Questo lavoro è stato supportato da sovvenzioni della Samsung Science and Technology Foundation (Project Number SSTF-BA1801-10).

<ol>
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L'autore non ha nulla da rivelare

Le abili tecniche chirurgiche sono essenziali per ottenere un'imaging ottico di calcio in vivo di successo con microscopia miniaturica a testa in regioni cerebrali più profonde come l'amigdala come abbiamo descritto qui. Pertanto, sebbene questo protocollo fornisca una linea guida per processi chirurgici ottimizzati di attacco della piastra di base e impianto dell'obiettivo GRIN, potrebbero essere necessari ulteriori processi di ottimizzazione per i passaggi critici. Come accennato nella sezione del protocollo, le coord...

Il calcio è un secondo messaggero onnipresente, che gioca un ruolo cruciale in quasi tutte le funzioni cellulari8. Nei neuroni, il potenziale d'azione di cottura e l'input sinaptico causano un rapido cambiamento del libero intracellulare [Ca2+]9,10. Pertanto, tracciare i transitori di calcio offre l'opportunità di monitorare l'attività neuronale. I GECI sono potenti strumenti che consentono il monitoraggio [Ca2+] in popolazioni cellulari definite e compartimenti intracellulari11,12. Tra molti tipi diversi di indicatore di calcio a base proteica, GCaMP, una sonda Ca2+ basata su una singola molecola GFP13, è il GECI più ottimizzato e quindi ampiamente utilizzato. Attraverso più cicli di ingegneria, è stato sviluppato un certo numero di varianti di GCaMP12,14,15,16. Usiamo uno dei GCAMP sviluppati di recente, GCaMP7b, in questo protocollo16. I sensori GCaMP hanno notevolmente contribuito allo studio delle funzioni del circuito neurale in una serie di organismi modello come l'imaging dei transitori Ca2+ durante losviluppo 17,l'imaging in vivo in uno specifico strato corticale18,la misurazione della dinamica del circuito nell'apprendimento delle attività motorie19 e l'imaging dell'attività dell'insieme cellulare correlata alla memoria della paura associativa nell'ippocampo e nell'amigdala20,21.
L'imaging ottico dei GECI presenta diversivantaggi 22. La codifica genetica consente ai GECI di essere espressi stabilmente per un periodo di tempo a lungo termine in un sottoinsieme specifico di cellule definite dal profilo genetico o da modelli specifici di connettività anatomica. L'imaging ottico consente il monitoraggio cronico simultaneo in vivo di centinaia o migliaia di neuroni negli animali vivi. Sono stati sviluppati alcuni sistemi di imaging ottico per l'imaging in vivo e l'analisi di GECI all'interno del cervello di topi che si comportano liberamente con microscopi miniaturizzati a fluorescenzaa testa 21,23,24,25. Nonostante la tecnica di imaging ottico in vivo basata su GECI, lente GRIN e un microscopio in miniatura a testa sia un potente strumento per studiare il legame tra attività e comportamento del circuito neurale, l'applicazione di questa tecnologia all'amigdala è stata difficile a causa di diversi problemi tecnici legati al targeting dell'obiettivo GRIN alle cellule che esprimono GECI nell'amigdala senza causare artefatti di movimento che riducono gravemente la qualità dell'acquisizione di immagini e trovano cellule che esprimono GECI. Questo protocollo mira a fornire una linea guida utile per le procedure chirurgiche di attacco della piastra di base e impianto dell'obiettivo GRIN che sono passaggi critici per l'imaging ottico di calcio in vivo di successo nell'amigdala. Sebbene questo protocollo si rivolge all'amigdala, la maggior parte delle procedure descritte qui sono comunemente applicabili ad altre regioni cerebrali più profonde. Sebbene questo protocollo sia basato su un particolare sistema (ad esempio, Inscopix), lo stesso scopo può essere facilmente raggiunto con altri sistemi alternativi.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:666px;" width="665">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">26G needle</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">BD</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:161px;">302002</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">AAV1-Syn-GCaMP7b-WPRE</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Addgene</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">104493-AAV1</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;width:216px;">AAV2/1-CaMKii&#945;-GFP</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">custom made</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Acrylic-Dental cement (Ortho-jet Acrylic Pink)</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Lang</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">1334-pink</td>
			<td>Surgery &#38; Baseplate Attachment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Air flow manipulator</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Neurotar</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">NTR000253-04</td>
			<td>Baseplate Attachment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Amoxicillin</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">A8523-5G</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Baseplate</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">INSCOPIX</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">1050-002192</td>
			<td>Baseplate Attachment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Baseplate cover</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">INSCOPIX</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">1050-002193</td>
			<td>Baseplate Attachment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Behavioral apparatus (chamber)</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Coulbourn Instrument</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Testcage</td>
			<td>Behavior test</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Behavioral apparatus (software)</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Coulbourn Instrument</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Freeze Frame</td>
			<td>Behavior test</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Carbon cage</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Neurotar</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">180mm x 70mm</td>
			<td>Baseplate Attachment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Carprofen</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">PHR1452-1G</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Data processing software</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">INSCOPIX</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">INSCOPIX Data Processing Software</td>
			<td>Baseplate Attachment &#38; Behavior test</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Dexamethasone</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">D1756-500MG</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Drill</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Seyang</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">marathon-4</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Drill bur</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">ELA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">US1/2, Shank104</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Glass needle</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">WPI</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">PG10165-4</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">GRIN lens (INSCOPIX Proview Lens Probe)</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">INSCOPIX</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">1050-002208</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Hamilton Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Hamilton</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:161px;">84875</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Head plate</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Neurotar</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Model 5</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Hex-key</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">INSCOPIX</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">1050-004195</td>
			<td>Baseplate Attachment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Laptop computer</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Samsung</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">NT950XBV</td>
			<td>Surgery &#38; Baseplate Attachment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Lens holder, Stereotaxic rod (INSCOPIX proview implant kit)</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">INSCOPIX</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">1050-004223</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Microscope gripper</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">INSCOPIX</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">1050-002199</td>
			<td>Baseplate Attachment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Microscope, DAQ software, hardware</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">INSCOPIX</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">nVista 3.0</td>
			<td>Baseplate Attachment &#38; Behavior test</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Mobile homecage</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Neurotar</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">MHC V5</td>
			<td>Baseplate Attachment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Moterized arm</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Neurostar</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Customized</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Moterized arm software</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Neurostar</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Customized</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">NI board</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">National instrument</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td>Behavior test</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Removable epoxy bond</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">WPI</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Kwik-Cast</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Resin cement (Super-bond)</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Sun medical</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Super bond C&#38;B</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Skull screw</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Stoelting</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:161px;">51457</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Stereotaxic electrode holder</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">ASI</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">EH-600</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Stereotaxic frame</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Stoelting</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:161px;">51600</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Stereotaxic manipulator</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Stoelting</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:161px;">51600</td>
			<td>Baseplate Attachment</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

successful in vivo calcium imaging with a head-mount miniaturized microscope in the amygdala of freely behaving mouse

Il monitoraggio in tempo reale in vivo delle attività neuronali negli animali che si muovono liberamente è uno degli approcci chiave per collegare l'attività neuronale al comportamento. A tal fine, è stata sviluppata e applicata con successo a molte strutture cerebrali1,2,3,4,5,6una tecnica di imaging in vivo che rileva i transitori di calcio nei neuroni utilizzando indicatori di calcio geneticamente codificati (GECI), un microscopio a fluorescenza miniaturizzata e una lente indice di rifrazione gradiente (GRIN). Questa tecnica di imaging è particolarmente potente perché consente l'imaging simultaneo cronico di popolazioni cellulari geneticamente definite per un periodo di lungo periodo fino a diverse settimane. Sebbene utile, questa tecnica di imaging non è stata facilmente applicata alle strutture cerebrali che si trovano in profondità nel cervello come l'amigdala, una struttura cerebrale essenziale per l'elaborazione emotiva e la memoria della pauraassociativa 7. Ci sono diversi fattori che rendono difficile l'applicazione della tecnica di imaging all'amigdala. Ad esempio, gli artefatti del movimento di solito si verificano più frequentemente durante l'imaging condotto nelle regioni cerebrali più profonde perché un microscopio a testa impiantato in profondità nel cervello è relativamente instabile. Un altro problema è che il ventricolo laterale è posizionato vicino alla lente GRIN impiantata e il suo movimento durante la respirazione può causare artefatti di movimento altamente irregolari che non possono essere facilmente corretti, il che rende difficile formare una vista di imaging stabile. Inoltre, poiché le cellule nell'amigdala sono solitamente silenziose in uno stato di riposo o anestetizzato, è difficile trovare e mettere a fuoco le cellule bersaglio che esprimono GECI nell'amigdala durante la procedura di base per l'imaging successivo. Questo protocollo fornisce una linea guida utile su come indirizzare in modo efficiente le cellule che esprimono GECI nell'amigdala con microscopio miniaturizzato a testa per un'imaging di calcio in vivo di successo in una regione cerebrale così profonda. Si noti che questo protocollo si basa su un particolare sistema (ad esempio, Inscopix) ma non limitato ad esso.

Convalida dell'impianto dell'obiettivo GRIN Prima di attaccare cronicamente la base al cervello cementando, l'impianto dell'obiettivo GRIN deve essere convalidato. Negli animali con impianto di lenti di successo, sia GCaMP che esprimono cellule e vasi sanguigni sono stati chiaramente osservati all'interno di un intervallo piana focale determinato dalla distanza tra lente oggettiva del microscopio e lente GRIN impiantata (Figura 2A e B). ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Successful In vivo Calcium Imaging with a Head-Mount Miniaturized Microscope in the Amygdala of Freely Behaving Mouse at JoVE.com

Successful In vivo Calcium Imaging with a Head-Mount Miniaturized Microscope in the Amygdala of Freely Behaving Mouse

L'imaging microendoscopico in vivo del calcio è uno strumento inestimabile che consente il monitoraggio in tempo reale delle attività neuronali negli animali che si comportano liberamente. Tuttavia, l'applicazione di questa tecnica all'amigdala è stata difficile. Questo protocollo mira a fornire una linea guida utile per indirizzare con successo le cellule di amigdala con un microscopio miniaturizzato nei topi.

Imaging di calcio in vivo di successo con un microscopio miniaturizzato head-mount nell'amigdala del topo che si comporta liberamente

In vivo real-time monitoring of neuronal activities in freely moving animals is one of key approaches to link neuronal activity to behavior. For this ...

successful-vivo-calcium-imaging-with-head-mount-miniaturized

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

12.0K Views.  Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST). L'imaging microendoscopico in vivo del calcio è uno strumento inestimabile che consente il monitoraggio in tempo reale delle attività neuronali negli animali che si comportano liberamente. Tuttavia, l'applicazione di questa tecnica all'amigdala è stata difficile. Questo protocollo mira a fornire una linea guida utile per indirizzare con successo le cellule di amigdala con un microscopio miniaturizzato nei topi.

Video: Successful In vivo Calcium Imaging with a Head-Mount Miniaturized Microscope in the Amygdala of Freely Behaving Mouse

In vivo Neuronal Calcium Imaging in C. elegans

The nematode worm C. elegans is an ideal model organism for relatively simple, low cost neuronal imaging in vivo. Its small transparent body and simple, well-characterized nervous system allows identification and fluorescence imaging of any neuron within the intact animal. Simple immobilization techniques with minimal impact on the animal's physiology allow extended time-lapse imaging. The development of genetically-encoded calcium sensitive fluorophores such as cameleon 1 and GCaMP 2 allow in vivo imaging of neuronal calcium relating both cell physiology and neuronal activity. Numerous transgenic strains expressing these fluorophores in specific neurons are readily available or can be constructed using well-established techniques. Here, we describe detailed procedures for measuring calcium dynamics within a single neuron in vivo using both GCaMP and cameleon. We discuss advantages and disadvantages of both as well as various methods of sample preparation (animal immobilization) and image analysis. Finally, we present results from two experiments: 1) Using GCaMP to measure the sensory response of a specific neuron to an external electrical field and 2) Using cameleon to measure the physiological calcium response of a neuron to traumatic laser damage. Calcium imaging techniques such as these are used extensively in C. elegans and have been extended to measurements in freely moving animals, multiple neurons simultaneously and comparison across genetic backgrounds. C. elegans presents a robust and flexible system for in vivo neuronal imaging with advantages over other model systems in technical simplicity and cost.

In vivo Neuronal Calcium Imaging in C. elegans

With its small transparent body, well-documented neuroanatomy and a host of amenable genetic techniques and reagents, C. elegans makes an ideal model organism for in vivo neuronal imaging using relatively simple, low-cost techniques. Here we describe single neuron imaging within intact adult animals using genetically encoded fluorescent calcium indicators.

In vivo imaging di calcio neuronale in C. elegans

The nematode worm C. elegans is an ideal model organism  for relatively simple, low cost neuronal imaging in vivo. Its small transparent body and simple, ...

Ricerca

Neuroscienze

In Vivo Functional Brain Imaging Approach Based on Bioluminescent Calcium Indicator GFP-aequorin

Functional in vivo imaging has become a powerful approach to study the function and physiology of brain cells and structures of interest. Recently a new method of Ca2+-imaging using the bioluminescent reporter GFP-aequorin (GA) has been developed. This new technique relies on the fusion of the GFP and aequorin genes, producing a molecule capable of binding calcium and&#160;&#8212; with the addition of its cofactor coelenterazine &#8212; emitting bright light that can be monitored through a photon collector. Transgenic lines carrying the GFP-aequorin gene have been generated for both mice and Drosophila. In Drosophila, the GFP-aequorin gene has been placed under the control of the GAL4/UAS binary expression system allowing for targeted expression and imaging within the brain. This method has subsequently been shown to be capable of detecting both inward Ca2+-transients and Ca2+-released from inner stores. Most importantly it allows for a greater duration in continuous recording, imaging at greater depths within the brain, and recording at high temporal resolutions (up to 8.3 msec). Here we present the basic method for using bioluminescent imaging to record and analyze Ca2+-activity within the mushroom bodies, a structure central to learning and memory in the fly brain.

In Vivo Functional Brain Imaging Approach Based on Bioluminescent Calcium Indicator GFP-aequorin

Here we present a novel Ca2+-imaging approach using a bioluminescent reporter. This approach uses a fused construct GFP-aequorin which binds to Ca2+ and emits light, eliminating the need for light excitation. Significantly this method permits long continuous imaging, access to deep brain structures and high temporal resolution.

In Vivo cervello Imaging funzionale approccio basato sul calcio bioluminescente Indicatore GFP-equorina

Functional in vivo imaging has become a powerful approach to study the function and physiology of brain cells and structures of interest. Recently a new ...

Ratiometric Calcium Imaging of Individual Neurons in Behaving Caenorhabditis Elegans

It has become increasingly clear that neural circuit activity in behaving animals differs substantially from that seen in anesthetized or immobilized animals. Highly sensitive, genetically encoded fluorescent reporters of Ca2+ have revolutionized the recording of cell and synaptic activity using non-invasive optical approaches in behaving animals. When combined with genetic and optogenetic techniques, the molecular mechanisms that modulate cell and circuit activity during different behavior states can be identified.
Here we describe methods for ratiometric Ca2+ imaging of single neurons in freely behaving Caenorhabditis elegans worms. We demonstrate a simple mounting technique that gently overlays worms growing on a standard Nematode Growth Media (NGM) agar block with a glass coverslip, permitting animals to be recorded at high-resolution during unrestricted movement and behavior. With this technique, we use the sensitive Ca2+ reporter GCaMP5 to record changes in intracellular Ca2+ in the serotonergic Hermaphrodite Specific Neurons (HSNs) as they drive egg-laying behavior. By co-expressing mCherry, a Ca2+-insensitive fluorescent protein, we can track the position of the HSN within ~ 1 &#181;m and correct for fluctuations in fluorescence caused by changes in focus or movement. Simultaneous, infrared brightfield imaging allows for behavior recording and animal tracking using a motorized stage. By integrating these microscopic techniques and data streams, we can record Ca2+ activity in the C. elegans egg-laying circuit as it progresses between inactive and active behavior states over tens of minutes.

Ratiometric Calcium Imaging of Individual Neurons in Behaving Caenorhabditis Elegans

This protocol describes the use of genetically encoded Ca2+ reporters to record changes in neural activity in behaving Caenorhabditis elegans worms. &#8195;

Raziometrici calcio Imaging di singoli neuroni nel comportarsi Caenorhabditis Elegans

It has become increasingly clear that neural circuit activity in behaving animals differs substantially from that seen in anesthetized or immobilized ...

Long-term Sensory Conflict in Freely Behaving Mice

Long-term sensory conflict protocols are a valuable means of studying motor learning. The presented protocol produces a persistent sensory conflict for experiments aimed at studying long-term learning in mice. By permanently wearing a device fixed on their heads, mice are continuously exposed to a sensory mismatch between visual and vestibular inputs while freely moving in home cages. Therefore, this protocol readily enables the study of the visual system and multisensory interactions over an extended timeframe that would not be accessible otherwise. In addition to lowering the experimental costs of long-term sensory learning in naturally behaving mice, this approach accommodates the combination of in vivo and in vitro experiments. In the reported example, video-oculography is performed to quantify the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and optokinetic reflex (OKR) before and after learning. Mice exposed to this long-term sensory conflict between visual and vestibular inputs presented a strong VOR gain decrease but exhibited few OKR changes. Detailed steps of device assembly, animal care, and reflex measurements are hereby reported.

The presented protocol produces a persistent sensory conflict for experiments aimed at studying long-term learning. By permanently wearing a fixed device on their heads, mice are continuously exposed to a sensory mismatch between visual and vestibular inputs while freely moving in home cages.

A lungo termine conflitto sensoriale a comportarsi liberamente topi

Long-term sensory conflict protocols are a valuable means of studying motor learning. The presented protocol produces a persistent sensory conflict for ...

Transpupillary Two-Photon In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Retina

The retina transforms light signals from the environment into electrical signals that are propagated to the brain. Diseases of the retina are prevalent and cause visual impairment and blindness. Understanding how such diseases progress is critical to formulating new treatments. In vivo&#160;microscopy in animal models of disease is a powerful tool for understanding neurodegeneration and has led to important progress towards treatments of conditions ranging from Alzheimer&#39;s disease to stroke. Given that the retina is the only central nervous system structure inherently accessible by optical approaches, it naturally lends itself towards in vivo imaging. However, the native optics of the lens and cornea present some challenges for effective imaging access.
This protocol outlines methods for in vivo two-photon imaging of cellular cohorts and structures in the mouse retina at cellular resolution, applicable for both acute- and chronic-duration imaging experiments. It presents examples of retinal ganglion cell (RGC), amacrine cell, microglial, and vascular imaging using a suite of labeling techniques including adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors, transgenic mice, and inorganic dyes. Importantly, these techniques extend to all cell types of the retina, and suggested methods for accessing other cellular populations of interest are described. Also detailed are example strategies for manual image postprocessing for display and quantification. These techniques are directly applicable to studies of retinal function in health and disease.

In vivo imaging is a powerful tool for the study of biology in health and disease. This protocol describes transpupillary imaging of the mouse retina with a standard two-photon microscope. It also demonstrates different in vivoimaging methods to fluorescently label multiple cellular cohorts of the retina.

Transpupillare Due fotoni In vivo Imaging della retina del topo

The retina transforms light signals from the environment into electrical signals that are propagated to the brain. Diseases of the retina are prevalent ...

In vivo Calcium Imaging of Mouse Geniculate Ganglion Neuron Responses to Taste Stimuli

Within the last ten years, advances in genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) have promoted a revolution in in vivo functional imaging. Using calcium as a proxy for neuronal activity, these techniques provide a way to monitor the responses of individual cells within large neuronal ensembles to a variety of stimuli in real time. We, and others, have applied these techniques to image the responses of individual geniculate ganglion neurons to taste stimuli applied to the tongues of live anesthetized mice. The geniculate ganglion is comprised of the cell bodies of gustatory neurons innervating the anterior tongue and palate as well as some somatosensory neurons innervating the pinna of the ear. Imaging the taste-evoked responses of individual geniculate ganglion neurons with GCaMP has provided important information about the tuning profiles of these neurons in wild-type mice as well as a way to detect peripheral taste miswiring phenotypes in genetically manipulated mice. Here we demonstrate the surgical procedure to expose the geniculate ganglion, GCaMP fluorescence image acquisition, initial steps for data analysis, and troubleshooting. This technique can be used with transgenically encoded GCaMP, or with AAV-mediated GCaMP expression, and can be modified to image particular genetic subsets of interest (i.e., Cre-mediated GCaMP expression). Overall, in vivo calcium imaging of geniculate ganglion neurons is a powerful technique for monitoring the activity of peripheral gustatory neurons and provides complementary information to more traditional whole-nerve chorda tympani recordings or taste behavior assays.

Here we present how to expose the geniculate ganglion of a live, anesthetized laboratory mouse and how to use calcium imaging to measure the responses of ensembles of these neurons to taste stimuli, allowing for multiple trials with different stimulants. This allows for in depth comparisons of which neurons respond to which tastants.

Imaging in vivo del calcio delle risposte del neurone ganglio genicolato di topo agli stimoli del gusto

Within the last ten years, advances in genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) have promoted a revolution in in vivo functional imaging. Using ...

In vivo Calcium Imaging in Mouse Inferior Olive

Inferior olive (IO), a nucleus in the ventral medulla, is the only source of climbing fibers that form one of the two input pathways entering the cerebellum. IO has long been proposed to be crucial for motor control and its activity is currently considered to be at the center of many hypotheses of both motor and cognitive functions of the cerebellum. While its physiology and function have been relatively well studied on single-cell level in vitro, presently there are no reports on the organization of the IO network activity in living animals. This is largely due to the extremely challenging anatomical location of the IO, making it difficult to subject to conventional fluorescent imaging methods, where an optic path must be created through the entire brain located dorsally to the region of interest.
Here we describe an alternative method for obtaining state-of-the-art -level calcium imaging data from the IO network. The method takes advantage of the extreme ventral location of the IO and involves a surgical procedure for inserting a gradient-refractive index (GRIN) lens through the neck viscera to come into contact with the ventral surface of the calcium sensor GCaMP6s-expressing IO in anesthetized mice. A representative calcium imaging recording is shown to demonstrate the feasibility to record IO neuron activity after the surgery. While this is a non-survival surgery and the recordings must be conducted under anesthesia, it avoids damage to life-critical brainstem nuclei and allows conducting large variety of experiments investigating spatiotemporal activity patterns and input integration in the IO. This procedure with modifications could be used for recordings in other, adjacent regions of the ventral brainstem.

In vivo Calcium Imaging in Mouse Inferior Olive

We present a protocol to expose the brainstem of adult mouse from the ventral side. By using a gradient-refractive index lens with a miniature microscope, calcium imaging can be used to examine the activity of inferior olive neural somata in vivo.

In vivo Imaging del calcio nell'oliva inferiore del topo

Inferior olive (IO), a nucleus in the ventral medulla, is the only source of climbing fibers that form one of the two input pathways entering the ...

In Vivo Wide-Field and Two-Photon Calcium Imaging from a Mouse Using a Large Cranial Window

Wide-field calcium imaging from the mouse&#39;s neocortex allows one to observe cortex-wide neural activity related to various brain functions. On the other hand, two-photon imaging can resolve the activity of local neural circuits at the single-cell level. It is critical to make a large cranial window to perform multiple-scale analysis using both imaging techniques in the same mouse. To achieve this, one must remove a large section of the skull and cover the exposed cortical surface with transparent materials. Previously, glass skulls and polymer-based cranial windows have been developed for this purpose, but these materials are not easily fabricated. The present protocol describes a simple method for making a large cranial window consisting of commercially available polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) wrapping film, a transparent silicone plug, and a cover glass. For imaging the dorsal surface of an entire hemisphere, the window size was approximately 6 x 3 mm2. Severe brain vibrations were not observed regardless of such a large window. Importantly, the condition of the brain surface did not deteriorate for more than one month. Wide-field imaging of a mouse expressing a genetically-encoded calcium indicator (GECI), GCaMP6f, specifically in astrocytes, revealed synchronized responses in a few millimeters. Two-photon imaging of the same mouse showed prominent calcium responses in individual astrocytes over several seconds. Furthermore, a thin layer of an adeno-associated virus was applied to the PVDC film and successfully expressed GECI in cortical neurons over the cranial window. This technique is reliable and cost-effective for making a large cranial window and facilitates the investigation of the neural and glial dynamics and their interactions during behavior at the macroscopic and microscopic levels.

In Vivo Wide-Field and Two-Photon Calcium Imaging from a Mouse Using a Large Cranial Window

The present protocol describes making a large (6 x 3 mm2) cranial window using food wrap, transparent silicone, and cover glass. This cranial window allows in vivo wide-field and two-photon calcium imaging experiments in the same mouse.

In vivo Imaging del calcio a campo largo e a due fotoni da un topo utilizzando una grande finestra cranica

Wide-field calcium imaging from the mouse&#39;s neocortex allows one to observe cortex-wide neural activity related to various brain functions. On the ...

Subcellular Imaging of Neuronal Calcium Handling In Vivo

Calcium (Ca2+) imaging has been largely used to examine neuronal activity, but it is becoming increasingly clear that subcellular Ca2+ handling is a crucial component of intracellular signaling. The visualization of subcellular Ca2+ dynamics in vivo,&#160;where neurons can be studied in their native, intact circuitry, has proven technically challenging in complex nervous systems. The transparency and relatively simple nervous system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans enable the cell-specific expression and in vivo visualization of fluorescent tags and indicators. Among these are fluorescent indicators that have been modified for use in the cytoplasm as well as various subcellular compartments, such as the mitochondria. This protocol enables non-ratiometric Ca2+ imaging in vivo with a subcellular resolution that permits the analysis of Ca2+ dynamics down to the level of individual dendritic spines and mitochondria. Here, two available genetically encoded indicators with different Ca2+ affinities are used to demonstrate the use of this protocol for measuring relative Ca2+ levels within the cytoplasm or mitochondrial matrix in a single pair of excitatory interneurons (AVA). Together with the genetic manipulations and longitudinal observations possible in C. elegans, this imaging protocol may be useful for answering questions regarding how Ca2+ handling regulates neuronal function and plasticity.

Subcellular Imaging of Neuronal Calcium Handling In Vivo

The current methods describe a non-ratiometric approach for high-resolution, sub-compartmental calcium imaging in vivo in Caenorhabditis elegans using readily available genetically encoded calcium indicators.

Imaging subcellulare della manipolazione neuronale del calcio in vivo

Calcium (Ca2+) imaging has been largely used to examine neuronal activity, but it is becoming increasingly clear that subcellular Ca2+ handling is a ...

Imaging a due fotoni e calcio ad ampio campo nel collicolo superiore

Calcium Imaging in Mouse Superior Colliculus

The superior colliculus (SC), an evolutionarily conserved midbrain structure in all vertebrates, is the most sophisticated visual center before the emergence of the cerebral cortex. It receives direct inputs from ~30 types of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), with each encoding a specific visual feature. It remains elusive whether the SC simply inherits retinal features or if additional and potentially de novo processing occurs in the SC. To reveal the neural coding of visual information in the SC, we provide here a detailed protocol to optically record visual responses with two complementary methods in awake mice. One method uses two-photon microscopy to image calcium activity at single-cell resolution without ablating the overlaying cortex, while the other uses wide-field microscopy to image the whole SC of a mutant mouse whose cortex is largely undeveloped. This protocol details these two methods, including animal preparation, viral injection, headplate implantation, plug implantation, data acquisition, and data analysis. The representative results show that the two-photon calcium imaging reveals visually evoked neuronal responses at single-cell resolution, and the wide-field calcium imaging reveals&#160;neural activity across the entire SC. By combining these two methods, one can reveal the neural coding in the SC at different scales, and such combination can also be applied to other brain regions.

Autore in primo piano: Svelare la codifica neurale e i meccanismi di elaborazione visiva nel collicolo superiore 

This protocol details the procedure for imaging calcium responses in the superior colliculus (SC) of awake mice, including imaging single-neuron activity with two-photon microscopy while leaving the cortex intact in wild-type mice, and imaging the entire SC with wide-field microscopy in partial-cortex mutant mice.

Imaging del calcio nel collicolo superiore del topo

The superior colliculus (SC), an evolutionarily conserved midbrain structure in all vertebrates, is the most sophisticated visual center before the ...