tibbetts, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dissociation+dynamics+of+3-+and+4-nitrotoluene+radical+cations:+Coherently+driven+C-NO2+bond+homolysis.">Dissociation dynamics of 3- and 4-nitrotoluene radical cations: Coherently driven C-NO2 bond homolysis.</a> The Journal of Chemical Physics. 148 (13), 134305 (2018).</li><li>Markevitch, A. N., Romanov, D. A., Smith, S. M., Schlegel, H. B., Ivanov, M. Y., Levis, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sequential+non+adiabatic+excitation+of+large+molecules+and+ions+driven+by+strong+laser+fields.">Sequential non adiabatic excitation of large molecules and ions driven by strong laser fields.</a> Physical Review A. 69 (1), 013401 (2004).</li><li>Lezius, M., Blanchet, M., Rayner, D. M., Villeneuve, D. M., Stolow, A., Ivanov, M. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nonadiabatic+multielectron+dynamics+in+strong+field+molecular+ionization.">Nonadiabatic multielectron dynamics in strong field molecular ionization.</a> Physical Review Letters. 86 (1), 51 (2001).</li><li>Lezius, M., Blanchet, V., Ivanov, M. 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M., Tarazkar, M., Romanov, D., Matsika, S., Levis, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+ionic+resonances+in+alkyl+phenyl+ketone+cations+via+infrared+strong+field+mass+spectrometry.">Measurement of ionic resonances in alkyl phenyl ketone cations via infrared strong field mass spectrometry.</a> The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 117 (47), 12374-12381 (2013).</li><li>Wiley, W. C., McLaren, I. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Time-of-Flight+Mass+Spectrometer+with+Improved+Resolution.">Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer with Improved Resolution.</a> Review of Scientific Instruments. 26, 1150-1156 (1955).</li><li>Gutsev, G. L., Ampadu Boateng, D., Jena, P., Tibbetts, K. 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Este protocolo permite-nos resolver ultra rápida dinâmica vibracional em polyatomic radicais cátions através de preparação seletiva dos íons no estado eletrônico de chão. Enquanto o procedimento padrão campo forte ionização usando 800 nm pode preparar vibracionais coerências em cações radical de estado eletrônico-chão de primeira-linha diatómicos10,11,12,13 e CO 2 <...

Desde a invenção do laser em 1960, o objetivo de quebrar seletivamente ligações químicas em moléculas tem sido um sonho de longa data de químicos e físicos. A capacidade de sintonizar os dois laser de frequência e intensidade foi acreditada para permitir direta clivagem de uma ligação de destino por meio de absorbância de energia seletiva nos frequência vibracional associada1,2,3,4 . No entanto, primeiras experiências descobriu que intramolecular redistribuição vibracional da energia absorvida por toda a molécula muitas vezes resultou no decote não-seletivo do vínculo mais fraco4,5. Não foi até o desenvolvimento de femtossegundo pulsado lasers e a bomba-sonda técnica6 no final dos anos 1980 que dirigem a manipulação de Estados vibracionais coerentes, ou "pacotes de onda", habilitado controle bem sucedido sobre clivagem de ligação e outros objectivos de7,6,8. Medições de bomba-sonda, no qual o pulso de "bomba" prepara um estado excitado ou íon que posteriormente é animado por um pulso de atraso "sonda", continuam a ser uma das técnicas mais amplamente utilizadas para estudar processos ultra rápidos em moléculas9, 10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18, 19,20.
Uma limitação significativa para estudar a dissociação ultra rápida dinâmica de polyatomic cátions radicais usando a excitação de bomba-sonda acoplada a espectrometria de massa detecção surge da fragmentação não seletivo da molécula alvo pela bomba ionizante pulso no comprimento de onda de Ti:Sapphire de 800 nm21,22,23. Essa fragmentação excessiva resulta da ionização do multiphoton nonadiabatic e podem ser atenuada por mudando o comprimento de onda de excitação para o infravermelho próximo (ex., 1200-1500 nm)22,23,24, 25. Nestes comprimentos de onda mais longos, a contribuição dos aumentos de encapsulamento adiabática elétron em relação à excitação do multiphoton no processo de ionização22,23. Tunelamento adiabática transmite pouca energia em excesso para a molécula e formas predominantemente "frio" estado fundamental íons molecular19,22,23. Nosso trabalho anterior demonstrou que o uso de excitação de infravermelho próximo melhora significativamente a preparação coerentes excitações vibracionais, ou "pacotes de onda", em polyatomic cações radicais em comparação a 800 nm excitação19, 20. Este trabalho irá ilustrar a diferença entre ionização forte-campo dominada por contribuições do multiphoton e encapsulamento com medições de bomba-sonda sobre o guerra química agente simulador dimetil metilfosfonato (DMMP) usando a 1500 nm e 800 nm comprimentos de onda da bomba.
Em nossos experimentos de bomba-sonda, um par de pulsos de laser ultracurtos é temporizada, recombinadas e focalizadas em um espectrômetro de massa de tempo-de-voo, conforme mostrado em nossa configuração na Figura 1. Estas experiências exigem um Ti:Sapphire regenerativo amplificador produzindo > 2 mJ, 800 nm, 30 fs de impulsos. A saída do amplificador é dividida em um divisor de feixe de 90:10 (% r %T), onde a maioria da energia é usada para bombear um amplificador paramétrico óptico (OPA) para geração de 1200-1600 nm, 100-300 µ j, pulsos de 20-30 fs. O diâmetro do feixe de bomba do IR é expandido para 22 mm e o diâmetro do feixe sonda 800 nm para baixo-colimado de 5,5 mm e endocarpo usando uma íris. Estes collimations resultam no feixe de bomba com foco para uma significativamente menor feixe cintura (9 µm) do que o raio da sonda (30 µm), garantindo assim que todos os íons formados durante o pulso de bomba ionizantes são excitados pelo pulso de atraso sonda. Essa configuração é usada porque o objetivo das nossas experiências é sondar a dinâmica do íon molecular pai, que pode ser formado ainda em intensidades baixas perto das bordas do feixe focalizado. Podemos constatar que se a dinâmica de mais altamente animado espécie iônica de interesse, então o diâmetro do feixe de sonda deve ser feito menor do que a bomba.
Os pulsos de bomba e sonda propagam collinearly e concentram-se para a região de extração de um espectrômetro de massa de tempo-de-voo (TOF-MS) Wiley-McLaren26 (Figura 2). Amostras moleculares, colocadas em um frasco são anexadas para a entrada e abriu para o vácuo. Esta configuração requer que a molécula sob investigação tenha uma pressão de vapor diferente de zero; para moléculas com baixa pressão de vapor, o frasco pode ser aquecido. O fluxo da amostra gasosa na câmara é controlado por duas válvulas de escape variável. A amostra incorpora a câmara através de um 1/16" inox tubo aproximadamente 1 cm longe do foco do laser (Figura 2) a fim de entregar localmente alta concentração da molécula alvo na extração região27. A placa de extração tem uma fenda de 0,5 mm orientada ortogonal para os caminhos de propagação e íon do laser. Porque o intervalo de Rayleigh do raio da bomba é de aproximadamente 2 mm, esta fenda serve como um filtro, permitindo que apenas os íons gerados a partir do volume focal central onde a intensidade é mais elevada para passar através da extração de placa28. Os íons entram um tubo de deriva de campo livre de 1 m para chegar a Z-abertura canal micro placa (MCP) detector29, onde são detectados e gravados com um osciloscópio digital de 1 GHz, à taxa de repetição de 1KHz de lasers de Ti:Sapphire comercial típica.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Mass spectrometer components</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TOF lens stack and flight tube assembly</td>
			<td>Jordan TOF Products, Inc.</td>
			<td>C-677</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>18 mm Z-gap detector assembly</td>
			<td>Jordan TOF Products, Inc.</td>
			<td>C-701Z</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TOF high voltage power supply</td>
			<td>Jordan TOF Products, Inc.</td>
			<td>D-603</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum system components</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotary vane backing pump</td>
			<td>Edwards Vacuum LLC</td>
			<td>RV12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Turbomolecular pumps (2)</td>
			<td>Edwards Vacuum LLC</td>
			<td>EXT255H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Turbomolecular pump controllers (2)</td>
			<td>Edwards Vacuum LLC</td>
			<td>EXC300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pressure gauge</td>
			<td>Edwards Vacuum LLC</td>
			<td>AIGX-S-DN40CF</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chiller for water cooling</td>
			<td>Neslab</td>
			<td>CFT-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Femtosecond laser system</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ti:Sapphire regenerative amplifier</td>
			<td>Coherent, Inc.</td>
			<td>Astrella</td>
			<td>oscillator and amplifier in a single integrated system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optical Parametric Amplifer (OPA)</td>
			<td>Light Conversion</td>
			<td>TOPAS Prime</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Motion control</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Motorized linear translation stage 1&#34; travel</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>Z825B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>controller for linear translation stage</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>KDC 101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>USB controller hub and power supply</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>KCH 601</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Manual linear translation stage 1&#34; travel</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>PT1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Detectors</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pyroelectric laser energy meter</td>
			<td>Coherent, Inc.</td>
			<td>1168337</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermal laser power meter</td>
			<td>Coherent, Inc.</td>
			<td>5356E16R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Si-biased detector 200-1100 nm</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>DET10A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Compact USB CMOS Camera</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>DCC1545M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>USB spectrometer</td>
			<td>Ocean Optics</td>
			<td>HR4000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 GHz digital oscilloscope&#160;</td>
			<td>LeCroy</td>
			<td>WaveRunner 610Zi</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optics</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Type 1 BBO crystal</td>
			<td>Crylight Photonics</td>
			<td>BBO007</td>
			<td>aperture and thickness may be customized</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Achromatic half wave plate, 1100-2000 nm</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>AHWP05M-1600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wollaston prism polarizer</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>WPM10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hollow retro-reflector</td>
			<td>PLX, Inc.</td>
			<td>OW-20-1C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Variable neutral density filter</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>NDC-100C-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Longpass dichroic mirror 2&#34; diameter</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>DMLP950L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital Camera image software</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>ThorCam</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Instrument communication interface</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td>NI-MAX</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Graphical development environment for measurement programs</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td>LabVIEW</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Data processing software</td>
			<td>Mathworks</td>
			<td>MATLAB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measurement of ultrafast vibrational coherences in polyatomic radical cations with strong-field adiabatic ionization

Apresentamos um método de bomba-sonda para preparar vibracionais coerências em polyatomic radicais cátions e sondar sua dinâmica ultra rápida. Deslocando-se o comprimento de onda do pulso forte-campo ionizante bomba do comumente usados 800 nm para o infravermelho próximo (1200-1600 nm), a contribuição do elétron adiabática de encapsulamento para o processo de ionização aumenta em relação à absorção do multiphoton. Adiabática ionização resulta em uma população predominante do estado eletrônico fundamental do íon após a remoção do elétron, que efetivamente prepara um coerente estado vibracional ("pacote de onda") favorável à excitação subsequente. Em nossos experimentos, a dinâmica coerente vibracional é analisada com pulso fraco-campo 800 nm e rendimentos de produtos de dissociação dependente do tempo medido em um espectrômetro de massa de tempo-de-voo. Apresentamos as medições sobre a molécula dimetil metilfosfonato (DMMP) para ilustrar como usar pulsos de 1500 nm para a excitação aumenta a amplitude das oscilações coerentes em rendimentos de íon por um fator de 10 em comparação com pulsos de 800 nm. Este protocolo pode ser implementado em configurações existentes de bomba-sonda através da incorporação de uma óptica amplificador paramétrico (OPA) para conversão de comprimento de onda.

São apresentados os resultados obtidos para a molécula DMMP21 . A Figura 3 mostra os espectros de massa DMMP tomados no zero tempo de atraso com as intensidades de pico da bomba 1500 nm e 800 pulsos de sonda nm sendo 8 x 1013 e 8 x 1012 W cm-2, respectivamente. Para referência, o espectro de massa tirado com apenas o pulso da bomba também é mostrado. Os espectros são em média mais de 10.000 laser...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of Ultrafast Vibrational Coherences in Polyatomic Radical Cations with Strong-Field Adiabatic Ionization at JoVE.com

Measurement of Ultrafast Vibrational Coherences in Polyatomic Radical Cations with Strong-Field Adiabatic Ionization

Apresentamos um protocolo para sondar ultra rápidas coerências vibracionais em polyatomic cações radicais que resultam em dissociação molecular.

Medição de coerências vibracionais ultrarrápidas em cátions de radicais poliatômicos com ionização adiabática de campo forte

We present a pump-probe method for preparing vibrational coherences in polyatomic radical cations and probing their ultrafast dynamics. By shifting the ...

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6.8K visualizações.  Virginia Commonwealth University. Apresentamos um protocolo para sondar ultra rápidas coerências vibracionais em polyatomic cações radicais que resultam em dissociação molecular.

Vídeo: Measurement of Ultrafast Vibrational Coherences in Polyatomic Radical Cations with Strong-Field Adiabatic Ionization

A Study of the Complexation of Mercury(II) with Dicysteinyl Tetrapeptides by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

In this study we evaluated a method for the characterization of complexes, formed in different relative ratios of mercury(II) to dicysteinyl tetrapeptide, by electrospray ionization orbitrap mass spectrometry. This strategy is based on previous successful characterization of mercury-dicysteinyl complexes involving tripeptides by utilizing mass spectrometry among other techniques. Mercury(II) chloride and a dicysteinyl tetrapeptide were incubated in a degassed buffered medium at varying stoichiometric ratios. The complexes formed were subsequently analyzed on an electrospray mass spectrometer consisting of a hybrid linear ion- and orbi- trap mass analyzer. The electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) spectra were acquired in the positive mode and the observed peaks were then analyzed for distinct mercury isotopic distribution patterns and associated monoisotopic peak. This work demonstrates that an accurate stoichiometry of mercury and peptide in the complexes formed under specified electrospray ionization conditions can be determined by using high resolution ESI MS based on distinct mercury isotopic distribution patterns.

A Study of the Complexation of MercuryII with Dicysteinyl Tetrapeptides by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

The characterization of complexes formed in different relative ratios of mercury(II) to dicysteinyl tetrapeptides by electrospray ionization orbitrap mass spectrometry is presented.

Um estudo da complexação de mercúrio (II) com Dicysteinyl tetrapéptidos por Espectrometria de Massa de Ionização por Electrospray

In this study we evaluated a method for the characterization of complexes, formed in different relative ratios of mercury(II) to dicysteinyl tetrapeptide, ...

Química

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst

A standardized technique for atom transfer radical polymerization of vinyl monomers using perylene as a visible-light photocatalyst is presented. The procedure is performed under an inert atmosphere using air- and water-exclusion techniques. The outcome of the polymerization is affected by the ratios of monomer, initiator, and catalyst used as well as the reaction concentration, solvent, and nature of the light source. Temporal control over the polymerization can be exercised by turning the visible light source off and on. Low dispersities of the resultant polymers as well as the ability to chain-extend to form block copolymers suggest control over the polymerization, while chain end-group analysis provides evidence supporting an atom-transfer radical polymerization mechanism.

A method for the atom transfer radical polymerization of functionalized vinyl monomers using perylene as a visible-light photocatalyst is described.

Polimerização Radical por Transferência de Átomos de Monômeros Vinílicos Funcionalizados Usando Perileno como Fotocatalisador de Luz Visível

A standardized technique for atom transfer radical polymerization of vinyl monomers using perylene as a visible-light photocatalyst is presented. The ...

Direct Imaging of Laser-driven Ultrafast Molecular Rotation

We present a method for visualizing laser-induced, ultrafast molecular rotational wave packet dynamics. We have developed a new 2-dimensional Coulomb explosion imaging setup in which a hitherto-impractical camera angle is realized. In our imaging technique, diatomic molecules are irradiated with a circularly polarized strong laser pulse. The ejected atomic ions are accelerated perpendicularly to the laser propagation. The ions lying in the laser polarization plane are selected through the use of a mechanical slit and imaged with a high-throughput, 2-dimensional detector installed parallel to the polarization plane. Because a circularly polarized (isotropic) Coulomb exploding pulse is used, the observed angular distribution of the ejected ions directly corresponds to the squared rotational wave function at the time of the pulse irradiation. To create a real-time movie of molecular rotation, the present imaging technique is combined with a femtosecond pump-probe optical setup in which the pump pulses create unidirectionally rotating molecular ensembles. Due to the high image throughput of our detection system, the pump-probe experimental condition can be easily optimized by monitoring a real-time snapshot. As a result, the quality of the observed movie is sufficiently high for visualizing the detailed wave nature of motion. We also note that the present technique can be implemented in existing standard ion imaging setups, offering a new camera angle or viewpoint for the molecular systems without the need for extensive modification.

We present a protocol for creating a real-time movie of a molecular rotational wave packet using a high-resolution Coulomb explosion imaging setup.

Direct Imaging da Laser-driven Ultrafast rotação Molecular

We present a method for visualizing laser-induced, ultrafast molecular rotational wave packet dynamics. We have developed a new 2-dimensional Coulomb ...

Fabrication and Testing of Photonic Thermometers

In recent years, a push for developing novel silicon photonic devices for telecommunications has generated a vast knowledge base that is now being leveraged for developing sophisticated photonic sensors. Silicon photonic sensors seek to exploit the strong confinement of light in nano-waveguides to transduce changes in physical state to changes in resonance frequency. In the case of thermometry, the thermo-optic coefficient, i.e., changes in refractive index due to temperature, causes the resonant frequency of the photonic device such as a Bragg grating to drift with temperature. We are developing a suite of photonic devices that leverage recent advances in telecom compatible light sources to fabricate cost-effective photonic temperature sensors, which can be deployed in a wide variety of settings ranging from controlled laboratory conditions, to the noisy environment of a factory floor or a residence. In this manuscript, we detail our protocol for the fabrication and testing of photonic thermometers.

We describe the process of fabrication and testing of photonic thermometers.

Fabricação e teste dos termómetros fotônicos

In recent years, a push for developing novel silicon photonic devices for telecommunications has generated a vast knowledge base that is now being ...

Fizzy Extraction of Volatile Organic Compounds Combined with Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry

Chemical analysis of volatile and semivolatile compounds dissolved in liquid samples can be challenging. The dissolved components need to be brought to the gas phase, and efficiently transferred to a detection system. Fizzy extraction takes advantage of the effervescence phenomenon. First, a carrier gas (here, carbon dioxide) is dissolved in the sample by applying overpressure and stirring the sample. Second, the sample chamber is decompressed abruptly. Decompression leads to the formation of numerous carrier gas bubbles in the sample liquid. These bubbles assist the release of the dissolved analyte species from the liquid to the gas phase. The released analytes are immediately transferred to the atmospheric pressure chemical ionization interface of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The ionizable analyte species give rise to mass spectrometric signals in the time domain. Because the release of the analyte species occurs over short periods of time (a few seconds), the temporal signals have high amplitudes and high signal-to-noise ratios. The amplitudes and areas of the temporal peaks can then be correlated with concentrations of the analytes in the liquid samples subjected to fizzy extraction, which enables quantitative analysis. The advantages of fizzy extraction include: simplicity, speed, and limited use of chemicals (solvents).

Fizzy extraction is a new laboratory technique for analysis of volatile and semivolatile compounds. A carrier gas is dissolved in the liquid sample by applying overpressure and stirring the sample. The sample chamber is then decompressed. The analyte species are liberated to the gas phase due to effervescence.

Extração efervescente de compostos orgânicos voláteis combinados com a espectrometria de massa de quadrupoolos de ionização química de pressão atmosférica

Chemical analysis of volatile and semivolatile compounds dissolved in liquid samples can be challenging. The dissolved components need to be brought to ...

Characterization of Synthetic Polymers via Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF) Mass Spectrometry

There are many techniques that can be employed in the characterization of synthetic homopolymers, but few provide as useful of information for end group analysis as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). This tutorial demonstrates methods for optimization of the sample preparation, spectral acquisition, and data analysis of synthetic polymers using MALDI-TOF MS. Critical parameters during sample preparation include the selection of the matrix, identification of an appropriate cationization salt, and tuning the relative proportions of the matrix, cation, and analyte. The acquisition parameters, such as mode (linear or reflector), polarization (positive or negative), acceleration voltage, and delay time, are also important. Given some knowledge of the chemistry involved to synthesize the polymer and optimizing both the data acquisition parameters and the sample preparation conditions, spectra should be obtained with sufficient resolution and mass accuracy to enable the unambiguous determination of the end groups of most homopolymers (masses below 10,000) in addition to the repeat unit mass and the overall molecular weight distribution. Though demonstrated on a limited set of polymers, these general techniques are applicable to a much wider range of synthetic polymers for determining mass distributions, though end group determination is only possible for homopolymers with narrow dispersity.

Characterization of Synthetic Polymers via Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry

A protocol for the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) characterization of synthetic polymers is described including the optimization of sample preparation, spectral acquisition, and data analysis.

Caracterização de Polímeros Sintéticos via Espectrometria de Massa por Ionização a Laser com Matriz Assistida por Tempo de Voo (MALDI-TOF)

There are many techniques that can be employed in the characterization of synthetic homopolymers, but few provide as useful of information for end group ...

An Efficient Sample Preparation Method to Enhance Carbohydrate Ion Signals in Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Sample preparation is a critical process in mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of carbohydrates. Although matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) MS is the method of choice in carbohydrate analysis, poor ion signal and data reproducibility of carbohydrate samples continue to be severe problems. For quantitative analysis of carbohydrates, an effective analytical protocol providing superior data quality is necessary. This video demonstrates sample preparation protocols to improve signal intensity and minimize data variation of carbohydrates in MALDI-MS. After drying and crystallization of sample droplets, the crystal morphology is reformed by methanol before mass spectrometric analysis. The enhancement in carbohydrate signal is examined with MALDI imaging mass spectrometry (IMS). Experimental results show that crystal reformation adjusts crystalline structures and redistributes carbohydrate analytes. In comparison with the dried droplet preparation method in conventional MALDI-MS, reforming carbohydrate crystal morphologies with methanol shows significantly better signal intensity, ion image distribution, and data stability. Since the protocols demonstrated herein do not involve changes in sample composition, they are generally applicable to various carbohydrates and matrixes.

A protocol for enhancing carbohydrate ion signals in MALDI mass spectrometry by reforming crystalline structures during sample preparation processes is demonstrated.

Um método de preparação de amostra eficiente para melhorar os sinais de íon carboidrato em espectrometria de massa de ionização/dessorção de Matrix-assisted Laser

Sample preparation is a critical process in mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of carbohydrates. Although matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) ...

Disentangling High Strength Copolymer Aramid Fibers to Enable the Determination of Their Mechanical Properties

Traditionally, soft body armor has been made from poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA) and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene. However, to diversify the fiber choices in the United States body armor market, copolymer fibers based on the combination of 5-amino-2-(p-aminophenyl) benzimidazole (PBIA) and the more conventional PPTA were introduced. Little is known regarding the long-term stability of these fibers, but as condensation polymers, they are expected to have potential sensitivity to moisture and humidity. Therefore, characterizing the strength of the materials and understanding their vulnerability to environmental conditions is important for evaluating their use lifetime in safety applications. Ballistic resistance and other critical structural properties of these fibers are predicated on their strength. To accurately determine the strength of the individual fibers, it is necessary to disentangle them from the yarn without introducing any damage. Three aramid-based copolymer fibers were selected for the study. The fibers were washed with acetone followed by methanol to remove an organic coating that held the individual fibers in each yarn bundle together. This coating makes it difficult to separate single fibers from the yarn bundle for mechanical testing without damaging the fibers and affecting their strength. After washing, fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was performed on both washed and unwashed samples and the results were compared. This experiment has shown that there are no significant variations in the spectra of poly(p-phenylene-benzimidazole-terephthalamide-co-p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PBIA-co-PPTA1) and PBIA-co-PPTA3 after washing, and only a small variation in intensity for PBIA. This indicates that the acetone and methanol rinses are not adversely affecting the fibers and causing chemical degradation. Additionally, single fiber tensile testing was performed on the washed fibers to characterize their initial tensile strength and strain to failure, and compare those to other reported values. Iterative procedural development was necessary to find a successful method for performing tensile testing on these fibers.

The primary goal of the study is to develop a protocol to prepare consistent specimens for accurate mechanical testing of high strength copolymer aramid fibers, by removing a coating and disentangling the individual fiber strands without introducing significant chemical or physical degradation.

Desembaraçar as fibras de aramida de copolímero de alta resistência para permitir a determinação de suas propriedades mecânicas

Traditionally, soft body armor has been made from poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA) and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene. However, to ...

High Resolution Physical Characterization of Single Metallic Nanoparticles

Individual molecules can be detected and characterized by measuring the degree by which they reduce the ionic current flowing through a single nanometer-scale pore. The signal is characteristic of the molecule&#39;s physicochemical properties and its interactions with the pore. We demonstrate that the nanopore formed by the bacterial protein exotoxin Staphylococcus aureus alpha hemolysin (&#945;HL) can detect polyoxometalates (POMs, anionic metal oxygen clusters), at the single molecule limit. Moreover, multiple degradation products of 12-phosphotungstic acid POM (PTA, H3PW12O40) in solution are simultaneously measured. The single molecule sensitivity of the nanopore method allows for POMs to be characterized at significantly lower concentrations than required for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. This technique could serve as a new tool for chemists to study the molecular properties of polyoxometalates or other metallic clusters, to better understand POM synthetic processes, and possibly improve their yield. Hypothetically, the location of a given atom, or the rotation of a fragment in the molecule, and the metal oxidation state could be investigated with this method. In addition, this new technique has the advantage of allowing the real-time monitoring of molecules in solution.&#160;

Here, we present a protocol to detect discrete metal oxygen clusters, polyoxometalates (POMs), at the single molecule limit using a biological nanopore-based electronic platform. The method provides a complementary approach to traditional analytical chemistry tools used in the study of these molecules.

Caracterização física de alta resolução de nanopartículas metálicas únicas

Individual molecules can be detected and characterized by measuring the degree by which they reduce the ionic current flowing through a single ...

Ultrafast Time-resolved Near-IR Stimulated Raman Measurements of Functional &#960;-conjugate Systems

Femtosecond time-resolved stimulated Raman spectroscopy is a promising method of observing the structural dynamics of short-lived transients with near infrared (near-IR) transitions, because it can overcome the low sensitivity of spontaneous Raman spectrometers in the near-IR region. Here, we describe technical details of a femtosecond time-resolved near-IR multiplex stimulated Raman spectrometer that we have recently developed. A description of signal generation and optimization, measurement, data acquisition, and calibration and correction of recorded data is provided as well. We present an application of our spectrometer to analyze the excited-state dynamics of &#946;-carotene in toluene solution. A C=C stretch band of &#946;-carotene in the second lowest excited singlet (S2) state and the lowest excited singlet (S1) state is clearly observed in the recorded time-resolved stimulated Raman spectra. The femtosecond time-resolved near-IR stimulated Raman spectrometer is applicable to the structural dynamics of &#960;-conjugate systems from simple molecules to complex materials.

Details of signal generation and optimization, measurement, data acquisition, and data handling for a femtosecond time-resolved near-IR stimulated Raman spectrometer are described. A near infrared stimulated Raman study on the excited-state dynamics of &#946;-carotene in toluene is shown as a representative application.

Mediçãos de Raman estimuladas do tempo ultrarrápido de sistemas funcionais de πconjugados

Femtosecond time-resolved stimulated Raman spectroscopy is a promising method of observing the structural dynamics of short-lived transients with near ...