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Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

14 ARTICLES PUBLISHED IN JoVE

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Bioengineering

Planar and Three-Dimensional Printing of Conductive Inks
Bok Yeop Ahn 1, Steven B. Walker 1, Scott C. Slimmer 1, Analisa Russo 1, Ashley Gupta 1, Steve Kranz 1, Eric B. Duoss 1,2, Thomas F. Malkowski 1,3, Jennifer A. Lewis 1
1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2Center for Micro- and Nanotechnology, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 3Presently at the Interdisciplinary Center for Wide Band-gap Semiconductors, University Of California Santa Barbara

Planar and three-dimensional printing of conductive metallic inks is described. Our approach provides new avenues for fabricating printed electronic, optoelectronic, and biomedical devices in unusual layouts at the microscale.

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Bioengineering

The Portable Chemical Sterilizer (PCS), D-FENS, and D-FEND ALL: Novel Chlorine Dioxide Decontamination Technologies for the Military
Christopher J. Doona 1, Florence E. Feeherry 1, Peter Setlow 2, Alexander J. Malkin 3, Terrence J. Leighton 4
1United States Army-Natick Soldier RD&E Center, Warfighter Directorate, 2Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, 3Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 4Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute

The Portable Chemical Sterilizer (PCS) is a revolutionary, energy-independent, almost waterless sterilization technology for Army medical units. The PCS generates chlorine dioxide from dry reagents mixed with water on-site, at-will, and at point-of-use (PoU) in a plastic suitcase. The Disinfectant-sprayer for Foods and ENvironmentally-friendly Sanitation (D-FENS) and the Disinfectant for ENvironmentally-friendly Decontamination, All-purpose (D-FEND ALL) produce aqueous chlorine dioxide in a collapsible spray bottle and other potential embodiments. These versatile decontamination technologies kill microbes in myriad diverse Dual-use applications for military and civilian consumers.

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Bioengineering

Insertion of Flexible Neural Probes Using Rigid Stiffeners Attached with Biodissolvable Adhesive
Sarah H. Felix 1, Kedar G. Shah 1, Vanessa M. Tolosa 1, Heeral J. Sheth 1, Angela C. Tooker 1, Terri L. Delima 1, Shantanu P. Jadhav 2, Loren M. Frank 2, Satinderpall S. Pannu 1
1Materials Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 2UCSF Center for Integrative Neuroscience and the Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco

Insertion of flexible neural microelectrode probes is enabled by attaching probes to rigid stiffeners with polyethylene glycol (PEG). A unique assembly process ensures uniform and repeatable attachment. After insertion into tissue, the PEG dissolves and the stiffener is extracted. An in vitro test method evaluates the technique in agarose gel.

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Engineering

Convergent Polishing: A Simple, Rapid, Full Aperture Polishing Process of High Quality Optical Flats & Spheres
Tayyab Suratwala 1, Rusty Steele 1, Michael Feit 1, Rebecca Dylla-Spears 1, Richard Desjardin 1, Dan Mason 1, Lana Wong 1, Paul Geraghty 1, Phil Miller 1, Nan Shen 1
1Lasers, Optics, & Targets for the National Ignition Facility, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

A novel optical polishing process, called “Convergent Polishing”, which enables faster, lower cost polishing, is described. Unlike conventional polishing processes, Convergent Polishing allows a glass workpiece to be polished in a single iteration and with high surface quality to its final surface figure without requiring changes to polishing parameters.

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Chemistry

Fabrication of Large-area Free-standing Ultrathin Polymer Films
Michael Stadermann 1, Salmaan H. Baxamusa 1, Chantel Aracne-Ruddle 1, Maverick Chea 1, Shuaili Li 1, Kelly Youngblood 1, Tayyab Suratwala 1
1Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

We describe a method for the fabrication of large-area (up to 13 cm diameter) and ultrathin (as thin as 8 nm) polymer films. Instead of using a sacrificial interlayer to delaminate the film from its substrate, we use a self-limiting surface treatment suitable for arbitrarily large areas.

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Bioengineering

A Microfluidic Platform for Precision Small-volume Sample Processing and Its Use to Size Separate Biological Particles with an Acoustic Microdevice
Erika J. Fong 1,2, Chao Huang 1, Julie Hamilton 1, William J. Benett 1, Mihail Bora 1, Alison Burklund 1, Thomas R. Metz 1, Maxim Shusteff 1
1Materials Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University

This protocol describes a system architecture for performing automated small volume (0.15–1.5 ml) particle separations using a microfluidic device, and discusses methods to optimize acoustofluidic device performance and operation.

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Engineering

Synthesis and Functionalization of 3D Nano-graphene Materials: Graphene Aerogels and Graphene Macro Assemblies
Patrick G. Campbell 1, Marcus A. Worsley 1, Anna M. Hiszpanski 1, Theodore F. Baumann 1, Juergen Biener 1
1Materials Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

This video method describes the synthesis of high surface area, monolithic 3D graphene-based materials derived from polymer precursors as well as single layer graphene oxide.

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Engineering

Using Synchrotron Radiation Microtomography to Investigate Multi-scale Three-dimensional Microelectronic Packages
Holly D. Carlton 1, John W. Elmer 1, Yan Li 2, Mario Pacheco 2, Deepak Goyal 2, Dilworth Y. Parkinson 3, Alastair A. MacDowell 3
1Materials Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 2Assembly Test and Technology Development Failure Analysis Labs, Intel Corporation, 3Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

For this study synchrotron radiation micro-tomography, a non-destructive three-dimensional imaging technique, is employed to investigate an entire microelectronic package with a cross-sectional area of 16 x 16 mm. Due to the synchrotron's high flux and brightness the sample was imaged in just 3 min with an 8.7 µm spatial resolution.

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Chemistry

Negative Additive Manufacturing of Complex Shaped Boron Carbides
Ryan Lu 1, Dorothy J. Miller 1, Wyatt L. Du Frane 1, Swetha Chandrasekaran 1, Richard L. Landingham 1, Marcus A. Worsley 1, Joshua D. Kuntz 1
1Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

A method called negative additive manufacturing is used to produce near fully dense complex shaped boron carbide parts of various length scales. This technique is possible via the formulation of a novel suspension involving resorcinol-formaldehyde as a unique gelling agent that leaves behind a homogenous carbon sintering aid after pyrolysis.

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Neuroscience

Studying Brain Function in Children Using Magnetoencephalography
Hannah Rapaport 1,2, Robert A. Seymour 1,2,3, Paul F. Sowman 1,2, Nick Benikos 1,2, Elisabeth Stylianou 1,2, Blake W. Johnson 1,2, Stephen Crain 1,4, Wei He 1,2
1ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Macquarie University, 2Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, 3Aston Brain Centre, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, 4Department of Linguistics, Macquarie University

This article introduces a child-friendly research protocol designed to improve data quality by reducing head movement during pediatric magnetoencephalography (MEG). We familiarize families with the MEG environment, train children to remain still using an MEG simulator, and correct for residual head movement artefacts using a real-time head movement detection system.

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Chemistry

Electrochemical Roughening of Thin-Film Platinum Macro and Microelectrodes
Anna N. Ivanovskaya *1, Anna M. Belle *1, Allison Yorita 1, Fang Qian 2, Supin Chen 1, Angela Tooker 1, Rose GarcÍa Lozada 1, Dylan Dahlquist 1, Vanessa Tolosa 1
1Engineering Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 2Physical and Life Science Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

This protocol demonstrates a method for electrochemical roughening of thin-film platinum electrodes without preferential dissolution at grain boundaries. The electrochemical techniques of cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy are demonstrated to characterize these electrode surfaces.

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Neuroscience

Chronic Implantation of Multiple Flexible Polymer Electrode Arrays
Jason E Chung *1,2, Hannah R Joo *1,2, Clay N Smyth 2, Jiang Lan Fan 3, Charlotte Geaghan-Breiner 2, Hexin Liang 2, Daniel Fan Liu 3, Demetris Roumis 2, Supin Chen 4,5, Kye Y Lee 4, Jeanine A Pebbles 4, Angela C Tooker 4, Vanessa M Tolosa 4,5, Loren M Frank 2,6
1Medical Scientist Training Program and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, 2Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, Center for Integrative Neuroscience, and Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, 3Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, 4Center for Micro- and Nanotechnology, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 5Neuralink Corp., 6Howard Hughes Medical Institute

Described below is a method for implantation of multiple polymer electrode arrays across anatomically distant brain regions for chronic electrophysiological recording in freely moving rats. Preparation and surgical implantation are described in detail, with emphasis on design principles to guide adaptation of these methods for use in other species.

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Immunology and Infection

Cell-Free Scaled Production and Adjuvant Addition to a Recombinant Major Outer Membrane Protein from Chlamydia muridarum for Vaccine Development
Sean F. Gilmore *1, Wei He *1, Angela C. Evans 1, Delia F. Tifrea 2, Sukumar Pal 2, Brent Segelke 1, Sandra K. G. Peters 1, B. Dillon Vannest 1, Nicholas O. Fischer 1, Amy Rasley 1, Luis M. de la Maza 2, Matthew A. Coleman 1,3
1Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 2Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, 3School of Medicine, Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis

This protocol describes using commercial, cell-free protein expression kits to produce membrane proteins supported in nanodisc that can be used as antigens in subunit vaccines.

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Neuroscience

Demonstrating Hairy and Glabrous Skin Innervation in a 3D Pattern Using Multiple Fluorescent Staining and Tissue Clearing Approaches
Xiaoyu Wang *1, Wanying Cao *1, Jingtao Shi *1, Xiaoning Zhang 1, Zhengyang Qu 1, Dongsheng Xu 1, Hongye Wan 1, Yangshuai Su 1, Wei He 1, Xianghong Jing 1, Wanzhu Bai 1
1Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences

The thickness of tissue sections limited the morphological study of the skin innervation. The present protocol describes a unique tissue clearing technique to visualize cutaneous nerve fibers in thick 300 µm tissue sections under confocal microscopy.

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