עבודה זו נתמכה על ידי מענקים של קרן המדע והטכנולוגיה של סמסונג (פרויקט מספר SSTF-BA1801-10).

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למחבר אין מה לחשוף

טכניקות ניתוח מיומנת חיוניות להשגת מוצלח בהדמיית סידן אופטי vivo עם מיקרוסקופיה מיניאטורית ראש הר באזורים עמוקים יותר במוח כגון האמיגדלה כפי שתיארנו כאן. לכן, למרות שפרוטוקול זה מספק קו מנחה לתהליכים כירורגיים ממוטבים של חיבור baseplate והשתלת עדשות GRIN, ייתכן שיהיה צורך בתהליכי אופטימיזציה נו?...

סידן הוא שליח שני בכל מקום, ממלא תפקיד מכריע כמעט בכל פונקציות הסלולר8. בנוירונים, ירי פוטנציאלי פעולה וקלט סינפטי לגרום לשינוי מהיר של חינם תאיים [Ca2+]9,10. לכן, מעקב אחר סידן חולף מספק הזדמנות לפקח על פעילות עצבית. GECIs הם כלים רבי עוצמה המאפשרים ניטור [Ca2+] באוכלוסיות תאים מוגדרות ותאים פנים-תאיים11,12. בין סוגים רבים ושונים של מחוון סידן מבוסס חלבון, GCaMP, בדיקה Ca2 + המבוססת על מולקולת GFP אחת13, הוא GECI אופטימיזציה ביותר ולכן בשימוש נרחב. באמצעות סבבים מרובים של הנדסה, מספר גרסאות של GCaMP פותחה12,14,15,16. אנו משתמשים באחד GCaMP שפותחו לאחרונה, GCaMP7b, בפרוטוקול זה16. חיישני GCaMP תרמו רבות לחקר תפקודי מעגלים עצביים במספר אורגניזמים לדוגמה כגון הדמיה של Ca2 + חולפים במהלך הפיתוח17, בהדמיית vivo בשכבה קליפתית ספציפית18, מדידת דינמיקת מעגלים בלמידה מוטורית19 והדמיה של פעילות הרכב התא הקשורה לזיכרון הפחד האסוציאטיבי בהיפוקמפוס ובאמיגדלה20,21.
הדמיה אופטית של GECIs יש מספר יתרונות22. קידוד גנטי מאפשר ל-GECIs לבוא לידי ביטוי ביציבות לתקופה ארוכת טווח בקבוצת משנה ספציפית של תאים המוגדרים על ידי פרופיל גנטי או דפוסים ספציפיים של קישוריות אנטומית. הדמיה אופטית מאפשרת ניטור בו זמנית של מאות עד אלפי נוירונים בבעלי חיים. כמה מערכות הדמיה אופטית פותחו עבור הדמיה ואנליזה של GECIs בתוך המוח של עכברים מתנהגים בחופשיות עם מיקרוסקופים פלואורסצנטיים מיניאטוריים הר הראש21,23,24,25. למרות טכניקת ההדמיה האופטית in vivo המבוססת על GECIs, עדשת GRIN, ומיקרוסקופ מיניאטורי להרכבת ראש להיות כלי רב עוצמה ללמוד את הקשר בין פעילות מעגל עצבי והתנהגות, החלת טכנולוגיה זו על האמיגדלה כבר קשה בשל מספר בעיות טכניות הקשורות מיקוד עדשת GRIN לתאים המבטאים GECIs באמיגדלה מבלי לגרום חפצי תנועה להפחית באופן חמור את איכות רכישת התמונה ומציאת תאים המבטאים GECIs. פרוטוקול זה נועד לספק קו מנחה מועיל עבור הליכים כירורגיים של התקשרות baseplate והשתלת עדשת GRIN כי הם צעדים קריטיים להדמיית סידן אופטי vivo מוצלח באמיגדלה. למרות פרוטוקול זה מטרות האמיגדלה, רוב ההליכים המתוארים כאן הם בדרך כלל ישימים לאזורים אחרים במוח עמוק יותר. למרות שפרוטוקול זה מבוסס על מערכת מסוימת (למשל, Inscopix), ניתן להשיג בקלות את אותה מטרה עם מערכות חלופיות אחרות.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:666px;" width="665">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">26G needle</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">BD</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:161px;">302002</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">AAV1-Syn-GCaMP7b-WPRE</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Addgene</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">104493-AAV1</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;width:216px;">AAV2/1-CaMKii&#945;-GFP</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">custom made</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Acrylic-Dental cement (Ortho-jet Acrylic Pink)</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Lang</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">1334-pink</td>
			<td>Surgery &#38; Baseplate Attachment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Air flow manipulator</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Neurotar</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">NTR000253-04</td>
			<td>Baseplate Attachment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Amoxicillin</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">A8523-5G</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Baseplate</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">INSCOPIX</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">1050-002192</td>
			<td>Baseplate Attachment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Baseplate cover</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">INSCOPIX</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">1050-002193</td>
			<td>Baseplate Attachment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Behavioral apparatus (chamber)</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Coulbourn Instrument</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Testcage</td>
			<td>Behavior test</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Behavioral apparatus (software)</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Coulbourn Instrument</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Freeze Frame</td>
			<td>Behavior test</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Carbon cage</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Neurotar</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">180mm x 70mm</td>
			<td>Baseplate Attachment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Carprofen</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">PHR1452-1G</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Data processing software</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">INSCOPIX</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">INSCOPIX Data Processing Software</td>
			<td>Baseplate Attachment &#38; Behavior test</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Dexamethasone</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">D1756-500MG</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Drill</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Seyang</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">marathon-4</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Drill bur</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">ELA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">US1/2, Shank104</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Glass needle</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">WPI</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">PG10165-4</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">GRIN lens (INSCOPIX Proview Lens Probe)</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">INSCOPIX</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">1050-002208</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Hamilton Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Hamilton</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:161px;">84875</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Head plate</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Neurotar</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Model 5</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Hex-key</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">INSCOPIX</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">1050-004195</td>
			<td>Baseplate Attachment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Laptop computer</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Samsung</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">NT950XBV</td>
			<td>Surgery &#38; Baseplate Attachment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Lens holder, Stereotaxic rod (INSCOPIX proview implant kit)</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">INSCOPIX</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">1050-004223</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Microscope gripper</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">INSCOPIX</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">1050-002199</td>
			<td>Baseplate Attachment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Microscope, DAQ software, hardware</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">INSCOPIX</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">nVista 3.0</td>
			<td>Baseplate Attachment &#38; Behavior test</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Mobile homecage</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Neurotar</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">MHC V5</td>
			<td>Baseplate Attachment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Moterized arm</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Neurostar</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Customized</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Moterized arm software</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Neurostar</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Customized</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">NI board</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">National instrument</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td>Behavior test</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Removable epoxy bond</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">WPI</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Kwik-Cast</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Resin cement (Super-bond)</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Sun medical</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Super bond C&#38;B</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Skull screw</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Stoelting</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:161px;">51457</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Stereotaxic electrode holder</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">ASI</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">EH-600</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Stereotaxic frame</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Stoelting</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:161px;">51600</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Stereotaxic manipulator</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Stoelting</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:161px;">51600</td>
			<td>Baseplate Attachment</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

successful in vivo calcium imaging with a head-mount miniaturized microscope in the amygdala of freely behaving mouse

ניטור בזמן אמת של פעילויות עצביות בבעלי חיים הנעים בחופשיות היא אחת הגישות המרכזיות לקשר פעילות עצבית להתנהגות. לשם כך, טכניקת דימות in vivo המזהה סידן חולף בנוירונים באמצעות מחווני סידן מקודדים גנטית (GECIs), מיקרוסקופ פלואורסצנטי מיניאטורי, ועדשת שבירה הדרגתית (GRIN) פותחה ויושמה בהצלחה על מבני מוח רבים1,2,3,4,5,6. טכניקת הדמיה זו חזקה במיוחד משום שהיא מאפשרת הדמיה סימולטנית כרונית של אוכלוסיות תאים מוגדרות גנטית לתקופה ארוכת טווח של עד מספר שבועות. למרות השימושיות, טכניקת הדמיה זו לא יושמה בקלות על מבני מוח המאתרים עמוק בתוך המוח כגון אמיגדלה, מבנה מוח חיוני לעיבוד רגשי וזיכרון פחד אסוציאטיבי7. ישנם מספר גורמים המקשה ליישם את טכניקת ההדמיה על האמיגדלה. לדוגמה, ממצאי תנועה מתרחשים בדרך כלל בתדירות גבוהה יותר במהלך ההדמיה שנערכה באזורי המוח העמוקים יותר מכיוון שמיקרוסקופ להרכבה על הראש המושתל עמוק במוח הוא יחסית לא יציב. בעיה נוספת היא כי החדר לרוחב ממוקם קרוב לעדשת GRIN המושתלת ותנועתו במהלך הנשימה עלולה לגרום לחפצי תנועה לא סדירים מאוד שלא ניתן לתקן בקלות, מה שמקשה על יצירת תצוגת הדמיה יציבה. יתר על כן, מכיוון שתאים באמיגדלה שקטים בדרך כלל במצב מנוחה או הרדמה, קשה למצוא ולמקד את תאי היעד המבטאים GECI באמיגדלה במהלך הליך baseplating להדמיה מאוחרת יותר. פרוטוקול זה מספק קו מנחה מועיל כיצד למקד ביעילות תאים המבטאים GECI באמיגדלה עם מיקרוסקופ מיניאטורי להרכבה על הראש להדמיה מוצלחת של סידן ויוו באזור מוח כה עמוק. יצוין כי פרוטוקול זה מבוסס על מערכת מסוימת (למשל, אינסקופיקס) אך אינו מוגבל אליה.

אימות השתלת עדשת GRIN לפני הצמדה כרונית של לוח הבסיס למוח על ידי מלט, השתלת עדשת GRIN צריכה להיות מאומתת. בבעלי חיים עם השתלת עדשה מוצלחת, הן תאי GCaMP מבטאים והן כלי דם נצפו בבירור בטווח מישור מוקדי שנקבע על ידי המרחק בין העדשה האובייקטיבית של מיקרוסקופ לבין עדשת GRIN מושתלת (<str...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Successful In vivo Calcium Imaging with a Head-Mount Miniaturized Microscope in the Amygdala of Freely Behaving Mouse at JoVE.com

Successful In vivo Calcium Imaging with a Head-Mount Miniaturized Microscope in the Amygdala of Freely Behaving Mouse

דימות סידן מיקרונדוסקופי In vivo הוא כלי רב ערך המאפשר ניטור בזמן אמת של פעילויות עצביות בבעלי חיים מתנהגים בחופשיות. עם זאת, יישום טכניקה זו על האמיגדלה היה קשה. פרוטוקול זה נועד לספק קו מנחה שימושי עבור מיקוד מוצלח תאי אמיגדלה עם מיקרוסקופ מיניאטורי בעכברים.

מוצלח בהדמיית סידן Vivo עם מיקרוסקופ מיניאטורי ראש הר באמיגדלה של עכבר מתנהג בחופשיות

In vivo real-time monitoring of neuronal activities in freely moving animals is one of key approaches to link neuronal activity to behavior. For this ...

successful-vivo-calcium-imaging-with-head-mount-miniaturized

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

12.0K Views.  Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST). דימות סידן מיקרונדוסקופי In vivo הוא כלי רב ערך המאפשר ניטור בזמן אמת של פעילויות עצביות בבעלי חיים מתנהגים בחופשיות. עם זאת, יישום טכניקה זו על האמיגדלה היה קשה. פרוטוקול זה נועד לספק קו מנחה שימושי עבור מיקוד מוצלח תאי אמיגדלה עם מיקרוסקופ מיניאטורי בעכברים.

Video: Successful In vivo Calcium Imaging with a Head-Mount Miniaturized Microscope in the Amygdala of Freely Behaving Mouse

In vivo Neuronal Calcium Imaging in C. elegans

The nematode worm C. elegans is an ideal model organism for relatively simple, low cost neuronal imaging in vivo. Its small transparent body and simple, well-characterized nervous system allows identification and fluorescence imaging of any neuron within the intact animal. Simple immobilization techniques with minimal impact on the animal's physiology allow extended time-lapse imaging. The development of genetically-encoded calcium sensitive fluorophores such as cameleon 1 and GCaMP 2 allow in vivo imaging of neuronal calcium relating both cell physiology and neuronal activity. Numerous transgenic strains expressing these fluorophores in specific neurons are readily available or can be constructed using well-established techniques. Here, we describe detailed procedures for measuring calcium dynamics within a single neuron in vivo using both GCaMP and cameleon. We discuss advantages and disadvantages of both as well as various methods of sample preparation (animal immobilization) and image analysis. Finally, we present results from two experiments: 1) Using GCaMP to measure the sensory response of a specific neuron to an external electrical field and 2) Using cameleon to measure the physiological calcium response of a neuron to traumatic laser damage. Calcium imaging techniques such as these are used extensively in C. elegans and have been extended to measurements in freely moving animals, multiple neurons simultaneously and comparison across genetic backgrounds. C. elegans presents a robust and flexible system for in vivo neuronal imaging with advantages over other model systems in technical simplicity and cost.

In vivo Neuronal Calcium Imaging in C. elegans

With its small transparent body, well-documented neuroanatomy and a host of amenable genetic techniques and reagents, C. elegans makes an ideal model organism for in vivo neuronal imaging using relatively simple, low-cost techniques. Here we describe single neuron imaging within intact adult animals using genetically encoded fluorescent calcium indicators.

בהדמיה עצבית סיד vivo ב C. elegans

The nematode worm C. elegans is an ideal model organism  for relatively simple, low cost neuronal imaging in vivo. Its small transparent body and simple, ...

In Vivo Functional Brain Imaging Approach Based on Bioluminescent Calcium Indicator GFP-aequorin

Functional in vivo imaging has become a powerful approach to study the function and physiology of brain cells and structures of interest. Recently a new method of Ca2+-imaging using the bioluminescent reporter GFP-aequorin (GA) has been developed. This new technique relies on the fusion of the GFP and aequorin genes, producing a molecule capable of binding calcium and&#160;&#8212; with the addition of its cofactor coelenterazine &#8212; emitting bright light that can be monitored through a photon collector. Transgenic lines carrying the GFP-aequorin gene have been generated for both mice and Drosophila. In Drosophila, the GFP-aequorin gene has been placed under the control of the GAL4/UAS binary expression system allowing for targeted expression and imaging within the brain. This method has subsequently been shown to be capable of detecting both inward Ca2+-transients and Ca2+-released from inner stores. Most importantly it allows for a greater duration in continuous recording, imaging at greater depths within the brain, and recording at high temporal resolutions (up to 8.3 msec). Here we present the basic method for using bioluminescent imaging to record and analyze Ca2+-activity within the mushroom bodies, a structure central to learning and memory in the fly brain.

In Vivo Functional Brain Imaging Approach Based on Bioluminescent Calcium Indicator GFP-aequorin

Here we present a novel Ca2+-imaging approach using a bioluminescent reporter. This approach uses a fused construct GFP-aequorin which binds to Ca2+ and emits light, eliminating the need for light excitation. Significantly this method permits long continuous imaging, access to deep brain structures and high temporal resolution.

בגישת ההדמיה התפקודי של מוח Vivo בהתבסס על סידן Bioluminescent המחוון GFP-aequorin

Functional in vivo imaging has become a powerful approach to study the function and physiology of brain cells and structures of interest. Recently a new ...

Ratiometric Calcium Imaging of Individual Neurons in Behaving Caenorhabditis Elegans

It has become increasingly clear that neural circuit activity in behaving animals differs substantially from that seen in anesthetized or immobilized animals. Highly sensitive, genetically encoded fluorescent reporters of Ca2+ have revolutionized the recording of cell and synaptic activity using non-invasive optical approaches in behaving animals. When combined with genetic and optogenetic techniques, the molecular mechanisms that modulate cell and circuit activity during different behavior states can be identified.
Here we describe methods for ratiometric Ca2+ imaging of single neurons in freely behaving Caenorhabditis elegans worms. We demonstrate a simple mounting technique that gently overlays worms growing on a standard Nematode Growth Media (NGM) agar block with a glass coverslip, permitting animals to be recorded at high-resolution during unrestricted movement and behavior. With this technique, we use the sensitive Ca2+ reporter GCaMP5 to record changes in intracellular Ca2+ in the serotonergic Hermaphrodite Specific Neurons (HSNs) as they drive egg-laying behavior. By co-expressing mCherry, a Ca2+-insensitive fluorescent protein, we can track the position of the HSN within ~ 1 &#181;m and correct for fluctuations in fluorescence caused by changes in focus or movement. Simultaneous, infrared brightfield imaging allows for behavior recording and animal tracking using a motorized stage. By integrating these microscopic techniques and data streams, we can record Ca2+ activity in the C. elegans egg-laying circuit as it progresses between inactive and active behavior states over tens of minutes.

Ratiometric Calcium Imaging of Individual Neurons in Behaving Caenorhabditis Elegans

This protocol describes the use of genetically encoded Ca2+ reporters to record changes in neural activity in behaving Caenorhabditis elegans worms. &#8195;

סידן רציומטרי הדמיה של נוירונים בודדים ב מתנהג Caenorhabditis Elegans

It has become increasingly clear that neural circuit activity in behaving animals differs substantially from that seen in anesthetized or immobilized ...

Long-term Sensory Conflict in Freely Behaving Mice

Long-term sensory conflict protocols are a valuable means of studying motor learning. The presented protocol produces a persistent sensory conflict for experiments aimed at studying long-term learning in mice. By permanently wearing a device fixed on their heads, mice are continuously exposed to a sensory mismatch between visual and vestibular inputs while freely moving in home cages. Therefore, this protocol readily enables the study of the visual system and multisensory interactions over an extended timeframe that would not be accessible otherwise. In addition to lowering the experimental costs of long-term sensory learning in naturally behaving mice, this approach accommodates the combination of in vivo and in vitro experiments. In the reported example, video-oculography is performed to quantify the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and optokinetic reflex (OKR) before and after learning. Mice exposed to this long-term sensory conflict between visual and vestibular inputs presented a strong VOR gain decrease but exhibited few OKR changes. Detailed steps of device assembly, animal care, and reflex measurements are hereby reported.

The presented protocol produces a persistent sensory conflict for experiments aimed at studying long-term learning. By permanently wearing a fixed device on their heads, mice are continuously exposed to a sensory mismatch between visual and vestibular inputs while freely moving in home cages.

הקונפליקט חושי לטווח ארוך באופן חופשי להתנהג עכברים

Long-term sensory conflict protocols are a valuable means of studying motor learning. The presented protocol produces a persistent sensory conflict for ...

Transpupillary Two-Photon In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Retina

The retina transforms light signals from the environment into electrical signals that are propagated to the brain. Diseases of the retina are prevalent and cause visual impairment and blindness. Understanding how such diseases progress is critical to formulating new treatments. In vivo&#160;microscopy in animal models of disease is a powerful tool for understanding neurodegeneration and has led to important progress towards treatments of conditions ranging from Alzheimer&#39;s disease to stroke. Given that the retina is the only central nervous system structure inherently accessible by optical approaches, it naturally lends itself towards in vivo imaging. However, the native optics of the lens and cornea present some challenges for effective imaging access.
This protocol outlines methods for in vivo two-photon imaging of cellular cohorts and structures in the mouse retina at cellular resolution, applicable for both acute- and chronic-duration imaging experiments. It presents examples of retinal ganglion cell (RGC), amacrine cell, microglial, and vascular imaging using a suite of labeling techniques including adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors, transgenic mice, and inorganic dyes. Importantly, these techniques extend to all cell types of the retina, and suggested methods for accessing other cellular populations of interest are described. Also detailed are example strategies for manual image postprocessing for display and quantification. These techniques are directly applicable to studies of retinal function in health and disease.

In vivo imaging is a powerful tool for the study of biology in health and disease. This protocol describes transpupillary imaging of the mouse retina with a standard two-photon microscope. It also demonstrates different in vivoimaging methods to fluorescently label multiple cellular cohorts of the retina.

הדמיה טרנס-אימונית של שני פוטונים In vivo של רשתית העכבר

The retina transforms light signals from the environment into electrical signals that are propagated to the brain. Diseases of the retina are prevalent ...

In vivo Calcium Imaging of Mouse Geniculate Ganglion Neuron Responses to Taste Stimuli

Within the last ten years, advances in genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) have promoted a revolution in in vivo functional imaging. Using calcium as a proxy for neuronal activity, these techniques provide a way to monitor the responses of individual cells within large neuronal ensembles to a variety of stimuli in real time. We, and others, have applied these techniques to image the responses of individual geniculate ganglion neurons to taste stimuli applied to the tongues of live anesthetized mice. The geniculate ganglion is comprised of the cell bodies of gustatory neurons innervating the anterior tongue and palate as well as some somatosensory neurons innervating the pinna of the ear. Imaging the taste-evoked responses of individual geniculate ganglion neurons with GCaMP has provided important information about the tuning profiles of these neurons in wild-type mice as well as a way to detect peripheral taste miswiring phenotypes in genetically manipulated mice. Here we demonstrate the surgical procedure to expose the geniculate ganglion, GCaMP fluorescence image acquisition, initial steps for data analysis, and troubleshooting. This technique can be used with transgenically encoded GCaMP, or with AAV-mediated GCaMP expression, and can be modified to image particular genetic subsets of interest (i.e., Cre-mediated GCaMP expression). Overall, in vivo calcium imaging of geniculate ganglion neurons is a powerful technique for monitoring the activity of peripheral gustatory neurons and provides complementary information to more traditional whole-nerve chorda tympani recordings or taste behavior assays.

Here we present how to expose the geniculate ganglion of a live, anesthetized laboratory mouse and how to use calcium imaging to measure the responses of ensembles of these neurons to taste stimuli, allowing for multiple trials with different stimulants. This allows for in depth comparisons of which neurons respond to which tastants.

In vivo סידן הדמיה של עכבר גניציה גנגליון נוירון תגובות לגירויים טעם

Within the last ten years, advances in genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) have promoted a revolution in in vivo functional imaging. Using ...

In vivo Calcium Imaging in Mouse Inferior Olive

Inferior olive (IO), a nucleus in the ventral medulla, is the only source of climbing fibers that form one of the two input pathways entering the cerebellum. IO has long been proposed to be crucial for motor control and its activity is currently considered to be at the center of many hypotheses of both motor and cognitive functions of the cerebellum. While its physiology and function have been relatively well studied on single-cell level in vitro, presently there are no reports on the organization of the IO network activity in living animals. This is largely due to the extremely challenging anatomical location of the IO, making it difficult to subject to conventional fluorescent imaging methods, where an optic path must be created through the entire brain located dorsally to the region of interest.
Here we describe an alternative method for obtaining state-of-the-art -level calcium imaging data from the IO network. The method takes advantage of the extreme ventral location of the IO and involves a surgical procedure for inserting a gradient-refractive index (GRIN) lens through the neck viscera to come into contact with the ventral surface of the calcium sensor GCaMP6s-expressing IO in anesthetized mice. A representative calcium imaging recording is shown to demonstrate the feasibility to record IO neuron activity after the surgery. While this is a non-survival surgery and the recordings must be conducted under anesthesia, it avoids damage to life-critical brainstem nuclei and allows conducting large variety of experiments investigating spatiotemporal activity patterns and input integration in the IO. This procedure with modifications could be used for recordings in other, adjacent regions of the ventral brainstem.

In vivo Calcium Imaging in Mouse Inferior Olive

We present a protocol to expose the brainstem of adult mouse from the ventral side. By using a gradient-refractive index lens with a miniature microscope, calcium imaging can be used to examine the activity of inferior olive neural somata in vivo.

אין ויוו הדמיית סידן בעכבר זית נחות

Inferior olive (IO), a nucleus in the ventral medulla, is the only source of climbing fibers that form one of the two input pathways entering the ...

In Vivo Wide-Field and Two-Photon Calcium Imaging from a Mouse Using a Large Cranial Window

Wide-field calcium imaging from the mouse&#39;s neocortex allows one to observe cortex-wide neural activity related to various brain functions. On the other hand, two-photon imaging can resolve the activity of local neural circuits at the single-cell level. It is critical to make a large cranial window to perform multiple-scale analysis using both imaging techniques in the same mouse. To achieve this, one must remove a large section of the skull and cover the exposed cortical surface with transparent materials. Previously, glass skulls and polymer-based cranial windows have been developed for this purpose, but these materials are not easily fabricated. The present protocol describes a simple method for making a large cranial window consisting of commercially available polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) wrapping film, a transparent silicone plug, and a cover glass. For imaging the dorsal surface of an entire hemisphere, the window size was approximately 6 x 3 mm2. Severe brain vibrations were not observed regardless of such a large window. Importantly, the condition of the brain surface did not deteriorate for more than one month. Wide-field imaging of a mouse expressing a genetically-encoded calcium indicator (GECI), GCaMP6f, specifically in astrocytes, revealed synchronized responses in a few millimeters. Two-photon imaging of the same mouse showed prominent calcium responses in individual astrocytes over several seconds. Furthermore, a thin layer of an adeno-associated virus was applied to the PVDC film and successfully expressed GECI in cortical neurons over the cranial window. This technique is reliable and cost-effective for making a large cranial window and facilitates the investigation of the neural and glial dynamics and their interactions during behavior at the macroscopic and microscopic levels.

In Vivo Wide-Field and Two-Photon Calcium Imaging from a Mouse Using a Large Cranial Window

The present protocol describes making a large (6 x 3 mm2) cranial window using food wrap, transparent silicone, and cover glass. This cranial window allows in vivo wide-field and two-photon calcium imaging experiments in the same mouse.

אין ויוו הדמיית סידן בשדה רחב ושני פוטונים מעכבר באמצעות חלון גולגולתי גדול

Wide-field calcium imaging from the mouse&#39;s neocortex allows one to observe cortex-wide neural activity related to various brain functions. On the ...

In Vivo Calcium Imaging of Neuronal Ensembles in Networks of Primary Sensory Neurons in Intact Dorsal Root Ganglia

Ca2+ imaging can be used as a proxy for cellular activity, including action potentials and various signaling mechanisms involving Ca2+ entry into the cytoplasm or the release of intracellular Ca2+ stores. Pirt-GCaMP3-based Ca2+ imaging of primary sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) in mice offers the advantage of simultaneous measurement of a large number of cells. Up to 1,800 neurons can be monitored, allowing neuronal networks and somatosensory processes to be studied as an ensemble in their normal physiological context at a populational level in vivo. The large number of neurons monitored allows the detection of activity patterns that would be challenging to detect using other methods. Stimuli can be applied to the mouse hindpaw, allowing the direct effects of stimuli on the DRG neuron ensemble to be studied. The number of neurons producing Ca2+ transients as well as the amplitude of Ca2+ transients indicates sensitivity to specific sensory modalities. The diameter of neurons provides evidence of activated fiber types (non-noxious mechano vs. noxious pain fibers, A&#946;, A&#948;, and C fibers). Neurons expressing specific receptors can be genetically labeled with td-Tomato and specific Cre recombinases together with Pirt-GCaMP. Therefore, Pirt-GCaMP3 Ca2+ imaging of DRG provides a powerful tool and model for the analysis of specific sensory modalities and neuron subtypes acting as an ensemble at the populational level to study pain, itch, touch, and other somatosensory signals.

In Vivo Calcium Imaging of Neuronal Ensembles in Networks of Primary Sensory Neurons in Intact Dorsal Root Ganglia

This protocol describes the surgical exposure of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) followed by GCaMP3 (genetically-encoded Ca2+ indicator; Green Fluorescent Protein-Calmodulin-M13 Protein 3) Ca2+ imaging of the neuronal ensembles using Pirt-GCaMP3 mice while applying a variety of stimuli to the ipsilateral hind paw.

ב Vivo הדמיית סידן של הרכבים עצביים ברשתות של נוירונים חושיים ראשוניים בגרעיני שורש גבי שלמים

Ca2+ imaging can be used as a proxy for cellular activity, including action potentials and various signaling mechanisms involving Ca2+ entry into the ...

Subcellular Imaging of Neuronal Calcium Handling In Vivo

Calcium (Ca2+) imaging has been largely used to examine neuronal activity, but it is becoming increasingly clear that subcellular Ca2+ handling is a crucial component of intracellular signaling. The visualization of subcellular Ca2+ dynamics in vivo,&#160;where neurons can be studied in their native, intact circuitry, has proven technically challenging in complex nervous systems. The transparency and relatively simple nervous system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans enable the cell-specific expression and in vivo visualization of fluorescent tags and indicators. Among these are fluorescent indicators that have been modified for use in the cytoplasm as well as various subcellular compartments, such as the mitochondria. This protocol enables non-ratiometric Ca2+ imaging in vivo with a subcellular resolution that permits the analysis of Ca2+ dynamics down to the level of individual dendritic spines and mitochondria. Here, two available genetically encoded indicators with different Ca2+ affinities are used to demonstrate the use of this protocol for measuring relative Ca2+ levels within the cytoplasm or mitochondrial matrix in a single pair of excitatory interneurons (AVA). Together with the genetic manipulations and longitudinal observations possible in C. elegans, this imaging protocol may be useful for answering questions regarding how Ca2+ handling regulates neuronal function and plasticity.

Subcellular Imaging of Neuronal Calcium Handling In Vivo

The current methods describe a non-ratiometric approach for high-resolution, sub-compartmental calcium imaging in vivo in Caenorhabditis elegans using readily available genetically encoded calcium indicators.

הדמיה תת-תאית של טיפול בסידן עצבי ב-Vivo

Calcium (Ca2+) imaging has been largely used to examine neuronal activity, but it is becoming increasingly clear that subcellular Ca2+ handling is a ...