אנו מכירים בתמיכת האחוזה של ד"ר קלם ג'ונס AO, המועצה הלאומית לבריאות ומחקר רפואי של אוסטרליה [GNT1145580, GNT1176326], קרן המתכת וממשלת מדינת קווינסלנד (DSITI, המחלקה למדע, טכנולוגיית מידע וחדשנות).

<ol>
	<li>Choi, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Noninvasive+and+transient+blood-brain+barrier+opening+in+the+hippocampus+of+Alzheimer's+double+transgenic+mice+using+focused+ultrasound.">Noninvasive and transient blood-brain barrier opening in the hippocampus of Alzheimer's double transgenic mice using focused ultrasound.</a> Ultrasonic Imaging. 30 (3), 189-200 (2008).</li><li>Lipsman, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blood-brain+barrier+opening+in+Alzheimer's+disease+using+MR-guided+focused+ultrasound.">Blood-brain barrier opening in Alzheimer's disease using MR-guided focused ultrasound.</a> Nature Communications. 9 (1), 2336 (2018).</li><li>Pandit, R., Chen, L., G&#246;tz, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+blood-brain+barrier:+physiology+and+strategies+for+drug+delivery.">The blood-brain barrier: physiology and strategies for drug delivery.</a> Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. (19), 30238 (2019).</li><li>Golde, T. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Open+questions+for+Alzheimer's+disease+immunotherapy.">Open questions for Alzheimer's disease immunotherapy.</a> Alzheimers Research &amp; Therapy. 6 (1), 3 (2014).</li><li>Nisbet, R. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combined+effects+of+scanning+ultrasound+and+a+tau-specific+single+chain+antibody+in+a+tau+transgenic+mouse+model.">Combined effects of scanning ultrasound and a tau-specific single chain antibody in a tau transgenic mouse model.</a> Brain. 140 (5), 1220-1230 (2017).</li><li>Janowicz, P. W., Leinenga, G., G&#246;tz, J., Nisbet, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasound-mediated+blood-brain+barrier+opening+enhances+delivery+of+therapeutically+relevant+formats+of+a+tau-specific+antibody.">Ultrasound-mediated blood-brain barrier opening enhances delivery of therapeutically relevant formats of a tau-specific antibody.</a> Scientific Reports. 9 (1), 9255 (2019).</li><li>Leinenga, G., G&#246;tz, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Scanning+ultrasound+removes+amyloid-beta+and+restores+memory+in+an+Alzheimer's+disease+mouse+model.">Scanning ultrasound removes amyloid-beta and restores memory in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model.</a> Science Translational Medicine. 7 (278), 233 (2015).</li><li>Burgess, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+delivery+of+neural+stem+cells+to+the+brain+using+MRI-guided+focused+ultrasound+to+disrupt+the+blood-brain+barrier.">Targeted delivery of neural stem cells to the brain using MRI-guided focused ultrasound to disrupt the blood-brain barrier.</a> PLoS One. 6 (11), 27877 (2011).</li><li>Chen, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Focused+ultrasound-enhanced+intranasal+brain+delivery+of+brain-derived+neurotrophic+factor.">Focused ultrasound-enhanced intranasal brain delivery of brain-derived neurotrophic factor.</a> Scientific Reports. 6, 28599 (2016).</li><li>Leinenga, G., Langton, C., Nisbet, R., G&#246;tz, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasound+treatment+of+neurological+diseases+-+current+and+emerging+applications.">Ultrasound treatment of neurological diseases - current and emerging applications.</a> Nature Reviews Neurology. 12 (3), 161-174 (2016).</li><li>G&#246;tz, J., Halliday, G., Nisbet, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+Pathogenesis+of+the+Tauopathies.">Molecular Pathogenesis of the Tauopathies.</a> Annual Reviews of Pathology. 14, 239-261 (2019).</li><li>Pandit, R., Leinenga, G., G&#246;tz, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Repeated+ultrasound+treatment+of+tau+transgenic+mice+clears+neuronal+tau+by+autophagy+and+improves+behavioral+functions.">Repeated ultrasound treatment of tau transgenic mice clears neuronal tau by autophagy and improves behavioral functions.</a> Theranostics. 9 (13), 3754-3767 (2019).</li><li>Karakatsani, M. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unilateral+Focused+Ultrasound-Induced+Blood-Brain+Barrier+Opening+Reduces+Phosphorylated+Tau+from+The+rTg4510+Mouse+Model.">Unilateral Focused Ultrasound-Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Opening Reduces Phosphorylated Tau from The rTg4510 Mouse Model.</a> Theranostics. 9 (18), 5396-5411 (2019).</li><li>Valdez, M. A., Fernandez, E., Matsunaga, T., Erickson, R. P., Trouard, T. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distribution+and+Diffusion+of+Macromolecule+Delivery+to+the+Brain+via+Focused+Ultrasound+using+Magnetic+Resonance+and+Multispectral+Fluorescence+Imaging.">Distribution and Diffusion of Macromolecule Delivery to the Brain via Focused Ultrasound using Magnetic Resonance and Multispectral Fluorescence Imaging.</a> Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology. 46 (1), 122-136 (2020).</li></ol>

אין לנו מה לחשוף.

נוגדנים בעלי תווית פלואורסצנטית יכולים להיות מועברים למוח באמצעות אולטרסאונד ממוקד יחד עם microbubbles מיושם במצב סריקה. אספקת נוגדנים, מורפולוגיה מיקרוגליאלית והגדלה ליזומלית ניתן לזהות על ידי מיקרוסקופיה פלואורסצנטית לאחר אולטרסאונד סריקה. מיקרוגליה יכולה לקלוט את נוגדני הליזוזוזומים וה?...

אולטרסאונד טיפולי הוא טכנולוגיה מתפתחת שמטרתה לטפל במחלות מוח באופן לא פולשני, בין היתר על ידי הקלת גישה של סוכנים טיפוליים למוח1,2,3. כמו רק חלק קטן של נוגדנים טיפוליים מיקוד מחלות מוח נלקחים על ידי ונשמר במוח4, אולטרסאונד טיפולי מציע את האפשרות להגדיל את ספיגתם ומעורבות היעד 5,6.
במעבדה שלנו, אנו מפתחים גישות טיפוליות למחלות ניווניות שבהן נוגדן בפורמטים שונים מועבר מעבר למחסום הדם - מוח (BBB) באמצעות מיקרו-בועות. כדי להשיג זאת, אולטרסאונד מוחל דרך הגולגולת לתוך המוח בנקודות מרובות באמצעות מצב סריקה שאנו מתייחסים כמו סריקת אולטרסאונד (SUS)7. האינטראקציה המכנית בין אנרגיית האולטרסאונד, המיקרו-בועות המוזרקות תוך ורידי לבין כלי הדם במוח מפרידה באופן חולף בין הצמתים ההדוקים של ה- BBB בנפח sonication נתון, ומאפשרת לנוגדנים ולמטענים אחרים כולל חומרים טיפוליים לחצות ביעילות את המחסום הזה7,8,9 . יתר על כן, אולטרסאונד הוכח כדי להקל על ספיגת נוגדנים מהמוח interstitial לתוך תאי המוח, כגון נוירונים, שבו הנוגדן מתפשט בכל גוף התא ואפילו לתוך תהליכים neuritic5,10.
מחלת אלצהיימר מאופיינת β עמילואיד ופתולוגיה טאו11, ושלל מודלים של בעלי חיים זמינים לנתח מנגנונים פתוגניים ולאמת אסטרטגיות טיפוליות. גישת SUS, שבאמצעותה אולטרסאונד מוחל בתבנית רציפה על פני המוח כולו, כאשר חוזר על עצמו על פני מספר מפגשי טיפול, יכול להפחית פתולוגיה של פלק עמילואיד במוחם של עמילואיד-β-הפקדת עמילואיד מקדים חלבון עמילואיד (APP) עכברים מוטנטיים ולהפעיל microglia אשר תופסים את העמילואיד, המוביל לשיפור בתפקוד הקוגניטיבי7. פתיחת BBB עם אולטרסאונד ו microbubbles גם מפחית פתולוגיה טאו pR5, K3 ו rTg4510 tau עכברים מהונדסים 5,12,13. חשוב לציין, בעוד מיקרוגליה להסיר פיקדונות חלבון חוץ תאיים, אחד ממנגנוני הסיווג הבסיסיים עבור פתולוגיות תוך-ניורוניות הנגרמות על ידי SUS הוא ההפעלה של autophagy עצביים12.
כאן, אנו מתארים תהליך ניסיוני, שבאמצעותו מכינים נוגדנים בעלי תווית פלואורסצנטית, ולאחר מכן מעורבבים עם מיקרו-בועות מבוססות שומנים פנימיים, ואחריהן הזרקה רטרואורביטלית לעכברים מורדמים. הזרקה Retroorbital היא חלופה הזרקת וריד הזנב אשר מצאנו להיות יעיל באותה מידה ופשוט יותר לבצע שוב ושוב. זה מיד לאחר מכן על ידי החלת SUS על המוח. כדי לקבוע את ספיגת הנוגדנים הטיפוליים, עכברים מוקרבים וריכוז הנוגדנים המוגבר במוח מכמת לאחר מכן. כבא כוח של השינוי בהומיאוסטזיס במוח, פעילות פאגוציטית מיקרוגליאלית נקבעת על ידי היסטולוגיה ושחזור תלת-ממדי נפחי.
הנתונים שנוצרו מראים כי אספקת אולטרסאונד של נוגדנים היא גישה אטרקטיבית פוטנציאלית לטיפול במחלות ניווניות. הפרוטוקול יכול להיות מיושם באופן דומה על מועמדים אחרים לתרופה, כמו גם מטעני מודל כגון dextrans מסומן פלואורסצנטית של גדלים מוגדרים14.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine</td>
			<td>Avanti</td>
			<td>850365C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[amino(polyethyleneglycol)-2000]</td>
			<td>Avanti</td>
			<td>880128C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AlexaFluor 647 antibody labeling kit</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>A20186</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD68 antibody</td>
			<td>AbD Serotec</td>
			<td>MCA1957GA</td>
			<td>Use 1:1000 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chloroform</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>372978</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coulter Counter (Multisizer 4e)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G5516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-rabbit IgG, Alexa Fluor 488</td>
			<td>Thermo FIsher</td>
			<td>A-11008</td>
			<td>Use 1:500 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-rabbit IgG, Alexa Fluor 488</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>A-11077</td>
			<td>Use 1:500 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>head holder (model SG-4N, Narishige Japan)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iba1 antibody</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>019-19741</td>
			<td>Use 1:1000 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Image analysis software</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>#8547008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflow flow solution</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>B43905</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Near infrared imaging system Odyssey Fc</td>
			<td>Licor</td>
			<td>2800-03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Octafluoropropane</td>
			<td>Arcadophta</td>
			<td>0229NC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Propylene Glycol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4347</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TIPS (Therapy Imaging Probe System)</td>
			<td>Philips Research</td>
			<td>TIPS_007</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td>Bitplane</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

delivery of antibodies into the brain using focused scanning ultrasound

רק חלק קטן מהנוגדנים הטיפוליים הממוקדים במחלות מוח נלקחים על ידי המוח. אולטרסאונד ממוקד מציע אפשרות להגביר את ספיגת הנוגדנים ואת המעורבות באמצעות פתיחה חולפת של מחסום הדם - מוח (BBB). במעבדה שלנו, אנו מפתחים גישות טיפוליות למחלות ניווניות שבהן נוגדן בפורמטים שונים מועבר על פני BBB באמצעות microbubbles, במקביל עם יישום אולטרסאונד ממוקד דרך הגולגולת מיקוד כתמים מרובים, גישה שאנו מכנים סריקת אולטרסאונד (SUS). ההשפעות המכניות של microbubbles ואולטרסאונד על כלי הדם מגביר את התחבורה paracellular על פני BBB על ידי הפרדה חולפת צמתים הדוקים ומשפר טרנסציטוזיס בתיווך שלפוחית, ומאפשר נוגדנים וחומרים טיפוליים לחצות ביעילות. יתר על כן, אולטרסאונד גם מקל על ספיגת נוגדנים מהמוח interstitial לתוך תאי המוח כגון נוירונים שבהם הנוגדן מתפשט בכל גוף התא ואפילו לתהליכים neuritic. במחקרים שלנו, נוגדנים המסומנים בפלואורסצנטיות מוכנים, מעורבבים עם מיקרו-בועות על בסיס שומנים פנימיים ומוזרקים לעכברים מיד לפני ש- SUS מוחל על המוח. ריכוז הנוגדנים המוגבר במוח מכמת לאחר מכן. כדי להסביר שינויים בהומיאוסטזיס המוח נורמלי, פאגוציטוזה microglial יכול לשמש סמן הסלולר. הנתונים שנוצרו מראים כי אספקת אולטרסאונד של נוגדנים היא גישה אטרקטיבית לטיפול במחלות ניווניות.

באמצעות פרוטוקול זה נוגדנים בעלי תווית פלואורסצנטית מועברים למוח וניתן לזהותם, יחד עם הפעלת מיקרוגליה. המסקנה שניתן להסיק היא שימוש באולטרסאונד ממוקד ובמיקרו-בועות משפר באופן משמעותי את ספיגת המוח של נוגדנים ויכול לספק נוגדנים לכל המוח או לחצי הכדור של עכבר בעת שימוש במצב סריקה. <strong class="...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Delivery of Antibodies into the Brain Using Focused Scanning Ultrasound at JoVE.com

Delivery of Antibodies into the Brain Using Focused Scanning Ultrasound

מוצג כאן פרוטוקול כדי לפתוח באופן חולף את מחסום הדם - מוח (BBB) או במוקד או בכל מוח העכבר כדי לספק נוגדנים בעלי תווית פלואורסצנטית ולהפעיל מיקרוגליה. כמו כן מוצגת שיטה לזהות את המסירה של נוגדנים והפעלת מיקרוגליה על ידי היסטולוגיה.

העברת נוגדנים למוח באמצעות אולטרסאונד סריקה ממוקדת

Only a small fraction of therapeutic antibodies targeting brain diseases are taken up by the brain. Focused ultrasound offers a possibility to increase ...

delivery-antibodies-into-brain-using-focused-scanning

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

3.0K Views.  The University of Queensland. מוצג כאן פרוטוקול כדי לפתוח באופן חולף את מחסום הדם - מוח (BBB) או במוקד או בכל מוח העכבר כדי לספק נוגדנים בעלי תווית פלואורסצנטית ולהפעיל מיקרוגליה. כמו כן מוצגת שיטה לזהות את המסירה של נוגדנים והפעלת מיקרוגליה על ידי היסטולוגיה.

Video: Delivery of Antibodies into the Brain Using Focused Scanning Ultrasound

Ultrasound-Guided Microinjection into the Mouse Forebrain In Utero at E9.5

In utero survival surgery in mice permits the molecular manipulation of gene expression during development. However, because the uterine wall is opaque during early embryogenesis, the ability to target specific parts of the embryo for microinjection is greatly limited. Fortunately, high-frequency ultrasound imaging permits the generation of images that can be used in real time to guide a microinjection needle into the embryonic region of interest. Here we describe the use of such imaging to guide the injection of retroviral vectors into the ventricular system of the mouse forebrain at embryonic day (E) 9.5. This method uses a laparotomy to permit access to the uterine horns, and a specially designed plate that permits host embryos to be bathed in saline while they are imaged and injected. Successful surgeries often result in most or all of the injected embryos surviving to any subsequent time point of interest (embryonically or postnatally). The principles described here can be used with slight modifications to perform injections into the amnionic fluid of E8.5 embryos (thereby permitting infection along the anterior posterior extent of the neural tube, which has not yet closed), or into the ventricular system of the brain at E10.5/11.5. Furthermore, at mid-neurogenic ages (~E13.5), ultrasound imaging can be used direct injection into specific brain regions for viral infection or cell transplantation. The use of ultrasound imaging to guide in utero injections in mice is a very powerful technique that permits the molecular and cellular manipulation of mouse embryos in ways that would otherwise be exceptionally difficult if not impossible.

Ultrasound-Guided Microinjection into the Mouse Forebrain In Utero at E9.5

In utero survival surgery in mice permits the molecular manipulation of gene expression during development. Here we describe the use of high-frequency ultrasound imaging to guide the injection of retroviral vectors into the mouse brain at embryonic day (E) 9.5.

אולטרסאונד מונחה Microinjection לתוך forebrain העכבר בתוך הרחם ב E9.5

In utero survival surgery in mice permits the molecular manipulation of gene expression during development.  However, because the uterine wall is opaque ...

Efficient Gene Delivery into Multiple CNS Territories Using In Utero Electroporation

The ability to manipulate gene expression is the cornerstone of modern day experimental embryology, leading to the elucidation of multiple developmental pathways. Several powerful and well established transgenic technologies are available to manipulate gene expression levels in mouse, allowing for the generation of both loss- and gain-of-function models. However, the generation of mouse transgenics is both costly and time consuming. Alternative methods of gene manipulation have therefore been widely sought. In utero electroporation is a method of gene delivery into live mouse embryos1,2 that we have successfully adapted3,4. It is largely based on the success of in ovo electroporation technologies that are commonly used in chick5. Briefly, DNA is injected into the open ventricles of the developing brain and the application of an electrical current causes the formation of transient pores in cell membranes, allowing for the uptake of DNA into the cell. In our hands, embryos can be efficiently electroporated as early as embryonic day (E) 11.5, while the targeting of younger embryos would require an ultrasound-guided microinjection protocol, as previously described6. Conversely, E15.5 is the latest stage we can easily electroporate, due to the onset of parietal and frontal bone differentiation, which hampers microinjection into the brain. In contrast, the retina is accessible through the end of embryogenesis. Embryos can be collected at any time point throughout the embryonic or early postnatal period. Injection of a reporter construct facilitates the identification of transfected cells.
To date, in utero electroporation has been most widely used for the analysis of neocortical development1,2,3,4. More recent studies have targeted the embryonic retina7,8,9 and thalamus10,11,12. Here, we present a modified in utero electroporation protocol that can be easily adapted to target different domains of the embryonic CNS. We provide evidence that by using this technique, we can target the embryonic telencephalon, diencephalon and retina. Representative results are presented, first showing the use of this technique to introduce DNA expression constructs into the lateral ventricles, allowing us to monitor progenitor maturation, differentiation and migration in the embryonic telencephalon. We also show that this technique can be used to target DNA to the diencephalic territories surrounding the 3rd ventricle, allowing the migratory routes of differentiating neurons into diencephalic nuclei to be monitored. Finally, we show that the use of micromanipulators allows us to accurately introduce DNA constructs into small target areas, including the subretinal space, allowing us to analyse the effects of manipulating gene expression on retinal development.

Efficient Gene Delivery into Multiple CNS Territories Using In Utero Electroporation

In utero electroporation allows for rapid gene delivery in a spatially- and temporally-controlled manner in the developing central nervous system (CNS). Here we describe a highly adaptable in utero electroporation protocol that can be used to deliver expression constructs into multiple embryonic CNS domains, including the telencephalon, diencephalon and retina.

ג&#39;ין אספקה ​​יעילה לתוך השטחים CNS מרובים באמצעות בתוך הרחם Electroporation

The ability to manipulate gene expression is the cornerstone of modern day experimental embryology, leading to the elucidation of multiple developmental ...

Stereotaxic Infusion of Oligomeric Amyloid-beta into the Mouse Hippocampus

Alzheimer&#8217;s disease is a neurodegenerative disease affecting the aging population. A key neuropathological feature of the disease is the over-production of amyloid-beta and the deposition of amyloid-beta plaques in brain regions of the afflicted individuals. Throughout the years scientists have generated numerous Alzheimer&#8217;s disease mouse models that attempt to replicate the amyloid-beta pathology. Unfortunately, the mouse models only selectively mimic the disease features. Neuronal death, a prominent effect in the brains of Alzheimer&#8217;s disease patients, is noticeably lacking in these mice. Hence, we and others have employed a method of directly infusing soluble oligomeric species of amyloid-beta - forms of amyloid-beta that have been proven to be most toxic to neurons - stereotaxically into the brain. In this report we utilize male C57BL/6J mice to document this surgical technique of increasing amyloid-beta levels in a select brain region. The infusion target is the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus because this brain structure, along with the basal forebrain that is connected by the cholinergic circuit, represents one of the areas of degeneration in the disease. The results of elevating amyloid-beta in the dentate gyrus via stereotaxic infusion reveal increases in neuron loss in the dentate gyrus within 1 week, while there is a concomitant increase in cell death and cholinergic neuron loss in the vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca of the basal forebrain. These effects are observed up to 2 weeks. Our data suggests that the current amyloid-beta infusion model provides an alternative mouse model to address region specific neuron death in a short-term basis. The advantage of this model is that amyloid-beta can be elevated in a spatial and temporal manner.

Here, we present a protocol for direct stereotaxic brain infusion of amyloid-beta. This methodology provides an alternative in vivo mouse model to address the short-term effects of amyloid-beta on brain neurons.

עירוי stereotaxic של Oligomeric עמילואיד-ביתא להיפוקמפוס העכבר

Alzheimer&#8217;s disease is a neurodegenerative disease affecting the aging population. A key neuropathological feature of the disease is the ...

Analysis of Brain Mitochondria Using Serial Block-Face Scanning Electron Microscopy

Human brain is a high energy consuming organ that mainly relies on glucose as a fuel source. Glucose is catabolized by brain mitochondria via glycolysis, tri-carboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathways to produce cellular energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Impairment of mitochondrial ATP production causes mitochondrial disorders, which present clinically with prominent neurological and myopathic symptoms. Mitochondrial defects are also present in neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g. autism spectrum disorder) and neurodegenerative disorders (e.g. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer&#39;s and Parkinson&#39;s diseases). Thus, there is an increased interest in the field for performing 3D analysis of mitochondrial morphology, structure and distribution under both healthy and disease states. The brain mitochondrial morphology is extremely diverse, with some mitochondria especially those in the synaptic region being in the range of &#60;200 nm diameter, which is below the resolution limit of traditional light microscopy. Expressing a mitochondrially-targeted green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the brain significantly enhances the organellar detection by confocal microscopy. However, it does not overcome the constraints on the sensitivity of detection of relatively small sized mitochondria without oversaturating the images of large sized mitochondria. While serial transmission electron microscopy has been successfully used to characterize mitochondria at the neuronal synapse, this technique is extremely time-consuming especially when comparing multiple samples. The serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBFSEM) technique involves an automated process of sectioning, imaging blocks of tissue and data acquisition. Here, we provide a protocol to perform SBFSEM of a defined region from rodent brain to rapidly reconstruct and visualize mitochondrial morphology. This technique could also be used to provide accurate information on mitochondrial number, volume, size and distribution in a defined brain region. Since the obtained image resolution is high (typically under 10 nm) any gross mitochondrial morphological defects may also be detected.

Mitochondrial visualization and analysis from mammalian brain tissue is a challenging task. Here, we describe how three dimensional (3D) reconstruction analysis from the serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBFSEM) can be used to gain insights on the morphological and volumetric analysis of this critical energy generating organelle.

ניתוח של המוח המיטוכונדריה באמצעות מיקרוסקופ סידורי בלוק פן אלקטרונים סורק

Human brain is a high energy consuming organ that mainly relies on glucose as a fuel source. Glucose is catabolized by brain mitochondria via glycolysis, ...

Mouse Microsurgery Infusion Technique for Targeted Substance Delivery into the CNS via the Internal Carotid Artery

Animal models of central nervous system (CNS) diseases and, consequently, blood-brain barrier disruption diseases, require the delivery of exogenous substances into the brain. These exogenous substances may induce injurious impact or constitute therapeutic strategy. The most common delivery methods of exogenous substances into the brain are based on systemic deliveries, such as subcutaneous or intravenous routes. Although commonly used, these approaches have several limitations, including low delivery efficacy into the brain. In contrast, surgical methods that locally deliver substances into the CNS are more specific and prevent the uptake of the exogenous substances by other organs. Several surgical methods for CNS delivery are available; however, they tend to be very traumatic. Here, we describe a mouse infusion microsurgery technique, which effectively delivers substances into the brain via the internal carotid artery, with minimal trauma and no interference with normal CNS functionality.

Mouse Microsurgery Infusion Technique for Targeted Substance Delivery into the CNS via the Internal Carotid Artery

The present protocol describes a mouse microsurgery infusion technique, which effectively delivers substances directly into the brain via the internal carotid artery.

טכניקה אינפוזיה Microsurgery עכבר למשלוח ואלכוהול ממוקד לתוך מערכת העצבים המרכזית<i&gt; דרך</i&gt; עורק התרדמה הפנימי

Animal models of central nervous system (CNS) diseases and, consequently, blood-brain barrier disruption diseases, require the delivery of exogenous ...

Delivery of Antibodies into the Murine Brain via Convection-enhanced Delivery

Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) is a neurosurgical technique enabling effective perfusion of large brain volumes using a catheter system. Such an approach provides a safe delivery method by-passing the blood brain barrier (BBB), thus allowing treatment with therapeutics with poor BBB-permeability or those for which systemic exposure is not desired, e.g., due to toxicity. CED requires optimization of the catheter design, injection protocol, and properties of the infusate. With this protocol we describe how to perform CED of a solution containing up to 20 &#181;g of an antibody into the caudate putamen of mice. It describes preparation of step catheters, testing them in vitro and performing the CED in mice using a ramping injection program. The protocol can be readily adjusted for other infusion volumes and can be used for injecting various tracers or pharmacologically active or inactive substances, including chemotherapeutics, cytokines, viral particles, and liposomes.

Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) is a method enabling effective delivery of therapeutics into the brain by direct perfusion of large tissue volumes. The procedure requires the use of catheters and an optimized injection procedure. This protocol describes a methodology for CED of an antibody into a mouse brain.

מסירת נוגדנים למוח מורנה באמצעות הסעה-משלוח משופר

Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) is a neurosurgical technique enabling effective perfusion of large brain volumes using a catheter system. Such an ...

Using Near-infrared Fluorescence and High-resolution Scanning to Measure Protein Expression in the Rodent Brain

Neuroscience is the study of how cells in the brain mediate various functions. Measuring protein expression in neurons and glia is critical for the study of neuroscience as cellular function is determined by the composition and activity of cellular proteins. In this article, we describe how immunocytochemistry can be combined with near-infrared high-resolution scanning to provide a semi-quantitative measure of protein expression in distinct brain regions. This technique can be used for single or double protein expression in the same brain region. Measuring proteins in this fashion can be used to obtain a relative change in protein expression with an experimental manipulation, molecular signature of learning and memory, activity in molecular pathways, and neural activity in multiple brain regions. Using the correct proteins and statistical analysis, functional connectivity among brain regions can be determined as well. Given the ease of implementing immunocytochemistry in a laboratory, using immunocytochemistry with near-infrared high-resolution scanning can expand the ability of the neuroscientist to examine neurobiological processes at a systems level.

Here, we present a protocol that uses near-infrared dyes in conjunction with immunohistochemistry and high-resolution scanning to assay proteins in brain regions.

שימוש בקרוב-אינפרא אדום פלואורסצנטית ברזולוציה גבוהה סריקה למדוד חלבון הביטוי במוח מכרסם

Neuroscience is the study of how cells in the brain mediate various functions. Measuring protein expression in neurons and glia is critical for the study ...

A Benchtop Approach to the Location Specific Blood Brain Barrier Opening using Focused Ultrasound in a Rat Model

Stereotaxic surgery is the gold standard for localized drug and gene delivery to the rodent brain. This technique has many advantages over systemic delivery including precise localization to a target brain region and reduction of off target side effects. However, stereotaxic surgery is highly invasive which limits its translational efficacy, requires long recovery times, and provides challenges when targeting multiple brain regions. Focused ultrasound (FUS) can be used in combination with circulating microbubbles to transiently open the blood brain barrier (BBB) in millimeter sized regions. This allows intracranial localization of systemically delivered agents that cannot normally cross the BBB. This technique provides a noninvasive alternative to stereotaxic surgery. However, to date this technique has yet to be widely adopted in neuroscience laboratories due to the limited access to equipment and standardized methods. The overall goal of this protocol is to provide a benchtop approach to FUS BBB opening (BBBO) that is affordable and reproducible and can therefore be easily adopted by any laboratory.

Focused ultrasound with microbubble agents can open the blood brain barrier focally and transiently. This technique has been used to deliver a wide range of agents across the blood brain barrier. This article provides a detailed protocol for the localized delivery to the rodent brain with or without MRI guidance.

גישה ספסל למיקום ספציפי מחסום הדם מוח פתיחת באמצעות אולטרסאונד ממוקד במודל עכברוש

Stereotaxic surgery is the gold standard for localized drug and gene delivery to the rodent brain. This technique has many advantages over systemic ...

A High-Throughput Image-Guided Stereotactic Neuronavigation and Focused Ultrasound System for Blood-Brain Barrier Opening in Rodents

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) has been a major hurdle for the treatment of various brain diseases. Endothelial cells, connected by tight junctions, form a physiological barrier preventing large molecules (&#62;500 Da) from entering the brain tissue. Microbubble-mediated focused ultrasound (FUS) can be used to induce a transient local BBB opening, allowing larger drugs to enter the brain parenchyma.
In addition to large-scale clinical devices for clinical translation, preclinical research for therapy response assessment of drug candidates requires dedicated small animal ultrasound setups for targeted BBB opening. Preferably, these systems allow high-throughput workflows with both high-spatial precision as well as integrated cavitation monitoring, while still being cost effective in both initial investment and running costs.
Here, we present a bioluminescence and X-ray guided stereotactic small animal FUS system that is based on commercially available components and fulfills the aforementioned requirements. A particular emphasis has been placed on a high degree of automation facilitating the challenges typically encountered in high-volume preclinical drug evaluation studies. Examples of these challenges are the need for standardization in order to ensure data reproducibility, reduce intra-group variability, reduce sample size and thus comply with ethical requirements and decrease unnecessary workload. The proposed BBB system has been validated in the scope of BBB opening facilitated drug delivery trials on patient-derived xenograft models of glioblastoma multiforme and diffuse midline glioma.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) can be temporarily disrupted with microbubble-mediated focused ultrasound (FUS). Here, we describe a step-by-step protocol for high-throughput BBB opening in vivo using a modular FUS system accessible for non-ultrasound experts.

נוירון סטראוטקטי מונחה תפוקה גבוהה ומערכת אולטרסאונד ממוקדת לפתיחת מחסום דם-מוח במכרסמים

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) has been a major hurdle for the treatment of various brain diseases. Endothelial cells, connected by tight junctions, form a ...

Targeted Neuronal Injury for the Non-Invasive Disconnection of Brain Circuitry

Surgical intervention can be quite effective for treating certain types of medically intractable neurological diseases. This approach is particularly useful for disorders in which identifiable neuronal circuitry plays a key role, such as epilepsy and movement disorders. Currently available surgical modalities, while effective, generally involve an invasive surgical procedure, which can result in surgical injury to non-target tissues. Consequently, it would be of value to expand the range of surgical approaches to include a technique that is both non-invasive and neurotoxic.
Here, a method is presented for producing focal, neuronal lesions in the brain in a non-invasive manner. This approach utilizes low-intensity focused ultrasound together with intravenous microbubbles to transiently and focally open the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB). The period of transient BBB opening is then exploited to focally deliver a systemically administered neurotoxin to a targeted brain area. The neurotoxin quinolinic acid (QA) is normally BBB-impermeable, and is well-tolerated when administered intraperitoneally or intravenously. However, when QA gains direct access to brain tissue, it is toxic to the neurons. This method has been used in rats and mice to target specific brain regions. Immediately after MRgFUS, successful opening of the BBB is confirmed using contrast enhanced T1-weighted imaging. After the procedure, T2 imaging shows injury restricted to the targeted area of the brain and the loss of neurons in the targeted area can be confirmed post-mortem utilizing histological techniques. Notably, animals injected with saline rather than QA do demonstrate opening of the BBB, but dot not exhibit injury or neuronal loss. This method, termed Precise Intracerebral Non-invasive Guided surgery (PING) could provide a non-invasive approach for treating neurological disorders associated with disturbances in neural circuitry.

The goal of the protocol is to provide a method for producing non-invasive neuronal lesions in the brain. The method utilizes Magnetic Resonance-guided Focused Ultrasound (MRgFUS) to open the Blood Brain Barrier in a transient and focal manner, in order to deliver a circulating neurotoxin to the brain parenchyma.

פגיעה עצבית ממוקדת לניתוק לא פולשני של מעגלי מוח

Surgical intervention can be quite effective for treating certain types of medically intractable neurological diseases. This approach is particularly ...