Two-photon Imaging of Intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> Handling and Nitric Oxide Production in Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Cells of an Isolated Rat Aorta

Calcium is a very important regulator of many physiological processes in vascular tissues. Most endothelial and smooth muscle functions highly depend on ...

Blood Research Institute of Wisconsin

This study examined the effects of blocking the formation of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) on the acute fall in cerebral blood flow after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in the rat. In vehicle-treated rats, regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) measured with laser-Doppler flowmetry fell by 30% 10 min after the injection of 0.3 ml of arterial blood into the cisterna magna, and it remained at this level for 2 h. Pretreatment with inhibitors of the formation of 20-HETE, 17-octadecynoic acid (17-ODYA; 1.5 nmol intrathecally) and N-hydroxy-N'-(4-butyl-2-methylphenyl)formamidine (HET0016; 10 mg/kg iv), reduced the initial fall in rCBF by 40%, and rCBF fully recovered 1 h after induction of SAH. The concentration of 20-HETE in the cerebrospinal fluid rose from 12 +/- 2 to 199 +/- 17 ng/ml after SAH in vehicle-treated rats. 20-HETE levels averaged only 15 +/- 11 and 39 +/- 13 ng/ml in rats pretreated with 17-ODYA or HET0016, respectively. HET0016 selectively inhibited the formation of 20-HETE in rat renal microsomes with an IC(50) of <15 nM and human recombinant CYP4A11, CYP4F2, and CYP4F3 enzymes with an IC(50) of 42, 125, and 100 nM, respectively. These results indicate that 20-HETE contributes to the acute fall in rCBF after SAH in rats.

20-HETE contributes to the acute fall in cerebral blood flow after subarachnoid hemorrhage in the rat.

To establish a model for functional hyperemia in the rat visual cortex, cortical blood flow responses to flash stimulation were measured with the laser Doppler flow (LDF) technique at various levels of halothane anesthesia. The concentration-dependent effect of halothane on arterial pressure and its consequent effect on the hyperemic response were also investigated. Using a stroboscopic light source, 10 flashes at 1 min intervals were delivered to the left eye of 12 Sprague-Dawley rats. LDF responses were measured bilaterally in the monocular primary visual cortex (V1M) at steady state halothane concentrations between 0.4 and 1.4%. In six rats, methoxamine (MX) was infused to prevent halothane-induced hypotension; the remaining rats did not receive MX. In all rats, LDF response to flash commenced within 1s and peaked at 2.5s in the contralateral V1M, but not in ipsilateral V1M. The maximum LDF response was 25% at 0.5% halothane and 12% at 1.4% halothane. In rats without MX infusion, mean arterial pressure (MAP) fell from 138 to 90 mmHg when halothane increased from 0.4 to 1.4%. MX infusion prevented the hypotension, but did not influence the LDF response, suggesting that the halothane's effect was direct rather than pressure-mediated. We demonstrate for the first time, a robust functional hyperemic response to discrete flash stimuli in the primary visual cortex of halothane-anesthetized albino rats that can be measured with LDF over a wide range of halothane concentrations and is not fully suppressed at surgical levels of halothane anesthesia.

Functional hyperemic response in the rat visual cortex under halothane anesthesia.

To establish a non-invasive model for functional activation of the rat somatosensory cortex, the forepaw digits of halothane-anesthetized rats were tapped while the blood flow (laser-Doppler flow, LDF) and somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) responses in the forelimb area of the somatosensory cortex (S1FL) were measured. The distal phalanges of the forepaw digits were lightly tapped for 10s with an aluminum bar at frequencies between 1 and 40 Hz, with 0.4 cm total bar displacement. The LDF signal was normalized to the baseline preceding each stimulus block and averaged. The LDF response to digit tapping in the contralateral, but not ipsilateral S1FL, commenced within 1s, peaked at 11+/-0.5% (S.E.M.) above baseline within 2-3s, decreased to a plateau of 5+/-0.3% for the duration of the stimulation, and returned to baseline within 5-10s following tapping cessation. The LDF peak and plateau were not significantly different at different tapping frequencies. In the contralateral, but not ipsilateral, S1FLs, tapping produced an SSEP with positive (P1) and negative (N1) peaks at 27+/-0.5 and 47+/-0.2m s, respectively, after onset of the tap stimulation. As the tapping frequency increased from 1 to 20 Hz, the P1-N1 peak-to-peak amplitude decreased. At 30 and 40 Hz, the shortened interstimulus interval entrained the individual SSEPs into a steady-state evoked response. This study demonstrates that a robust functional activation of the forelimb region of primary somatosensory cortex of halothane-anesthetized rats can be produced by non-invasively tapping the forepaw digits and quantified with LDF and SSEP.

Digit tapping model of functional activation in the rat somatosensory cortex.

It is well understood that the different regions of the body have cortical representations in proportion to the degree of innervation. Our current understanding of the rat upper extremity has been enhanced using functional MRI (fMRI), but these studies are often limited to the rat forepaw. The purpose of this study is to describe a new technique that allows us to refine the sensory and motor representations in the cerebral cortex by surgically implanting electrodes on the major nerves of the rat upper extremity and providing direct electrical nerve stimulation while acquiring fMRI images. This technique was used to stimulate the ulnar, median, radial, and musculocutaneous nerves in the rat upper extremity using four different stimulation sequences that varied in frequency (5 Hz vs. 10 Hz) and current (0.5 mA vs. 1.0 mA). A distinct pattern of cortical activation was found for each nerve. The higher stimulation current resulted in a dramatic increase in the level of cortical activation. The higher stimulation frequency resulted in both increases and attenuation of cortical activation in different regions of the brain, depending on which nerve was stimulated.

Refining the sensory and motor ratunculus of the rat upper extremity using fMRI and direct nerve stimulation.

&#x4F17;&#x6240;&#x5468;&#x77E5;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#x533A;&#x57DF;&#x7684;&#x4E3B;&#x4F53;&#x6709;&#x76AE;&#x8D28;&#x7533;&#x8FF0;&#x795E;&#x7ECF;&#x652F;&#x914D;&#x7684;&#x7A0B;&#x5EA6;&#x3002;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x5F53;&#x524D;&#x7684;&#x5927;&#x9F20;&#x4E0A;&#x80A2;&#x7684;&#x7406;&#x89E3;&#x5DF2;&#x5F97;&#x5230;&#x589E;&#x5F3A;&#xFF0C;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x529F;&#x80FD;&#x78C1;&#x5171;&#x632F;&#x6210;&#x50CF; &#xFF08;fMRI&#xFF09;&#xFF0C;&#x4F46;&#x8FD9;&#x4E9B;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x5F80;&#x5F80;&#x5C40;&#x9650;&#x4E8E;&#x5927;&#x9F20; forepaw&#x3002;&#x8FD9;&#x9879;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x7684;&#x76EE;&#x7684;&#x662F;&#x63CF;&#x8FF0;&#x4E00;&#x79CD;&#x65B0;&#x7684;&#x6280;&#x672F;&#xFF0C;&#x4F7F;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x80FD;&#x591F;&#x901A;&#x8FC7;&#x624B;&#x672F;&#x690D;&#x5165;&#x7535;&#x6781;&#x5BF9;&#x5927;&#x9F20;&#x4E0A;&#x80A2;&#x7684;&#x4E3B;&#x8981;&#x795E;&#x7ECF;&#x548C;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x76F4;&#x63A5;&#x795E;&#x7ECF;&#x7535;&#x523A;&#x6FC0;&#x540C;&#x65F6;&#x83B7;&#x53D6;&#x529F;&#x80FD;&#x78C1;&#x5171;&#x632F;&#x6210;&#x50CF;&#x56FE;&#x50CF;&#x7EC6;&#x5316;&#x5927;&#x8111;&#x76AE;&#x5C42;&#x7684;&#x611F;&#x89C9;&#x548C;&#x8FD0;&#x52A8;&#x7684;&#x8868;&#x793A;&#x5F62;&#x5F0F;&#x3002;&#x8FD9;&#x79CD;&#x6280;&#x672F;&#x88AB;&#x7528;&#x6765;&#x523A;&#x6FC0;&#x5C3A;&#x3001; &#x4E2D;&#x4F4D;&#x6570;&#x3001; &#x5F84;&#x5411;&#x3001;&#x3001; &#x808C;&#x795E;&#x7ECF;&#x5927;&#x9F20;&#x4E0A;&#x80A2;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x9891;&#x7387; &#xFF08;5 Hz &#x4E0E; 10 &#x8D6B;&#x5179;&#xFF09; &#x548C;&#x5F53;&#x524D;&#x5404;&#x4E0D;&#x76F8;&#x540C;&#x7684;&#x56DB;&#x4E2A;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#x7684;&#x523A;&#x6FC0;&#x5E8F;&#x5217; &#xFF08;0.5 &#x4E0E; 1.0 &#x9A6C;&#x9A6C;)&#x3002;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#x6A21;&#x5F0F;&#x7684;&#x8111;&#x6FC0;&#x6D3B;&#x88AB;&#x53D1;&#x73B0;&#x7684;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A;&#x795E;&#x7ECF;&#x3002;&#x5F53;&#x524D;&#x7684;&#x9AD8;&#x523A;&#x6FC0;&#x5BFC;&#x81F4;&#x7684;&#x8111;&#x6FC0;&#x6D3B;&#x6C34;&#x5E73;&#x6025;&#x5267;&#x589E;&#x52A0;&#x3002;&#x523A;&#x6FC0;&#x9891;&#x7387;&#x8F83;&#x9AD8;&#x5BFC;&#x81F4;&#x589E;&#x52A0;&#x548C;&#x8870;&#x51CF;&#x7684;&#x76AE;&#x5C42;&#x6FC0;&#x6D3B;&#x7684;&#x5927;&#x8111;&#xFF0C;&#x523A;&#x6FC0;&#x795E;&#x7ECF;&#x7684;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#x5730;&#x533A;&#x3002;

&#x7CBE;&#x70BC;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x529F;&#x80FD;&#x78C1;&#x5171;&#x632F;&#x6210;&#x50CF;&#x548C;&#x76F4;&#x63A5;&#x795E;&#x7ECF;&#x523A;&#x6FC0;&#x7684;&#x5927;&#x9F20;&#x4E0A;&#x80A2;&#x7684;&#x611F;&#x89C9;&#x548C;&#x8FD0;&#x52A8;&#x7684; ratunculus&#x3002;

Il est bien entendu que les diff&eacute;rentes r&eacute;gions du corps ont des repr&eacute;sentations corticales proportionnellement au degr&eacute; d&#39;innervation. Notre compr&eacute;hension actuelle de l&#39;extr&eacute;mit&eacute; sup&eacute;rieure du rat a &eacute;t&eacute; am&eacute;lior&eacute;e &agrave; l&#39;aide de l&#39;IRM fonctionnelle (IRMf), mais ces &eacute;tudes ne se limitent souvent &agrave; la patte de rat. Le but de cette &eacute;tude est de d&eacute;crire une nouvelle technique qui nous permet d&#39;affiner les repr&eacute;sentations sensorielles et motrices du cortex c&eacute;r&eacute;bral en chirurgicalement implanter des &eacute;lectrodes sur les principaux nerfs du membre sup&eacute;rieur rat et en fournissant une stimulation nerveuse &eacute;lectrique direct tout en acqu&eacute;rant des images de l&#39;IRMf. Cette technique a &eacute;t&eacute; utilis&eacute;e pour stimuler les nerfs ulnaire, m&eacute;dian, radial et musculocutan&eacute; dans l&#39;extr&eacute;mit&eacute; sup&eacute;rieure de rat &agrave; l&#39;aide de quatre s&eacute;quences de stimulation diff&eacute;rents qui varient en fr&eacute;quence (5 Hz vs 10 Hz) et le courant (0,5 mA vs 1,0 mA). Un motif distinct de l&#39;activation corticale a &eacute;t&eacute; trouv&eacute; pour chacun des nerfs. Le courant de stimulation plus &eacute;lev&eacute; a entra&icirc;n&eacute; une augmentation spectaculaire du niveau de l&#39;activation corticale. La fr&eacute;quence de stimulation plus &eacute;lev&eacute;e a entra&icirc;n&eacute; dans les augmentations et att&eacute;nuation de l&#39;activation corticale dans diff&eacute;rentes r&eacute;gions du cerveau, selon laquelle le nerf est stimul&eacute;.

Affiner la ratunculus sensorielle et motrice de l&#39;extr&eacute;mit&eacute; sup&eacute;rieure de rat &agrave; l&#39;aide de l&#39;IRMf et stimulation nerveuse directe.

Es ist bekannt, dass die verschiedenen Regionen des K&ouml;rpers kortikale Darstellungen im Verh&auml;ltnis zu den Grad der Innervation. Unser gegenw&auml;rtiges Verst&auml;ndnis der oberen Extremit&auml;t mit funktionelle MRT (fMRT) wurde verbessert, aber diese Studien beschr&auml;nken sich oft auf die Ratte Forepaw Ratte. Der Zweck dieser Studie ist es, eine neue Technik zu beschreiben, die uns erlaubt, die sensorischen und motorischen Darstellungen in der Hirnrinde zu verfeinern, indem chirurgisch Implantation der Elektroden auf die wichtigsten Nerven der oberen Extremit&auml;t Ratte und direkte elektrische Nervenstimulation beim Laden von fMRI-Bildern. Diese Technik wurde verwendet, um stimulieren die Nerven ulnaris, Median, Radial und Musculocutaneous in der Ratte obere Extremit&auml;t mit vier verschiedenen Stimulierung-Sequenzen, die H&auml;ufigkeit (5 Hz vs. 10 Hz) und Strom variiert (0,5 mA vs. 1.0 mA). Ein bestimmtes Muster der kortikale Aktivierung wurde f&uuml;r jeden Nerv gefunden. Die aktuellen h&ouml;here Stimulation f&uuml;hrte eine dramatische Zunahme in der Ebene der kortikale Aktivierung. Die h&ouml;here Frequenz Stimulation f&uuml;hrte zu Steigerungen und D&auml;mpfung der kortikale Aktivierung in verschiedenen Regionen des Gehirns, je nachdem, welche Nerven stimuliert wurde.

Verfeinern die sensorische und motorische Ratunculus der oberen Extremit&auml;t Ratte mit fMRI und direkte Nervenstimulation.

&Egrave; ben inteso che le diverse regioni del corpo sono rappresentazioni corticali in proporzione al grado di innervazione. La nostra attuale comprensione dell&#39;arto superiore ratto &egrave; stato migliorato utilizzando MRI funzionale (fMRI), ma questi studi sono spesso limitati alla zampa anteriore di ratto. Lo scopo di questo studio &egrave; quello di descrivere una nuova tecnica che ci permette di affinare le rappresentazioni sensoriali e motori nella corteccia cerebrale chirurgicamente impiantando elettrodi sui nervi principali dell&#39;arto superiore ratto e fornendo la stimolazione elettrica diretta del nervo durante l&#39;acquisizione di immagini di risonanza magnetica funzionale. Questa tecnica &egrave; stata utilizzata per stimolare i nervi ulnari, mediano, radiale e muscolocutaneo l&#39;estremit&agrave; superiore del ratto utilizzando quattro sequenze di stimolazione differente che varia di frequenza (5 Hz vs 10 Hz) e corrente (0.5 mA vs 1.0 mA). Per ogni nervo &egrave; stato trovato un distinto pattern di attivazione corticale. La stimolazione pi&ugrave; elevata corrente ha provocato un drastico aumento del livello di attivazione corticale. La maggiore frequenza di stimolazione ha provocato aumenti e l&#39;attenuazione dell&#39;attivazione corticale nelle diverse regioni del cervello, a seconda di quale nervo &egrave; stato stimolato.

Raffinazione del ratunculus sensitive e motorie dell&#39;arto superiore ratto mediante risonanza magnetica funzionale e la stimolazione nervosa diretta.

&#x4F53;&#x306E;&#x3055;&#x307E;&#x3056;&#x307E;&#x306A;&#x5730;&#x57DF;&#x306E;&#x795E;&#x7D4C;&#x652F;&#x914D;&#x306E;&#x5EA6;&#x306B;&#x6BD4;&#x4F8B;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x5927;&#x8133;&#x76AE;&#x8CEA;&#x8868;&#x73FE;&#x304C;&#x3042;&#x308B;&#x3053;&#x3068;&#x304C;&#x3088;&#x304F;&#x308F;&#x304B;&#x308A;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x6A5F;&#x80FD;&#x7684; MRI (fMRI) &#x3092;&#x7528;&#x3044;&#x305F;&#x30E9;&#x30C3;&#x30C8;&#x4E0A;&#x80A2;&#x306E;&#x79C1;&#x9054;&#x306E;&#x73FE;&#x5728;&#x306E;&#x7406;&#x89E3;&#x3092;&#x5F37;&#x5316;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x304C;&#x3001;&#x3053;&#x308C;&#x3089;&#x306E;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x3057;&#x3070;&#x3057;&#x3070;&#x30E9;&#x30C3;&#x30C8;&#x524D;&#x8DB3;&#x306B;&#x9650;&#x3089;&#x308C;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x672C;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x306E;&#x76EE;&#x7684;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x79C1;&#x305F;&#x3061;&#x306E;&#x5927;&#x8133;&#x76AE;&#x8CEA;&#x306E;&#x611F;&#x899A;&#x3068;&#x904B;&#x52D5;&#x8868;&#x73FE;&#x624B;&#x8853;&#x30E9;&#x30C3;&#x30C8;&#x4E0A;&#x80A2;&#x306E;&#x4E3B;&#x8981;&#x306A;&#x795E;&#x7D4C;&#x306B;&#x96FB;&#x6975;&#x3092;&#x6CE8;&#x5165;&#x3057;&#x3066; fMRI &#x753B;&#x50CF;&#x3092;&#x53D6;&#x5F97;&#x3057;&#x306A;&#x304C;&#x3089;&#x76F4;&#x63A5;&#x96FB;&#x6C17;&#x795E;&#x7D4C;&#x523A;&#x6FC0;&#x3092;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x3053;&#x3068;&#x3092;&#x7D5E;&#x308A;&#x8FBC;&#x3080;&#x3053;&#x3068;&#x304C;&#x3067;&#x304D;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x65B0;&#x3057;&#x3044;&#x30C6;&#x30AF;&#x30CB;&#x30C3;&#x30AF;&#x3092;&#x8A18;&#x8FF0;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x305F;&#x3081;&#x3067;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x3053;&#x306E;&#x624B;&#x6CD5;&#x306F;&#x5468;&#x6CE2;&#x6570; 5 10 &#x5BFE; Hz (Hz) &#x3068;&#x96FB;&#x6D41;&#x306E;&#x5909;&#x5316; 4 &#x3064;&#x306E;&#x7570;&#x306A;&#x308B;&#x523A;&#x6FC0;&#x7CFB;&#x5217;&#x3092;&#x7528;&#x3044;&#x305F;&#x30E9;&#x30C3;&#x30C8;&#x306E;&#x4E0A;&#x80A2;&#x306E;&#x5C3A;&#x9AA8;&#x3001;&#x4E2D;&#x592E;&#x5024;&#x3001;&#x30E9;&#x30B8;&#x30A2;&#x30EB;&#x3001;&#x304A;&#x3088;&#x3073;&#x76AE;&#x795E;&#x7D4C;&#x3092;&#x523A;&#x6FC0;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x305F; (0.5 mA 1.0 &#x5BFE; mA)&#x3002;&#x76AE;&#x8CEA;&#x306E;&#x6D3B;&#x6027;&#x5316;&#x306B;&#x660E;&#x78BA;&#x306A;&#x30D1;&#x30BF;&#x30FC;&#x30F3;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x305D;&#x308C;&#x305E;&#x308C;&#x306E;&#x795E;&#x7D4C;&#x306E;&#x767A;&#x898B;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x307E;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x73FE;&#x5728;&#x9AD8;&#x3044;&#x523A;&#x6FC0;&#x306F;&#x76AE;&#x8CEA;&#x306E;&#x6D3B;&#x6027;&#x5316;&#x306E;&#x30EC;&#x30D9;&#x30EB;&#x3067;&#x306E;&#x5287;&#x7684;&#x306A;&#x5897;&#x52A0;&#x3067;&#x8D77;&#x56E0;&#x3057;&#x307E;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x9AD8;&#x3044;&#x523A;&#x6FC0;&#x306E;&#x5468;&#x6CE2;&#x6570;&#x306E;&#x5897;&#x52A0;&#x3068;&#x76AE;&#x8CEA;&#x306E;&#x6D3B;&#x6027;&#x5316;&#x306B;&#x3088;&#x3063;&#x3066;&#x795E;&#x7D4C;&#x3092;&#x523A;&#x6FC0;&#x3001;&#x8133;&#x306E;&#x3055;&#x307E;&#x3056;&#x307E;&#x306A;&#x5730;&#x57DF;&#x3067;&#x306E;&#x6E1B;&#x8870;&#x3092;&#x3082;&#x305F;&#x3089;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002;

FMRI &#x3068;&#x76F4;&#x63A5;&#x795E;&#x7D4C;&#x523A;&#x6FC0;&#x306B;&#x3088;&#x308B;&#x30E9;&#x30C3;&#x30C8;&#x306E;&#x4E0A;&#x80A2;&#x306E;&#x611F;&#x899A;&#x3068;&#x904B;&#x52D5; ratunculus &#x3092;&#x7CBE;&#x88FD;&#x3057;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;

&#xC2E0;&#xCCB4;&#xC758; &#xB2E4;&#xB978; &#xC9C0;&#xAD6C;&#xB294; innervation&#xC758; &#xC815;&#xB3C4; &#xBE44;&#xB840;&#xD558;&#xC5EC; &#xB300;&#xB1CC; &#xD53C; &#xC9C8;&#xC758; &#xD45C;&#xD604;&#xC774; &#xC798; &#xC774;&#xD574; &#xB41C;&#xB2E4;. &#xC950; &#xC0C1;&#xBD80; &#xB9D0;&#xB2E8;&#xC758; &#xC6B0;&#xB9AC;&#xC758; &#xD604;&#xC7AC; &#xC774;&#xD574; &#xAE30;&#xB2A5;&#xC801; MRI (fMRI)&#xB97C; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9; &#xD558; &#xC5EC; &#xD5A5;&#xC0C1; &#xB418;&#xC5C8;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4; &#xD558;&#xC9C0;&#xB9CC; &#xC774;&#xB7EC;&#xD55C; &#xC5F0;&#xAD6C;&#xB294; &#xC885;&#xC885; &#xC950; forepaw &#xC81C;&#xD55C; &#xB429;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xC774; &#xC5F0;&#xAD6C;&#xC758; &#xBAA9;&#xC801;&#xC740; &#xC218;&#xC220;&#xB85C; &#xC950; &#xC0C1;&#xBD80; &#xB9D0;&#xB2E8;&#xC758; &#xC8FC;&#xC694; &#xC2E0;&#xACBD;&#xC5D0; &#xC804;&#xADF9;&#xC744; &#xC774;&#xC2DD; fMRI &#xC774;&#xBBF8;&#xC9C0;&#xB97C; &#xC778;&#xC218; &#xD558;&#xBA74;&#xC11C; &#xC9C1;&#xC811; &#xC804;&#xAE30; &#xC2E0;&#xACBD; &#xC790;&#xADF9;&#xC744; &#xC81C;&#xACF5; &#xD558; &#xC5EC; &#xB300;&#xB1CC; &#xD53C; &#xC9C8;&#xC758; &#xAC10;&#xAC01; &#xBC0F; &#xBAA8;&#xD130; &#xD45C;&#xD604;&#xC744; &#xAD6C;&#xCCB4;&#xD654; &#xD558; &#xC218; &#xC788;&#xB294; &#xC0C8;&#xB85C;&#xC6B4; &#xAE30;&#xC220;&#xC744; &#xC124;&#xBA85; &#xD558;&#xB294;. &#xC774; &#xAE30;&#xC220;&#xC740; &#xC8FC;&#xD30C;&#xC218; (5 Hz &#xB300; 10 Hz)&#xC640; &#xC804;&#xB958;&#xC5D0; &#xB2E4;&#xC591; &#xD55C; 4 &#xAC1C;&#xC758; &#xC11C;&#xB85C; &#xB2E4;&#xB978; &#xC790;&#xADF9; &#xC2DC;&#xD000;&#xC2A4;&#xB97C; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9; &#xD558; &#xC5EC; &#xC950; &#xC0C1;&#xBD80; &#xB9D0;&#xB2E8;&#xC758; ulnar, &#xC911;&#xAC04;, &#xBC29;&#xC0AC;&#xD615;, &#xBC0F; musculocutaneous &#xC2E0;&#xACBD;&#xC744; &#xC790;&#xADF9; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xB370; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9;&#xD55C; (0.5 1.0 &#xB300; mA mA). &#xAC01; &#xC2E0;&#xACBD;&#xC5D0; &#xB300; &#xD55C; &#xB300;&#xB1CC; &#xD53C; &#xC9C8; &#xD65C;&#xC131;&#xD654;&#xC758; &#xB69C;&#xB837;&#xD55C; &#xD328;&#xD134;&#xC744; &#xCC3E;&#xC558;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xD604;&#xC7AC; &#xB354; &#xB192;&#xC740; &#xC790;&#xADF9; &#xB300;&#xB1CC; &#xD53C; &#xC9C8; &#xD65C;&#xC131;&#xD654; &#xC218;&#xC900;&#xC5D0; &#xC788;&#xB294; &#xADF9; &#xC99D;&#xAC00; &#xADC0;&#xCC29;&#xB418; &#xC5C8; &#xB2E4;. &#xB354; &#xB192;&#xC740; &#xC790;&#xADF9; &#xC8FC;&#xD30C;&#xC218; &#xC99D;&#xAC00; &#xBC0F; &#xB300;&#xB1CC; &#xD53C; &#xC9C8; &#xD65C;&#xC131;&#xD654; &#xB530;&#xB77C; &#xC2E0;&#xACBD; &#xC790;&#xADF9;&#xC740; &#xB450;&#xB1CC;&#xC758; &#xB2E4;&#xB978; &#xC9C0;&#xC5ED;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C;&#xC758; &#xAC10;&#xC1C4;&#xC758; &#xACB0;&#xACFC;.

Fmri&#xC640; &#xC9C1;&#xC811; &#xC2E0;&#xACBD; &#xC790;&#xADF9;&#xC744; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9; &#xD558; &#xC5EC; &#xC950; &#xC0C1;&#xBD80; &#xB9D0;&#xB2E8;&#xC758; &#xAC10;&#xAC01; &#xBC0F; &#xBAA8;&#xD130; ratunculus &#xC815;&#xC81C;.

Es bien sabido que las diferentes regiones del cuerpo tienen representaciones corticales en proporci&oacute;n con el grado de inervaci&oacute;n. Se ha mejorado nuestra comprensi&oacute;n actual de la extremidad superior de la rata usando MRI funcional (fMRI), pero estos estudios a menudo se limitan a la forepaw de la rata. El prop&oacute;sito de este estudio es describir una nueva t&eacute;cnica que permite refinar las representaciones sensoriales y motoras en la corteza cerebral quir&uacute;rgicamente implantar electrodos en los nervios principales de la extremidad superior de la rata y proporcionando estimulaci&oacute;n nerviosa el&eacute;ctrica directa mientras adquiere im&aacute;genes de fMRI. Esta t&eacute;cnica fue utilizada para estimular los nervios cubitales, mediano, radial y musculocut&aacute;neo en la extremidad superior de la rata mediante cuatro secuencias de estimulaci&oacute;n diferentes que var&iacute;an en frecuencia (Hz 5 vs 10 Hz) y corriente (0.5 mA vs 1.0 mA). Se encontr&oacute; un patr&oacute;n distinto de activaci&oacute;n cortical para cada nervio. El mayor est&iacute;mulo actual dio lugar a un aumento dram&aacute;tico en el nivel de activaci&oacute;n cortical. La mayor frecuencia de estimulaci&oacute;n result&oacute; en aumentos y atenuaci&oacute;n de la activaci&oacute;n cortical en diferentes regiones del cerebro, dependiendo de que el nervio fue estimulado.

Refinando el ratunculus motor y sensorial de la extremidad superior de la rata con fMRI y estimulaci&oacute;n nerviosa directa.

The response of the rat visual system to flashes of blue light has been studied by blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The BOLD temporal response is dependent on the number of flashes presented and demonstrates a refractory period that depends on flash frequency. Activated brain regions included the primary and secondary visual cortex, superior colliculus (SC), dorsal lateral geniculate (DLG), and lateral posterior nucleus (LP), which were found to exhibit differing temporal responses. To explain these differences, the BOLD neurovascular response function was modeled. A second-order differential equation was developed and solved numerically to arrive at region-specific response functions. Included in the model are the light input from the diode (duty cycle), a refractory period, a transient response following onset and cessation of stimulus, and a slow adjustment to changes in the average level of the signal. Constants in the differential equation were evaluated for each region by fitting the model to the experimental BOLD response from a single flash, and the equation was then solved for multiple flashes. The simulation mimics the major features of the data; however, remaining differences in the frequency dependence of the response between the cortical and subcortical regions were unexplained. We hypothesized that these discrepancies were due to regional-specific differences in neuronal response to flash frequency. To test this hypothesis, cortical visual evoked potentials (VEPs) were recorded using the same stimulation protocol as the fMRI. Cortical VEPs were more suppressed than subcortical VEPs as flash frequency increased, supporting our hypothesis. This is the first report that regional differences in neuronal activation to the same stimulus lead to differential BOLD activation.

Modeling of region-specific fMRI BOLD neurovascular response functions in rat brain reveals residual differences that correlate with the differences in regional evoked potentials.

Regional-specific average time courses of spontaneous fluctuations in blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) MRI contrast at 9.4T in lightly anesthetized resting rat brain are formed, and correlation coefficients between time course pairs are interpreted as measures of connectivity. A hierarchy of regional pairwise correlation coefficients (RPCCs) is observed, with the highest values found in the thalamus and cortex, both intra- and interhemisphere, and lower values between the cortex and thalamus. Independent sensory networks are distinguished by two methods: data driven, where task activation defines regions of interest (ROI), and hypothesis driven, where regions are defined by the rat histological atlas. Success in these studies is attributed in part to the use of medetomidine hydrochloride (Domitor) for anesthesia. Consistent results in two different rat-brain systems, the sensorimotor and visual, strongly support the hypothesis that resting-state BOLD fluctuations are conserved across mammalian species and can be used to map brain systems.

Resting-state functional connectivity of the rat brain.

The bark-feeding moth Indarbela dea (Swinhoe) is one of the major pests of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) in Asia. Effects on larval mortality and web production were tested by repeated, single and combined tree trunk applications of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. and the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser). Two separate application trials were conducted in different seasons on young and older larvae respectively.

Entomopathogens (Beauveria bassiana and Steinernema carpocapsae) for biological control of bark-feeding moth Indarbela dea on field-infested litchi trees.

Les r&eacute;gions du corps ont une repr&eacute;sentation corticale et sous-corticale proportionnellement &agrave; leur degr&eacute; d&#39;innervation. La patte de rat a &eacute;t&eacute; &eacute;tudi&eacute;e abondamment ces derni&egrave;res ann&eacute;es &agrave; l&#39;aide de l&#39;imagerie par r&eacute;sonance magn&eacute;tique fonctionnelle (IRMf), g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement par une stimulation &agrave; l&#39;aide d&#39;&eacute;lectrodes directement ins&eacute;r&eacute;es dans la peau de la patte ant&eacute;rieure. Ici nous stimuler le nerf directement &agrave; l&#39;aide de chirurgicalement implant&eacute; des &eacute;lectrodes. Une distinction majeure est que la stimulation de la peau de la patte ant&eacute;rieure est principalement sensorielle, tandis que la stimulation nerveuse directe r&eacute;v&egrave;le non seulement le syst&egrave;me sensoriel, mais aussi des structures c&eacute;r&eacute;brales profondes associ&eacute;es &agrave; l&#39;activit&eacute; motrice. Dans cet article, nous cherchons &agrave; d&eacute;finir les deux motrices et sensorielles corticales et sous-corticales repr&eacute;sentations associ&eacute;es aux quatre principaux nerfs du membre sup&eacute;rieur rongeur. Nous avons stimul&eacute; &eacute;lectriquement chaque nerf (m&eacute;dian, ulnaire, radial et musculocutan&eacute;) lors de l&#39;acquisition d&#39;IRMf &agrave; l&#39;aide d&#39;un scanner de Bruker 9,4-T (Bruker BioSpin, Billerica, MA). Un niveau actuel de 0,5 &agrave; 1,0 mA et une fr&eacute;quence de 5 Hz ont &eacute;t&eacute; utilis&eacute;es tout en conservant la dur&eacute;e constante. Un motif distinct de l&#39;activation corticale a &eacute;t&eacute; trouv&eacute; pour chacun des nerfs qui peuvent &ecirc;tre corr&eacute;l&eacute;e avec les voies sensori-motrices connus d&#39;aff&eacute;rentes et eff&eacute;rentes &agrave; la patte de rat. Ce mod&egrave;le de rat de stimulation nerveuse directe peut donner un aper&ccedil;u de la l&eacute;sion des nerfs p&eacute;riph&eacute;riques.

Cartographie corticale des nerfs p&eacute;riph&eacute;riques &agrave; l&#39;aide de l&#39;imagerie par r&eacute;sonance magn&eacute;tique fonctionnelle dans un mod&egrave;le de rongeur.

&#x5404;&#x533A;&#x57DF;&#x7684;&#x4E3B;&#x4F53;&#x6709;&#x5927;&#x8111;&#x76AE;&#x5C42;&#x548C;&#x76AE;&#x5C42;&#x4E0B;&#x4EE3;&#x8868;&#x6309;&#x5176;&#x795E;&#x7ECF;&#x652F;&#x914D;&#x7684;&#x7A0B;&#x5EA6;&#x3002;&#x5927;&#x9F20; forepaw &#x4E86;&#x5E7F;&#x6CDB;&#x7684;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x8FD1;&#x5E74;&#x6765;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x529F;&#x80FD;&#x78C1;&#x5171;&#x632F;&#x6210;&#x50CF; &#xFF08;fMRI&#xFF09;&#xFF0C;&#x901A;&#x5E38;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x7535;&#x6781;&#x76F4;&#x63A5;&#x63D2;&#x5165;&#x5230; forepaw &#x7684;&#x76AE;&#x80A4;&#x7684;&#x523A;&#x6FC0;&#x3002;&#x5728;&#x8FD9;&#x91CC;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x523A;&#x6FC0;&#x795E;&#x7ECF;&#x76F4;&#x63A5;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x5916;&#x79D1;&#x624B;&#x672F;&#x690D;&#x5165;&#x7535;&#x6781;&#x3002;&#x4E3B;&#x8981;&#x7684;&#x533A;&#x522B;&#x662F;&#x76AE;&#x80A4;&#x7684; forepaw &#x523A;&#x6FC0;&#x5927;&#x591A;&#x662F;&#x76AE;&#x80A4;&#x7684;&#x611F;&#x5B98;&#xFF0C;&#x800C;&#x76F4;&#x63A5;&#x795E;&#x7ECF;&#x523A;&#x6FC0;&#x63ED;&#x793A;&#x4E86;&#x611F;&#x5B98;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x4E0D;&#x4EC5;&#x4E0E;&#x8FD0;&#x52A8;&#x80FD;&#x529B;&#x76F8;&#x5173;&#x7684;&#x8111;&#x6DF1;&#x90E8;&#x7ED3;&#x6784;&#x3002;&#x5728;&#x672C;&#x6587;&#x4E2D;&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x529B;&#x6C42;&#x5B9A;&#x4E49;&#x4E24;&#x4E2A;&#x7535;&#x673A;&#x548C;&#x611F;&#x5B98;&#x5927;&#x8111;&#x76AE;&#x5C42;&#x548C;&#x76AE;&#x5C42;&#x4E0B;&#x8868;&#x793A;&#x5173;&#x8054;&#x7684;&#x556E;&#x9F7F;&#x52A8;&#x7269;&#x4E0A;&#x80A2;&#x7684;&#x56DB;&#x4E2A;&#x4E3B;&#x8981;&#x795E;&#x7ECF;&#x3002;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x4F7F;&#x7528; 9.4 T &#x5E03;&#x9C81;&#x514B;&#x626B;&#x63CF;&#x4EEA;&#x6BD4;&#x5C14;&#x91CC;&#x5361;&#xFF0C;&#x9A6C;&#x5E03;&#x9C81;&#x514B; BioSpin&#xFF09; &#x7684;&#x529F;&#x80FD;&#x78C1;&#x5171;&#x632F;&#x6210;&#x50CF;&#x6536;&#x8D2D;&#x8FC7;&#x7A0B;&#x7535;&#x523A;&#x6FC0; &#xFF08;&#x4E2D;&#x4F4D;&#x6570;&#x3001; &#x5C3A;&#xFF0C;&#x5F84;&#x5411;&#x548C;&#x808C;&#xFF09; &#x7684;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A;&#x795E;&#x7ECF;&#x3002;&#x5F53;&#x524D;&#x7EA7;&#x522B;&#x7684; 0.5 &#x81F3; 1.0 &#x9A6C; 5 &#x8D6B;&#x5179;&#x9891;&#x7387;&#xFF0C;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x4E86;&#x548C;&#x540C;&#x65F6;&#x4FDD;&#x6301;&#x5DE5;&#x671F;&#x4E0D;&#x53D8;&#x3002;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#x6A21;&#x5F0F;&#x7684;&#x8111;&#x6FC0;&#x6D3B;&#x627E;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x4E0E;&#x5DF2;&#x77E5;&#x7684;&#x611F;&#x89C9;&#x4F20;&#x5165;&#x548C;&#x4F20;&#x51FA;&#x901A;&#x8DEF;&#x5BF9;&#x5927;&#x9F20; forepaw &#x76F8;&#x5173;&#x7684;&#x795E;&#x7ECF;&#x3002;&#x8FD9;&#x76F4;&#x63A5;&#x795E;&#x7ECF;&#x523A;&#x6FC0;&#x5927;&#x9F20;&#x6A21;&#x578B;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x6D1E;&#x5BDF;&#x5468;&#x56F4;&#x795E;&#x7ECF;&#x635F;&#x4F24;&#x3002;

&#x5468;&#x56F4;&#x795E;&#x7ECF;&#x556E;&#x9F7F;&#x52A8;&#x7269;&#x6A21;&#x578B;&#x529F;&#x80FD;&#x78C1;&#x5171;&#x632F;&#x6210;&#x50CF;&#x7684;&#x8111;&#x76AE;&#x5C42;&#x6620;&#x5C04;&#x3002;

The regions of the body have cortical and subcortical representation in proportion to their degree of innervation. The rat forepaw has been studied extensively in recent years using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), typically by stimulation using electrodes directly inserted into the skin of the forepaw. Here we stimulate the nerve directly using surgically implanted electrodes. A major distinction is that stimulation of the skin of the forepaw is mostly sensory, whereas direct nerve stimulation reveals not only the sensory system but also deep brain structures associated with motor activity. In this article, we seek to define both the motor and sensory cortical and subcortical representations associated with the four major nerves of the rodent upper extremity. We electrically stimulated each nerve (median, ulnar, radial, and musculocutaneous) during fMRI acquisition using a 9.4-T Bruker scanner (Bruker BioSpin, Billerica, MA). A current level of 0.5 to 1.0 mA and a frequency of 5 Hz were used while keeping the duration constant. A distinct pattern of cortical activation was found for each nerve that can be correlated with known sensorimotor afferent and efferent pathways to the rat forepaw. This direct nerve stimulation rat model can provide insight into peripheral nerve injury.

Cortical brain mapping of peripheral nerves using functional magnetic resonance imaging in a rodent model.

Die Regionen des K&ouml;rpers haben kortikale und subkortikale Darstellung im Verh&auml;ltnis zu ihren Grad der Innervation. Die Ratte-Forepaw wurde ausgiebig in den letzten Jahren mithilfe der funktionellen Kernspintomographie (fMRI), in der Regel durch Stimulation mit Elektroden direkt in die Haut von den Forepaw eingef&uuml;gt studiert. Hier f&ouml;rdern wir die Nerven direkt mit chirurgisch Elektroden implantierte. Eine wichtige Unterscheidung ist, dass Stimulierung der Haut von den Forepaw meist sensorische, wogegen direkte Nervenstimulation zeigt nicht nur die Sinneswahrnehmungen, sondern auch die Tiefe Gehirn-Strukturen, die mit motorischer Aktivit&auml;t verbunden. In diesem Artikel versuchen wir, sowohl die motorischen und sensorischen kortikalen und subkortikalen Zusicherungen im Zusammenhang mit den vier wichtigsten Nerven der oberen Extremit&auml;t Nagetier zu definieren. Wir stimuliert elektrisch jeden Nerv (Median, ulnare, Radial und Musculocutaneous) w&auml;hrend der fMRI-Akquisition mit einem 9,4-T-Bruker-Scanner (Bruker BioSpin, Billerica, MA). Einem aktuellen Niveau von 0,5 bis 1,0 mA und einer Frequenz von 5 Hz dienten w&auml;hrend die Laufzeit konstant gehalten. Ein bestimmtes Muster der kortikale Aktivierung wurde f&uuml;r jeden Nerv gefunden, die mit bekannten sensomotorischen afferenten und efferenten Wege in die Ratte Forepaw korreliert werden k&ouml;nnen. Diese direkten Nerv Anregung Rattenmodell bieten Einblick in periphere Nervenverletzung.

Kortikalen Gehirn Zuordnung der peripheren Nerven, die funktionelle Magnetresonanztomographie in einem Nagetier-Modell verwenden.

Le regioni del corpo hanno una rappresentazione corticale e sottocorticale in proporzione al loro grado di innervazione. La zampa anteriore di ratto &egrave; stato studiato approfonditamente negli ultimi anni mediante risonanza magnetica funzionale (fMRI), in genere di stimolazione mediante elettrodi inseriti direttamente nella pelle della zampa anteriore. Qui ci stimolano il nervo direttamente utilizzando chirurgicamente impiantato elettrodi. Una distinzione importante &egrave; che la stimolazione della pelle della zampa anteriore &egrave; principalmente sensoriale, considerando che la stimolazione nervosa diretta rivela non solo il sistema sensoriale, ma anche strutture cerebrali profonde associati con attivit&agrave; motoria. In questo articolo, cerchiamo di definire sia le motore e sensoriale corticale e sottocorticale rappresentazioni associate con i quattro principali nervi dell&#39;arto superiore roditore. Abbiamo stimolato elettricamente ogni nervo (mediano, ulnare, radiale e muscolocutaneo) durante l&#39;acquisizione di fMRI utilizzando uno scanner di Bruker 9.4-T (Bruker BioSpin, Billerica, MA). Un livello corrente di 0,5-1,0 mA e una frequenza di 5 Hz sono stati utilizzati, mantenendo costante la durata. Per ogni nervo che pu&ograve; essere correlata con noti sensomotorio percorsi afferenti ed efferenti alla zampa anteriore di ratto &egrave; stato trovato un distinto pattern di attivazione corticale. Questo modello di ratto di stimolazione diretta del nervo pu&ograve; fornire in lesioni dei nervi periferici.

Mappatura corticale cerebrale dei nervi periferici mediante risonanza magnetica funzionale in un modello di roditore.

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&#x9F67;&#x6B6F;&#x52D5;&#x7269;&#x30E2;&#x30C7;&#x30EB;&#x306B;&#x304A;&#x3051;&#x308B;&#x6A5F;&#x80FD;&#x7684;&#x78C1;&#x6C17;&#x5171;&#x9CF4;&#x30A4;&#x30E1;&#x30FC;&#x30B8;&#x30F3;&#x30B0;&#x3092;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x672B;&#x68A2;&#x795E;&#x7D4C;&#x306E;&#x76AE;&#x8CEA;&#x8133;&#x30DE;&#x30C3;&#x30D4;&#x30F3;&#x30B0;&#x3002;

&#xBCF8;&#xBB38;&#xC758; &#xC9C0;&#xAD6C; innervation&#xC758; &#xADF8;&#xB4E4;&#xC758; &#xC815;&#xB3C4; &#xBE44;&#xB840;&#xD558;&#xC5EC; &#xB300;&#xB1CC; &#xD53C; &#xC9C8;&#xACFC; subcortical &#xD45C;&#xD604;&#xC5D0; &#xC788;&#xB2E4;. &#xC950; forepaw &#xACF5;&#xBD80; &#xD558;&#xACE0;&#xC788;&#xB2E4; &#xAD11;&#xBC94;&#xC704; &#xD558; &#xAC8C; &#xCD5C;&#xADFC; &#xBA87; &#xB144; &#xB3D9;&#xC548; &#xAE30;&#xB2A5;&#xC131; &#xC790;&#xAE30; &#xACF5;&#xBA85; &#xC601;&#xC0C1; (fMRI)&#xB97C; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9; &#xD558; &#xC5EC; &#xC77C;&#xBC18;&#xC801;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; forepaw &#xD53C;&#xBD80;&#xC5D0; &#xC9C1;&#xC811; &#xC0BD;&#xC785; &#xB41C; &#xC804;&#xADF9;&#xC744; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9; &#xD558; &#xC5EC; &#xC790;&#xADF9;&#xC5D0; &#xC758;&#xD574;. &#xC5EC;&#xAE30; &#xC6B0;&#xB9AC;&#xB294; &#xC804;&#xADF9; &#xC774;&#xC2DD; &#xC218;&#xC220;&#xC744; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9; &#xD558; &#xC5EC; &#xC9C1;&#xC811; &#xC2E0;&#xACBD;&#xC744; &#xC790;&#xADF9; &#xD569;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xC8FC;&#xC694; &#xCC28;&#xC774;&#xC810;&#xC740; &#xC9C1;&#xC811; &#xC2E0;&#xACBD; &#xC790;&#xADF9; &#xACC4;&#xC2DC;&#xB294; &#xAC10;&#xAC01; &#xC2DC;&#xC2A4;&#xD15C; &#xBFD0;&#xB9CC; &#xC544;&#xB2C8;&#xB77C; &#xAE4A;&#xC740; &#xB1CC; &#xAD6C;&#xC870; &#xBAA8;&#xD130; &#xD65C;&#xB3D9;&#xC640; &#xAD00;&#xB828; &#xB41C; &#xBC18;&#xBA74;&#xB294; forepaw &#xD53C;&#xBD80; &#xC790;&#xADF9; &#xAC10;&#xAC01;, &#xB300;&#xBD80;&#xBD84; &#xC774;&#xB2E4;. &#xC774; &#xBB38;&#xC11C;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xC6B0;&#xB9AC;&#xB294; &#xBAA8;&#xB450; &#xBAA8;&#xD130;&#xC640; &#xAC10;&#xAC01; &#xD53C; &#xC9C8;&#xACFC; subcortical &#xD45C;&#xD604;&#xC744; &#xC124;&#xCE58;&#xB958; &#xC0C1;&#xBD80; &#xB9D0;&#xB2E8;&#xC758; 4 &#xAC1C;&#xC758; &#xC8FC;&#xC694; &#xC2E0;&#xACBD;&#xC640; &#xAD00;&#xB828; &#xB41C; &#xC815;&#xC758;&#xB97C; &#xCD94;&#xAD6C; &#xD569;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xC6B0;&#xB9AC; &#xC804;&#xAE30; 9.4 T&#xC5D0;&#xC11C;&#xB294; &#xC2A4;&#xCE90;&#xB108; (&#xC5D0;&#xC11C;&#xB294; BioSpin, &#xBE4C; &#xB9AC;&#xCE74;, MA)&#xB97C; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9; &#xD558; &#xC5EC; fMRI &#xC218;&#xC9D1; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xB3D9;&#xC548; &#xAC01; &#xC2E0;&#xACBD; (&#xC911;&#xAC04;, &#xB0AC;, &#xBC29;&#xC0AC;&#xD615; &#xBC0F; musculocutaneous)&#xB97C; &#xC790;&#xADF9;. &#xD604;&#xC7AC; &#xC218;&#xC900;&#xC744; 0.5 ~ 1.0&#xC758; Ma&#xC640; 5 Hz&#xC758; &#xC8FC;&#xD30C;&#xC218;&#xB97C; &#xC77C;&#xC815; &#xAE30;&#xAC04; &#xB3D9;&#xC548; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9; &#xB418;&#xC5C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xC950; forepaw&#xC5D0; &#xC54C;&#xB824;&#xC9C4;&#xB41C; sensorimotor &#xC131;&#xC758; efferent &#xACBD;&#xB85C;&#xC640; &#xC0C1;&#xAD00; &#xC218; &#xAC01; &#xC2E0;&#xACBD;&#xC5D0; &#xB300; &#xD55C; &#xB300;&#xB1CC; &#xD53C; &#xC9C8; &#xD65C;&#xC131;&#xD654;&#xC758; &#xB69C;&#xB837;&#xD55C; &#xD328;&#xD134;&#xC744; &#xCC3E;&#xC558;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xC774; &#xC9C1;&#xC811; &#xC2E0;&#xACBD; &#xC790;&#xADF9; &#xC950; &#xBAA8;&#xB378; &#xB9D0; &#xCD08; &#xC2E0;&#xACBD; &#xC190;&#xC0C1;&#xC5D0; &#xB300; &#xD55C; &#xD1B5;&#xCC30;&#xB825;&#xC744; &#xC81C;&#xACF5;&#xD560; &#xC218; &#xC788;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;.

&#xC124;&#xCE58;&#xB958; &#xBAA8;&#xB378;&#xC758; &#xAE30;&#xB2A5;&#xC801;&#xC778; &#xC790;&#xAE30; &#xACF5;&#xBA85; &#xD654;&#xC0C1; &#xC9C4; &#xCC30;&#xC744; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9; &#xD558; &#xC5EC; &#xB9D0; &#xCD08; &#xC2E0;&#xACBD;&#xC758; &#xB300;&#xB1CC; &#xD53C; &#xC9C8;&#xC758; &#xB1CC; &#xB9E4;&#xD551;.

Las regiones del cuerpo tienen una representaci&oacute;n cortical y subcortical en proporci&oacute;n a su grado de inervaci&oacute;n. El forepaw de la rata ha sido estudiado ampliamente en los &uacute;ltimos a&ntilde;os con la proyecci&oacute;n de imagen de resonancia magn&eacute;tica funcional (fMRI), t&iacute;picamente por la estimulaci&oacute;n mediante electrodos insertados directamente en la piel de la forepaw. Aqu&iacute; nos estimulan el nervio directamente usando quir&uacute;rgicamente implantados electrodos. Una distinci&oacute;n importante es que la estimulaci&oacute;n de la piel de la forepaw es sobre todo sensorial, mientras que la estimulaci&oacute;n nerviosa directa revela no s&oacute;lo el sistema sensorial, sino tambi&eacute;n estructuras profundas del cerebro asociadas con la actividad motora. En este art&iacute;culo, buscamos definir tanto las motoras y sensoriales corticales y subcorticales representaciones asociadas con los cuatro principales nervios de la extremidad superior de roedor. Hemos estimulado el&eacute;ctricamente cada nervio (mediano, cubital, radial y musculocut&aacute;neo) durante la adquisici&oacute;n de fMRI utilizando un esc&aacute;ner de Bruker 9.4-T (Bruker BioSpin, Billerica, MA). Un nivel actual de 0,5 a 1,0 mA y una frecuencia de 5 Hz utilizaron manteniendo la duraci&oacute;n constante. Se encontr&oacute; un patr&oacute;n distinto de activaci&oacute;n cortical para cada nervio que puede correlacionarse con el conocido sensoriomotoras v&iacute;as aferentes y eferentes a la forepaw de la rata. Este modelo de rata de estimulaci&oacute;n directa del nervio puede proporcionar la penetraci&oacute;n en lesi&oacute;n perif&eacute;rica del nervio.

Mapeo cortical del cerebro de los nervios perif&eacute;ricos mediante resonancia magn&eacute;tica funcional en un modelo de roedor.

The alpha-2-adrenoreceptor agonist, medetomidine, which exhibits dose-dependent sedative effects and is gaining acceptance in small-animal functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), has been studied. Rats were examined on the bench using the classic tail-pinch method with three infusion sequences: 100 microg/kg/h, 300 microg/kg/h, or 100 microg/kg/h followed by 300 microg/kg/h. Stepping the infusion rate from 100 to 300 microg/kg/h after 2.5 h resulted in a prolonged period of approximately level sedation that cannot be achieved by a constant infusion of either 100 or 300 microg/kg/h. By stepping the infusion dosage, experiments as long as 6 h are possible. Functional MRI experiments were carried out on rats using a frequency dependent electrical stimulation protocol-namely, forepaw stimulation at 3, 5, 7, and 10 Hz. Each rat was studied for a four-hour period, divided into two equal portions. During the first portion, rats were started at a 100 microg/kg/h constant infusion. During the second portion, four secondary levels of infusion were used: 100, 150, 200, and 300 microg/kg/h. The fMRI response to stimulation frequency was used as an indirect measure of modulation of neuronal activity through pharmacological manipulation. The frequency response to stimulus was attenuated at the lower secondary infusion dosages 100 or 150 microg/kg/h but not at the higher secondary infusion dosages 200 or 300 microg/kg/h. Parallel experiments with the animal at rest were carried out using both electroencephalogram (EEG) and functional connectivity MRI (fcMRI) methods with consistent results. In the secondary infusion period using 300 microg/kg/h, resting-state functional connectivity is enhanced.

A protocol for use of medetomidine anesthesia in rats for extended studies using task-induced BOLD contrast and resting-state functional connectivity.

The relationship between high-density lipoprotein and pulmonary function is unclear. To determine mechanistic relationships we investigated the effects of genetic deletion of apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) on plasma lipids, paraoxonase (PON1), pro-inflammatory HDL (p-HDL), vasodilatation, airway hyperresponsiveness and pulmonary oxidative stress, and inflammation. ApoA-I null (apoA-I(-/-)) mice had reduced total and HDL cholesterol but increased pro-inflammatory HDL compared with C57BL/6J mice. Although PON1 protein was increased in apoA-I(-/-) mice, PON1 activity was decreased. ApoA-I deficiency did not alter vasodilatation of facialis arteries, but it did alter relaxation responses of pulmonary arteries. Central airway resistance was unaltered. However, airway resistance mediated by tissue dampening and elastance were increased in apoA-I(-/-) mice, a finding also confirmed by positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) studies. Inflammatory cells, collagen deposition, 3-nitrotyrosine, and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal were increased in apoA-I(-/-) lungs but not oxidized phospholipids. Colocalization of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal with transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFbeta-1 was increased in apoA-I(-/-) lungs. Xanthine oxidase, myeloperoxidase and endothelial nitric oxide synthase were increased in apoA-I(-/-) lungs. Dichlorodihydrofluorescein-detectable oxidants were increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in apoA-I(-/-) mice. In contrast, BALF nitrite+nitrate levels were decreased in apoA-I(-/-) mice. These data demonstrate that apoA-I plays important roles in limiting pulmonary inflammation and oxidative stress, which if not prevented, will decrease pulmonary artery vasodilatation and increase airway hyperresponsiveness.

Genetic deletion of apolipoprotein A-I increases airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammation, and collagen deposition in the lung.

Experimental asthma increases eosinophil and collagen deposition in the lungs of sickle cell disease (SCD) mice to a greater extent than in control mice. However, the effects of asthma on inflammation and airway physiology remain unclear. To determine effects of asthma on pulmonary inflammation and airway mechanics in SCD mice, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation was used to generate chimeric SCD and hemoglobin A mice. Experimental asthma was induced by sensitizing mice with ovalbumin (OVA). Airway mechanics were assessed using forced oscillation techniques. Mouse lungs were examined histologically and physiologically. Cytokine, chemokine, and growth factors in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were determined by multiplex. IgE was quantified by ELISA. LDH was quantified using a colorimetric enzymatic assay. At baseline (nonsensitized), chimeric SCD mice developed hemolytic anemia with sickled red blood cells, mild leukocytosis, and increased vascular endothelial growth factor and IL-13 compared with chimeric hemoglobin A mice. Experimental asthma increased perialveolar eosinophils, plasma IgE, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 in chimeric hemoglobin A and SCD mice. IFN-γ levels were reduced in both groups. IL-5 was preferentially increased in chimeric SCD mice but not in hemoglobin A mice. Positive end-expiratory pressures and methacholine studies revealed that chimeric SCD mice had greater resistance in large and small airways compared with hemoglobin A mice at baseline and after OVA sensitization. SCD alone induces a baseline lung pathology that increases large and small airway resistance and primes the lungs to increased inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness after OVA sensitization.

Marie Schulte

Blood Research Institute of Wisconsin

Two-photon Imaging of Intracellular Ca²⁺ Handling and Nitric Oxide Production in Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Cells of an Isolated Rat Aorta

Marie Schulte

Blood Research Institute of Wisconsin

Two-photon Imaging of Intracellular Ca2+ Handling and Nitric Oxide Production in Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Cells of an Isolated Rat Aorta

Two-photon Imaging of Intracellular Ca²⁺ Handling and Nitric Oxide Production in Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Cells of an Isolated Rat Aorta